GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUESIesitineraetencees om sheen manna sp ghkibmietecetntee rete tet : ride cine eect es sir corsag eee seeararntscienisanette eit aii ‘grngtewrdpreeeed manor Thsve need thle 8 Kemal Mr. M. Gajonsran for drafting of the sketches and charta, eee Aeskathinaturcoldnot aren pilot » ctibobt rth pass, ndrtanin ‘and continuous encouragement shown by my wife Indira. a ‘Tho author meeomes sugatdns fom student ; or wees agate a dete cor angina for chor .PURUSHOTHAMA RAJ Contents 1, Formation and Development of Ground a ae 1a 1 16, 16 Ttration Formation of Rsk, Soll and Sit Profle 12:1. Principe Rock Types 122, OviginotSile 128, Typon of Wethoring 124. Major Sil Type 125 SeilPr Soil isteibtion in Tin 4181, Marino Doposite 192, Blase Cotton Sits 129. Lateitorand Latoritie Soils and Murvoms 34. Alluvial Deposits 1A5, DeeortSails 135, Boulder Depots Alterations of Ground Aor Formation VAAL Elst of Seasonal Mistre Variation 12, Bist of Water Seepugo and Surice Erosion 149. Bifatet Vegettion 1.44. Biot Permparature Variation 1A, Effet of Vibration 16. Bifest of ining Subsidence ana Pumping G7. Bet of Cansteetion Operation eulaimed Soils 115.1, "TypovofRedamation Material 152. _Coneteustion Methods 163. ‘Lan Gos and Leach E64. Landi Linare and Caps ‘Ground Improvement Potentind 1.61, Harardoas Ground Conditions 162, Por Ground Conditions1.68. Pavourable Ground Conditions 1.84. _AlterstivoApproachen 65. Gootechnee Proceson 2.Compaction 21. Introduction 22, Compaction Mechanis 22.1. Donation 2.22. MoitureDensity Relationship 228. Laboratory Compaction Texte 224. Compactiv Boet 226. Engineering Behaviour of Computed Fine grained Sell 28. Field Prceduro 231. Controlled Compactad Fill 2.32. Pavement Subgrade 293, Mateial Salestion Factors 234. BorzewPite 2.35, Placement and Peosesting 23. Compaction Speifoation 24. Surface Compaction 2.41. Smooth Whe lina 2.4.2. > Shoopafot Rollo 248 Grid Rallors 244. Preumate Tied Rllte 2.45. Othar Surface Cmpsction Devons 248. DynamicCempacion 25, Selection of Fold Compaction Prossduree 25.1. Cholee of Equipment 2.52. LayerThidknoee 253, Wettingana Drying Methods 24, Conszution Traffic 265, Sstovton of Sail end Degree of Compection 256. TvialZmbankints 26, Compaction Quality Conitol 2.01. Moisture Content Mesnorements 262, Insite Density Meanuroment 2.69. Nuclear Mosture-Density Method 264. Hills Method Sesess SSSSSSRERISSatSsEESeeeageeRseEE oo 8,Drainage Methods 84, Ietolvetion 32. Seopnee 38. Pilter Reguiternents 84. Groundwater 8.6 Groundwater and Seepage Control 8.6, Methods of Dewatering Systoms 361. Opon Sums and Ditehes 862. Wellpoint Sytome 363. DeepwellDrainsgs 2.64, Vasuum Dewstering Syne ‘886, Dowatering by Blcto-smos 8%, Design Stops for Dowataring Spot: 74. Submit Tavetigation 8:72, Soures and Water Tele Deta 181.8. Diptanee of Wellin Wells rom Souic of Seepage ‘814, Biative Well Radius 2.76. Diichasge Computations 3.78, Devignotiters 8.77. Design and Seletion of Well Seroons 378. Selection of Pump and Ascssoies 319, Welpeinting in Deep Rxsavations 87.10, Doep Bored Wells 8.711, Control of Surfae Water 28 Drsine 81. OponDreine 3.9, Closed Deaine 383. Horizontal Drains R.B4. Drainage After Contraction 4.Procompression and Vertical Drain 4.1, Teteodotion 42. Compreniilty of Sil an Coneaiation 42.1. Compresability 422. One-imensional Cnsalidation 428, Comprossitlity Charactorstin of ei Deposits 4.24. Methods of Balusting omprestiityo 425. RatoofConlidtion 4.2.8. _Accaleraing Consolidation 48. Prfoading ond Sorcha Fils 431, Procomprosson Prinilos 482, Prlondi Methods 4.28. —Constuetion Require ‘Monitoring of Compression 441. Prodation rom Botggs ana Tots 464.2: Proltion om Tost Pile 443. Monitoring Time Rae of Sttloment 444. Thoteumentstion 45. Vottioa Dine 451. Gonarl Principle 452. Designef Verte Dina 4.53, Types and Consteactin of Vesti! Drains 44, Efilncy of Vertical Diane 455. Applieations 4:6, Dynami Consliation 441. Conesidtisn by Bloto-smos 5. Vibration Methods 51 Intvoduction 52. VibroCompaction 521. Blasting 5:22, Vibatory Probe 528. _Vibrainry Compactors to-Dieplacensent Compaction 58.1. Displacement Piles 552. Vibrofetation 53.3, Band Compaction Pike 524, Stone Cohmne 585, Heavy Tenping 6.Groutingand Injestion 81. Introduction 62 Axpetsof Grouting 621, Groutabilty 622. Grouting Matvile 828. Suspension Goats ba, seaeege 100 102 02 108 104 106 no ua 14 ur us cry ne 124 125 wr 128 0 120 120 18 0 MG M6 Me ur Ms Mo 440 624, Solution Grouts (626, Compaction Grouting 63. GroutingProsedare G81. PregoatingSite Investigation 222, Grout Holes Patten 683, Grout Characteritics 54. GroatingPlant and Equipment . 835. Injeton Methods (636 Grout Injeetion Mogrurements and Monitoring 64. Appientions . G41. Soopage Coisal $42. Soil olidfenton sind Stbiliaston 84.3, Vibration Control ‘T-Mechanicnl, Cemonting and Chemleal Stabilization 14, Intrtuction 12, Regulsmntsof Si Stailztion 18. Meshal Stabilization BL. Mechonia Stabity of Mattila 1182, Proprtioningthe Materials 1183. Addition or Berra of Soll Parsee ‘14, Portland Comet Comenting Sabiiation aa. NetoreafSoil 742, ArountafConont TAS. Mixing TAA. Moisture Content TAS. Compaction Conditions 7148, Ageand Curing 14:1. Adnintore for Soi-Coment TAB. Gonstretion of Soi-Cement 125. Bituminous (Comentng) Stabillaaton 264. NaturoofSeit "162, _Amountot Asphalt 163. Ming "164. Compaction Conditions ‘155. Cus Conations 456, Constzuction of Sait Aephalt 182 186 181 187 199 160 110 m m 1m 15 m7 am ro m8 18 v9 180 a8 181 188 183 ia 185 185 188 186 st 187 188 188« 1.6. Chemical Stabilization 161. Line ‘162. Calcium and Sedum Chores 788. Ligsin 164, Waterproofs ‘165. Natural and Sythots Polymers 1166. _Agaregants and Daportante 18.2. Mivenllanoous Chemical St 1A. Conetrustion Moths TAA. Mivin-pace Method 142, TravllingPlont Method 14.3, Stationary Plant Method 144, Field Coteot, 8: Geosynthetics BL Introuation 82, Gecaynthetic Types 821. RawMatorain 822. Wovenn 828, Nonwovens 824. Kwited 8.25, Biogradablo. \ 826 Netsand Grids 8.27. Theeimensonal Miata 828. Composioe 829. Mombraner 85. Propatie of Gomnynthotios 82.1. Mri and Foe Propertiss 892. Geometrical Anpots 83, Mechanica Poopetin 834. HydraulioPropertion 236, Durability 4, Applicatians of Geoeynthtion 54.1. Separation 1842, Filtaton nd Fivid Transmiesion 843. Reinforeoment 844, Containment and Bassons 180 180 180 191 101 206 au a 24 au 28 228 om 0.Mincellancour Methods 91, Tnteduation 92, Soil Reinforeoment 91. Material 922. Applontione 9.28, Columns Formed In Sita 88, ‘Thorml Methods 931. Stabilization by Heating 92, Stabilization by Conling 94, Other Simple Methods 941, Slurey‘rorch 24, Moisture Bair: 942, Prewetting BAA. Void Filing 95, Typroving Rook Stability and Quality 95:1. Trealmant and Purpose 95.2. Unlit Pressure and Sepa Control 953, RoskBainfvcament 2.64. Ros Deterioration Provention 26. Ground Improvement-—A Ganmary [Btbllogeaphy 7 230 290 aa 202 224 238 238 ast 299 229 299 250 299 240 40 240 2a 240 a 253al 5 paase pose FrcRSESge?2 Be List of Symbols CConstantispacingot wells Confiiont a eorpreebiity Cootisient Contant Compression index ‘Sidelined cohesion ‘Confint of onan for oriaontal dig Point eohesion {Caffiiont ef contoliatlan for verti desinage Partie eizaeonaled medaluaeTeative depth Shes eanatrained module ‘Average demateltainags path thylnecoplymer bitumen Initia void ratio Specie gravity Groutbiity ratio ‘Thickness of ayerktepth of mata water table Avetnge head los Hendfhight of drop een et tho voll Hyraliogvadiont CCrflsient of permonbility {Coffisientofelestruemetis permeability Coufiiont of horiantal prmeabilty Coofisint of erteal pormesbiity Distance ose from wellestode spacing Stone clufan length Loedensity polytivlene near low dons polyethylene {Gotficiont ef values corpressbilty ‘Standard penetration reitanes Natural ororburdon street Oversnnaidation ratiospagrteEs oo ‘Tota land an stone cola Preconolldation presure (Overburden pressure Polyamide Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyinychorie Alowablo boning pasty (Cone penetration resistanco adi of influence aioe Radia of wel sty empresa Initial compresion Secondary comprersion "ime fetor for taal flow ‘Tomo fctr for vorteal Mla Time ‘ime whon primary compression complete ogre of enzalidtion Pore presuredtfernes Dejeofensalidatin or sail ow Dee of ensaliatin fr one dimensional fw Voltage difrence Diachargo vloiyneuum at pump inte Seepage vest Weight ofexplorveeight dropped gui iit Unit osight of water hangs in presare ‘Time increment Additonal tees Etfcive adil trons festive conmalidation tae Drainod ange of intarnal tion Bifiiengy tor ~~ Cuapter 1 Formation and Development of Ground 1A. INTRODUCTION "The material that conta arts rast ie boadly elesified into to elagoies te vock and sil Rock Ia a mataral stongly bowel of minrals whereas solo en eemblage fell prices formed hy disintegration of eck, It =p bneath rivers [Indseesandon land lang witha orgie and snorganiemeterilsoseying tho betork, “The type and choreterite propertios af the ells dopond en its fermion and deposition by tennsporation agente Additonal partici binding tara ple due to the proses of ertanates, oxides and oganie mata, The expesuo of ei ith Lime develops ipeatherng pai rom th ground rurfass don, ‘Changes pound after foriation, cure dat dire natural cass and nae civitio othe thant prod tystractaes, Marana lands eae relaimed lands {isos In ow ying aren anon war by land fillings "Te ground formed base on ts above ative should havo equate mecanisst ‘aya properties other Che ground hast be improved "This Chapter dle wth the formation af ferent types of sil and thu rthor terstion dof diferent tearm ad Mentos th conditions of ound which requis found improvement 1, FORMATION OF ROCK, SOIL, AND SOIL PROFILE loi an rok ae tho prinipalsrucbral meteiae with whish iit engineer deals. ence a knowledge of th ergin, manner af occurence, an chacacteristise of these, ‘motor i eseeiil forthe aaseuetul protic of evil engineering design end eonsrae- tion Hecke wconsoldaied matsial composed af matraleggoyate fat are connected ly Strong boning fren, Sl, om theater hand, ean tensile mataia arposed of Inotrgl agate of ines gina which have reulted from the dlsintagration of rok ‘Border inongineoring professing considered ta nludo to elaine cl thst Is theraides of vegeta snd animal ifs ioahading industvalreadual wastes, Thus sit japaticalse matvil wherein tho gen aro bonded together nota strongly a inrocks, 2.1, PRINCIPAL ROCK TYPES ‘Toe rock imatevalaeneountered at the our of th sil are lasted under three rnjr groups, meee ferks, baed on their made sag Ignensn rose are ove by theceolingof the melon thar beneath the suessags oy the yeerytallietin of he oot eke under heat and pressure great nou Eger them Mu. Sedimentay rose af Uae proucts of minerals farmed by Physical PAeTAET Alon ofa kil of feck ape charistdarompoition and dope of plant and ‘Inimal omeine-Metamorplorock are those prasad hy informal processes uch x heat, aoe ey pantie wr ating on vsks of any ind i de Ttetion that the rosks erereesed rennin ecsontally at duting thos teansfrmations Each and every rosy [Wied under any onect eee roups bee on Uo foxture structive and minaeaogcal ‘Sompaeition ofthe rook "gneous voeke are clans primarily on tho Baie of tatare al elowt Thay are ionoraly very hard and have Wxturor that Yar fTom cnrvely erysaltne to elsny pening upen te rte ef coling Th ineaas rocks are gomaally massive witha xy ‘Rlacval eatines bone ana reek ee untaly found inal son eek, Most ofthe ‘fosaus materials that cooled vry rapidly ay contain gue bubbler eso have fagmen~ {Utsteuctaree ‘The principal mineral omelituents eo light coloured quart and fldspar Se dan colaured ernblond, bate, git an olivine ‘Sedimentary rocks may be frtho divided into thro maups, elas and heme in esoance with the oxi ef Uo eden. Rosk oF minora ‘derived fom pre~usting minaal belong laste group, thee deposited from orb ving water are grouped an gan and tow prospitated by chemical activity ore te ‘aporaton i rofeved to ax chelenl. Fhe texture of shore sedimenl® ae usualy ‘Dheowcopiswherens lotsa ongnni ay ary fram oar grind to mivonnpie. The ‘Pradomntontminerataof sedimentary rocks ae quett,calite nn chy mineral. Almost {Ute semana rocks use essed ar sandtona limestone or shale The other minor ‘onattuont ofthe rock ae ian cides, feldspar and carbonaceous material. The mast faportantssusturlcharacteistns of ealmontary zak frm the gelagiel pinot vow Julai being or sralifeation. Salon st0 mod prdominanty from deposit of fine ‘Gained particles ilo" ap elayot) Te estate tht shal covrs aver SD% ofthe ore [iis exposed at te earth's unten or slagat tthe suviace ner sileover. Sound shale ‘anprowiisn gpd foundation materia. Tee nebraitablo aa construction materntbesaane tT tendon to reais down undr aang and woatherng. ‘Motamorphis rocks ae ditingished from otorepimarilyon the bss of trite ‘and iineralopencomposton, The agent f metamorphism sac as heat rere, a {ovtheriolsltions lend to thn oxtaliation an orinntatin of minerals ot ound ‘Parone rock, Metamorph rocks ara ehninetoriaed by tho foliated strvctore. However, Tavlamorphic rocks desied hom sediments perssses a massive rither than foliated “ture The rocks alo show aructral defect as cracks anoint, By metamorphion Tieton, sandstone and shal are changed to rl, quncste a slate Metamorphic {ok fred from avund ignea or acimntary orks ean b god mera fr eteace Fon typical metamorine instal ae ebority erste tle, hornblende and aie, The ‘ont importentonginsoringsharateritiereeatamorphierosks aethesoRseneafechints find he high mney ofl ised rocks to weathering Patties Sits 0262 nt 08T5 a, Clay = O072 a. 1.28, ORIGIN OF SOILS. Upto depth ofabout 20k th ert rast eomprise ofboth sk ond weathered ‘sock (ana, Sl (outer st ovginated rom tho ok are minora ofthe earth's ‘font. The princpel mira utjet ta weathering to produce sit ator near the earths Striie and evalaointhe order of buvanee ar: quate feldspar, ryroxene amphibole, ‘ie Solid wcke neo decomposed ofrgiente creat uly tho eontuons weathering ‘racoeee in combination with xptaldforations, The tye fil doreloped depends en ‘he rok typos if neta onaitunts aa tho climate region af the on Roc containing quar ov tela noses with high ii content (oa ante an hyelte ety esempone nto sands or genvelly sols witha filelay Fine textured ‘ity nn elajy elle aro formed dt deeompeotin of rook (gabbno ail avats) Canteining noel ofiton, agnaram,ealsiom arsed, with Reston, Clays reat feagments of primery minva ror parent voce but eecosary minerals fried by he ‘Bccampostion of primary mineral, Ths the bahaviour of gravel nd sand aro difesent than tatf clay ae tha former arecompored to primary minora Give and echit decompose into eilzand winteros wth mic sates ad pyltos to ciage, merlot limestone aquaria fo sands and yauvels, Be disco earls ‘esedh notumorphieryingonown tient rsks could frm metunorphierosks and ‘SSumlated depose ow pvc with omeatingatarints ented thigh presure ould form eadimentany rock, Ths the eee prose af teenafrming rok to sil an (Satveranieacontinaot presse eseuringover millon ofyenrsthroughemplexcherisal Utd physio proceses| 1.2. 7¥PES OF WEATHERING Breaking down of inns nness of rosin snr pieces by pgs, heme or solution proceser I called reek weathering All thew Chea prosetet ay take place ikattaneousy bt at diforont rales, depanding on the climate, topogepy al compos ‘onafthecrignalreck Hoek wenthoring sone af th important gelorielpocetes. Rock product formed ty weathering ave dopeited ax unconsolidated sdients as sll, ‘Tho procaa Uy bic rook dingo inte aoa ragmente sto combination finding shattering brosking a tess charges witha invaving any chang in Ue properties eallod phiel ot mechanical worthering or dlaintegration Fer example, [lean emjestmentedavingregional wplfeacempanied by wator runs resingot walsr {incre and pores, tho abrasion of gravel an buldat by mountain strane and rivers, the pounding of wer waves on bashes olf, and the end blast endladen desert winds ew I yeathoring, Machaneal worthoring may alo be enaed by argue ality, sul ee sreoking fee exotedbyplentsgrowingin the crisis af ods andthe ‘moving fagmonie toward the surface iy abil a ise, Mechanical wentheving ‘predominates in dry regions end areas with rugged topography. ‘Chemical weathering doccmposition ix the alteration of he oe minerals, di to wna! rention, to form naw minerla which Rave chomical and physical prpetise Aterent rom hefeparensnaternds Th chmiealvnction of minrasesure with water, isrived eartandiond sd oxygen rom ai, organi cia from plant decay and dnelvedalte prosontin the eter: Hyatedonorhlseatbonatesandoulphate aro formad when ‘Slater comes in contact wth eek srfacer: Selly ainvates with pH < may rset ‘SRemloally with ome eck Pithar, during gwoogien time perind owen «Woak oid ay xine Sesomposttion, For example lsohing may remove tho somonting peoperties of Samentony rock, Choma weathering predaminates in warm; hui yegons ad fn ‘rena wth lat tapogrephy ‘Solaire tho dseolvng of woluble minerals fom tho toe, Hoving the inseluble winerle behind ee nesdue Solution ie predminent in humid region sndeain by alae roo. "Thos in the weathering process, rok minorls, av broken phils, changed hominy ant dcelvod inate Tw ene produat el hah consists predaminent of [Tun and chy mineral nih vying amount of io, oremagassm mineral rm Unidos and caonstes. Tis alterattn poop farDer continues with change onion ‘mont wel Unf ae duced ny munemad sletiag such as construction of drainage anc [rctares entation, flooding eed lings 1.24, MAJOR SOIL TYPES: ‘Basel on th muted of formation oie can be grouped inthe ron eatgoree— side sedimantary or fils Reside sae have oed fom the weathering of rosks or [ssumolation organi mataial and pracesly romain a the loelion of ng wih itl iEpo movement of individual el pasties, Sedimentary sil ro formed ty individ purticles which werecrentad atone ston anata tranportod and deposited tanethor [Eeston Fl ie a man-mate dopo ‘Rorkdunl Sls, All the thie presets of weathering eam eas the fornaton of eit sla Tho tata rock wearing is more than Uh at of raon or Uaaporeae {on of weathered tena, th tesulngsccutlted soll fs the residual ei. The em {ting seo br ts rete wonthering nd nature of weathored profucts areclinats, mm, rk sous, vogelation,daitigs and bctrialaiy. A he weathering asion {Tccoenon with depth th sper resid soils meinain the concentration of mineral ad ‘rietaton of grain of tho paren sock Ths Uh herons osu eo ecurlated a Smeal featon depen omthe ste of ee went he avai of erosive Totes teary the ell away ator i fora: Residual sole generally he wie ang of eve ian shapes compton ad onthe de slp eterna te nena oi parents Reid eile may bedsived from lhe nee bai ok. Residual sila proce from igneous eck, oush a ane, ae enn en elow sony wilt and ity aan with nic a ey of line fay Theo sil from grates dinaiy For od conetruex Tom mntovin Basal ete igneous rock, while veh in frromsghesinn materials protane reid ith higlyplactimontnonloniteclas with deopredte dar bown, [Ect and ave nes eit far cnartion ota foundation.‘ black cotton sis found India belong this roap Teil sue derived fhm cost sediment ‘composition and ate nse rained then Uno ou ‘seathoring of hate sedimentary voc Is onerally rok exit an altered minotal edimenta: Futhes the dap of ftom finest sock he no omar AN VERE OF GROUND 5 onvironmont, The residual gil fom carbonate eedlmentsny rela cont ofall the IRuulue impure ofthe rock, Theo sol have clay varying fom kacnit to wonbnorl- Tonite td iienvaryng rom boule: to aiesine an Won ox, Residual il frmed from metamexphiersks mucha oie and sohist range om andy ails to sity rends with varying amount of lea, These deposits are exreiely ‘aril in composition and extntand the aserals ae fora in Un are onder of bands SEN cvginat rors Tp rosideal sla derives fom quartzite ard marble recemble Tone fren anion oni limectanesreapestely nthe ongneering wow. Hesanseot the varaton in composition, eco residual sls nord carefubstuty before se, Residual soil ape foul abundant in hard andwarm toons which ave favourable sochesiea weathering of eck Residual cil axetim many pats ofthe wor, os, South ‘Rin’ Aten, Southeastern Nerd Aonien,Contea Amerie, thelaaris of Caeitben ant Seu Nitin Sowers (106) hae eperted the following type dpe of residual cil srithanarn United tee Sioa ‘are tua Sout 150018 ruth Aen de16m Wat Atos ovezom Beas iota Studio on rex sie are ited compare to sedentary sis Sedimentary Sells, Socimontacy sll ars produced depending onthe formation, In and depoition of vedimonts. Sudinonts are farmed besially from the in chica neutering of rocks an the arfose. Generally physlea weathering ft rooks predic Wt gravee paiicles whereas comical weathering prods cag-ized parlsdes, Tyeneportation of saiments can be eroxmon by the five pts is, water ie gravity end oraniems, Duingtho proces ranmpertation the ‘Mf the particles ar ltred and accordingly sorted depending en Uo agoney. Lambe ‘Set Whitmen (1970 ha given the effete of Usen fv traneparting agent on sediments {table 1), Thos, palsies 20 formed and transported, ar deposited in wator ar land to {em andimontay ells The dessin in watar may be caused die toreduetionnvlory, ‘esreae nelubty and ereae in eletrlyie concentrates, ‘Sedionitaty lls are Rrther assed bau on the mado of taneportation exaig tho depen Soil pve which are teaagorteiy wata aed water-transperted ile may be nthe font of nepended pails oy Tolling and aiding along the bottom of sean trrsvur, Porites traneporte by ater range imate fom baulanrs* to eny Seis Ut are ‘FantPoaytovorwater ant deprtedanoelledelwvtel daposit.Soilpartsls carried Ey arivur whi entering les depois coarae partis beeno of eudondeeeate {velo and ucla postin mero to as ake dette However th ine patiles reach ‘hoecats othe lke alge posted und quiet watrs. ory senso lternate layer Me firm aneuchtate deposite vealed acustine oposite, Thso depots ate weak rer en- svt ont pnt unin sd == secrete teat, a ==. Notas rants hg oi el ine nn ly ea wnt ie che a i= Moethca Poth tna plano -——L—rti“—~™—sC—s—sés™s™s—s—s—s—SO fossa te oe psn ens em ‘peat, Muc ly decomposed materiel, + iat im weig a Pe eb thio eialamerescttn Mahe ERY emer ‘ein tao f goto hs torn, tot at = Tey aot of ath veting sonnei, brome oe eerie Sete se emadaenaaeeigeeinnteee eis stersensceiereeetehemn or ufos anh ae ery ens particles and form construction materials. Eskcers are the remains of soils dar sited by the ‘Er psi irs Dea sonal ine oatiftha pose ‘orate ipsum nti caler arpa te foeation nd Gropp ne cali a ed eerutes: Glacial depois provide poor to oral eure ‘Tablet Bffet of Trancportation on Setimente ‘Afr Zaman Winn, 1979) faim (aaton a eer erat inch atin, mgm flop [Seaton ie em rctnpie i ae ronan sional sara Rang tah, doef angsiae, sent |e! ee sures» | sand: Sob | mpm pos Sintnd step" tte tone sung |omaidrsie | ary ces oe rine io “stig ere Veta (rages) “= Crit peer capalioftaeporting ater pstoofianprtng aii niyo aint ene there wi be apie cheng notre mowed by the Waren precees Gravity depsits are cilled a tah Tas inten the material cntlaw the Be otelffand lands dopoits ‘Wind Tke water can erate franeprtfne grained pts Uy elling or ating an Sh cane ty wid and subsequent deposited re referred > tem ad dena SAesumultione of ouch windapoited wands ae ferme os dunes, eli ee csrin deve amen, aon te dovnind sie of bedie of water having Darna et pana rue ay bed for construction purpose toa limited extent 1 rae ere oe grained vi cnn bo ransportd ty wind ta greater Win Blown ar a Te Sted with sane comenting rates in for eable onlin i> Hes Tee depots have lo deny bighsompresiy ad acento allay on ataratios, IIL The proers af et frmalon igewesed in Uheproceding sections are du te nature Aeoateiae sl apes ie fil and the pros adopted to form the i scaled Taare Aen mtsinisneeioa fr sl are alain fom « sure called Doerow oF {lig Ty Ulening and are raneorted through land or wstor wir aulabe veces eae and dopaited nthe tered location by dumping flea bs denaifed Rachie coupon dovis(oonacorecfaneatthiamorastroctirailoraecgrede) Efe unsorted Gain rk to x Hycale . 11255, $01L, PROFILE ‘Uppornet cis develop acharsteitc weathering profil fom the ground satan down heneecentinanesenpoaur tocnvionorentaletvties. The tom sll profile sect aaa serial oncton throagh the ubsol showingthethicknees and squnes of he carat irate, The sail pafie call simp or ruta, i Uv boundaries bnee ae anprotentaly parallel, ths inndavies show irregular attr the sit rei see een he yeies chemical properties of si profile upton depth ofr ae Finuenccl ty the orvonmontal fete uch ax changes of moisture atl temperate, inn coosonaldativation of toitare and temperature, amount and easanel a ee sina change to boll agents, ground wala lve the dee sree nia deelopment depends on thalengthof tine afenvzonnont activity. Infor Sener atria Un tae shaw ar pool dane ana in lor depot may ete thick av 8 to mand clearly defied ‘The nenoo of eal profits analyte clled pedolagy oil conge whi i one of tho bese lone oh agro. Ax civil engiors are als eter wth spe portion of cara itr a foundation ern aouren of eonerutin materiale knows of tho si, weit a pevtcte lection i ory impotent fr them Further nesta ground Terman techie canbe sided ony afer king he dis of 20 prot the uppermart part of Uo ground urfco ie subject to th mechanical eels of seca or eis ofsome-eanatiteente du to lenehing This oon is wforred to rreatring de snmp ange fm foe contmettestohalf a mete The lower w finuceredvanthe Bhona, wher patotth substance washed ovtofthe Aaa ae eee ited and acumtated The, Bhorizan ie bo refered to ax the zone of ‘Eceulation and hiknars varie fens 0:50 400.76,‘Tho properties of ils inthe AendB horizon are cial nose for road works. For sndation an oarhvorke ths tat etrminedonty, by th a tras am nah Std the meted of topics ed ‘Sheeqent gel ont Te sata teneath the Boron may bamogeer, ‘trai reratie Gonerally done wilontaninterial which was ieedepstal leyate, wind rain gslgcl gle Por eatoceptoitnay beaut elon ‘avenge toes. General the pglcal poprdes a mat evry manasa estoy ‘atyloaconatate ott ini verina sieion nl os malar epee mh Selo of sion ogame sei eat elo Samer, 197) Cool ana Tomporate Huns Region Sol Profi. la col tmperature reons ‘with hom later, hoes age aston ded lense, plants end athe ore {ihre caste hony growth of wpstaton Ths eumlaed marine desmpec wy sv produce weak clo which asnerat Uh weathering the cellar seman iN ownward tthe water abe ‘The uppimestaiiesbjstedta shone atorationprodasinglaofth ase family nab carbonates nn temcable reduced ion mati Theos arson dwar bythe wll ita reulingin ean sila wth dein clays Hore the topo dark aed ng aroha eae Te ached or cults in th ay apr ith deeonsng eet of enching wth dpe Tras che injer ts dv alse a onan «nts onunteatien of cy erly a ona than he vgn ol Bel theca ae ea tater lowed by unsleedprent ae, ot Samia Region and Proiie.Theupeoyrtofthe depastsin thie eon abo cexpevienoaernat weling drying nt davrvmr lacing The dacmponon [Efeter and no arpa nid proton Beem of natin ofl senate tho silt weather reed na sete snsrnont alte alae clad in leeheddownoard. ‘The aluminssn and ion bese highly orien eament ‘uniaint ssttecktie ald The ron ad alumi ge amie de tocotine Sathsring nd leaching and fom soles operotins otra tate often Sat evenod gravel with sour ranging fen tao tight rod Thiapesee veered to inert nie enrol leap ois re ptouy, ih night bat trong and oativelieompesil, So ofthe strongly cormnollatriien rea elonastoil npacsof gre Ontteather rd fem ofthe lrs-ovelpadIneien may ot sftned opon woking. Late cam be ‘ante tmeed on the pesos of sient sienna. iy Region Sil Profil. In thie ype gin thre wl en presence ofc ratte, Boots of surface eaperatin te mostaro movement ie feral eps esting ecumatation fob materials us sorbate nese cve oa tne partial ementing of tho ao ‘Thi son of daage etter to on dria by {sinatio. Thi phomemenon of dation ey mash pronounced nl afnontan tna ard roions. Ths dntrbtion of earbnatos swoon nonin, When dy ese ila re hight lncomprsshe ao rong However, pon wating tay ween sens ndsllape. Thay euldbeused a onstruction material dependingos the parent atari Textromoly ara ragons, salto o alkali topell fe formod duet soluble salts bought Lbyexpllary pein. Those sila ae refered tow desiccated roll angie often ata foreofe ook Humid-Poorly Drained Soil Profile, The wet, por dime eile frm ilar soup dapmning on the oitur, Organe growth ie usually apid in a vory wot eneon- ‘mont and tho decay prose is slo kallingteweeoationoforgunematier.Sower eaten fdoonyaeecinted with tagnaton of water produce fibrous pont While higher eats of ‘say with vetuating water lvls produce nett rele mates, In coal regions hk est deporte ae formed dust era dey. 13, SOIL DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA Inia has a combination of tropical and temperate climate conditions and expowel ta monsoon wether almost teoughout the county. Tho aarago nual ainall Yoriee fom 20 to 400 om. ‘ho als of Tai aro gooraly Yor old and fay mature ae thie Tormation is due to sanronal limate ditibation and smo of rafal. The chomil ‘eatin Involved sre mare intanso an thorafore rock dentogaton i eapaly flood by shamicaldacomyesition, Tho cil of Inde Ganga plains are mainly allyeal sed ‘ealders bing brought down ty rvers from tie limalagae Moet of a ote ot ofa, have been formed in the ateae who thoy aro found. Tho sl of lia may genoraly be ‘hse allow Picts, 1970): @) Alavil mil) Blase i Re el e) tote cll (0) Porat snd hl sols) Avid and deer scl, (9 Bali ad alive ‘sl and (op Peaty and marshy sil However, koopingia iw tho west afgeetechnica ‘ginearing the apr dopositeof eda Katiete, 1975; Ranjan Ra, 1901) whieh ‘over lnge axon Fig.) are dlecueted below. 13:1. MARINE DEPOSITS: ‘The maine deposits epread along the Indian cout are vlatiely narrow Vall and ‘generally derived fom trestial ureesoxcept for tho coral sans and med nace the [Andaman and Nob Islands andthe Lakshadwenp. These deposit are wry sof to af ‘ermal eanaoidated lghlycompreribleclaja The senitiity range ian the ardor of Slight to medion werstive end aesentaly inorganic in compaiton, Te thickness of ‘posit vary rom bt» 20m tine dapasincora longthe sons of Wart Bengal, na Pradesh, Tost Nad, Pendichory, Kerala, Ga, Karna Carat ‘The deposits gunarll need epre-eeatment before application of ey externa load, 183, BLACK COTTON SOILS ‘Block eottan eal ea of tho major coll depot of Tia andi pro vor ido ‘065 of30,000 a9, km. To ate etont tay ae foun in riens Facing oe to edi {lope and peor drtnage sondilesThe primary ed rock i ban or tap ate locations quartile, ehlsts nnd eadimentary rake ao found, Ie expansiva in nature Ae ta the presonco ef montmorilleite en ili tay minatale. Same af thas black colton ‘ell are slo fed to contin igh amount carbonate The depth of Mack cotton elle "abe sigh a 39m. Black clton oi ektende over the wate of Maher ehten, Madhya,aig suse [9 se ee eS nc | Bait sae soe (GL sw sour F eee Pradesh, Karnatakn, Andhra Prodesh, Teil Nadu and Uttar Pradosh. Batod! an the [pdologcal enmtion the depth of eack and evack alter vary.‘ soil aface ned Tnrummareoaeon ut Bacomes slushy gd os it seength substantially duting rainy ‘sean, Volume shangee up toa depth of 1.6 m genorally ever ds ta soanonal mei ‘hangne. Highly oeded esrucures ae mont utcoptble a damage ae a ena oth olen ‘changes. Beene of the sinking and avolling dhractriaties af the ola special teat ‘onto tho sole design approech hast be apie. 1.02 |LATERITES AND LATERITIC SOILS AND MURRUMS ‘Topicl regione of high moistre and high tesparatreetablsh apsial cn ofsesolerated ad inlanes weathering which ed ote developmental smniguesal pe ‘ented as atrt. In such regions woathorng seit iso intnsathatstreinndously think til exeveing 301) may br doveloped from th parent rock Una proteaes follively terned ae stevnation Latarsation ie oto deceraposiconeftek, removal lution of ailen aa bases and aessmlaton of skmninm ap sesqinsiden, tani, Tagnesir, cage an other amorphous prcta yer and Pl 172). Tho ed pnkor "row soour of laterite oneantialy eto th presane fron aids and maeaness ‘Aconrre pained concretichaty retail with 00% of thew lalerceonstituont scald Intart.Hine-grana materials with lower eonentatins of xidesat called at ltriie ‘il tortie le of nner aida ule and form on of tse aor so daposts and pron over am ten f 100000 og. hm. Lata ol oxtand ove Koval, Barna Maberashira, Ovsoa and West Bonga Sato. Intian atrites hae been derived from Alfrent rocks undor not hari sonitine in plas with an avernge anal rainfall of ‘bot 200 $0 em "Thechneacteritiafentreoflatarites a tho highleength whan itis eu and died.in ‘2, Harned eilennetnin Ue high stength even subject to immersion in water. The {omic razon for auth a behaviour ie due dehydation of rm aden ato presence ‘ot alleyete tpn of iy mineral Ie ha buen report in teratuethat come ofthalatortos howextrouly highstrength omparabloto thn ofburntbricke Mary laterite sro pero Snnatore and posse meom to high permet Callout atte were foto be ah Sn hallayeite and eqtaline gotta whereas Haamurstey laisse presenco of ‘yetlline kaolin ae motahallosite (ao and Rayne, 185). Th oar for such ‘behaviour boon attributed te Ue gologiealenronmiont ofthe areas ‘An pact which sprobamato isthe parmeatliy of nlerites neato to nists: ‘ion of rooroire (Kathi to, 1976), Toad cuts laterite dapoits pe a savius stability prablom. Further diiltiee avo boon exprionad inthe meessnent of lntaral stresses Inletorte profes (yer and Filta, 1872). ‘Muprums ar osidua ol frmod basically fom weathering t basalti rock, where monsoon ie sven (Nota, 1970, urs corte mites of weathered rock pio, ‘layey sand andlay Murra may contain ook agments in varying sizow Murase found in many paces with thicknase vying for fo entimetars to af Mater a totally apron ver nn aro of 400,000 ha. Ie urualyunderiebacc oto sll ro oryollow eal, Murrums container S0% gravel al very lets prcentofslay aston. The nasal ts gonerally quite compact and sft at shallow dopth apd hard a dapor dope, Marrume Teentoe ofthe presence of nel and sand sive patie ahd compact exit very high "rongth-‘Thoy arene extensively asvoad rater andfillmateria. The beatingespacty ‘such als are extremely high ad donot pose any Bundation poslem 1.8.4, ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS ‘Ta falar lial deposits of Idina in the Indo-Gangeti and Beabmnapotre thee ans eaten ED Nott of Vina ptosd ness the 205. tha east to Poni in est Alluvil deposits {gnerally preset alternating agers of sendy silt and lay and in tome lcations organica “ono murgovnr Terms layors aro aleoensountved The Beng basin is anethor portent alluvial doposit anes Irlioved toa bon formed inthe mile of Mesosicera, The subsellofto upper strate tretout 1001 Unchaor af the Bengal Basin ia econ ovina is dopo by the ‘Gangesivorayrtetn (Som, 1978). Theme deposits ate primarily taken ple user typical Slavia snvngrments: The ell sraind Caleta trad the normal Caleutia dont, sats pron of desieated brownish greyfight brown silty eaysayey silt with ‘concn Tenses asi incon lowe peta grey styl Wwith decomposed ‘fowl and xia up tom depth of 10 (Som, 1975). Another deposit of Bonga bain fs the Tiree channel deport consisting earls oily sen upto a dapth of 2.1, Sem, we. 1.5, DESERTSONS. "Thar desert in Rajasthan, covering about £00000 ag fa. consists of eons of Inia. These ae il blown deposit gnorallyprosontn the fem of sand des wit tcvrage hightet ebout Ibm, The depts ar rnd unr ad conditions ant the se Sanda ave predominantly of nan-plastc uniformly graded fine or lly sands, Some of the probloms astslated with thei are ofelstabiation for oude an runaysandscmcity St tet frenyeonatrcton actly = 1.86, BOULDER DEPOSITS age ules st ete down ill dust rvesanddapeited ns foot ils Such Aepasita tre enovantored inthe saleialayen regions af Himochal Pradesh and Uetar Pras, The propotie of thee depaite ate complex and depand onthe size of tours fandtho sol mari: Generally, been of patel contact high retina esistanc shoul ‘etanlieipated Gaia and Bo, 1091), 1.4, ALTERATIONS OF GROUND AFTER FORMATION A.ctaustao to bo gonstrsed othe sind or under the round shoul be designed ‘eonsideving the properties of the ground atthe Une af formation, atthe starting of Ue Dror an the poste changes which ght take placo tothe gure dung the deg [Crebesteuctno, The alte and shape of sven dopa nd the ones properties ofthe ail in the doposit nay change ory sian Ground movemonts which are inde pendent of etscaea Imposed ty the staat can oaur doe fo diffrent avis, For ‘enn ground msvomont nay ose fe toweling and skin, static seepage, ‘lovation ota. Many of Uae changes my Be etunedIndepondant of mars activity ae {ome diuetoconatestionstvity tall Hones, newesvary precautions ave tobe kon while ‘Signing wetastorokeoping in vow the posible antcpated change which ould exo [the dog of th seuss, A ow of Uh factra which contribute fr ound 1A. BPPECT OF SEASONAL MOISTURE VARIATION ‘under volume changes caused by soaconl maisare content vation. lowed dey onieus develops neach vo at hesoil surface Ipoistare onto, tye a esaunt of elayeontnt, modo and envionment of wee! ‘Sepia. Shrniape fe edueed dv to tho proton f sun anda ‘silvhigh plete shin ony enonng sells. Shyinkago tes place horizontal Und aswel in vattel'dvecuons becauo of cups tension wich in exerted fs all “lvectine Highly eomoressibe aye enibited ecole O5.m wide aa 6 mer Sowers, 510) Repeated shrinkage produce a natworkef shvinkage eeeks ill divestons, ome sil Cexpanvs oi like blak colton salle of Ii) not any ink de to Aaryingiat alo show mankodeweling with insrones ofmssture content, Sling enused Inainly dhe to spulave foros whisk sepaateUseclay patisies ening volume nese. "The mesheniae cousingswelling nay bn atributed ta numberof phonamena stich asthe ‘Soutireboun of hess gens th ly mince ani for wats, th ation exchange ‘apoclty and olsen eplaiefotors andthe expansion entrapped at Al Uso factors fy contrite for sel presompres lage when in nernaly consolidate ely the afiity of welot ty slay patiles a the letieal opin of sly patiles may ‘predominate, I the ailing eprovested high presses ax high as B00 KN/# may be Seveloped Thregions which havo well fined ltrmately wetand dy cartons susceptible ils ‘evelLond sink in sos, Dut to ee aeazonal volume chenge Uhre wil bens Sd fall nthe grou sraceasompaniea ly tension cracks i tho soi dung ky season ‘tl losing of he eras in wot saron The toveronts are larger inns covered aes {tan in anova devoid of vegetation Sails with lito or kaolinite ao large ita volume ‘eoreass on dying with only «nite swelling en reveling “As shrinking and sling depend on Use charactor of the soil el he rots ange diffient to nants thera qualitatively. Theoretically, «mais aol ens eink. “in reaches the shrinkage init Pureher ifthe wel isnt er than ho binge limit tahuld not brink Tngenaral,Uholowr tho shrinkage line greater he potent ‘einkige Silly, the sell wil be leas whon the molturecortent is aru phic Fiitor slightly more nthe id he moe liable noted of stesing shrinkage erick {a by taal nating and sonevations of erlang, cracking ae esceatin i al pt, “dette ft oration for sevesal yas region ate needa to propery extninte the chinkage aed eweling Ifthe fel pncition compels toute a swlling al the fests ‘feeling nny bo minimis by pacing tho clay at the highest practeabie moisture ne providing surcharge over tho sil Tt hae been Tous thatthe inherent potenti to sell Alpena on the plant index Hoe and Gis, 1956; Sed ete 1902) indented in, Tab L2.‘Table 1.2 Volume Change Poteniat (After Hale and Gib, 198) Voting cakes Ply a eines a ala, Tenia on Ree sie seo “i 1.4.2, BFPECT OF WATER SEEPAGE AND SURFACE EROSION Mainly ip sandy ania table ecu de to water seepage snd erason, Tern fasion ean result fom eaeyg ata of fine sil patent groom water seeping in Srlen sewers ar ouvert in eels technique af deep excavation bow tha Walon fle. "Tho consequent los of ground fom beneath foundations may led to sllpeo of Soueture Subsidence alee possible due tsoluton of minerals rm he ground ava result Stortasenepags ‘Surface erosion may. oseor de to oe af material in atta wind ar ersion by ‘essing war, Fine particles such ne fine sod and lta tnd doy pent ao vory much suncapible fo erosion by Une winds. Sueeootosion By Mowing water may be eters it Stracbives are cantractel nthe bottom of tsa valley petculasy whore mona rans fase heey ‘Such sotone of eapingwatar and exolon may lend ta cheng in tho propartin of ils sint inal prota ehh meets nel sonsdaesion while dang sates $Broson can b prevented by peving adequate depth af foundation, by growing site ‘vegetation of Uy Hlanketing Uns eodabl al by gave, eouhed oc or ory, te 143, EFFECT OF VEGETATION ‘Swolling and shrinking rebtom is also aiggravatod duo to to fe ofthe rst of ‘vojlaton, The root of tom, pants apd shrubs conrame crsiderable out of ater ‘rom tk sol leading tothe ell sheng, Roots of walated tees can spread fo reds {router than she Haight of th te, Thoremorl of watery th roots enue sbnkags Eat Stialy and herzonaly Tha rot sytem eatce ta types af problems, vie, () eave of ‘undation on sites which haveracentty bon cleared of revs and dgos ani sltlament {enistingatractaronitedeloset rong tena caer by sbrequent planting exe tf shrub clave to them (Temi, 1985) Ths caro ebould be taken to sates the ‘attlmeat neal the orets tending fo ton tho foutatons, 14, BFPRCT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION eth br and high temperate nes vl change nding hewve and oii seapectivel. Who dally mewn tempreurerornins Below O°C for along prod tho cil ‘molaare near th ground aueacs res. Continued sab oro woather leat oinerease in Aeptinof trou which results sve af ground suroeo know wo fot evo. Th fazer ‘ates enecntated ino frist or lyons Ut paral a Uo ground euface. Prot Ion nearly uniform ut exerts anatmaue upward preauracausingdemagotasteichtes Fomanon ako Devan OF oroUND i cénetustd on thot, During wnt weather the Grozan sil thats causing low ahest ‘trength and ground absidonce he sone oll subject to eting snd thantng depends ‘nuaverl factore suck as typ of solo eck, the ave of vogetaton expos to th sn, ‘isles configuration, and frown water sevements The depth bebw gourd sac to ‘hich O° temperatr extends called tho fet Ue: Th depth ofost ine dap o ity condct hen. ‘alle permafont, dhe rat hans efets aes wety tint layers, ln, sete cis saparatod by {ued material The urea of pormafiost rarely stable, but varie with eyeicehanges Inelimato and ground water fw ‘Coats pinadasilsuchna gravel ad and with fine arora bjt oom ‘usingobinatinnal ave. Fi uals ands have the opimua einai of fie pores “dolatvey high permeability that rents maxima ce formatin and aavo. Aseaye Ive racks a eees thay are susceptible fr oat alan. ‘Constrton of any ataste ona above the osen ground meds carol dosign beatae of he feeze Un propery of ho fain round ‘When mile subjote to vary high temporatore cowroshrinkao eas nay oer ‘Such conitians may sion sll bone ourdationoftelrs, kilns and farmaces. 1.45. EPEC OF VIBRATION Its cormon experiance tht sandy sl when aubjcted tovIbrations fom such spstcon a mavingmachiner, traf pla ding, basting oF orthjakos usualy ners Se denlty fend and cause wubsidanco ofits sfac. Te alo kn vibration sone of te economical means of cmpating lose md laers. Hens, the eae of bation ay bobaronfl or bone Iehas een shown tbat (Tovzagh ad Peck, 1967) ho sttloment ‘ta and sutlace mibected to plating aed maybe many a Ges grentr than that priced a ponestatilesd Eyporiniontl stir ad ldexperince have sown that ‘ost rade etlomonts aan dete wtralione are coused Dy ig font ibatins {nt range of 0 to 2600 inpuleos por minste(Fersashi and Pack, 105) ettement cause by viation oneal smal sou of he coheive bon ‘wtwoen cay attisles. Ths vibration dove not came any serous damage in clayey ula {Sndor any crsumatancer ven eel lay settles to armdecateoxtan whan tisrepentey Sbjct to vibration at natural froqueney. Whatever may be the sabell sno i lx ‘ecomandad to provide adequate provi Feduce he ampli of rations Toreaghi ‘a Post, 1807). ‘hn of antingiseqivnlnt to Use prodced by mild earthquake. Damages caused by blstng rot aialy ds toetloment bt fom thatransent ground mations ‘ai the ae Wat nasa ith esac. erg and Peck (106%) leo mentioned hat Tengeonllnued traf could produce considerable satioment. 1.46, EFPECY OF MINING SUBSIDENCE AND PUMPING ‘round subsidence duo to mining, pumping a dredging is neva of high mage rita, An elas method of mining partictarly coal, wa by sinking lpi pence inmecieval tines, The wbsidenca snot saddon ant oar slaw wth eesmagaltads Ati ‘ono mopowmaent Tem ning ciguninrovdgeduly. "ilar anstal ring aig asda Pine het Sa Stet ca ty ong working Tt rma fogs th tia nenteay methods wren pla od stare meth ery dan paler ne made fam hoch an Un tuted aera is eugene In fe as yon he ower rn, aorta Pca tated in thon ps om team ern Bene elder enn toto aes ae perly tee el pan mete separ tac on he gu a saan eenealtnesing te icc nena ah neatly pon so henry ncn ontron fr Trt nc teal heats oe merenoned aoa saline Uf ltmentcfingeand sues Inga eatngherbanineaeonnenee ‘npn Susan feo cota: Bsns ta annoys ft tf mene fe curt etal sons orn rt om sei epreliahecellemet ara Oar tr of unerrand mineral aes y mnie mes eve actu snr iene point Te extn sd seeped emenysdued ty cme anette arnt some ‘ese pumping omell asedhcethentalsrsenin theo eangrchs annie ta Tse ant iovenredanin gen sellers tecennay sic ierng a war te Sas ee se ae purl er etait nnn eft on he sneactedon lilacs ewan tried weighed tho band wed eh apa Stee efeive overt pots satser eitiona fompresion leading fo ground ‘Subsidence, 147. BPFECT OF CONSTRUCTION OPRRATION ‘Ground subsidence during coatrction may alto ezcar due to inetoasing lod om surrounding ell andeneavtion apart fam ibratns an lowering of water tbl Td applied on one area af a gicund surface cove el ay case the ute of tha adjcont ul toi, Practical sgneene ofthis spect depnds onthe all praia RS Sitoncone ofthe lead ree not elaysbeilu nagntade and cstibation of {Be sellomnat canbe aypronimatlynertsed onthe eaults of epprprinto ei tate. his pet on tht sft lay sol maybe greater although not necennaiy detent fn tho ‘ny subsoil the settlement de to Toud on the adjoining ste cannot Be computed ‘antonably bt hast bestia bared nly tho rood of pce ‘elloment de te excavation dopendat argo extent onthe te of racing usd rnd th cae with which breving i stalled. Tho magaade of ettement on th ground ‘nts sajocet to an ancavalien cannot be computed but ercatt canbe made bed nly on elicle well dosmenta cae ecord maintined for that aro, Bven i a ope. siatand without bracing thocetlinment4yetoenaavatingthocu does nt extend beyond Santanee equal tothe depth of the cut tbe cutis properly braced the masianum diem muy not be prota tan 2% depth ofthe cut Iman opmeatin ofl, the Floated me edo of to ace ae uehange contig alataral yok the bottom othe cut towards tho excavation. As consequenssof these movement the grow ‘suv feat above the ling say att ie 1.5. RECLAIMED SO1LS ‘The ton elaned si compris of all materials deported on site sing various sph forifrent pp ee jnitblets ethene alison {comer tothe prpuse of osrton of stacares my han conserag thca ae ‘uta mater Indl encom evelopment trhon es atop st nevigaton chemise pons sd thor waar ot srutues rome slang able Inn which cou be posible ny relation, eclamstns a sho tray be ns peta, fr depral af gato os wasn, por examine may bonne eel rat oon age to of velar. Hint elametene epeily ror Ingo is of wate leat say day fener abil and tty shore war a alec nent nent the cana fall Savinolit Ops 1016) The otachrieal pratnnetsbs mura ithnn areal tation inromnofbrtingeapcty anda tai ol Conealy elem tin followed by ground alent Preble an eens thn feng ocy foundations. te ee 1.5,1-TYPDS OF RECLAMATION MATERIALS ‘hn materi which re oan ro seman parece lint the batowing pe it) anaes pdt a coy Hi i nee Sin ec lings od ai on ear Hyde Pl a a lanatin rae i te a eomaany wed ‘asl nc for tne nly cai by deen on trac a pana th doin iaon Sonal sell ese ea ie cer {pdtetti Sandel by hdres wit antenna itso dnd St ey dae tee cpa r Hseent ‘Whore ine pr, sth ft oan a sae parle Te haa Praens with igre i ow deta wegaan sp ati oth ats Te ‘nt senna tae sat neuf ete nag wer pee nthe pe fre ned, ue taping of welded stl sos sh ‘eh dein dopo 16 Cor 10 Sanitary Pl Saran sero palm ceil ality fa such hgh mater cena anol ow sin ons othe {ete natn rent Sm alte i ine ih fe “Snare Te ss una beeen keg rite ia'ebare Poe non tof cael he eutn of methane a thr cr enn ae ane rls, ee ‘Sringeri ngs tld spect ‘tor bs don hal slogan acopttcomeldaion ag ‘este hatte ning i ue ling wl evry mos lf to ede De ‘volume and tho tine reguted for compaction Further fies havanta ad fy menace ate selon sstion- Further fre hae ap= crow nsovennns Ticennuis —|—‘RRMUCION AND BENELARE OF OROEND ‘Paper Shag, Pap ml tho oh nail or faniing The ori flltho bight ioe inthe cu ae te re nase it ach ote cgi 0 Exim epee th ened el teased eg eater hans te oH, Too daneity of the co ‘aw and the a ‘strength inereases with degree of ‘practically feasible with effictent control. mmr ligt 1 eta ean ol heanng apy os oe ‘abe 1 Materileyed ante yah and Sn matral with «lw potenags of cen ote obit Stel fanace lamalion materia, Bu bat arnace (ater iy, 1978) soy Ste fe eerste tela = a Fae eee fos ai sed il toil i these atari 6 fH | ide | “ite! | Seto” [Sees [ioe wean area eain - 7 Mc Sen aa atric ent eee ater aeets [Ragansty [Sy a ge ‘anging hom stone enerete pcos to paper ans and grass Thea are use a Hotans tan weet dai _| Vitro an ey top panon ny bn sts er ots fl Sch ie io ng [PORRSRT [ at gon tne A ag [rehighly compressible anda load tect has to be consucted to evaluate ite properties Table al ek flange vekde cae ey afte diferent poof iar wed ote 3 |e [sn | Pal ed sheen ot diy Pag and their associated problems. en nea is. CONSTRUCTIONIETHODS © fisencme [itmaoa abet |Eamitedsta compress more than th sample eorpated onthe maid ‘The rests of Sed and Chan (169) hasd onthe stay af strosratesin behaviour af ils have vealed that he espe oompactodo the yi of pda und to bo mere Fieidand strong than the samp compacted on th wotside of optirun Ts fund tok ‘tsonutant dneiy Ue sled tong dectense uth neresingreisareeantent ad tha conan! msltate content the undesined strength intone withnerense in densi ‘Thnincromsing density brings shot Intense poo presure an thusdeereaed wet ‘eength (Gee td Chany 169), Compact rampleseueequonlyeatrated der com ‘ant onfining presto showed an urdrainod etongh doooaso sigily with inereasing Sail (compaction) meista, presumably dae fo shonge of atrctuo fom the songs : ea cea Ew. 5 _ ay. : 7 Sates casio cnoden am aeerio: woistune CONTENT. ‘COMPACTIVE EFFORT KNn? (0) MOUSTURE DENSITY CURVES FOR (0) MAEM OENSITY AS & FUNCTION DIFFERENT COMPACTIVE EFFOPTS OF COMPACTIVE EFFORTS. Fig 24. tet of compasion efi her eves 18 eed to the weaedipersd form thas businoboarved that swallingt alas ineeare th density and decronses wil ‘th competion moisture, Gonerally, se welll fr greater fora snl compacted drier than {ip placilimi than for onecempacidon the wetrideot opin. Svllean be minimised ylang the compation lovl an ineoneng the mst content» th pas imitor lightly above (Sowers, 1878)u ‘noun wsoveuser eens ‘Table 2.1 compote the salient properties of samples compacted on the ry-ide of ‘ptiwum wth samples cormpactadon the we i ofoptimum Lambe and Whitnan 1970), ‘Than an engineer designing a salrade,« sub-bor, a dam or a embankment shoul consider the behaviour ft gol drng ths oni epan ofthe stele “Table 2.4. Comparison Diy-f-Optosinm with Woof Optimum ‘ier Lamond Whitman, 1979) = Ta — —— a BASES antes te — (ipso pretmne near eae Porscability ni —. —- — er ei a 7 Ee ed a See = ay me has ao oe oa pediactt = ee eee = Fieri atineet es piney en cae oman Rea nat 23. FIELD PROCEDURE, "The fil prose fr contrting controled compacted illisximple to practice, | ‘th fill re Kote bree pl. Tho ellis proessod in Ue pit fr the veqted Invite content beens transportation. Tho precseed ee tranepartod ta an ares bing (oro Tee sven in thn Tapered ditional water add Wf sassy. Each ayes [Weompasiad to predetermined density by aula compaction dovices. Thi precedare {tcapleined in th subeequent paragraph, 281, CONTROLLED COMPACTED PILL. ‘When ol suo for construction purposes itis plac in yer enh aye sing compacted tears bnngcaverel y a nubeogvon ayr ond eammpacted tila fnal required “lovetion ntl shape iv atined "The oomported ell sould have adequate strength at [Kality thet area good or otter than many natal sil omatons. Barth ststres “ich es dams an bent rs primi eompasted eal whichcould withstand all ie torecs which tay ete subjected. Similarly earths ean sapporbuilding highways, [He Suck fil eo nef fos sealeledeumpasted oath fl er etroeturel orth i. ‘Aviation of sonal sonapcted esr may becstgerzed under iregroape: 6 ‘ond to support stasturen and pavernts 0) compation of pavement lr onstustiomofesttianveck dao) tnstrction sfemtunkmants and) compas {lon of parinent layer, vs, basen eb aan nutes. Only tho fst tro ampets are lovant fo thi aoe ‘Proparing rite for buildings where controled fl is required ean fall nto the foetng tree entgories Hint, 198) (0) Fille placa on striped, compacted aligead to aie gona spose a ld protestion oo provide dookhigh lowing in ain (2) Fil plas for strastures ater excavating wk zis ram lends (Whe oxeavae tion:bakfll moth, (9 Fills conned ith bonches that ae coneteuetod for hil ide development. 12.2, PAVEMENT SUBGRADE, Ite portant thatthe aubyrade ofa rod should have dents sai congas anpeataregrade shouldbe aveded or chou breploed ith ‘natoinls. In very ool region, wha svore fos ect rst ssp {iteand calla should be enckadod otha rte aligoment should Ye changed In ene is Javits to change the one lignan, th mata so be replaed with noneaseer- tie material or bis nom-ueeoptibloratovialhas te be laced on the op of eulyrede fsfillad compacted In iter core h replaced material would frction as Che beso. nh Certain sve whove considerable seasonal mistre changes ec resting fy volume ‘hangin say achgrade expacally in expansive lay ike Mackertton eos, has 8o {ninimioed by a atable. ground improvement technique. In ardor lo enaurs eoguate [ability the sub-geaewaald be arcughly compacted when Eh wl eat fevourable thoitore contant 2.3. MATERIAL SELECTION FACTORS ‘Rock sil are anengthe eldest construction materials, hoy arloclly avaiable, really handled by a varnty of tehalques,darable and cea. Por these known reasons nly the modern ener also has boss sing ait and rook for construction, The fed Snginabe must bo faliny with he waterals wndthecaneteuebir operations that are ‘pessneay toctan the rogited reals Soll have varios Ivo of quality for use sl Th selection of borrow material foctitdponda on thepanpore ofthe fil valet ofthessaterel, and imaticeondiionsduring placement In general onginis woe an lays aro ndt used for fil. However clays fue used neath dane saan operons mot called cre "or atructuel foundations and foots welled granular sole with eae than 10 fo 18 Finer ae prfere anny have igh llaabl sl presuve when propsly compacted fn atthe sane tims have exzllet dag. In sch oil buiking yp of mote rom npr fears realing in building dampers rd possible ost hed minimised. ‘Generally silts and elaye are aspiod ar mlaquoto support eapcity by competion i no fonuible. Further uch sila may poe oetvston diffiatles ising fom ther response tornerensed meisture duving rainy pride. Any chesivo mistare may be wed provide nillny eats ave Snead inumediatslyYaneath Rao of tho eraste. Sktength of ompacted filo euch oils are ganerll Toor than gram wl fils, Hyde of ‘eaand mintues, nsompacted except fr eutico compaction wt final ras, havo Boon ‘ted to mupport ight londed stractites such as hee. ‘Baith and roel dame and einbankants are eanatrcted using aide range of| materials The major sljective ota dam ino set ora wntorbartir whereas anembankent FRrequied towuppore nly vn weightand that of effi In general ongani ei of slaye and alle are voided “Fillo and auhgrades baneath pavenants should have matorials with fhee-dratning con toprevent sinters up fom eupiley force leading fost heave, ramping of eened fine rane ells under wheel loads prope apannon of lay ol 284. BORKOW PITS Dring the prose fete investigation sof itisncessnytoleatomstabl barrow srous Evaluation ste generally mo, abou tho ailailty crate atl fom eats [nd exenestione an fram offsite borrow sures, Requirtsents of ouree material rfl pends on the prj! types Fora building, Fill may vei only ane typ alos até. Ortho ater pa for dan wide ans ft natevals av oie owas in Uo ifrent pare af am earth dam to easy diferent ‘inctions yell excavate sil een make oxsallont flwhen xy ave non-organic and ‘amee- grained nao lad bring fil stock pling nd drying aro usually necessary [uortoplacementend compaction Ineser obtain fcent operation fh exeweation ‘yulpment, moisture contra often necessary inthe boerow pi Plowing std exposure to Seand sunchin ofen ata dy theo Adin of moistiee mokesitoasiertowxeavate Fudd dry soil, f the soil der than optim, adition of water le neseeary fr Compaction. When ha uisture bide ato oreow pi ti med uniform: ‘norder to ensue the quality of the materials, equate supetvison ofthe Lrtow pitisnecorar. The quits onorionedteciclons who oan recognize tho rpc ils “nd ake adegst steps for checking moiturein borrow pits duringpleamentondroling ‘2.85: PLACEMENT AND PROCESSING "Th placment of he ill mati dapende on dh aed of hanling th ize fhe mato boii he materiale senvated by shove drains, elvating rede “robondo hy tushe and wagine Te ereporsproas the materials in ier layer ‘Shumtimes leveling ofthe layers are noeed afer tin spread bythe empes Ihe mate {too web they ar eat an nnd wt ik plow 2 the thy wll wate a ry hn Sim thc natal stony, th cosece amount waterin aed hy spriklinginigation fr mina int the so by plowing ‘Different ypera ompaston equipment re available to so fra frent ols dar od treatment on compaction upon: ide in the next 228, COMPACTION SPECIFICATION * "Two methods of ecmmpoelion epeication have been in practice Poser, 1962) to poi she compaction tepiements in he veri empected yer. none type, cll {he pevormanee typeof spascaton, th sempacton requirement stated i terme ofthe photic! propertcn ofthe compact ayer. Typizl specication ofthis typo the percent- [ie rumamur dey doit caine! in. sandasd competion tit Sometimes both the ‘35 cena a mssture content ave apeeied. For ample, a apeciiaion of 95% of Srtcnnm dy denny i requntly designated. Speifeaionntrmy of petestage ofthe Tamm dy domain anda test poferabe fo said value of dy density, [ecnowe i arsure tat campatve ff comparable to tat of thestandar iboratory ited in he field Ths type et apesiention in applieable for cohsive oils, Other ‘Sivate! properdir that aro usad ara he peresntage of a voids nw apecfe motte ‘Entent wl ratio and tolative deity, The act to are weed pineal for eabeionene teeters In peonzmane typeof speietin, th santzntar gen wide scope in the fection ofeuipment a He thickness, nthe other type ale the werk ype apis sth pootequipmantythelifethcknes, tho metstrocontent al the aeount of wake ele notin th nasansny dosity ew epi The work type speciation hes [nn asd for dems andembankoent orks whoeas the prformanss type of specication hha found wide eproud usages highway and aed permet work. 2.4, SURFACE COMPACTION Altypos of sl ea nl compacted atifctorl by ating piss of eoulpment ‘sail comprotion Is achiool hy elfarent means nh ao Lamping, kweoing vibrating oF inapact Compactors operating onthe prnsple of amping knoxdng aid pact are mart “Mkt for tubes se, wrens for coheionlees elle, equipmont operating on the ‘rice of vibration, temping ea kneading ae effetiv. Appropriate equipment ahold [Stet forthe typeof sl a the Ha eonstion. Inappeopiat ws of eniprent fora {Geen eal typo wl well not only im @ pear quality of construsion but aso lead to Sratccton Slave: Byuipmonte which are availabe bared on th abore principles sre ‘alle, tempore nd tamners: hens eqpments aro ued on ho surface of he gro Tnpeove the material property limited dept from grou auice and ae terme ‘orf compaston equiponts, Casipactng teas tolarge dept by eperatingoqsip~‘onton th gun surfaoe bang so ore cot. This now teshniqus sealed hoary {amping alsa nema ae dynamic eompactin, dynam sorzldaton ox pounding. Detaisot these equipments and theirappropinteuefrdiferent sot are explained suteoquenty 24.1. SMOOTILWHERL ROLLERS ‘Smet whoa rollers ao of types: ne with ve arg wheel in the rear and = small cing dram nthe ont and the oor typo hes lego single dram in tha font art {he oar. Th lator type of tllor fused for sompactng paving mistoree- Smooth chest rollarsmay bestticorvibztary type. Thas lls ee self-propalled with arrangements {omovetack and ferth without tuening. Phos state ele mpono limited presse on {la sll bsauve oftheir rolatvely Ings contact aeas. Thee oles vo avery Lied etive depth af compaction and hone at use sould Lo rstited to stuations whore rly thin Injersor nurse se neds tobecompacted Tey are sed far cnmpeting ubtbase layers and eubgrates, In oder to prevent weak planes every fh to be ll [ser theprevioue rolled surface i svfed. This eapecilyaprtant im enth damn a? fmbankement compaction, The ayocth dren paving llr ae somtimes ded for com ‘acting thin coelonses sil, but Ur onda to bridge cves lov apts, Some rollers aro ‘squippod with an oloetoni devi named compartion meter’ which ones continous “Sepals om an aeelromator nied onthe drums: Sach devises provide tpesure 2a vl rt dtr ml tre ott oft eal adh ‘Vibrating smoot drum roller sre most civ in competing oan ronal eis in fills or subgrade. In mort model, operate moto-iven entre ta stom i provided to catae a high frequeney, -atpiade seston ofthe vibrating drom o {rums. The perfrannes ef hi pe of compaction depends primary on latte weight, frequen, ple of bration and rller peed. Maximum compacts eft in i scored at fequencies tween 25 and 0 Ti nord a compact larg volumes of sil hd ockflinthick ayers an ampltudein he range ol Sto2 0mmvithacoresponding table frequen range 2 to 9 fe shoclde api. Medora mechines have arabe Gwen an Noa alr per tgs een ake a iene of thi layers or sila diet to compacta speed ofS to 4 Rr are Gal ‘ecstmended foramontivrhel oles in gece : 2.42. SIIREPSFOOPROLLERS ‘Sheopstot oles, slo eal ws taming fit sllars, have preting studs ft on thonurfaoet tho rollors and compact by acombinatonof apt and Kneading action. ‘Tha knwangeton oth fet nines uccorv eyors tobe isd dh inereses the stabiiy. Thess campetoacooitof sel drums which an be filled with water or aba totnerease Ue weight. Ar olingprocrde, rato he roller weight inpowed dhrough the raeetingsteds and rats nati high ontact pecete ‘Whan loc si lager i nity valid, the proections wink into th tye and compat irsaitrn Clot perton fs ers. caso pss, ere ble ‘ompact nready continuouly rites uni the aurace erence his proses of ott tinuously sing feck eapeiancd by th compacta i referred tow “walkout” ty the ‘napacta,Portosteteontcompacton the llr should wall-outonaugh tie the drm ‘St the construction nurface stent 25 to 60 mm duving th lst fow pases. Pair 10 Culcoutsignfen prosencecthigh welnecontonllwingebearfateetthe sol However, {iis doe aot necconiyindiata that aroush compaction i ot atsined. A roller my tvallcautwhon the roller weight i reduce. ‘Thea vllre ato availabe in rn with ranging om 120 to 180m andy ‘ctu lecacate oats onorhnnsjerierektstonfeen hangs nth compas rors where scene the jab tarted Tha ‘erbemanc ef setentin, th prlminay work nccetllyatwal onbankoen The contre wil be dating tho mur sf poset Tue fo ebain the aay ‘Table 2A Tentative Requirement for Compaction ‘if Se, 178) iid Sa as | Paid Copii eof dred ao sin come ‘Gh Ci oo e 2 % © sv * % a Mu 290 % 2 a 1 s 2 a 7 ® ® on = a % (ne = Oper ota npeing Lor 2H bale pert mots unde paeronts Upper 0.8m fwsbgradundr Be here2= Deeper arf is underbeiing ee 0 oer pata one ‘toss A therfilaneengsome darn tenor isempresiiity 2.6, COMPACTION QUALITY CONTROL ‘is etoial ta obtain the derity end malta contin as required in the desi, 1 could be sohived hy talcngcompscted materials and testing dom for moistare ad Aloncity, Prosuring wamples and testingthem tare important dung the niin stages of ‘he Jab while proeres ave boing worked out ti absolutely eon! to deside the hporvisory eal Gnginen snd or teshnicans) and required equpmon forthe teting be6 non onovENEN TCHMOUES ‘planned well in advance auch that they wil be available atthe start ofthe construction, As Stdiventional moods of moasuring density amd meistre cotant ae time eenauning. api method of dotrmiiny these paramtore should be used. 126.1, MOISTURE. CONTENT MEASUREMENTS "two type of moature-cotent wimps are taken, One tye led the covtruction contol inten te check whtor ot oto ayer has the proper moistre cntont fr Peation Te ther typo ls taken in connastin wie tho dansity txts &o perm ‘SMiobtation of tho dry weigh. Unully th dai ont re made bafore ary appreciable {tyincet teamed accordingly Ue roitara content corresponding this inrecrde Puitmaiturecontant at whieh th sol compacted aed termad a eco etl. ‘inthe eonvontiona oven dyingsnathed evorl hours frying is neded which may excse nzonterton delay and hence mare rapid ethade of dotermaning the mcsture and ‘SEttyshocid te uscd Sayoral rapid mathodeofmeasueingmeiturecontontareavalahe {clad heating th elim an opm pan over aot plate gas lane, he sleohol Durning ‘Rela no siakol method witha hpesometer snd amltare moter waingcaleidmnesrbe [iganevateacetyion ine closed container connected toa pescare pug, All he rapid ‘Rathod excep the quick even, equie naive tien foreach sample, Nossa, “resets nan msds Fro, tow eto ave ule fer ase re oh hers Sates lesen ding baueicon aprons ess ag ppc obs ran, 198 ‘Metstarecotat an shbecbtine fom paateatnseadings kena Frosor ail sanpe compan st ul romping with baa oo ‘Many atc the ogi oh chan onto vl he st being ted elt rbingin et hana ysecting the iin Tense aian whether their adngto rant Thine testa Stemi coments deve ty th eng a h ahicon y oereng the we re bty makings ange nner fr conten tortion spars ithe comet ono. ‘en hey impure to poces & vn pie tre seuraely, it oc eae tn ihn Oe eae cnet TEEN he rong ctnoare eto bw spt lt been Ueda, SEREuihne nace sonnet the streglh andter pope othe cm td mei 126. N-SUTU DENSITY BIEASUREMENTS Inst measurements of dais equenty are made ona i basi requiring one sect perea ensure moles or suble etre f compat al are o volume rerRee {uly, Ao por the novia of USBR. one lost po 2000 mfr embankment construction. “trial lings sopported on Toad boning ills should have minima ofone tet for trary 1000 mm? (Hunt, 1086), Further tests shold be mace wherever under-or over onpoetons wor dnbted comet a 1 a cohesive gil hank samples or drven sample ae obtsinod to determine the Asnaity (S+2720—Past 2, 1070) In eeabesiontas cals whore a rnp could nck be cat {he ad cone denny tot (0S: 2720—Past 28, Its) o the rater balloon method OS 2720 Pare 3, 1072) is ued Altes the dy ansty in eteenined, the cboerved value next dry density nod the porcontago of dons sera ‘Shmpacied tthe tequlted lve shold bo geen nalitinal empactim Who svaral it type ave encoanteved nborntaty curves ehould bo avalable for ah type for necessary ‘comparican of dara, 7 208, NUCLEAR MOISTURE:DENSITY METHOD aries ‘henacloreodreswhishorile gummaraye, detector tlk up tho guna rays hota ‘peiaing throught acted aa and ouster or ecela or detormiting the rate at which [feaamuma nye soul ie datstr Thomson soars ave adn trum and ose ‘emericum: benium eombinations, " Duving operations ofthe equipment the gamma ray penetra ind the si where seme are aonb ut come ah te dle by died tennant or afer Mtn el Felneal lotro. Tho arount of gamma radiation reaching the detector ix jversey ‘proportional to thei dansty and datormined by kaopng alr cout ate received at Frsdtosor Tha dnety is obtained ust oatrved eouat rate eo acaration ave provid by tho manafucurer ofthe eqipment _Meistedstevninstionaeabtained rom "thermal nautroncount. Alpha patios cowie fom the ameristar o adm eoute nbd bral etge and eauees ‘EXplsa tow fet neutonn These fast atone velo yo the hydrogon ‘toms in ator, Based on thir msinture resus ae provi es weight of ator pet um of ‘olume, After datocting the water dtormning fn wot dans ditorination, ie dry ‘Sealy btaine, Desnmination ofmnietarecontonty hismethod ay have igneart ‘rr ithe esl ents rn, bare readin, 264, MILLS METHOD "The rapid compastion contol procedure recommended ty Tntian Standard dS ‘20—Pac 8, 075) gies tho ast poreentage af laboratory mas dy dnc end ‘lore approximation ofthe difference baleen optimum molotrecortent ana fil meiture ‘content field dont anne without any dsterminaion of moire content By thie Ioitare procedure itis aside to elect compaction control within ene hour after concoting i eld test Although this mithet wos doveloed ly HE (1806) peimaly in contoling the placomantafearifllindamennatrotion thomathod sal appliaslts control etl Dlacemont inthe constriction of highway ombankonenteeanel onbankivents and sia leuslares tl of bese eis, Tho Teador may ofer tothe Indian Standard OS ‘2720—Par 38,1976 for detailed proved,Cuarrer 3 Drainage Methods 8.1. INTRODUCTION Groundwater ie ally considered ae ene ofthe mos difiul problems that he to ‘be handind in any svt enginooring constuction, Under many Tl sitions during nngiretion operation tnaybe nossa fo elimisat sxpage pressure to ineonte the ‘hoevingrenistanceosto vedios thedangorotTrost damage. There couldbedone ty edksing the nowt strane efectiely by adopting anyone of tu drainage methods, Dewatering toons and Decne asthe tio theds whi avo used to improve the ground con ‘efre, daringand after contraction, ‘Dewatering ayes enenlnly conse flowering the wator tabla ta requir levation and to enablish blow this level ater of ellcar lated in woe, gllorins Sruitches Tho ollosed water a Us elesors ae pumped. Continous pumping from ‘heavetions or fom natural geound je »colly affle a the continued ow fom the undng ground may endanger the stably of ajocent structures, Further best {noma teornin or cllaguect the idesinancpanexcevation Incartain stations {hero my be instal of Ue bas ofexcatation do fo upward soopag! ‘On the cthor hand drains ve provide to aeeve to cote he Now, In oma ents for towering the wetar abl, in athers or wllicing por peseate and seeps fers, Trnorder to ens in solesting proper drsinage ete importanttoobsin all theneeesany informalintnore cominensing work snd his especteuld note megected the nite vestigation eg “ 3.2. SHEPAGE ‘Amato ned to be porous ft contains intertiees, o wld apace, within whish ‘the matorial sabyont Th wld spaces maybe dorantinuoteorcentntous, Fora medium, tobe permeate atlesrt.a portion ofthe vld pace inthe medium should be continuous, i deposits ae permeable media. Permosblityof aril i its ect t transmit isi to pass ehrough its ntereon- ected vid enaces ie ow prose cold bender the action of anextarnally applied force rae on diffson process Tho externally apliod lod muy toa pressure difference de {olcadsotwater teen twa pointsnnde fusion procesie the diepersion of oleae selgnted by diferenosn in thir concertraton rom pint to print. Flow through the ‘medion ie qunnlfod bya material ehanetarietes rm tha cufient of permeabaiy, BiGwhorek= of and oi the dasharge vlosy andi th hyenas rain after Day. Persioatility depen on the typ of sil en the permit. The charactriatice elated to permeant ete viouty, unit weight and the play of pore Mul. The charac. Uevsties related to aul are patil sz, void ratio, compostion, fibre and degree of uraton Ta efile of permeability mony have mange of variations. Typical rans permeability forefront sol typon nd the drainage sharactonstice are lated in ables “tnble 3.1 Typist Permeability Ranges for Ditferont Soils “haat fom Mary 1982). Balti Teacdegseoh | Galt Branage pment iene oo eae han sd i Twie Bo Sea, Neon re ood ert Peon od www aah oe [Beachy Vaio Tetwie? | Portanane aaa ie Homwpmnonedaya | Won iowa | han io iain ‘Watercanviaoinascilehraghsonnected soil toelevatins above the ground water tale deeply actin, Sas an ation ovis the moisture the reat ia boning st buldings and pavennents fem Us elena fetes of oxpansive sis from feexng ‘Tho potential fr the detrimental effects of coplany Hw fe union of si type ad the depth to tho water tab "The velaity offer through the ol vide refered ta a sepagevlasty (0) which 4s alwaye goatr than dicharge volts (0). The aw af water in hel estes steeone ‘alle oops presses) wha equal te Us hyaaliegeedlont tines the unit weight of ter =p In vertical anion ina soil the seepage pena execs the utimenged weight ofthe soln the sl celomn sulted Tae paswmonon ie referzed tows qusk condition Going lgueaction Thue the most dangerocs arene fr ligueio- Llonaretheesnhere tho upwsgaadiontin igs and he counterbalamingrwuightie sal ‘Sunk nunceptile ase ano slang the fos of aslo op Entom af an ekewation ‘The analysis of flow through ole be performed weng a Now not. A. low ne is 8 _eephical pronntation flo contetingof ctf low nes aed aguiotential ines which Ersn vel toa to dotormino tho vataof flow roepage pressure, pore vate pressures nd {pation In general to flaw conditions ate encountered ve, cond ew and uncon Fined flow, Canine fw vars ete cace where tho phroatie warfare x know whereas {hunontne ow rls oacodtion which the ation a phetiesuriceinnct known,