HOW TO DERIVE THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS AS LINEAR

APPROXIMATIONS OF MORE TRUE NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS OF

ELECTROMAGNETISM WHICH IN THEIR TURN ARE DERIVED FROM
THE LAWS OF NEWTON IN FLUIDS.
Konstantinos E. Kyritsis*

* Associate Prof. of University of Ioannina, Greece. ckiritsi@uoi.gr

C_kyrisis@yahoo.com, School of Economics Psathaki Preveza 48100
Key words: Maxwell equations

Abstract
In this article we derive the Maxwell equations as linear approximations of
more true non-linear equations of electromagnetism which in their turn are derived
from the laws of newton in fluids. All it takes is realize that the molecular matter
vacuum is not really material vacuum , it is filled with the fieldmatter (of the
classical fields) which is a gaseous fluid consisting from free and permanent micro-
particles of positive , negative and neutral charge.

1. Introduction
In the next paragraph are suggested primary sociological and existential
principles for the whole science of physics which is a guide to create scientific
physical knowledge and technology. But are also stated optimality cognition
principles under which this article is written so as to discover the physical material
reality as deep and as good as possible, by utilizing and integrating in a maximal way
all the existing knowledge in various areas of theoretical physics, like
electromagnetism, gravitation, quantum mechanics classical theory of fluids etc. and
also existing relevant famous or not experiments in these areas, and present it with
the greatest simplicity possible. The simplicity is the key to understand deeply the
physical reality.

1
 2. PRINCIPLES FOR THE SCIENCE OF PHYSICS FOR A GOOD
EVOLVING CIVILIZATION .
Such primary principles of the science of phyiscs are

1) The science of physics and its derived technology should serve the
evolution not only of the mortal human personality but also of the immortal soul
consiousness.
(quote from Plato=”it is only the mind that through the true scientfic knowledge
liberates the soul”)
2) LAYERED ATOMIC STRUCTURE PRINCIPLE The Material
physical reality is structured in discrete orders of scale and layers or densities or
resolutions and each layer is made of some size free and permanent material
indivisibles. The denser the layer the smaller the constituent particles.
The optimality principles of the physical science
1) Clearest possible physical ontology. here the only physical ontology is that of
matter and layers of atomic structured mattter principle.
2) Simplest possible mathematics and the minimum new known equations for
models of physical reality and experimental facts
3) As few hypothesis and as simple as possible so as to explain the experiments

4) Maximum utilization of all known experiments and theories

5) Maximum possible deductions and implications from each single experiment
6) Maximum possible deductions and predictions of other physical theories and
facts.
7) Maximum and simplest possible unification of all theoretical fragments of
relevant physical theories based not so much in mathematics but on clear and simple
physical ontology (e.g. matter made from atoms) .
8) Maximum possile rationalism and plausibility in physics and as few strange
and mind trapping hypotheses as possible.
9) We do not apply what ever we can discover but we discover whatever we can
apply for the evolution of the human civilization and the immortal soul
consciousness

2
 What this article is not: It does not suggest as proved, equations or new
perceptions that known and existing experimental facts do not suggest. Nevertheless,
we are free to make most probable plausible speculations as long as we do not claim
them proved experimentally and thus certain. Furthermore, it does not give directly
recipes for technological inventions, but helps the inventors to shape a truer
perception of how the material reality and the classical fields function which makes
for the easier to discover new technology especially in the era of renewable energy
and transportations.
As we shall realize by the end of this article, the new propositions and
equations are inevitable consequences of the experimental facts and stated
principles.
3. INCORRECT DOCTRINES IN PHYSICS THAT WE HAVE TO GET RID
OF, EITHER BECAUSE OF EXPERIMENTS OR PRINCIPLES
In the history of science, it is often that its evolution is prohibited by convenient
doctrines that many scientists implicitly believe. A most common such dogma is that
“Whatever we have not discovered, it does not exist” The correct of course is that
“Whatever we have not discovered, we do not know if it exists”. Here is the main
example. Let us assume that we count the layers of matter from the finer particles to
the larger size. Many any scientists under this dogma tend to believe that
“Matter starts and consists from the triad of free and permanent particles
proton, neutron electron”. But this is a wrong belief. The fact that we have not
observed directly smaller free and permanent particles does not mean that matters
starts with this triad of particles. The correct belief is of course “We do not know at
what depth and with what small free and permanent particles that material
physical reality starts”.
To quote here Sir John Marks Templeton “If you think you know it all it is
less likely you will learn more” , “The Unknown is not unknowable and it is
vastly greater than the known” Plato quote” Knowledge is soul remembrance”

This “openness” about how deep is the material reality is of utterly importance
and I explain with 2 famous examples! If you think you know all layers of matter
than exists and all free and permanent particles end with particles like electron,
proton, neutron, photon, then

3
 1) the definition of space will be obligatory and forever be with measurements
by photons as Einstein suggested and any curving of the path of photon due to
gravitation will be a curvature of the space too. But if not and how deep is matter is
open, then the curving of the path of photon is not a forever curvature of space
and instead it is more likely that it occurs in a straight without curvature space.
2) Similarly the measurement of the momentum and position of particle will
obligatory and forever be with photons, electrons neutrons, protons and the
indeterminacy relations of Heisenberg will be forever laws of the physical reality. On
the other hand, if how deep is matter is open then the indeterminacy relations
are not forever and are simply restrictions of a class of experiments and a state
of the art of evolution of physics and its technology.
Obviously the “openness” is in favor of the evolution of sciences towards a
better knowledge, while the “closeness” about how deep is material reality is in
favor of a not evolving our knowledge.
Another confusion is relevant to the fields like electromagnetic gravitational etc.
When a physicist is asked what is e.g. the electromagnetic field, he tends to define it
by some mathematical function that gives a map of virtual interactions of electrons
or protons in “empty” space. But this is wrong and the ontology of a field does not
belong to the ontology of mathematical entities but to the ontology of physical
entities. These physicists tend to perceive physical reality as consisting from matter
and fields. Except they never give a clear physical ontology definition about what is
a physical field, and resort to mathematical ontology instead. If they try to give a
purely physical ontology definition of field it turns out that it is a kind of infinite
divisible matter, which we know by now that is a wrong concept. Since e.g. the
electromagnetic field has energy density in space, momentum and inertia, and waves
of energy and inertia in it, these physicists tend to perceive it as …..infinite divisible
finer matter. This is again wrong because we know by now, that in nature there is not
such a thing as infinite divisible matter. And what is correct? The obvious: That
since fields like the electromagnetic field , gravitational field. have energy
density in space, momentum and inertia, and waves of energy and inertia in it,
they are simply MATTER. We will call the matter of fields in this paper
FIELDMATTER, to distinguish it from the coarser matter consisting from the free
and permanent triad of particles proton, electron neutron which we will call
MOLECULAR MATTER. Obviously the fieldmatter is a finer resolution matter
compared to the molecular matter. Under this perspective there is not such a thing

4
as absolute material vacuum, (the quantum vacuum field actually is the
unavoidable presence of the gravitational field and it is thus the fieldmatter) but
there is a relative concept of vacuum that of “vacuum of molecular matter”. On
this there is an article from the famous physicist and Nobel price winner P. Dirac who
writes that we are forced by the observables of the physical reality to accept the
physical existence of fieldmatter (See [Dirac P.A.M 1951]
As matter that the fields are (fieldmatter) and as there is no infinite divisible
matter, obviously they consist from material indivisible (free and permanent) that are
particles that we have not yet directly observed and we may call fieldmatter-
particles.. In the paragraph about the EPR paradox we will discuss the existence of
deeper and finer resolution 3rd field material realms.

4. SOME FAMOUS EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE PROOFS OF THE NEW

HYPOTHESES BUT WE MISS THIS PERCEPTION, EXACTLY AS WITH
THE STORY OF THE OLD BROWNIAN MOTION AND THE EXISTENCE
OF ATOMS. THE BASIC TRIAD POLARITY PARTICLES OF THE
FIELDMATER.
The discovery that matter is not infinite divisible but consists of free and
permanent particles (initially called atoms) was a one of the greatest discoveries in
the history of the physical science and opened new roads of meaningful
understanding of nature and an abundant of technology. A Nobel prize was given for
this to A. Einstein for his paper o Brownian motion and photoelectric effect (1905)
but this Nobel prize should be given to L. E. Boltzmann for his voluminous work on
the statistical atomic theory of the gasses almost 50 years earlier. Actually it is know
that ancient Greek philosopher and thinker Democritus lectured on the Democritus
principle that the ontology of the physical reality is only vacuum and matter nathing
else, and that matter always consists from indivisible or atoms. This was know in
ancient Greece as the Paradise of Democritus. Therefore, any enhancement and
multiplication of this principle of atomic structure of matter will similarly bring
proportionally great new discoveries and even more meaningful understanding of the
material reality. And such an enhancement is the layered atomic structure principle
of paragraph 2 , in other words that the material reality exists in discrete orders of
scales and discrete layers , each layer created by free and permanent material
indivisibles or atoms or particles. The denser the layer the smaller the constituent

5
particles. Applying this principle to the fieldmatter of paragraph 3 we conclude
that the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field consists of three types
free and permanent material indivisible or particles of positive, negative and
neutral charge.
We know that this is true for the molecular matter by the protons, electrons, and
neutrons that we may denote here respectively by the symbols (p+ e- n0).
Therefore, we can call these fieldmatter particles micro-proton, micro-electron
and micro-neutron and denote them by the symbols (μp+ μe- μn0).

We understand as the main phase of the fieldmatter that we observe as classical

field to be that of a gas, not of a liquid or solid-state. But this does not mean that in
the universe will not exist also liquid and sold-state forms of the fieldmatter making
whole planets. Furthermore even as gas we may have various forms exactly as with
molecular matter, that we have e.g. plasma-state where the triad of (p+ e- n0) is free
and separate, or as e.g. molecular air where they are combined in atoms. Exactly the
same occurs with the triad (μp+ μe- μn0) and gas forms of the fieldmatter.
But which experiments prove the existence of these particles? Let us recall that
the existence of the material indivisibles of the molecular matter was considered as
proved by the Brownian motion of the dust in liquids which was an experiment
known since 1820 and realized that it proves the existence of atoms only by 1905.
Similarly, now (2021) we should consider the Schrödinger random motion of an
isolated electron (see references [Schrödinger equation 1925]) as the proof of the
existence of the material indivisibles constitution of the fieldmatter. And why these
particles are not all neutral and are positive, negative and neutral? This is proved by
the double spit electron experiment (see references [Double-slit experiment 1927]),
where an electron as to moves attracts opposite charge particles of the fieldmatter,
which pass as waves through both spits and are photographed with interference wave
patterns on the photographic surface The electron itself passes by one only of the two
slits. The equations for the coupling of the particle AND wave in a more macroscopic
level than that of the Schrödinger equations is stated in the sections 9,12.

The next table shows the experiments and what they prove.

6
Table 1
EXPERIMENT WHAT IT PROVES

BROWNIAN MOTION (1820) PROVES THAT MOLECULAR MATTER IS

MADE FROM FREE PERMANENT
PARTICLES

SHROEDINGER MOTION (1925) PROVES THAT FIELDMATTER IS MADE

FROM FREE PERMANENT PARTICLES

DOUBLE-SLIT ELECTRON EXPERIMENT PROVES THAT THE FREE AND

(1927) PERMANENT PARTICLES THAT THE
FIELDMATTER IS MADE FROM ARE
POSITIVE , NEGATIVE AND NEUTRAL

Here we state for reasons of completeness the Shroedinger equation for an

isolated free electron
(see [Shroedinger equation 1925])

� ℎ2 �2
�ℎ
��
� �, � = −
2� ��2
+ � �, � �(�, �) (eq 1)

The i is the imaginary number unit. The h is the constant of action. The Ψ is the
wave function of the Shroedinger. The x, t are the space and time coordinates. The m
is the mass of the electron, The V(x.t) is the potential around.
It was not only the Nobel prize winner P. Dirac (see [Dirac P.A.M 1951 ] )
who writes “we are forced (by experiments) to accept the existence of fieldmatter…”
but also the great mathematician John von Neumann who formulated the foundations
of quantum mechanics, who wrote in his book (see [Neumann J.v. 2018] ) that
“…if we assume as background of the randomly moving free and isolated electron an
absolute material vacuum then we abandon the principle of sufficient physical
causes for physical motions.” Therefore, the fieldmatter exist and we know by now
that matter is not infinite divisible. Other great scientists who believed that matter is
not infinite divisible but it consist from material indivisible, or that the same is with

7
the electromagnetic and gravitational field are Philosophers of the Hellenistic ages,
Newton, Euler, Laplace, Thompson (Lord Kelvin), FitzGerald, Maxwell,
Lorentz, Michelson (and Morley), Sir Ed. Whittaker, F.R.S. Dirac etc.
There are some physicist that claimed that the random “dancing” of an isolated
electron in what wrongly thought to be as absolute material quantum vacuum (it is
only a vacuum from molecular matter not of the fieldmatter) is due to the human
consciousness. Nevertheless, as such experiments can be conducted away from any
human, the truth is that the random motion of the electron is due to the
fieldmatter. These physicists believe that the ontology of the physical world and
universe is not only matter but also consciousness. On this I would agree, because
our knowledge is the knowledge of incarnated spiritual existences that we are, and
thus the subjective experiential of consciousness is knowledge that can never be
completely reduced to only objective material scientific knowledge. And of course
conversely the objective scientific knowledge cannot be reduced completely to a
subjective experiential knowledge. The community of mathematicians seems that
have accepted this division in the ontology of the universe, and in their mathematics
they have the ontology of the infinite which can never be material ontology and we
may correspond it to consciousness and the ontology of the finite which we may
correspond it to matter, as all matter and its particles is only finite.
We may speculate about the sizes of the fieldmatter particles micro-proton,
micro-electron and micro-neutron (μp+ μe- μn0). It does not seem that we have any
experimental clue for this. But we may notice some similarities. One guess is that e.g.
the micro-electron is so smaller than an ordinary electron as a planet is relative to an
ordinary electron. Thus a micro-electron might as well be from 10^(20) to 10^(45)
times smaller in diameter compared to an ordinary electron.
As the applications of the perceptions of L Boltzmann in the laws and
phenomena of the molecular matter gasses was a great revelation in physics, so is
also the application of his perceptions in the fieldmatter gasses or classical fields like
the electromagnetic and the gravitational field.

Finally, a few speculations about anti-matter. Physicists accept that there are
anti-protons, anti-electrons and anti-neutrons. Thus we might also accept the
existence of anti-micro-protons, anti-micro-electrons and anti-micro-neutrons, or in
short field-antimatter. Therefore the existence also of anti-photons is natural to
realize as waves of the field-antimatter, which is different from the molecular
antimatter.

8
 5. THE SECOND DEEPER MATERIAL REALITY OF FIELDMATTER OF
THE CLASSICAL FIELDS. WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF A LAYER OR
DESNITY OF MATERIALITY?

For the definition of the frequency of the material layer we will have to find the
frequency of their constituent particles. And e.g. here for the molecular matter and
for the electron we do not mean the Compton-De Broglie frequency of the electron
but we mean the actual average frequency of the spin of the electrons, protons
and neutrons. Thus we might be able to calculate the frequency of the molecular
matter which is the coarser layer and lower density matter but not yet the frequency
of the fieldmatter.
For example of we utilize the data of the classical electron, the frequency fr of
the spin of the electron is fr=s*5/(2*m*R^2) where s is the spin s=+,- ½ ĥ ,
(ĥ=h/2π) , R is the radius, and m its mass. While the Compton-de Broglie frequency
fc is fc= (m*c^2)/h.
To make an estimate of the frequency of the visible molecular material reality
we enter the data ĥ=h/2π=6.58 *10^(-25) GeV *sec , electron mass
me=0.10938356*10^(-31)kgr, and the classical radius of the electron
R=re=(1/4πε0)*(e^2)/me*c^2 , where c is the speed of light. So that
re=2.817940326727*10^(-13) cm, and s=5.264*10^(-44)joules*sec.

Putting these data in the formula of the frequency of the spin and making the
calculations it gives the result of about fr=1.81 Terra Hertz. Of course the data of
the classical electron are approximate and average only and so is this frequency of
the material reality. The actual frequency might be between 1 Terra Hertz and 2
Terra Hertz. As the range of the infrared is between 430 Terra Hz -300 Giga Hz,
this frequency is in the range of the infrared.

An increase of the frequency of the visible molecular material reality will

have the result of decrease of the radius of electrons, protons and neutrons due to
the conservation of the angular momentum. . If the increase in the frequency of the
elementary particles of an object is sufficient, this may result in to seemingly

9
invisibility of the material objects, and is might be the base of the idea of beam-
transportation of objects in the future technology.

A remark about the frequency of the electron spin calculated here between 1-2
terra Hertz These frequencies have wavelength which is between about 0.5 mm
while the dimension of the nitrogen atom is 56 pm, the mean free path in air is 68
nm , thus there is ultrasound in air with that frequency too!

What is this that in astronomy they call dark matter, dark energy? In view of
the previous rational ontology of matter in physics, dark matter is molecular
matter of different frequency than what we know on earth, and dark energy,
fieldmatter of different frequency that what we now on earth.
The property of same frequency (of electron spin etc) of molecular matter
objects is crucial in coexisting, in the same coherent physical reality. If two say
pencils would have much different frequencies compared to the 1 terrarhertz, the one
with the higher frequency would almost liquidate and destroy the one with the low
frequency the moment they were some centimetres close. Our physical reality is a
small window of frequencies (of the spin of electrons, protons and neutrons) around
the 1 terrarherz. But it is this snall window of “almost the same frequency” property
that makes the Physical reality coherent and working as we know it (when you throw
pencil on the wall it will not go though it!) . That is why there are serious people who
advise the CERN to stop the super high energy collisions experiments. There is
always the danger of destroying locally this small window of “almost the same
frequency” of the matter, which will “open the door” for matter and existences from
unknown type of matter with frequency in-between the 1 terrahertz at infra-red of the
molecular matter and the (unknown yet) frequency of the 1st fieldmatter (spin
frequency of the micro-electrons) . This would be a kind of self destruction ofteh
physical reality, like opening a door deeply under the surface of the see, in sailing
ship.
The next table compares the material layers of the fieldmatter and the molecular
matter and perceives them as whole different worlds of materiality with possible
liquid, and solid state matter in them. It may even be that there exist whole planets
made only from fieldmatter!

10
 1st frequency Created by Periodic Common Common Organic living
material reality the free- System, wave: materiality: configurations:
or molecular permanent and whole Sound Solid objects, Yes Known
matter triad planets liquids, gases. Biology
(frequency= (proton, made from planets
the average neutron, it:
frequency of electron) Yes.
the spin) (p+ , e- , n0) Known

2nd frequency Created by Periodic Common Common Organic living

material reality the free- System wave: materiality: configurations:
or fieldmatter permanent and whole Light Electromagnetic, Yes Unknown
(frequency=the triad of planets Gravitational e.g. Human
average fieldmatter made of it: fields. Unknown fieldmatter
frequency of particles Yes, if there are also body.
the spin) (μp+,μe- Unknown whole planets
,μn0) yet. made from it
with gaseous,
liquid and solid
states of
fieldmatter.

11
 6. A LORENTZ INVARIANT LINEAR APPROXIMATION :

HOW THE OLD LINEAR MAXWELL EQUATIONS ARE

LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS OF NEW NON-LINEAR
EQUATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM WHICH IN THEIR
TURN ARE DERIVED FROM THE LAWS OF NEWTON IN
FLUIDS.
The author stresses in advance that the main merit of this book is not
the exact mathematical form of the unified phenomena of the
fieldmatter fluid (which may have different constants in different
systems of units and in some cases different mathematical equations
according to the degree of approximation we require) but the clearer
physical ontology of the fieldmatter as material fluid from positive ,
negative and neutral permanent and free particles interacting with
Coulomb laws. From this and the Newton’s law of force or momentum
conservation we can unify, gravitation, electromagnetism and relativistic)
inertia with more true non-Maxwell and non-Einstein gravitation
equations. Although some of the equations presented here may change
after experimentation, the main thought-form of the fieldmatter as a
finer particles fluid will still be true. Once we have discovered the
correct physical interpretation of the potentials of electromagnetism and
Newtonian gravitation, the very physical nature of their phenomena
makes obligatory to us to state the well-known equations that they
govern them.
It is enough for the author for the reader to realize the for the fieldmatter
its fluid dynamic phenomena are derived with Netwon’s law of
momentum conservation or force law, in the form of momentum density
and field density plus some force law of intearction of the positive and
negative particles of the fieldmatter. E.g.
(Newton’s law of Force (density) in the fieldmatter fluid (density,
velocity pressure, etc)) =

12
 =(external forces (density) my molecular matter(molecular
density, molecular momentum density etc.)
(eq10.1)
As it is known the main equations of the fluids is that of the Navier-
Stokes equations which are stated essential as the momentum
conservation of Newton. Here is the structure of the Navier-Stokes
equations (See references [Navier-Stokes equation] )
��
�
��
=− ∇� + ������� + �������� ������ ������� (eq 4.5)

(eq11)

For a compressible gaseous fluid as the fieldmatter a quite general

form is the next
�� ��
�
��
=�
��
+ � ∗ ∇� =− ∇� + ∇� + ��� + �� (�� ) (eq12)

Where ρ is the mass density, u is the flow velocity, ∇ ⋅ is

the divergence, p is the pressure, t is time,τ is the deviatoric stress tensor
due to viscosity , which has order 2, fm is external density of force due to
the presence of molecular matter and
ffm is external density of force due to the deeper fieldmatter itself but not
due to contact with molecular matter. We may set it here=0 for simplicity
in the case of neutral fieldmatter.
If we want to derive the true non-linear equations of
Electromagnetism we must write the Newton’s law of force for the 3
different sub-fluids , of positive (+), negative (-) and neutral (ο) particles
Then the above Navier-Stokes equations will become

13
 ��+
�+
��
+ �+ ∗ ∇�+ =− ∇�+ + ∇�+ + �+ (eq13)

Or in more detail
� �+
�+ + �+ ∗ ∇ �+ =− ∇�+ + ∇�+ + �+ + �+ �� , �, �
��

(eq14)
� �−
�− + �− ∗ ∇ �− =− ∇�− + ∇�− + �− + �− �� , �, �
��

(eq14.1)
� ��
�0 + �� ∗ ∇ �� =− ∇�0 + ∇�� + �� + �� �� , �, �
��

(eq14.2)

Where �� is the average spin frequency the molecular matter, r is

the molecular matter charge density, j is the current density of the
molecular matter. We will discuss later why we assume such
dependencies of the external force densities terms from the molecular
matter. And also the �� is the force densities that the rest of the deeper
layers of fieldmatter exerts on the charged partial sub-gass of the
fieldmatter mainly due to the interaction of positive and negative
fieldmatter charge, and we describe it by the equations. We might set
�� = � for simplicity in neutral fieldmatter. We consider here the
electric forces of the micro-protons, micro-electrons of the charged
fieldmatter which as coulomb forces are by far stronger than the
collision forces of the micro-neutrons. We choose to formulate the
equations for 3 different partial sub-gasses of micro-neutrons,
micro-electrons micro-neutrons and micro-protons) .
We call the equations eq14, eq 14.1 eq 14.2 the true non-linear
dynamic electromagnetism. Even the Lorenz force formula (see
equation 2.3 ins section 7 and in references [Lorenz force]) requires
correction as the intensity of the interaction of the molecular mater
charges (e.g. electrons) with the electromagnetic field (charged
fieldmatter) depend in the frequency of the spin of the electrons
(frequency of the molecular matter)
14
 For the case of neutral total fieldmatter (when it is not charged or
electromagnetised) we state the same equation but for the neutral
densities, pressures and velocities , that we denote with an index 0 (we do
not divide with fieldmatter charge density as it is zero) .
���
�
��
+ �� ∗ ∇�� =− ∇�0 + ∇� + �� (�� , �� , �� ) (eq15)

Again �� is the spin frequency the molecular matter, r0 is the

mass density, j0 is the ,momentum density of the neutral molecular
matter. Here there is no partial sub-gas escribed so no corresponding
force density term from the fieldmatter itself.

When ∇� = � in other words there is no friction then we have the

Euler equations of the same gaseous fluid.
We call the equations eq15 true non-linear fluid dynamics of
neutral fieldmatter or weak inertial interactions or antigravity.
An important remark about the convenience of the current equations
in experimental measurements: The equations 14, 15 are not convenient
for experimental measurements in the same way that the equations of
Maxwell written over the potentials are not convenient for experimental
measurements. But they are convenient for us here to capture in
abstract mathematical terms the ontology of the relevant physical
phenomena as far as the classical mathematical calculus, that utilizes
the infinite, allows (see also in references [Conway J. H], [Kyritsis K.
2022]).
If we do not like the classical fluid dynamics approach but prefer the
statistical mechanics approach (as by Boltzmann) then the next
hypotheses could be utilized to derive the equations of the correct non-
linear Electromagnetism.
AXIOMS FOR THE CORRECT ELECTROMAGNETISM
1) COULOMB-LORENTZ FORCES OF INTERACTION OF
CHARGED STANDING OR MOVING PARTICLES. The particles
of the electomagnetized or charged fieldmatter as a (gaseous) fluid
consist from mainly positive (micro-protons) or mainly negative

15
(micro-electrons) fieldmatter particles, that interact between them
with collisions but mainly essentially by Coulomb’s law forces.
2) FLUID DYNAMICS CONTEXT OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM. These charged particles OF
FIELDMATTER make an ordinary GASEOUS FLUID , with all the
necessary laws and equations of gaseous fluids, somehow similar to
ionized gases of the molecular matter.
We assume furthermore conservation of mass and charge in
fieldmatter as well besides the molecular matter.
Continuity equations of field-mass conservation and field-charge
conservation.
We remind the reader that in the classical electromagnetism we have
the postulate of molecular charge conservation which is sated as
∂q
+∇∗�=0 (eq21)
∂t

Where q=molecular charge density , j=current density

Similarly we may postulate the field-charge conservation
���±
∇ ∗ ���± + ��
=0 (eq22)

Where ���± is the density of the fieldmatter current and ��± is

the fieldmatter charge density positive or negative (separately).
Furthermore, we may postulate the fieldmatter mass conservation
which is the next equation
∂�0
+ ∇ ∗ (�0 �� ) = 0 (eq24)
∂t

The Maxwell’s equations and physical facts in this section are

derivable entirely from the Democritus principle of particle matter
(for the fieldmatter as well) Newton’s law of momentum
conservation and some well known hypotheses about the coupling of

16
charged molecular matter with charged fieldmatter as in the
Coulomb’s forces and Ampere’s law .
The equations of the Maxwell’s electromagnetism formulated in their
simplest possible form on the potentials as they can be found in any good
University text book or e.g, in Wikipedia here [Maxwell’s equations]
after the Lorentz gauge condition (see again Wikipedia here [Lorentz
gauge condition]) are the next in the SI system of units (we must know
that the equations of Maxwell have different constants in different
systems of units).
�2 � �2 � �2 � 1 �2 �
��2
+ ��2 + ��2 − �2 ��2 =− �� /�� (eq1)

�2 � �2 � �2 � 1 �2 �
��2
+ ��2 + ��2 − �2 ��2 =− �� � (eq2)

��
� =− − ∇� (eq 1.1)
��

� = ����� (eq 2.1)

The Lorentz gauge condition is the

� ��
∇� + �� �� =0 (eq 2.2)

The Lorentz force

� = �(� + � × �) (eq 2.3)
The α is the scalar potential and the A the vector magnetic potential.
The ρq is the molecular charge density the ε0 is the molecular vacuum
electric permittivity, while the j is the molecular current density and the
μ0 is the molecular vacuum magnetic permeability . The E and B are the
vectors of the electric field and magnetic field respectively and have
physical dimension units [E]=[m][s][t]-2[q]-1=[force density]/[charge
density] (because [Force]=[m][s][t]-2) and [B]=[m][t]-1[q]-1 =[axial
density of rotatory around it, momentum density ]/[charge density]
(because [momentum]=[m] [s] [t]-1) where m is for mass, s for length, t
for time and q for charge. A direct calculation from the (eq 1.1), (eq 2.1)
of the physical dimensions of the potentials A and α give, [A]=[m][s][t]-

17
1
[q]-1 =[momentum density]/[charge density] and [α]=[m][s]2[t]-1[q]-1
= [pressure]/[charge density] (because [pressure]=[m][s]-1[t]-2) .
At a first look these equations look exactly like forces acoustics
waves with the D’Alembert hyperbolic linear non-homogeneous wave
equation. The homogeneous version of the acoustic equations are the
�2 �0 �2 �0 �2 �0 1 �2 �0
��2
+
��2
+
��2
−
�2 ��2
=0 (eq3)

�2 �0 �2 �0 �2 �0 1 �2 �0
��2
+
��2
+
��2
− �2 ��2
=0 (eq4)

Where p0 is the pressure of the air and the u0 is the velocity of the
air. (See references [Acoustic_wave_equation], [Wave_equation] ) It is
important to realize that he acoustics equations in an incompressible fluid
like water are based on 5 linearization hypotheses (which we will state for
simplicity in one spatial dimension only)

It is important for the experimental validity of the current physical

reality perception to realize that the unified non-linear Navier Stokes
equations 14, 14.1, 14.2 of the dynamic electromagnetism in the
paragraph 9 , should give by a kind of linearization and approximation
the classical linear Maxwell equations of electromagnetism. In other
words The Maxwell equations at the potential are derivable by a
linearization of the general 3 Navier-Stokes of charged field matter,
plus the postulations about the force densities in these cases.
We carry out such a linearziation derivation of the Maxwell’s
equations below.
It is important to realize that the original true
Electromagnetised fieldmatter of J.C. Maxwell is entirely under
Galilean relativity, because the velocities e.g. in the Lorentz force
formulae (see references [Lorentz force] ) or the Biot-Savart or
Ampere formulae were all relative to the fieldmatter and not relative
to an absolute vacuum inertial reference system as later Einstein
assumed. Actually as the eq1 and eq2 are mathematical equivalent to
a pair of forced acoustics waves equations in air and as such acoustic
phenomena are under the Galilean relativity so is also with the

18
Maxwell’s initial electromagnetised fieldmatter except not in
molecular matter but in fieldmatter as well. It seems, that the
classical Maxwell equations of electromagnetism require the hypothesis
of an inviscid and incompressible charged gaseous fieldmatter, while
the general Navier-Stokes equations as in (eq 14, 14.1, 14.2 ) and the N
Tesla’s inventions require effects of viscous and compressible charged
gaseous fieldmatter.
For the linearization-derivation of the Maxwell’s equation we do not
need to start from the 3 separate equations 14, 14.1, 14.2 , but we can
start from the equation 12
�� ��
��
��
=�
��
+ � ∗ ∇� =− ∇� + ∇� + ��� + �� (�� ) (eq12)

Where ρm is the mass density, u is the flow velocity, ∇ ⋅ is

the divergence, p is the pressure, t is time,τ is the deviatoric stress tensor
due to viscosity , which has order 2, fm is external density of force due to
the presence of molecular matter and
ffm is external density of force due to the deeper fieldmatter itself but not
due to contact with molecular matter. We may set it here=0 for simplicity
in the case of neutral fieldmatter. We assume here now that we are not
in the neutral field matter, but in the charged field matter
(electromagnetized fieldmatter as Maxwell was saying)
Where the Newton’s law of force still holds, but there is also the new
parameter of fieldmatter change density denoted by ρq , with which we
divide both sides of the equation 12 and setting the friction=0 to obtain
�� �� 1 �
�� ��
+ � ∗ ∇� =− � ∇� +
��
�� (eq 12.1)
�

We define as electric field

�
E=- � �� = E0 (eq 34.1)
�

and also the magnetic potential

�
A= �u (eq 34.2)
� �

The electric potential

19
 �
α=� (eq 34.3)
�

(see also section 7)

The magnetic field
B=curlA (eq 34.4)

We will assume different forms of external force-density �� due to the

presence of static charged molecular matter or moving charged
molecular matter .
1) when there is present static molecular mater of charge density q in
which case it holds that
� �
∇�� =
��
or ∇� = � (Coulomb law) (eq 34.5)
�

1) when there is present moving molecular charged matter of electric

current density J in which case it holds that the external force is of the
form
� ��
E=− �� �� + � ×Ω where =� (eq 34.6 )
��
And it holds that
� ���
− �� ��
+ � ×B =�� � (Amperes law) (eq 34.7 )
We will derive the Maxwell’s equations as in section 7 in the SI system
of units (we must know that the equations of Maxwell have different
constants in different systems of units).
.
�2 � �2 � �2 � 1 �2 �
��2 + �� 2 + ��2
− �2 ��2 =− �� /�� (eq1)

�2 � �2 � �2 � 1 �2 �
�� 2 + �� 2 + ��2
− �2 ��2 =− �� � (eq2)

��
� =−
��
− ∇� (eq 1.1)

� = ����� (eq 2.1)

The Lorentz gauge condition is the

20
 � ��
∇� + �� =0 (eq 2.2)
��

We will utilize partly (only at the homegeneous part) the standard

linearization to derive the acoustic wave equation. The acoustics
equations in an incompressible fluid like water are based on 5
linearization hypotheses (which we will state for simplicity in one spatial
dimension only) (See references [Acoustic_wave_equation],
[Wave_equation])
1) Incompressible fluid and linearized state equation. and state
equation linearisation that the ambient density ρ0 is constant and in
general ρ=ρ0 (1+s), with small infinitesimal s changes, and similarly for
the pressure p=p0 +ps, . Staring from the state equation PV=nRT (see in
references [acoustic_wave_equation] ) we linearize it for the pressure p
and density ρ to p-p0=B(ρ-ρ0)/ρ0 , (eq 4.1)
where the p0 and ρ0 are the constant ambient pressures and densities
and B the adiabatic bulk modulus of the fluid which has physical units
dimensions of pressure.
2) Linearized continuity equations (mass conservation) (see again
�� ��
in references [acoustic_wave_equation] ) ��
+
��
=0 . (eq 4.2)
Where u is the velocity. From these 1), and 2) we easily derive the
equation
�� ��
��
+(1/�) ��
=0 (eq 4.3)

(which as we shall see later in section 11 will give as a Laurentz gauge

condition of the potentials).
3) Inviscid fluid (no friction)
4) Zero convective acceleration and linearized Newtons force
(density) equation (Navier-Stokes equations). In other words, the
spatial partial derivatives of velocities are small compared to the
velocities
(� ∗ ∇� = �). (eq 4.4)
The non-linear Newton’s force equation is of the type
��
=− ∇� + ������� + �������� ������ ������� (eq 4.5)
��

21
 ��
Where ��
is the material (moving with the fluid) velocity , and p the
pressure.
(see in the references [acoustic_wave_equation] and
[acoustic_wave_equation] and also in section 9 equation 11 ). The
linearized force equation in one dimension is
�� ��
ρ0 ��
+ �� = 0 (eq 4.6)
See [Acoustic_wave_equation] for this triple linearisation and
derivation of the D’ Alembert wave equations (eq 3) (eq 4). We must
not forget though that this is only an approximation and that the true
waves are non-linear, and this is why the sound in molecular air and
light in the fieldmatter, at small scale create particle-like behavior so as to
talk about particle “sononia” and photons.
So in the above linearisation the role of the density ρ is now played by
�� �
the quotient ��
, and the role of the pressure, the quotient ��
(pressure
divided by charge density)

So we start with the non-linear equation 12.1 as above and we apply step
by step (at first in one dimension which is easy and then in 3 dimensions)
the acoustic wave linearization describe above, and in references
(wikipedia, [acoustic_wave_equation]) and we result at first in the linear
wave (Dalambert) non-homogeneous equation
�2 � �2 � �2 � 1 �2 � �
��2
+ ��2
+ ��2
− �2 ��2
=− ∇� (and by (eq 34.5)=- ��
(eq34.8)
And again we start with the non-linear equation 12 as above and we apply
step by step (at first in one dimension which is easy and then in 3
dimensions) the acoustic wave linearization described above, and in
references (wikipedia, [acoustic_wave_equation]) and we result a
second time in the linear wave (Dalambert) non-homogeneous equation
�2 � �2 � �2 � 1 �2 � � ���
( + + − )= − � × � =− �� �
��2 ��2 ��2 �2 ��2 �� ��
(eq34.9)

Therefore we derived the Maxwells equations 1, 2. We may even

derive the Lorentz gauge condition from the equation 4.3 We notice from
22
the linearization hypotheses 1) of “incompressible” that the Maxwell’s
equations hold only for small changes of the charge density and mass
density of the fieldmatter !

On the other hand the non-linear non-Maxwell electromagentism as in

equation 12.1 already has as valid the Coulomb’s law and Ampere’s law
by hypothesis (on the external forces) . The Gauss law of magnetism as
also a direct property of the mathematics of curl, and so it remains the
law of Faraday, which is not valid in its exact details in eq. 12.1,
neither the corresponding relation of E with the electromagnetic
potentials. A corrected law of induction of Faraday leads to non-linear
electromagnetic waves, that may explain the occurrence of the particle-
like photons,

23
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