ROMAI J., v.18, no.

1(2022), 17–30

INTERPOLATION OF STANCU-TYPE
OPERATORS ON AN ARBITRARY TRIANGLE
WITH ONE CURVED SIDE
Larisa Cheregi
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Larisa.Cheregi@math.utcluj.ro
Abstract Some Stancu-type operators with interpolatory features on a triangle with one
curved side are devised. Their product, boolean sum, orders of accuracy and
the remainders of the corresponding approximation formulas are studied.

Keywords: operator, Stancu operators, triangle with one curved side, interpolation opera-
tors, product and boolean sum operators, error evaluation.
2020 MSC: 41A25,41A35, 41A36, 41A80.

1. INTRODUCTION
This paper has the pursuit of devising Stancu-type operators with some
interpolatory features on a triangle with one arched side, including their fea-
tures related on their neatness and the remainders of the analogous estimation
formulas. Stancu’s operators are relevant patterns of such operators. The es-
timation operators were chiefly studied, whereas their applications in purview
fields are functioning as finite element analysis and CAGD (Computer-Aided
Geometric Design).
The idea came from the work of Barnhill and Gregory [2]– [4]. For the
beginning, there has been considered the case of a triangle with all straight
sides where Lagrange projectors were used. In order to match all the bound-
ary information on a curved domain [12] there were considered interpolation
operators on triangles with curved sides( one, two or all curved sides) and
Taylor projector were used on the curved sides. In [5], [6] have been con-
structed interpolation operators of Bernstein type, that interpolate the values
of a given function or the values of certain of its derivatives on the boundary of
a triangle. Stancu polynomials can be used to get a better approximation at a
point to the Bernstein polynomials with an appropriate choice of parameters
α, β reducing the number of terms used in the calculation.
The aim of this paper is to introduce Stancu-type operators [9] on a trian-
gle with one curved side, and the goal is to study Stancu-type operators from
the theoretical point of view. Stancu-type operators interpolation were intro-

17
18 Larisa Cheregi

duced on STv triangular domain, where STv = {(xv , yv ) ∈ R × R|xv + yv ≤ v}

( [1], [18]– [20]).
D.D. Stancu defined in [21] a class of approximation operators that are
more general than the well-known Bernstein operators. Such operators can be
used in the construction of surfaces that satisfy some given conditions, in the
finite element method for differential equation problems and in the numerical
integration of functions. Based on the fact that many properties of Bernstein
operators can be transferred to the Stancu operators, different mathematicians
studied almost all results using this standpoint. The Stancu-type operators
defined on domains with arched sides permit boundary conditions to be satis-
fied exactly.
In second section were constructed the product and boolean sum and were
studied their interpolation properties and the remainders of the corresponding
interpolation formulas.
The last section contains some numerical examples which illustrate the ob-
tained theoretical results.

2. INTERPOLATION OPERATORS ON A
TRIANGLE WITH ONE CURVED SIDE
Let STv be the triangle with one arched side and its apexes A = (0; v);
B = (v; 0), C = (0; 0); and the two straight phases Γ1 and Γ2 (along the coordi-
nate axis) and one arched side Γ3 (opposed to the apex C). Γ1 is characterized
by (xv ; f1 (xv )); with f1 (0) = f1 (v) = 0; f1 (xv ) ≤ 0; ∀xv ∈ [0; v]; Γ2 is charac-
terized by (g2 (yv ); yv ); with g2 (0) = g2 (v) = 0; g2 (yv ) ≤ 0; ∀yv ∈ [0; v] and Γ3
is characterized by the functions f3 and g3 , where g3 is the reverse function of
f3 ; i.e., yv = f3 (xv ) and xv = g3 (yv ); xv , yv ∈ [0; v] and f3 (0) = g3 (0) = v.

Fig. 1.: STv triangle

 Interpolation of Stancu-type Operators on an Arbitrary Triangle ... 19

Let S be a function determine by STv = {(xv , yv ) ∈ R × R|xv + yv ≤ v} ,

xv , yv , v ∈ R+ , [23] (xv , 0), (0, yv ) and (g(yv ), yv ) be the intersection points
with Γi , i = 1, 3.
D.D. Stancu defined in [22] a linear positive operator built upon two positive
parameters α and β , 0 ≤ α ≤ β. Finta [9] establishes pointwise and uniform
approximation properties for the above mentioned Stancu‘s operators.
(α,β) (α,β)
One considers the Stancu-type operators [20], Sxv ,l and Syv ,r defined by

l  

(α,β)
 X i+α
Sxv ,l FS (xv ) = sl,i (xv , yv ) FS g (yv ) , yv , xv ∈ [0, 1] . (1)
l+β
i=0

r  
  X j+α
Sy(α,β)
v ,r
FS (xv ) = sr,j (xv , yv ) FS xv , f (xv ) , xv ∈ [0, 1] . (2)
r+β
j=0

with
  i  l−i
l xv xv
sl,i = 1− , 0 ≤ xv + yv ≤ g(yv )
i g(yv ) g(yv )

  j  r−j
r yv yv
sr,j = 1− , 0 ≤ xv + yv ≤ f (xv )
j f (xv ) f (xv )

where
   
(α,β) i+α (α,β) j+α
∆xv ,l = g (yv ) |i = 0, l , ∆yv ,r = f (xv ) |j = 0, r
l+β r+β

are uniform partitions of the intervals [0, g(yv )] and [0, f (xv )].
(0,0)
Remark 1. For α = β = 0, Sl is Bernstein operator.
Theorem 2.1. If FS is set on STv then:
(α,β)
(i) Sxv ,l FS = FS on Γ2 ∩ Γ3 .
(α,β)
(ii) Syv ,r FS = FS Γ1 ∩ Γ3 .
on
h i
i
(α,β)
(iii) (Sxv ,l eij )(xv , yv ) = xiv + α−βx
l+β
v
yvj , i, j ∈ N
h i
(α,β)
(Sxv ,l e2j )(xv , yv ) = x2v + mxv (g(yv )−xv )+(α−βx
(m+β)2
v )(2mxv +βxv +α)
yvj ,
j∈N
20 Larisa Cheregi
j
h i
(α,β)
(iv) (Syv ,r eij )(xv , yv ) = xiv yvj + α−βy
r+β
v
, i, j ∈ N
h i
(α,β)
(Syv ,r ei2 )(xv , yv ) = xiv yv2 + ryv (Fs (xv )−yv )+(α−βy
(r+β)2
v )(2ryv +βyv +α)
,
i∈N
Proof. The interpolation properties (i) and (ii) follow by the relations:
( (
1, f or i = 0 0, f or i < l
sl,i (0, yv ) = , sl,i (g(yv ), yv ) =
0, f or 0 < i 1, f or i = l
respectively by
( (
1, f or j=0 0, f or j<r
sr,j (xv , 0) = , sr,j (xv , f (yv )) =
0, f or 0<j 1, f or j=r

(α,β) (α,β)
(Sxv ,l FS )(0, yv ) = FS (0, yv ), (Sxv ,l FS )(g(yv ), yv ) = FS (g(yv ), yv ).
Regarding to the properties (iii) we obtain
(α,β) (α,β)
(Sxv ,l eij )(xv , yv ) = yvj (Sxv ,l ei0 )(xv , yv ), i, j ∈ N

(α,β)
(Sxv ,l e00 )(xv , yv ) =(Bl e00 )(xv , yv ) = 1,

(α,β) l α lxv + α
(Sxv ,l e10 )(xv , yv ) = (Bl e10 )(xv , yv ) + (Bl e00 )(xv , yv ) = =xv
l+β l+β l+β
α − βxv
+
l+β

(α,β) l2
(Sxv ,l e20 )(xv , yv ) = (Bl e20 )(xv , yv )
(l + β)2
2αl α2
+ (B l e 10 )(x v , yv ) + (Bl e00 )(xv , yv )
(l + β)2 (l + β)2
l2 α2
 
2 xv (g(yv ) − xv ) 2αl
= 2
x v + + 2
xv +
(l + β) l (l + β) (l + β)2
lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) − x2v β 2 − 2lβx2v + 2αlxv + α2
=x2v +
(l + β)2
lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + 2lxv (−βxv + α) + α2 − β 2 xv
=x2v +
(l + β)2
lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)
=x2v +
(l + β)2
 Interpolation of Stancu-type Operators on an Arbitrary Triangle ... 21

Properties (iv) are likewise demonstrated.

We assimilate the estimation formula
(α,β)
FS = Sxv ,l FS + Rxv ,l FS . (3)
where Rxv ,l FS denotes the estimation error.
Theorem 2.2. If FS (·, yv ) ∈ C [0, g(yv )] then:
p !
v l + 4β 2
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ 1 + ω(FS (·, yv ); δ), yv ∈ [0, v] (4)
2δ(l + β)
√
l+4β 2
where ω(FS (·, yv ); δ) is the modulus of continuity. Withal, if δ = l+β then
p ! p !
v l + 4β 2 l + 4β 2
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ 1 + ω FS (·, yv ); . (5)
2(l + β) l+β
(α,β)
Proof. By (Blxv e00 )(xv , yv ) = 1 = (Sxv ,l e00 )(xv , yv ), it follows that
l  
X i+α
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ sl,i (xv , yv ) FS (xv , yv ) − FS g(yv ), yv
l+β
i=0

Applying the inequality

   
i+α 1 i+α
FS (xv , yv ) − FS g(yv ), yv ≤ xv − g(yv ) + 1
l+β δ l+β
· ω(FS (·, yv ); δ)
it follows that
l  
X 1 i+α
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ sl,i (xv , yv ) xv − g(yv ) + 1 ·
δ l+β
i=0
2 !1/2
 
l 
1 X i+α
ω(FS (·, yv ); δ) ≤ 1 + sl,i (xv , yv ) xv − g(yv ) ·
δ l+β
i=0
" s #
1 lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)
ω(FS (·, yv ); δ) = 1 + ·
δ (l + β)2
" s #
1 lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)
ω(FS (·, yv ); δ) ≤ 1 +
δ (l + β)2
" r #
1 1 lv 2
· ω(FS (·, yv ); δ) ≤ 1 + · + (α − βx)2 ω(FS (·, yv ); δ),
δ l+β 4
22 Larisa Cheregi

where 0 ≤ α ≤ β with max[lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)] =

STv
v2
4 (l + 4β 2 ). Thus,
p !
v l + 4β 2
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ 1+ ω(FS (·, yv ); δ), yv ∈ [0, v]
2δ(l + β)

one attains
p ! p !
vl + 4β 2 l + 4β 2
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ 1+ ω FS (·, yv ); .
2(l + β) l+β

Theorem 2.3. If FS (·, yv ) ∈ C 2 [0, v]

lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| = ·
2(l + β)2
(2,0)
·FS (ξ, yv ), f or ξ ∈ [0, g(yv )] and
2
v 2 (l+ 4β )
|(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ M20 FS , (xv , yv ) ∈ STv
8(l + β)2
where
(i,j)
Mij = max FS (xv , yv )
STv
 
(α,β) (α,β)
Proof. Considering that the degree of exactness of Sxv ,l is 1 i.e. dex Sxv ,l =
1, by Peano‘s theorem, it entails

g(y
Z v)
(2,0)
(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv ) = K20 (xv , yv , sv )FS (sv , yv )dsv
0

l  
P i+α
K20 (xv , yv , sv ) = (xv − sv )+ − sl,i (xv , yv ) l+β g (yv ) − sv , where
i=0 +
(
z, z≥0
z+ =
0, z < 0,

For a given υ ∈ {1, · · · , l} one denotes υ

h by K20 (xv , yv , ·)i the restriction of
υ (x , y , ·) to the interval (υ − 1) g(yv ) , υ g(yv ) , i.e
the kernel K20 v v l l
 Interpolation of Stancu-type Operators on an Arbitrary Triangle ... 23

l  
X i+α
K20 (xv , yv , υ) = (xv − υ)+ − sl,i (xv , yv ) g (yv ) − υ
l+β +
i=0
whence
l
  
sl,i (xv , yv ) i+α
P
xv − sv − g(y ) − s , xv < sv


l+β v v
K20 (xv , yv , sv ) = i=υ
l  
sl,i (xv , yv ) i+α
P
− − xv ≤ sv ,


l+β g(y v ) sv ,
i=υ

it involves that K20υ (x , y , s ) ≤ 0 for x ≤ s . For s < x

v v v v v v v
l  
υ
X i+α
K20 (xv , yv , sv ) = xv − sv − sl,i (xv , yv ) g(yv ) − sv
l+β
i=0
υ−1  
X i+α
+ sl,i (xv , yv ) g(yv ) − sv .
l+β
i=0
l  
P i+α
As, sl,i (xv , yv ) l+β g(yv ) − sv = xv − sv , it entails that
i=0
l  
υ
X i+α
K20 (xv , yv , s) = sl,i (xv , yv ) g(yv ) − s ≤ 0.
l+β
i=0

Thus K20 υ (x , y , ·) ≤ 0 for any υ ∈ {1, · · · , l} i.e K υ (x , y , s ) ≤ 0 for

v v 20 v v v
s ∈ [0, g(yv )]. Using mean value theorem, it follows that
g(y
Z v)
(2,0)
(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv ) = FS (ξ, yv ) K20 (xv , yv , sv )dsv ; 0 ≤ ξ ≤ g(yv )
0
g(y
R v)  
1 (α,β)
Since K20 (xv , yv , sv )ds = 2 xv 2 − Sxv ,l e20
0

|mxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)| v 2 (l + 4β 2 )

max ≤ ,
0≤xv ≤g(yv ) 2(l + β)2 8(l + β)2
yv ∈ [0, v] we ensue the conclusion .
Remark 2. Analogous results are attained for the remainder of the formula
(α,β)
FS = Syv ,r FS + Ryv ,r FS ,
h2 (r + 4β 2 )
|(Ryv ,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ M02 FS , (xv , yv ) ∈ STv .
8(r + β)2
24 Larisa Cheregi

2.1. PRODUCT OPERATOR

(α,β) (α,β) (α,β) (α,β) (α,β)
Let Plr = Sxv ,l · Syv ,r and Qrl = Syv ,r · Sxv ,l be the products of Sxv ,l
(α,β)
and Syv ,r :
l X
r  
X i+α
(Plr FS )(xv , yv ) = sl,i (xv , yv )sr,j g(yv ), yv
l+β
i=0 j=0
  
i+α j+α i+α
·FS g(yv ); f g(yv )
l+β r+β l+β
l X r  
X j+α
(Qrl FS )(xv , yv ) = sl,i xv , f (xv ) )sr,j (xv , yv )
r+β
i=0 j=0
   
i+α j+α j+α
·FS g f (xv ) ; f (xv ) ;
l+β r+β r+β

Theorem 2.4. If FS : STv → STv ( [2]) then:

(i) (Plr FS )(V3 ) = FS (V3 ) Plr FS = FS on Γ3

(ii) (Qrl FS )(V3 ) = FS (V3 ). Qlr FS = FS on Γ3

Proof.
(α,β)
(Plr FS )(xv , 0) = (Sxv ,l FS )(xv , 0)
(Plr FS )(yv , 0) = (Sy(α,β)
v ,r
FS )(yv , 0)
(Plr FS )(xv , Fs (xv )) = FS (xv , Fs (xv )), xv , yv ∈ [0, v]
and
(α,β)
(Qrl FS )(xv , 0) = (Sxv ,l FS )(xv , 0)
(Qrl FS )(yv , 0) = (Sy(α,β)
v ,r
FS )(yv , 0)
(Qrl FS )(xv , f (xv )) = FS (xv , f (xv )), xv , yv ∈ [0, v].

confirmed by a straight forward computation.

P F has RP the corresponding re-
The estimation formula FS = Plr FS + Rl,r S l,r
mainder operator.

Theorem 2.5. If FS ∈ C (STv ) then:

p p !
P l + 4β 2 r + 4β 2
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ (1 + v) ω FS ; ; , (xv , yv ) ∈ STv .
l+β r+β
 Interpolation of Stancu-type Operators on an Arbitrary Triangle ... 25

Proof.

l r  
P 1 XX i+α
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ sl,i (xv , yv ) sr,j g(yv ), yv
δ1 l+β
i=0 j=0
l r  
i+α 1 XX i+α
× xv − g(yv ) + sl,i (xv , yv )sr,j g(yv ), yv
l+β δ2 l+β
i=0 j=0
  l X
r  
j+α i+α X i+α
× yv − Fs g(yv ) + sl,i (xv , yv ) sr,j g(yv ), yv
r+β l+β l+β
i=0 j=0
×ω(FS ; δ 1 ; δ 2 )

Since
l X
r  
X i+α i+α
sl,i (xv , yv ) sr,j g(yv ), yv xv − g(yv )
l+β l+β
i=0 j=0
s
mxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)
≤
(l + β)2
l X r    
X i+α j+α i+α
sl,i (xv , yv ) sr,j g(yv ), yv yv − Fs g(yv ) ≤
l+β r+β l+β
i=0 j=0
s
ryv (Fs (xv ) − yv ) + (α − βyv )(2ryv + βyv + α)
≤
(r + β)2
l X r  
X i+α
sl,i (xv , yv ) sr,j g(yv ), yv = 1.
l+β
i=0 j=0

It ensues that
s
P 1 lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α)
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤1+
δ1 (l + β)2
s
1 ryv (f (xv ) − yv ) + (α − βyv )(2ryv + βyv + α)
+ ω(FS ; δ 1 ; δ 2 )
δ2 (r + β)2

But
v 2 (m+4β 2 )
lxv (g(yv ) − xv ) + (α − βxv )(2lxv + βxv + α) ≤ 4 , ryv (f (xv ) − yv ) +
v 2 (r+4β 2 )
(α − βyv )(2ryv + βyv + α) ≤ 4 , whence
26 Larisa Cheregi

" p p #
2 2
P 1 v l + 4β 1 v r + β
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ 1 + + ω(FS ; δ 1 ; δ 2 )
δ 1 2(l + β) δ 2 2(r + β)
p p !
2 2
P l + 4β r + 4β
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ (1 + v) ω FS ; ;
l+β r+β

2.2. BOOLEAN SUM OPERATORS

(α,β) (α,β)
Consider the Boolean sum operators Sxv ,l and Syv ,r i.e
(α,β) (α,β) (α,β) (α,β)
Slr = Sxv ,l ⊕ Sy(α,β)
v ,r
= Sxv ,l + Sy(α,β)
v ,r
− Sxv ,l Sy(α,β)
v ,r

respectively
(α,β) (α,β) (α,β) (α,β)
Trl = Sy(α,β)
v ,r
⊕ Sxv ,l = Sy(α,β)
v ,r
+ Sxv ,l − Sy(α,β)
v ,r
Sxv ,l
Theorem 2.6. If FS : STv → STv then:
Sl,r FS |∂STv = FS |∂STv
Tr,l FS |∂STv = FS |∂STv
(α,β)
Proof. As (Plr FS )(xv , 0) = (Sxv ,l FS )(xv , 0)
(α,β)
(Plr FS )(0, yv ) = (Syv ,r FS )(0, yv )
(α,β) (α,β)
(Sxv ,l FS )(xv , v − xv ) = (Syv ,r FS )(xv , v − xv ) = (Plr FS )(xv , v − xv ) =
FS (xv , v − xv ) the conclusion follows.
Thus, we get the remainder of the Boolean sum estimation formula
S
FS = Slr FS + Rl,r FS

Theorem 2.7. If FS ∈ C (STv ) then:

 √   √   √ 
S v l+4β 2 l+4β 2 v r+4β 2
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ 1 + 2(l+β) ω FS (·, yv ); l+β + 1 + 2(r+β)
 √   √ √ 
r+4β 2 l+4β 2 r+4β 2
×ω FS (xv , ·); r+β + (1 + v) ω FS ; l+β ; r+β
 √ 
v l+4β 2
+ 1 + v2



≤ 1 + 2 ω FS (·, yv ); l+β
 √   √ √ 
r+4β 2 l+4β 2 r+4β 2
×ω FS (xv , ·); r+β + (1 + v) × ω FS ; l+β ; r+β ,

(xv , yv ) ∈ STv .
 Interpolation of Stancu-type Operators on an Arbitrary Triangle ... 27

(α,β) (α,β)
Proof. FS − Slr FS = FS − Sxv ,l FS + FS − Syv ,r FS − (FS − Plr FS ) entail that
S
|(Rl,r FS )(xv , yv )| ≤ |(Rxv ,l FS )(xv , yv )| + |(Ryv ,r FS )(xv , yv )|+
+|(RxPv ,l FS )(xv , yv )|
and the conclusion follows.

3. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
We consider the function [19] generally used in the literature :

125 + cos(5.4y)
SADDLE : F2 (x, y) =
6 + 6 ∗ (3x − 1)2

T he approximant M ax error
(1,1)
Sx,l F2 0.0842
(1,1)
Sr,y F2 0.0618
(1,1)
Plr F2 0.0375
(1,1)
Qrl F2 0.0350
(1,1)
Slr F2 0.0288
(1,1)
Trl F2 0.0253

Table 1: The maximum approximation error.

MAPLE has been used in this paper for the maximum error approximation
from the table.
Some illustrative graphics for the convergence of operators were plot for F2
with v = 1, l = 5, r = 6, α = 1, β = 1 in Figure 2 and in Figure 3
were plot the graphs of F1 [9],
 −81
1
F1 (x, y) = 3 exp 16 ((x − 0.5)2 + (y − 0.5))2 for l = 5, r = 6, α = 1 and

β = 1. Mathematica 13.0 has been used for computation.
As potential applications [2] of Stancu-type interpolation operators, treated
in this paper, I indicate the approximation of partial differential equations [13],
[14] and boundary value problems of differential equations [7]– [8],[10]– [11],
[15]– [17], [24]– [26].

Concluding Remark
The approximation of the Stancu-type operators can be made based upon
(α,β) (α,β)
the choice parameters, as r and l increased, operators Sxv ,l and Syv ,r con-
verge to the function. The good approximation properties could be seen in the
28 Larisa Cheregi

Fig. 2.: Graphs of F2 ,Sx,l F2 , Sr,y F2 , Plr F2 ,

Qrl F2 , Slr F2 and Trl F2

Fig. 3.: Graphs of F1 ,Sx,l F1 , Sr,y F1 , Plr F1 ,

rlF1 , Slr F1 and Trl F1

figures and in the table with errors presented in the previous section. A better
approximation of a continuous function f at any x in [0, 1] can be effectively
obtained using the Stancu-type operators with an appropriate choice of pa-
 Interpolation of Stancu-type Operators on an Arbitrary Triangle ... 29

rameters α and β to the Bernstein operators if one wants to limit calculation

to less number of terms.
Acknowledgment. I thank the reviewer for his suggestions and remarks leading to the
improvement of the first version of this paper.

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