REVIEWER IN UTS

NEEDS - A need is something that is necessary to live and function.

WANTS - A want is something that can improve your quality of life.

CONSUMERISM - Consumerism is the propensity to consume and keep consuming.

William James - He describe two aspects of the self that he termed the “ I SELF “ and “ ME SELF”

CONSUMERS CULTURE - Consumer culture can be seen as a manifestation and representation of our sense
of self. It develops when we no longer consume goods and services for the sake of functional satisfaction.

SPERITUAL SELF-CARE - Spiritual self-care refers to nourishing our inner being, taking care of the matters
of the heart which allows us to say to our God, “Lord, I trust in You”. It begins with acknowledging one's need
for the Lord and to recognize the needs of the heart.

MARTIN SELIGMAN - Seligman underscores the importance of positive relationships as a key component of
the PERMA model. He explains how nurturing meaningful relationships and building strong social bonds
contribute to a flourishing life, emphasizing the role of relationships in enhancing overall well-being.

PERMA-WELLBEING MODEL - PERMA basically stands for Positive Emotion, Engagement,

Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishments. American psychologist and educator Martin Seligman designed
the PERMA Model.

Materialism - a lifestyle whereby happiness is achieved thorough the attainment of material objects, wealth or
status.

Inner Essence - The inner self is the subconscious repository of your thoughts, memories, emotions, and other
aspects of your mind that make up who you are. It's the private, internal part of yourself you generally do not
share with others—the core of your being

Imitation - means copying the words, facial expressions, or actions of another person.

Carol Ryffs model of psychological well-being - The six-factor model is a psychological framework
developed by Carol Ryff that identifies six key dimensions for well-being: autonomy, personal growth, self-
acceptance, life purpose, mastery, and positive relations with others.

Digital Literacy - the contribution of human-machine interaction to individual self- description and self-
perception.

Self-presentation - behavior that attempts to convey some information about oneself or some image of oneself
to other people.
Abraham Maslow - Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who developed a hierarchy of needs to
explain human motivation. His theory suggested that people have a number of basic needs that must be met
before people move up the hierarchy to pursue more social, emotional, and self-actualizing needs.

Donald Woods Winnicott - was a pediatrician who was amongst the first cohort to train as a psychoanalyst in
the late 1920s. Winnicott contends that everyone is divided into these two selves, and that people develop a
false self to protect their inner, more vulnerable true self.
Sigmund Freud - Sigmund Freud believed that if you have a strong sense of self (ego), you're capable of
understanding your own needs and also intuiting the limits that society puts on you. If you have a strong sense
of self, you can move freely through life.

Law that protects individuals from unauthorized processing of personal information

- Republic Act 10173 DATA PRIVACY ACT

Digital Access - Digital access is the ability to fully participate in digital society. This includes access to tools
and technologies, such as the Internet and computers, that allow for full participation.

Political self - refers to an individual's awareness, identity, and engagement with political beliefs, values, and
activities. It involves how a person perceives their role in the political landscape, their affiliations with
particular ideologies or groups, and their level of participation in political processes. The political self is shaped
by personal experiences, cultural influences, and social environments, contributing to an individual's political
identity and behavior.

Formal education and training - refers to the structured education system that runs from primary (and in some
countries from nursery) school to university, and includes specialized programmed for vocational, technical and
professional training.

Identity - It refers to the person's understanding of who and what he or she is. Citizenship is a salient basis for
political self. Ma. Serena Diokno mentions in her book, Democracy and Citizenship (1997) mentions that
citizenship is the most basic identification with the nation and as such, it is oriented towards the state and its
expressions in law and policy. Therefore, the political self is often defined by citizenship.
- Identity encompasses the memories, experiences, relationships, and values that create one's sense of self.

Social interaction- is a dynamic sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who modify their
actions and reactions due to actions by their interaction partner(s).
Observation and imitation - Imitation is copying or reproducing behavior that has been learned through
observation. When they do this, learners make a judgement about whether it is the right situation in which to
reproduce it and whether they are likely to be successful in performing the action.

Cognitive Theory - Suggests that the mental activities like knowledge, perceptions and ideas of individuals are
important determinants of behavior (political attitudes). Like for example, individuals interpret the meaning of
politics and then choose and decide the actions they will make
- Cognitive Behavioral Theory explores the influence of cognition on
individuals' behavioral patterns. It suggests that individuals' behavior is directly influenced by their self-
concepts, which can be shaped by external or internal factors, regardless of whether they are positive or
negative.
Personal factors - the interaction between the person and the environment involves beliefs and cognitive
competencies developed and modified by social influences.
Behaviour - the interaction between the person and their behaviour is influenced by their thougths and actions.
Environmental factors- the interaction between the environment and their behaviour involves the person’s
behaviour determining their environment, which in turn, affects their behaviour.
Neurons - Like all other body cells, each neuron has a cell body composed of membranes, cytoplasm, and
nucleus where metabolism and respiration occur. But unlike other cells, the neuron has fiber appendages called
axons and dendrites. Axons are long, slim, and tube-like fibers that carry messages or impulses away from the
cell body toward other neurons. Axons are surrounded by fatty, and protein material coverings called myelin
sheath that serves as insulators to the neuron. On the other hand, Dendrites are short fibers branching out from
the cells, which receive impulses and carry them toward their cell bodies. (Bustos, 2004)

The Brain - The brain that is an incredibly complex structure, is divided into three major parts:

1. Hindbrain. The hindbrain that is close to the spinal cord comprises the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the
cerebellum. The medulla oblongata serves as the connecting link between the spinal cord and the brain proper.
It plays an important role in such automatic activities as heartbeat, breathing, and blood circulation. The pons,
which lies in the brain stem just above the medulla oblongata, is made up mainly of nerve fibers that connect
higher and lower levels of the nervous system. Attached to the rear of the brain stem directly above the pons is
the cerebellum. The principal role is to maintain posture and smooth out and coordinate complex muscular
activities such as walking, writing, and dancing. It is the cerebellum that is often referred to as the organ of
motor coordination.
2. Midbrain. This brain portion acts as the connecting link between the hindbrain and the forebrain. It connects
the sensory and motor pathways between the lower and upper portions of the nervous system. Parts of the
midbrain have a special role in visual and auditory activities.

3. Forebrain. The forebrain's size and complexity, particularly its cerebral cortex, differentiate man's brain
from lower animals. It is composed of two large cerebral hemispheres and several important structures within
the hemispheres' central regions. Parts of the forebrain that are particular importance are:
a. Thalamus is a large group of nuclei that serves as a relay
station for sensory impulses to the brain's appropriate areas
b. The hypothalamus, consisting of small nuclei below the thalamus, plays a central role in regulating
many hormonal secretions that control sexual development and behavior, metabolism, and stress reaction.
c. Cerebrum - It is divided into the right and left
cerebral hemispheres. It is the seat of consciousness and the higher processes, such as language and abstract
thinking.

4. Cortex - It is composed primarily of neuron cell bodies and dendrites and an internal white core composed of
axons that connect areas of the hemispheres and with other parts of the brain.

5. Convolution - increase the brain area, making it possible for the brain to hold billions of bits of information.

Four lobes of the cerebral hemisphere 1. Frontal

lobes – are involved in motor functions, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgments,
impulse control, and social and sexual behavior. 2. Parietal lobes – This could be split into two different
areas. One involves feeling and perception, and the other consists of incorporating sensory input, mostly
through the visual system. To form a single perception (Cognition), the first function integrates sensory
information.
3. Temporal lobes - are involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing and hold the primary
auditory cortex. The primary auditory cortex receives sensory information from the ears, and secondary areas
process the information into meaningful units such as speech and words.
4. The occipital lobes – is the visual processing area of the brain. It is
associated with visuospatial processing, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory
formation.

Left and Right Brain Hemisphere - it is the brain's left side that regulates the right side of the body. It also
performs tasks related to logic, for example, in science and mathematics. On the other hand, the right
hemisphere controls the left side of the body and performs activities that contribute to creativity and the arts.
Metacognition and Self-Regulated Learning - Metacognition is the awareness of one's thinking and the
strategies one uses to learn. Metacognition is known as cognition of cognition or perception of the mind.
Psychologist John Flavell (Lai, 2011) identifies two components of metacognition: first is the metacognition
knowledge includes knowledge of one's cognitive abilities, knowledge of cognition tasks, and knowledge of the
strategies complete the cognitive tasks. The other component is Metacognition regulation refers to how an
individual monitors and controls his or her cognitive processes. - Zimmerman (2002)
defines self-regulated learning (SRL) as the process in which students systematically direct their thoughts,
feelings, and actions toward attaining their academic goals. It is a process of taking control of and evaluating
one's own learning and behavior. It is a self-directed process through which students transform their mental
abilities into academic skills. (Montilla, 2018)

General Benefits of Metacognition and Self-Regulating in Learning - Students learn to control their actions
to maximize learning, with a greater understanding of how they acquire knowledge. They start seeing how their
strengths and weaknesses affect how they do. The desire to analyze one 's thoughts is what neuroscientists call
metacognition.

Conditions Affecting Effective Learning - It might be profitable for the students by pointing out some
conditions that affect effective learning. School-level factors are often related to student achievement without
considering the classroom level, where teaching and learning primarily take place.
Motivation – urge us to approach or withdraw from a
particular goal or activity. Mental Set – Study must be purposeful and directed toward a goal.
Emotion – can facilitate or block retention.
Rehearsal – Repeating what you have learned to yourself over and over again.
Degree of Learning – Determines the amount of interference which can cause forgetting of items in the LTM
category Distributed and Massed
Practice – When a large amount of information has to be learned or when the material is difficult and complicated, it
is better to break up the learning time into several short periods with intervals.
Skills for Learning – To engage an independent study or take advanced courses to
keep abreast of the information.
Drugs and Stimulants - that can increase or decrease memory.
Experiential Background – Learning takes place better when it occurs in a familiar and friendlier
background.

1. Creativity - It's no surprise that creativity factors into the list. This isn't just a valuable learning pursuit; it's
also vital to success in school and in the workplace. For this reason, Creativity Fluency is used in thousands of
schools all over the world.
2. Problem Solving - As far as beneficial lifelong learning skills go, this one is probably the most important.
Solving real-world problems with a process like Solution Fluency is crucial to surviving and thriving in the
present and future. 3. Critical Thinking - The ability
to think critically is a must for future success in a changing world. It's about thinking independently,
responsibly, and productively. In fact, one of the best definitions of critical thinking can be found on the Critical
Thinking Web. 4. Leadership - Understanding leadership is one of those beneficial
lifelong learning skills that can change people's lives. After all, one who leads isn't just one who manages
things. What a leader does is inspire, motivate, and empower. True leaders see the best in people and teach
them to harness their potential in all they do. 5.
Communication - In the digital age, communication has transformed beyond face-to-face interaction. We
communicate using technology more than ever. Even so, whatever medium we choose there are skills we can
acquire to help us communicate more effectively.
6. Collaboration - This means being able to work in groups that
are both physical and virtual. It includes proficiency in communication, empathy, and leadership values. It also
means being able to work with someone across the world as easily and productively as someone across the
room. This is why Collaboration Fluency is one of the Essential Fluencies being taught in classrooms all over
the globe. 7. Information Management - Information is
essentially all things on the Internet, and it's alive and growing. In fact, according to VCloud
News approximately 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created online every single day at the time this article was
written. Moreover, this statistic is only bound to get higher as time goes on. There is so much out there that a
skill set is needed to decipher much of it and make it useful. This is what Information Fluency teaches us.

8.
Adaptability - Like we said, the world is changing. However, it's not just the world we need to keep an eye on;
we must also be flexible in our personal lives. Life is fluid—sometimes it's a stream, sometimes a river, and
sometimes a tidal wave. Learn to keep your head above all of it.
9. Curiosity - Lifelong learning is driven
by curiosity. Outside the rigors of school, there is no educator or peer to motivate us to learn and expand our
mind. Developing curiosity is undoubtedly one of the most beneficial lifelong learning skills you can have.
10. Reflection - As we learn, we acquire new skills and knowledge for various
uses. However, none of that knowledge is any good if we don't consider how it has helped us or others. If
we are going to place our attention on learning something we must consider the merits of learning it before,
during, and after the learning happens. Otherwise, we have engaged in empty learning for no reason. In any
kind of learning, asking reflective questions always matters.
Axon - An axon is a thin fiber that connects neurons (nerve cells) to that they can communicate.
Midbrain - The midbrain is the smallest portion of the brainstem (about 1.5 cm) and its most cranial
structure. The midbrain functions as a relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing.
Thalamus- the thalamus acts as a relay station filtering information between the brain and body.

Right hemisphere- the right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.
Symbolic interaction theory - explains that behaviors are products of communication, meaning, and symbols.
People give meanings to symbols and they express these meanings through language and communication. It was
observed that children develop their political attitudes according to the symbols and meanings that their parents
communicate to them. Then based on the symbols and meanings that people ascribe to objects (politics, human
rights, freedom) people can formulate plans of action like election, demonstrations and rally.
- A theory that focuses on how individuals interact. It argues that people's actions are based on the meanings
they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time.
Right to mental health - The right to mental health is the fundamental entitlement of individuals to attain and
maintain the highest possible standard of mental well-being.
Social support - Social support means having friends and other people, including family, to turn to in times of
need or crisis to give you a broader focus and positive self-image.
Political Socialization - the process by which people acquire their political beliefs and ideology
- Observation and imitation are both important in a process
Social Interaction - social interaction is a dynamic sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups)
who modify their actions and reactions due to actions by their interaction partner(s).
Political participation theory - is defined as citizen's actions or activities anchored in politics.
- Political participation includes a broad range of activities through which people develop and express their
opinions on the world and how it is governed, and try to take part in and shape the decisions that affect their
lives.
Learning - Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience. Learning helps an
individual to adapt to the constantly changing environment. It is a constant process that can result from direct
and indirect experiences. Learning is important to the survival of human beings because it enables them to
discover new knowledge, technology, and interventions.
- A process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved
performance and future learning
Escape - defined as a desire or behavior to ignore, evade, or avoid reality,
Goal setting - is a powerful process for thinking about your ideal future, and for motivating yourself to turn
your vision of this future into reality. The process of setting goals helps you choose where you want to go in
life. By knowing precisely what you want to achieve, you know where you have to concentrate your efforts.

Locke and Latham- goal-setting theory is that businesses can achieve greater success by applying specific and
measurable goals for employees.

Albert Bandura - social-cognitive psychologist who introduced the theory of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the
term that refers to a person's feeling that their thoughts and actions have an influence over a given outcome.
Persons with a greater sense of self-efficacy are more inclined to succeed.
Self-system - is an interconnected network of beliefs that helps a person to make sense of the world and decide
what goals and tasks to pursue.

Self-care- taking the time to do things that help you live well and improve both your physical health and mental
health.

Meditation/Prayers- Meditative prayer is the first step on our inner prayer journey because it lays the
groundwork for deep and meaningful communion with God that is rooted in his Word.
Personal wellness- means being physically, emotionally, mentally, and spiritually healthy.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- explains that a person can acquire learning through observation and
imitation. Through imitation, the learner watches the behavior of another person (model) and the performs the
behavior in similar way.

Citizenship - is the most basic identification with the nation. This term denotes the membership of a citizen in
a political society. As a citizen, one enjoys full civil and political rights, including protection inside and outside
the territory of the state.
As defined by Kendall (1998) politics as a social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by
people and groups. In Aristotle's work, Politics, he describes the role that politics and the political community
must play in bringing about the virtuous life in the citizenry. He also observes that "man is by nature a political
animal." Politics is an important part of human development because it promotes ideologies about democracy,
citizenship, human rights, freedom, family, health, and other social issues.

Politics exists in all human societies and it serves as the mechanism by which individuals develop power and
understand proper functioning of a democratic society as a citizen.