All Greek with Alternative Coaeval Phonemes Luke Amadeus Ranieri's GREEK PRONUNCIATION CHRONOLOGY Spreadsheet https://bit.

ly/RanieriGreekPronunciation
Boeotian Egyptian Popular Koine Popular varieties of Koine, Byzantine, & Modern
|---404 BC-------------Learned Koine------------180 AD---|
Classical Attic |---Koine begins----------- Au Classical Latin Ag -------Koine ends---| Byzantine begins Byzantine ends Modern begins
pre 500500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
6th c. 5th c. 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1st c. 1st c. 2nd c. 3rd c. 4th c. 5th c. 6th c. 7th c. 8th c. 9th c. 10th c. 11th c. 12th c. 13th c. 14th c. 15th c. 16th c. 17th c. 18th c. 19th c. 20th c. 21st c.
α a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ε e e e e e e e e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
ι i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ο o o o o o o o o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞
o o o o o o o
υ u y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
ᾱ aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
η æː ? ɛː ɛː ɛː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̝ e̝ e̝ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e̝ ː e̝ ː e̝ ː e̝ ː e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, ee̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞
e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, ee̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, e̝ e̞ , e, e̝ i i i i i i
ει C eː eː e̝ ː e̝ ː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i
ει V eː eː eː eː eː eː eː e̝ ː e̝ ː e̝ ː e̝ ː e̝ ː e̝ ː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
iː iː iː iː i i i i i i i
ῑ iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i
ω ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞
o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞
ου o̝ ː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
ῡ uː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː y y y y y y y y y y y i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
y y y y y y y y

αι ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ae̞̯ ai̯ ai̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ ae̞̯ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞ e̞
ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ɛː ɛː ɛː ɛː ɛː ɛː ɛː ɛː
αυ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av
aw aw aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ au̯ , awau̯ , a au̯ , aw av, α av, αβav, αβav, αβav av av av av av av av av av av
aw aw aw aw aw aw av, αβ av, αβav, αβ
ευ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v
ew ew eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eu̯ , eweu̯ , e eu̯ , ew ev, eβev, eβev, eβev, eβev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev
ew ew ew ew ew ew ev, eβ ev, eβev, eβ
οι oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ øy̯ y y y y y y y y y y y i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øy̯ øy̯ øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː øː, yː
øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ ø, y ø, y ø, y ø, y ø, y ø, y ø, y ø, y
oi̯ oi̯ øi̯ øi̯
υι ui̯ yi̯ yi̯ yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː y y y y y y y y y y y y y y i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
y y y y y

ᾳ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

aː aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ a a a a a
ῃ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̞ ː e̝ ː i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e̞ ː e̞ ːi̯ e̞ ːi̯ e̞ ːi̯ e̝ e̝ e̝ e̝ e̝
ῳ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ o̞ ː o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞
o̞ ː o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ ːi̯ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞
ᾱυ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ aːu̯ au̯ au̯ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβʷ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ aβ av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av av
aːw aːw aːβʷ aːβʷ aːβʷ aːβʷ aβʷ aβʷ au̯ , awau̯ , a au̯ , aw av, α av, αβav, αβav, αβav av av av av av av av av av av
aːw aːw aːw aːw aw aw av, αβ av, αβav, αβ
ηυ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eːu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eβʷ e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ β e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v e̞ v
eːw eːw eːβʷ eːβʷ eːβʷ eːβʷ eβʷ eβʷ eu̯ , eweu̯ , e eu̯ , ew ev, eβev, eβev, eβev, eβev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev
eːw eːw eːw eːw ew ew ev, eβ ev, eβev, eβ
ωυ ɔːu̯ ɔːu̯ ɔːu̯ ɔːu̯ o̞ ːu̯ o̞ ːu̯ o̞ ːu̯ o̞ ːu̯ o̞ ːu̯ o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ ː o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞ o̞
o̞

‘ h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
ζ z̠ d z̠ d z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠
σ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠

γ+back V g g g g g g g g g g g ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ
ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ g g g
γγ+back Vŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg
γ+front V ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ
 ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ʝ ɟ ɟ
γγ+front Vŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ ɲɟ
δ d d d d d d d d d d d ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð ð
ð ð ð ð ð ð d d d
β b b b b b b b b b b b β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
β β β β β β b b b v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v v v

χ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ~cʰkʰ~cʰkʰ~cʰkʰ~cʰkʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç x~ç
kx~cçkx~cçkx~cç kx~cçkx~cç kx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cç kx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cç kx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cçkx~cç
x~ç x~ç kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰkʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ kʰ~cʰ
θ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ
tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ tθ
θ θ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ
φ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ ɸ f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ pɸ
ɸ ɸ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ

κ k k k k k k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c k~c
τ t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
π p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p

ρ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r, r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ
r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ
λ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
μ m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ν n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

νκ, γκ ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk
ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk
ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g ŋg~g g g g
ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg
ντ nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt ntnt ntnt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt ntnt nt nt
nt nt nt nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd~d nd~d nd~d nd~d nd~d nd~d nd~d nd~d nd~d d d d
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
μπ mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb~bmb~bmb~bmb~bmb~bmb~bmb~bmb~bmb~bb b b
mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb
geminated Geminated consonants persist in Cypriot Greek & Greko/Griko (Italiot Greek), Chios, and even some places on the mainland such as Kyme,
consonantsand thus may be used for Ancient or Byzantine Greek of any period.

pitch Pitch accent is attested to exist through the end of AntiqPitch accent may be augemented with stress accent through Koine.
accented the complete loss of pitch accent follows the total loss of phonemic vowel length after the 5cAD.

Luke Amadeus Ranieri's GREEK PRONUNCIATION CHRONOLOGY Spreadsheet last update: 2020-05-06
consider supporting my efforts by becoming a patron atpatreon.com/LukeRanieri
www.LukeRanieri.comwww.youtube.com/ScorpioMartianus www.youtube.com/PolymathyLuke
Very special thanks to Raphael Turrigiano & Stefano Vittori whose input was vital in bringing this document to life!
- visit Raphael's YouTube channel
www.youtube.com/paleogloss

NOTES

The purpose of this document is to allow quick reference to the changing phonemes of Greek in any century since the Classical period.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used throughout; q.v. the following for unfamiliar symbols: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
- This is meant to be especially useful for those who speak Ancient Greek or make recitations in the language.
- Are you going to pronounce your Greek according to the Classical Attic model? or in early Learned Koine? or in late Popular Koine? Choosing anachronistic combinations of phonemes will not do.

This spreadsheet has pages for different schemes of pronunciation (see tabs below):
- All Greek is this main page, and shows how evidence for certain changes occur at certain times as alternatives to the more conservative system, which may be diastratic or diatopic variations; the purpose of this sheet is to provide multiple likely alternatives that could have existed synchronically
(N.B. the pages below have been temporarily hidden, and likely will not be updated, since the All Greek page now includes the below variants)
- Classical Attic & Learned Koine (with conservative features in later versions of the language); note that the dates of 404 BC to 180 AD mark the conquest of Athens by Sparta and the death of Marcus Aurelius (who wrote his Meditations in Greek)
- Popular Koine and more innovative features thereafter
- The attested Boeotian Koine of the 4th century BC with some attested 3rd century BC innovations (this blends into Popular Koine thereafter)
- The attested Egyptian Koine of the 2nd century BC (this blends into Popular Koine thereafter)

The following were used as resources:

- Vox Graeca by W. Sydney Allen
- Greek Language History by Horrock
- Koine Greek phonology Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology
- Mediaeval Greek phonology Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek#Phonetics_and_phonology

Boxes in light red mark a change in a phoneme.

Significant events in the change of Greek pronunciation:
- The loss of phonemic vowel length, which occurred early in Egypt (2nd c. BC), and during the Roman Empire in the general population (2nd c. AD)
- This caused the loss of pitch accent (as pitch accent distinctions require the morae of quantitative phonetics)
- In educated Ancient Greek, both Classical Attic and Learned Koine and to the end of the Koine period in the 4th c. AD, syllable quantity and pitch accent are maintained
- Therefore, it is strongly advised to master both correct syllable quantity and correct pitch accent in learning Ancient Greek, as only the popular varieties (equivalent to Late Vulgar Latin) entirely lose this vital feature.
- ει in front of a vowel has a slower change to /i/ when compared with the same digraph before a consonant, so this distinction has been made in the list of letters
- N.B. the digraph ει is never pronounced as a diphthong in Classical Attic or Koine! much less Byzantine or Modern Greek.
 Classical & "Vulgar" Attic Subsystems (TeodorssonLuke Amadeus Ranieri's GREEK PRONUNCIATION CHRONOLOGY Spreadsheet https://bit.ly/RanieriGreekPronunciation
pre-Classical Classical Attic |---Koine begins----------- Au Classical Latin Ag -------Koine ends---| Byzantine begins Byzantine ends Modern begins
600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
6th c. 5th c. 4th c. 3rd c. 2nd c. 1st c. 1st c. 2nd c. 3rd c. 4th c. 5th c. 6th c. 7th c. 8th c. 9th c. 10th c. 11th c. 12th c. 13th c. 14th c. 15th c. 16th c. 17th c. 18th c. 19th c. 20th c. 21st c.
α a a a a a a a a a a a

εC e e e e ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ
i i~ɛ ɛ
e e e̝ ~i e̝ ~i e̝ ~i e̝ ~i ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ
i i i i i e e e e e

εV e e e e e e e e e e ɛ

e e e e e e e e e e ɛ
i i i i i

ι+C i i i i i i i i i i i

ι + V (hiatus) i i i i i i i i i i i
j j j j j j j j

ο o o o o o o o o o o o o

υ u y y y y y y y y y y y
y i i i i i

ᾱ aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː
a a a a

η æː æː ɛː ɛː ɛː eː eː eː eː eː eː eː
eː eː (ɛː) (ɛː) (ɛː) (ɛː) (ɛː)
ɛː ɛː eː iː iː iː iː eː eː eː eː iː
iː i i i i (iː)

ει C eː eː eː eː eː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː
eː iː iː
eː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː
i i i i

ει V eː eː eː eː eː eː eː eː eː eː eː iː
iː iː iː iː iː iː iː
eː eː eː eː eː eː eː iː iː iː iː iː
e e e e

ῑ iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː
i i i i

ω ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː oː oː oː oː oː oː oː
oː oː oː
ɔː oː oː oː oː oː oː oː oː oː oː oː
o o o o

ου oː oː oː oː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː
uː uː
oː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː
uː u u u u

ῡ uː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː
yː iː iː iː iː iː
i i i i i

αι ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ai̯ ae̯ ae̯ ae̯
æː æː æː
ae̯ ae̯ æː æː æː æː æː~ɛːæː~ɛːæː~ɛːæː~ɛːæː~ɛː æː~ɛː
æː æː æ ɛ ɛ ɛ

αυ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯ au̯
aw aw aw
au̯ au̯ au̯ aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw
aw a a a a

ευ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ eu̯
 ew ew ew
eu̯ eu̯ eu̯ ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew
ew e e e e

οι oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯ oi̯
øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯ øi̯
oi̯ øi̯ øː øː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː
øː yː y y y y

υι ui̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yi̯ yː yː
yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː
yi̯ yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː yː
yː y y y y

ᾳ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aːi̯ aː aː
aː aː aː aː aː aː
aːi̯ aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː aː
a a a a

ῃ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ ɛːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eːi̯ eː eː
eː eː eː eː eː
ɛːi̯ eːi̯ eː iː iː iː iː iː eː eː eː iː
iː i i i i

ῳ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔːi̯ ɔː ɔː
ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː
ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː
ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ

‘ h h h h h h h h h h h h

h h h h h h h h h h h h
h~∅ h~∅h~∅ h~∅ h~∅ h~∅ h~∅ h~∅

ζ z̠ d z̠ d z̠ d z̠ d z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː
z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː
z̠ d z̠ d z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː z̠ ː
z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠ z̠

σ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠ s̠

γ+back V g g g g g g g
ɣ ɣ ɣ

γγ+back V ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg
γ+front V

γγ+front V ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg

δ d d d d d d d

β b b b b b b b

χ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ kʰ

θ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ tʰ

φ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ pʰ

κ k k k k k k k
τ t t t t t t t
π p p p p p p p

ρ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r, r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ r̥ ʰ,r,ɾ

λ l l l l l l l
μ m m m m m m m
ν n n n n n n n

νκ, γκ ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk ŋk

ντ nt nt nt nt nt nt nt
μπ mp mp mp mp mp mp mp

geminated Geminated consonants persist in Cypriot Greek & Greko/Griko (Italiot Greek), Chios, and even some places on the mainland such as Kyme,
consonants and thus may be used for Ancient or Byzantine Greek of any period.

pitch Pitch accent is attested to exist through the end of AntPitch accent may be augemented with stress accent through Koine.
accented the complete loss of pitch accent follows the total loss of phonemic vowel length after the 5cAD.

Luke Amadeus Ranieri's GREEK PRONUNCIATION CHRONOLOGY Spreadsheet last update: 2020-05-06
consider supporting my efforts by becoming a patron apatreon.com/LukeRanieri
www.LukeRanieri.comwww.youtube.com/ScorpioMartianus www.youtube.com/PolymathyLuke

NOTES

These reconstructions on this tab are based on Teodorsson (1978) and Allen (1968).
The conservative variant(s) of Attic at the top line for each grapheme,
while the innovative variant(s) below.