Experiment-1: Network Physical Components Hands-on (Networks Cabling). 1. Connecting Devices 1, Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of the obstruction so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeaters have two ports, so cannot be used to connect to more than two devices. 2, Hub; An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub, or concentrator is a device for connecting multiple twisted pairs or fiber optic Ethernet devices and making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the OSI model's physical layer (layer 1). A device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.3, Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches. NETGEAR 5 Port Network Switch va Ti 4, Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and a switch are very much alike; a switch is a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with a bridge. Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to determine if the bridge can send the given packet to another segment of the network yy Hosta B 5, Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data baer them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use Y determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the ae packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multip!din a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers bout target system addresses, so that each router can the preferred paths between any two systems on the routers are use exchange information al puild up a table showing interconnected networks. LAN 1-Sales Department Wire Printer Switen Pub Server Internet 6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node is equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. - A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks. + A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions. Gateway Host cDifference between a router and a switch Parameters Router Switch Objective Router main objective is to. Switch main objective is to connect various networks. connect various devices in a network. Layer Router works in Network Switch works in Data Link Layer. Layer. Usage Router is used in LAN and Switch is used only in LAN. MAN. Data Format Router sends data in form of Switch sends data in form of packets. packets and frames, Mode of Router follows duplex mode Switch also follows duplex mode Transmission of transmission. of transmission Collision Less collision in case of In full duplex mode, no collision Router. happens in switch too NAT Compatible with NAT. Not compatible with NAT. Compatibility Type Routing type is Adaptive and Switching type is Circuit, Packet Non-adaptive routing. _and Message switching. 2. Types of C; 1. Twisted Pair Cables- A twisted pair means that the cable is designed with two independent insulated wires wrapped around each other. This method is used as a means to reduce interference from the electromagnetic spectrum, which allows the network devices to run smoother with less noise from outside sources (noise can come from multiple sources, such as power lines) ung are two different types of twisted pair cables, shielded twisted pai (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP):acts as d for the phone s have an extra covering that acts as a ground pl ait. data at faster rates. cable to carry UTP cables don't have this extra coverage, but that's not to say they are * lausy networking cables, UTP cables are the most popular and commonly ued cables today. E.g.~ CATI,CATA,CATS, CATSe ete, an i : —— an, FIG1STP FIG 2 UTP 2. Coaxial Cables- Invented in the 1880s, "coax" was best known as the kind of cable that connected television sets to home antennas. Coaxial cable is also a standard for 10 Mbps Ethernet cables. When 10 Mbps Ethernet was most popular, during the 1980s and early 1990s, networks typically utilized one of two kinds of coax cable -thinnet or thicknet. These cables consist of an inner copper wire of varying thickness surrounded by insulation and another shielding, Their stiffness caused network administrators difficulty in installing and maintaining thinnet and thicknet. — 3 COAXIAL CABLES 3. Fiber optic cable- A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an insulated casing. They're designed for long-distance, high- Performance data networking, and telecommunications, Compared to wired cables,ables provide higher bandwidth and can transmit data over longer fiber optic © port much of the world's internet, cable television, distances. Fiber optic cables Sup tems. EB tele eatrere fiber cables are the two primary types of fiber cables. ingle-" Single-mode fiber uses very thin glass strands and a laser to generate light while ingle-" multi-mode fibers use LEDs FIG 4 OPTICAL FIBRES 3, USB Cables- Most Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables connect a computer with a peripheral device (keyboard or mouse) rather than to another computer. However, special network adapters (sometimes called dongles) also indirectly connect an Ethernet cable to a USB port. USB cables feature twisted pair wiring. FIG 5. USB CABLES 4. Types of connectors Registered Jack 45 (RJ45)- The cable connector that is found on almost all UTP and STP cables is a Registered Jack 45 which is most commonly referred to as RJA. This type of connector resembles the older RJI! connectors that most people are familiar with from wired telephoneFIG 1. Registered Jack-45 (RJ45) Connector 2, Straight Tip (ST)- The Straight Tip (ST) connector is often seen on the end of a multi-mode cable; it has been commonly seen along with the SC connector for the last 20 years but is being slowly replaced by multi-fiber connectors (LC and MTP). FIG2. STRAIGHT TIP CONNECTORS 3. Multi-fibre Push On (MPO) - The Multi-fiber Push On (MPO) connector is another duplex connector that offers easy options for connection. As the name suggests, it was designed to be able to be connected multiple times without the creation of any potential connector issues. It is often also referred to as Multi-fiber Termination Push-on (MTP)r ial Bus) connector- & single USB port can be used to er (ualtsat Sate ae ae cee such as mice, modems, keyboards, digital oe eee scanners, MP3 players, and many more. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging. USB 1.1 standard supports data fanster rates of 12 Mbps. USB 2.0 (Also referred to as Hi-Speed USB) specification defines a new High- speed transfer rate of 480 Mb/sec. FIG 4. USB CONNECTORS 3. TYPES OF TOOLS 1. Crimping tool- A crimping tool is a device used to join two pieces of metal by deforming one or both of them in a way that causes them to hold each other. The result of the tool's work is called a crimp. A good example of crimping is the process of affixing a connector to the end of a cable. Also, network cables and phone cables are created using a crimping tool to join the RJ-45 and RJ- M1 connectors to both ends of the CATS cable. FIG 5. Crimping t. Brief Introduction to Cisco Packet Tracer. Connect one PC PC using the cable and design a network of a few computers oar hand assign an IP address and subnet mask to them. using a hub/swite Introduction- cisco Packet Tracer as the name suggests is a tool built by Cisco. This tool provides isco « network simulation to practice simple and complex networks. AAs Cisco believes, the best way to learn about networking is to do it. The main purpose of the Cisco Packet Tracer is to help students learn the principles of networking with hands-on experience as well as develop Cisco technology- specific skills. Since the protocols are implemented in the software-only method, this tool cannot replace the hardware Routers or Switches. Interestingly, this tool does not only include Cisco products but also many more networking devices. Engineers prefer to test any protocols on Cisco Packet Tracer before implementing them. Also, Engineers who would like to deploy any change in the production network prefer to use Cisco Packet Tracer to first test the required changes and proceed to deploy it and only if everything is working as expected. This makes the job easier for Engineers allowing them to add or remove simulated network devices, with a Command line interface and a drag-and-drop user interface. Procedure - 1. Set the connection between two PC'S as shown below g~-—--+g PC-PT PC-PT PCO 10.10.10.1 PC1 10.10.10.2 ss PIG 1 CONNECTION sETuP 2 Seth fi e IP address of the Pes in the IP configuration option.