Language Summary 1 eee eo DVD-ROM 1 Weekend activities 1A Ml pé visit éatves meet up wit renes tidy up the house/tne ft {90 to masums/art gales hat to tiends onfne do exercise . hhave a quiet right in have people ound for dinner do yous ‘go oul for a cinta TIP » In the Language Summaries we only show the main stress (+ n words and phrases. have aiio-in when you stay in bed anger than usual in the morning: often have a fe-in on Sundays. have people round for dinner invite ‘people to your house to have dinner: Were having Tom's parents round for invier on Saturday. tidy up the house /Mat put things bbackin the places where you usually oop them: usualy tidy up the at ‘before | 9010 work TIPS + A relative is a person in your family (an aunt, a grandparent, a cousin, ate) Your parants ara your mother and father only += Agig is an informal word for a concert: ! went to an amazing ig last night. ‘= We also use chat or have @ chat to mean ‘talk to someone in a friendly and informal way’: He's chatting with some friends. | had ‘achat with our new neighbour. EE} Likes and dislikes 1B (J ps phrases to say youloveorlike phrases to say you something don't like something | (really) love | (eally) hate 1m (really ery/ruite) interested indent aa | (realy) enjoy ‘can't stand {fm (really/very/quite) keen on (really) getis) on my think... is/are great/briliant/ nerves. wonderful | can't bear /be9/ ... im not (very) keen on yhravee to eay eomathing ie OK Ehrnnoe te coy a drive(s) me crazy, think... is/are all right Ithink is/are awful | don't ming terrible/dreadtul TIPS « | can't stand and f can't bear mean ‘| hate! = Groat, brillant and wendorti all mean ‘very good’. Awful, terrible and creadful all mean ‘very bad’ ‘= We can use pranauins, nouns or verasing with the phrases {or likes and dislikes: / realy love it. can't stand football Waiting in queues realy drives me crazy. Adjectives (1): feelings 1C il pto relxed /rilekst/ nappy because you arent worried about ‘anything: Adela felt very relaxed after her holiday in Spain nérvous /ns:vas/ wart erase af something that is Geng to happen: /aways get nervous before | speak in public. pleased happy or satised: /m pleased you Ike the present. embarrassed mberast/ feel stupid bevause of suet ing you did or something that happened: /flt so embarrassed when our son said he dite the food. Angry having a strong negative feding about someone and wanting to shout at them or hurt them: / was really angry at him for crashing the car. annoyed a bit angry: | get annoyed when have fo waitin queues. fed Up annoyed or bored because you have done something {or too lang: fed up with working so har disappointed unhappy because something isnot as good as you Wanted to be, or Because aomething heen’ heppened! They were disappointed that only ten people came to ther party stressed worried and not able to relax: He's vary stressed about his new job. calm relaxed and peace: aivays fee! very calm ator yoga. ‘pest unhappy or worrlad because something bad hae happened: She was very uoset when she fst er ob. seared frightened: Im realy scared of spiders. Satisfied pleased because something has happened inthe way that you want: She was very satisfied with her students’ work. confissed when you can't think clearly or understand something: Matt was confused and dint know what fo do. shocked very surprised and upset: was shocked by the news ornis deatn glad happy and pleased: /im glad you enjoyed the meal oncérned worried: m very concemed about the environment. depréssed unhappy end notable to enjoy anything: He ‘became very depressed witen he fost his job. TIPS + We use -ed adjectives to describe how people feel: | was very disappointed when I got my exam resulls. + We use -ing adjectives to describe the thing, situation, place or person that causes the feeling: My exam resuits were aisaepointing. EES Prepositions with adjectives 1C [J ptt © We often use prepositions with adjectives. The most common pprepostions for these adiectives ara in bold. Other prepositions ‘that we can also use with these adjectives are In brackets ( ) good at scared of (by) happy with (about) bore with (by, ot) interested in ‘tightened of (by) rrervous about (of) | annoyed at (with, by) keen on, bed at worried about satisfied with (by) surprised by (at) ‘embarrassed by (about) upset about (by) ‘concerned about (by) fed up with (of angry about (at) something pleased with (by, about) TIP + After prepositions we use @ noun, a pronoun or verb+ing. ‘angry with (et) someoneKEI Question forms 1A i p7 AUKILARIES © We usually use an auxiliary (does, are, did, has, etc.) to make questions. | question | auxiiary | subject | verb [word PRESENTSIMPLE How often does | Fiona PRESENT T ach _| yoga classes? Fiona’s| | continuous Whats on | doing | at the moment? PASTSIMPLE |What | id | Fiona PRESENT How many) | PERPECTSIMPLE |\‘songe,””|has [Maxie | written | 7 © We use the auxiliaries do and does to make questions in the Present ‘Simple: Who do you work for? What does he do in his free time? © We use the auxliarias am, are and is to make questions in the Present Continuous: Where am | going? What are you watching? What's he doing? © We use the aunliaries have and has to make questions in the Present Perfect Simple: Where have you been? Has he called yet? SUBJECT QUESTIONS ‘© ‘Most questions with auxiliaries ask about the object of a sentence: ‘How many songs has Maxie written? B He's written about 25 songs. Subject questions ask about the subject of a sentence: A What makes ‘her husband happy? B Cooking makes him happy. © We don't use do, does or odin Present Simple and Past Simple subject, ‘questions: Who visits them most weekends? not ¥he-dees-viei-thon?- most weekends? ‘© Subject questions have the same word order as positive sentences. © We can make subject questions with Who, What, Whose and Which ‘QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS ‘© We often put prepositions at the end of questions: How many countries has he been to? Who does Caroline go to art galeries with? TIP * We don't usually put prepostions at the beginning of questions: What are you talking about? not About-whatare-yeertakking? [EE Positive and negative verb forms, words and phrases 1B [El p9 positive | negative PRESENT SIMPLE know _| you don't want PRESENT youre |, ‘ConTINUoUS: waiting |" not feekng PASTSIMPLE || walted_| | dcn't get PRESENT | " peareeT simpce |!'Ve-seen | she hasn't fown DON'T THINK....; THERE IS/ARE NO... © We often make negative sentences with Idon't think ...: don't think that's right. not Hihinkthation't-aght- | don't think | could do that. not Hhink-teouldh de tat. © We can use no to make negatives with there isithere are: There aren't any traffic jams. ‘There are no trafic jams. There isn’t a better way to travel. = There's no better way to travel, WORDS AND PHRASES negati everyone | no one never all Rone hardlyever both —_| nelther TIPS + We can say don't always/usually/often, but not dent semmetines/haraly-ever/never. + We can say everyone or everybody and no one cr nobody. + We don't usually use double negatives. We say: | did't see anyone. not beldhtt-seene-ene + We use plural verb forms with both: Both of my sisters have got cars. We use singular verb forms with neither: Neither of them likes driving, positive | negative _ always usually ee Lord Question tags 1D Ej p13 ‘We usually use question tags (don't you?, etc.) to check information that we think is correct. ‘© Wo usually use the auxiliary in question tags: You ive next door to Lisa, don't you? * We only use pronouns in question tags: Barbara went to Liverpoo! University, dant she? «Ifthe main verb is positive, the question tag is usualy Negative: it was a great match yesterday, wasn't it? «If the main verb is negative, the question tagis usually positive: Yau haven't ordered any food yet, have you? ‘© We often use short answers (Yes, do. No, I don't, ete.) 10 ‘say that the information is correct. ‘© When the information isn't correct, we often use actualy after the short answer to sound more polte, then give mare information: A You've been civing, haven't you? B No, | haven't, actually. It sounds a bit too dangerous to me, TIPS + We can also use Yes, that’s right. to say that the Information is correct: A Youre from London originally, aren't you? B Yes, that’s right./Yes, | am. ‘Ifthe main verb is in the positive form of the Present Simple or Past Simple, we use don't, doesn't or cid't in the question tag im lives in the USA, doesn't he? = We say aren't /? not ara: J’ late, aren't I?Language Summary 2 = aces XIE Collocations (1): work 2A fill p14 take work hme have time to relax work jong hours work dvertime be a workahdlic meet dsiadines take time off work bbe under (a lot of) pressure at wrk ‘spend a lot of time at work have good working conditions LY evertime extra time that you work ater your usual werking | hours: / have to work overtime tonight. | aworkansti someone who works too much: Chri i eal vworkahoke, He never does anything else. t dtaclne the tina when werk rmst be trishad: The dean forth raports 9am, tomorrow, préssure ‘pref ciffoutstuations or problems that make You fel worried or unhappy: under a lot of pressure at Work at the moment. ‘working conditions things which allt the auaty of your job (working hours, the place you work, holidays, sick pay, etc.): Working concitons have improved nthe last ty years TIP * We can also say hit deadlines: Jessica's very reliable. She always hits her deadlines. [EI Food and ways of coo FRUIT, VEGETABLES ANO MEAT eae 9 2B Kl pis peach a obconut a pineapple be%,2.° Dae OS yew an avocado beans an Gnion /anjan/ IS Sis aciicumber —_altuce /letis/_@ greer/red ppper ey lamb /lsem/ beet at dog TIP + Beef is meat from cows. Lamb is meat from young sheep. Both of these words are uncountable. OTHER TYPES OF FOOD peanuts acti four /flave/ cream ndodles apie Ways oF cooxiNe ge 5 &3 S . gil birbecue boi try stirty bake TIPS + Gril and barbecue ere also nouns: a gil a barbecue Wie boil things in a saucepan, fy things ina fing pan str fry things in @ wok and bake things in an 6ven /avan/. + We make the acjctives by adding -e, -d or -ed to the verbs {nile fish, barbecued lamb, boied vegetables, fed sausages, 3 fied noodes, baked potaioes EEE Sleep 2c 7 ta asiéep start sleeping: She fl asleep onthe tain home ‘Aso be asleep wake tp stop sleeping: woke up at si thirty this moming. get to sidep start sleeping, often with some aificuty: usualy {bs me haan nour to gett sleep get back to siéep star sleeping agah after you have woken Up: took me a long tme to get back to sleep. be wide awake be completely awake: /was wide awake at Sam. lst night be fast asleep be completely asleep: The children were fast asiegp when we got hame,snore /sn3t/ breathe in a noisy way when you aro leaping: My husband was snoring so loudly couldnt ‘9910 sleep, hhave trouble sieping find citicuit to sleep wet: I've had trouble sleeping since liost my job, hhave insémnia not bo able to get to sleep: A lt of ‘people in the UK have insomnia. take a sleeping pill take a pil that helps you sleep: When cart get to sleep, foften take @ sleeping pi. have a dream have stories and pictures in your head While you ae sleaping: | had a very strange cream last night have a nightmare havea ightening dream: had ‘a terible nightmare last right. be alight/neavy sleeper be someone who wakes up easly/doesn't wake up easly: Cal's avery heavy Sleeper nothing can wake her ups hhave a nap have a shor sleep in the day: My dag always has a nep aftr lunch, Also: take @ nap EZ Gradable and strong adjectives; adverbs 2C fil p19 © Strong adjectives already include the idea of very. for example, brillant means ‘very good! _gradable adjectives | strong adjectives good briliant, fantastic bad terrible, ful />sfol/ tired exhausted /g'za:stid/, shattered : huge /hjuds/ ciffult impéssible frightened terrified surprised amized tasty delicious Aaios/ small tiny /tami/ cod freezing hot boting beauitul gorgeous /g3:d598/ big exdimous interested fBscinated Soo irious /'fjotrioay nippy goignted dirty. filthy /lei/ © We can use the adver tiny, vary, extrdmely and incrédibly with gradable aectivs, but nat with strong adjectives: very good not veqyfanlaste, incredibly hot not nerediby-beiliag, etc. © Fairly is less strong than very. Incredibly and extremely are stronger than vry © We car use absoldtely with strong aujectives, but rot gradable adjectives: absolutely terrified not absetitely ighianed, et ‘© We can use réaly wth both gradable and strong adjectives: realy tired, really exhausted, etc. TIP » These strong adjectives also mean very good! amzing. éelent. éoulous. incrétole, marvelous. supérb, terrific, wonderful CL EEE be able to, be supposed to, be allowed to, modal verbs (1) 2A El pt5 © can, must, have to, should and ought to are modal verbs. © We use ean and be able toto tak about ability 0° possibilty: People can get ther bes ideas when they're doing nothing. We're able to continue working when we're traveling © We use be supposed to to say a persons expected to do ‘something: In the UK people are supposed to have a break every four hours. © We use be allowed to and can to say we have permission to do something: Same French employees are allowed to begin their waakand at p/m on Thursday In sama American companies, ‘employees can sleep whenever they want. © We use must and have to to say something is necessary: Rob ‘says he must take more time off work. Lots of people have to take work home. © We use should and ought to to give advice: People should only work 35 hours a week. We ought to spend more time relaxing. TIPS + We can use have to or have got toto say that something is. necessary: | have to work tonight. = I've got to work tonight. Have got to's very common in spoken Engish, * Must and have to have very similar meanings in ther positive form: I must go. — Ihave to ge, Have to ia more common then mest + We can't use must in the past, To say something was necessary in the past, we use had fo: /had to go to three meetings yesterday. POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS © We use the infinitive aftr can, must, have to, should, ought to be able to, be allowed to and be supposed to. © Can, must, should and ought to are the same forall subjects, positive negative | question can go. Tean't go. Gan | go? ‘You must go. Youmustn't go. _| (Must you go?) He should ao. He shouldn't ao. | Should he ao? We ought toge, | We ought not to go. | (Ought we to 907) ‘© We make negatives and questions of have to by using the auxiliaries {do and does: | don't have to go.; Does she have to go?, etc. © We make negatives and questions of be able fo, be allowed to, be ‘supposed to by changing the form of the verb be: He isn't able to ‘come, You aren't allowed to go. What are we supposed to do? TIP * We don't usually use ought to in its question form. We usually use Do you think... instead: Do you think | ought to call him? MUSTN'T OR DON'T HAVE TO © We use don't have to to say something isn't necessary: You don't ‘have 10 wear a sult 10 work, Dut you can if you Want 10. © We use mustn't to say something is not alowed: You mustn't send ‘personal emails from the office. You can only send work emails. TIP + To say something wasn't necessary in the past, we use didn't hae to: | iu Hees (0 wrk yesterday. Ul Hse tema posters[Zt Present Continuous and Present Simple 2B &@ p17 ‘© We use the Present Continuous for things that: are happening at the moment of speaking: ’m blogging trom a busy street food market. m sitting in one of Mexico City’s busy parks. bare temporary and happening around now, but maybe not at this exact moment: Now I'm witing a book about street food. We're working in Mexico fora few days. are changing over a period of time: My bog is becoming ‘more popular every year. More and more people are visiting Thailand on hottay these days. © We use the Present Simple for: habits and routines with always, sometimes, never, every day, every year, et.: | aways try the street food wherever 1190. leome here every year things that are permanent, oF true for @ long time: / He in London. People stil eat a lot of street food in Indonesia. © verbs that describe state (be, have go, want, et.) The county's capital has got some fantastic street food. {you want to make the perfect burrito, start with a treshly-made flour tortilla. ACTIVITY AND STATE VERBS © Activity verbs talk about activities and actions. We can Use activity verbs inthe Present Simple and the Present Continuous (and other continuous verb forms): / watch TV every evening, m watching TV now. Typical activity verbs are: watch, talk, spend, eat, earn, buy, ook, take, happen. ‘State verbs tak about states, feelings and opinions. We don't Usually use state vorbs in the Present Continuous (or other continuous verb forms): | like burritos. not Heriking-berites: © Loam these common state verbs. ‘bead |'thinkand | ikeand | songgg | other nave orbs | know verbs | hate! verbs verbs be thin the see hope have (got) | know | bove hear seem oun eleve | hate taste | need belong | understand | prefer | smel_| cost remember want | touch agree oot | | weigh men | | contain TIPS + We often use can with verbs that desorie the senses to talk about what is happening now: can hear a noise outside | can't see anything. * Some verbs can be both actiity verbs and state verbs: {Tm having dinner at the moment. (activity) They have two chiloren, (stat) \Wnat are you thinking abou? (activity) | think footbal is boring (state) + We often use st with the Present Simple and Present Continuous to mean something that started inthe past and continues in the present: People still eat alot of street food in Indonesia. 'm still waiting or him to call me, Present Continuous We make the Present Continuous positive and negative with: subject + be + (not) + verb+ing {'m (not) working at the moment. YouNWe/They are/aren't writing a blog He/She/tt's/isn't becoming more popular. (© We make Present Continuous questions with (question word) + am, are ors + subject + verb+ing What am | doing nere? Who are you/werthey talking to? Is he/she/it working today? Present Simple © For /youhwe/they, the Present Simple positive is the same as the infinitive © For he/she/it, we add -s or -@s to the infinitive: he ives; ‘she goes; It works. © We make the Present Simple negative with: subject + don't or doesn't + infin VYourWe/They don't lve here. He/She/it doesn’t work. © We make Present Simple questions with: (question word) + do or does + subject + infinitive Where do liyou/werthey live? Does he/she/t work? REAL WO! D ‘Showing concern, giving and 2D Ei p20 “On, déar. Whats the matter? can s6e wn yout upsét. On, hw dtl siving advice | Have you ted tking to him about Perhaps you cught to spnd mére time togéther Miybe you should sidop in séparateréors Whi ont you tk to her about it? Vd take her Ut fora realy nice meal responding o advice Yés, you could be rant. Wil, i's wértha try, Less, Ie red tha, but. © After Have you ted ... wo use verb-ting: Have you tried talking o him about it? © After you ought fo... , you should... , Why don’t you and td (=! would)... we use the infinitive: Perhaps you cught to. spend more time together. We often use What should do? or What do you think | should d0? to ask or advice. (Oh, 1'm srry to heer that. Y¥és, | ede what you mean, (Oh, dear. What a shame. Yes it's a good ada, Imight ry tat.Language Summary 3 oe DVD-ROM 3 eee EI Phrasal verbs (1): travel 3A TIP + sb = somebody; sth = something, set &ff start a journey: They set off at 5 am. get around travel to different places in the same town/ ity/area: What's the cheapest way to get around? deal with sth do something in order to solve @ problem cr achieve something: have to deal with a lot of cficult ‘customers as part of my job. check in go to the reception desk of a hotel to say you have arrived and to get the key to your room: Have you checked in yet? check out go to the reception desk of a hotel to pay your bill before you leave: We checked out early this moming. 00 sb off oo the place where somebody is leaving ‘rom (for example, an airport or a station) to say goodbye to them: My parents came to see me off atthe airport. pick sb Up go to a place where somebody is waiting and take them where they want to go: Can you pick me up from the station? get back (to/from a place) retum to a place ater you have boon somewhere else: When did you get back trom Braz? put Up with sth accept a situation or a problem that you ont lke because you can't change it: J don't know how {you put up with ail this noise. look after take care of something or someone (a pet, a Plant, a baby, etc): Could you look after our cat when we're ‘on hokey? go away leave your home to spend time somewhere else, Usually for @ holiday: Welre going away in June. look forward to sth feel happy and excited about something tat is going to happen: /m really looking forward to my holiday. p22 pick ip TIPS + You also check in at an airport (or online) before you fly somewhere. += We aay get (back) home not get back) totrom-home- “We often use verb-+ing after look forward to’ 1'm looking forward to seeing you. EE} Phrases with travel, get and go on 3B Kil p24 conyour own independenty en frstfousiness/economy class togethersenarately light goon indepéndently without the help of ther people: lon ike Rackage holidays. | prefer traveling independent. first class the bast and most expensive way to tevel: Famous people usually travel frst class. ‘economy class the cheapest way to travel: don't have much ‘money g0 | aays fy econamy cass. travel ght travel with avery small amount of luggage / always ‘raval ight. only take nand luggage. {atrip_winen you go toa piace for a short ime and then come back: J went on a business trip to Bern last month ‘guided tour /tua/ when you travel to lots of places in acy or country and a guide tells you about the interesting things you cen 1880; We'e gong on a guided tour of London. a jeumey /ga:ni/ wihon you rave from one place to another place: We went on a journey across Europa. ‘cruise /kruze/ a holiday on a ship when you sal from place to plage: We're going on a Mediterranean crise next month. ‘a package /pakids/ holiday a holiay where overythina is included in the price: lot of Bish peopte go on package hoksays to Spain every summer. TIPS + Travelis usually a verb. When we want to use a noun, we usually use journay or trio: How was your journey/trip? not Homwas-pourtravel? * Get has many citferent meanings in English: get back get a taxi = take a taxi, etc * You can also get on/off a bike, a scooter and a motorbike, * By + time means ‘at or before’ il get there by 2.30, = Ill get there: at 2.90 or earlier, rive back;Word building (1): suffixes for adjectives and nouns 3C E¥ p27 © We sometimes make adjectives from nouns, or nouns from adjectives, by adding an ending (a suffix), for example happy ~ happiness. adjective adjective | suffix kind dangerous sad adventure | adventurous | -ous lazy tame ramous patient cSmior | cbrierable eBnfent ndwledge | kndwledgeable | -able impértant|impértance fashion | féshionable ditficut | difficulty aan | nahgal hénest |hénesty |-y —traciton | tractional | al imédest_| médesty _misic | misial Bpuler | populty health | healthy dotne activity |-ity nose | noisy ¥ pScoible | pocabity turat | tousory TIP + When the adjective or noun ends in -, -y or -8, we sometimes have to change the spelling: patient ~» patience, lazy * laziness, nature - natural, ec. CEG EI Present Perfect Simple 3A Ell p23. © We use the Present Perfect Simple for experiences that happened some time before now, but we don't know or don't ‘say when they happened: I’ve worked in the USA and in Europe. Wee been ney tage tow thes. To give nae fr aon ‘about an experiance we Use the Past Simple: /ealy enjoyed my time there too. Each tme there was a prablom back at he hota © Weuse the Past Simple to say when something happened: My wife and | started working in the hotel industry 19 years ago. Three days ago a guy set off on his own into the mountains. ‘© We use the Present Perfect Simple for something that started in the past and continues inthe present: P've lived in his country for about three years. We've had this place since 2008. © We use the Present Perfect Simple for something that happened a short time ago, but we don't say exactly when: I've jut boon to Ban to pick him up trom the hospital ‘My wite's gone to soe some francs off at Manchester airport. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE © We make the Present Perfect Simple positive and negative with: \/vou/we/they + ‘ve. have or haven't + past particinle he/she/it + 's, has or hasn't + past participle Wou/We/They’verhaven't worked in Canada. He/She/ts/hasn't been to South America, auesTions ‘© We make Present Perfect Simple questions with: (question word) + have or has + subject + past participle How long have I/you/we/they lived here? Has he/she/it been there before? FOR AND SINCE © We use for with a period of time (how long}: 've Ive in this country for aban thr years We use since with point in time (when something started): We've had this place since 2008, TIPS + We can also use for with the Past Simple: ved in ‘Colombia for six years. (I don't ive there now.) + We don't usually use during with the Present Perfect ‘Simple: Ive been here fora week not Heber here hitinngoonnm [BEEN AND GONE © Go has two past participles, been and gone. * We use been to mean ‘go and come badk’ "ve just been to Bantf to pick him up from the hospital (('m back at the place | started from now) ‘© We use gone to mean ‘go, but not come back yet’ [My wife's gone to soe some friends off at Manchester ‘airport. (Sho's net baok yet.) [ADVERBS AND TIME PHRASES We can use these words/phrases with the Present Perfect Simple: never, ever, recently, lately, before, this week, ust, yet already: 've never been to Russia. eto. © We must use the Past Simple with phrases that say a defrite te two years ago, in 1997, last week, at 10 O'olock, ec.) went there two years ago. not Pve-been there wwe yoarsego- © We use just to say something happened a short time ‘ago. We don't use justin negative sentences: Jo's just ‘phoned. las Jo ust phoned? not de hasn't just phoned We put just before the past participle, © We use yet to say something hasn't happened, but we think it will happen in the future, We don't use yet in Positive sentences: He hasn't finished it yet. Have you finished it yet? but not Pve-frishodtityet We put yet at the end of the sentence or clause, © We use already to say something happened some tine in the past, maybe sooner than we expected. We don't Use already in negative eentences: We've aeady seen it. Have you already seen it? but not heven'+akeady — We put already before the past participle, ‘© Recently and lately mean ‘not long ago’: ! haven't been to Londion recentiyilately. © Alter this is the first time, this is the second time, etc. We use the Fresent Hertect Simple: nis S the nrst tme we've been here, not Fhisisthe fest time we-are here, TIP + We also use the Present Pertect Simple with this week/month/year, etc. and with this morning, this afternoon, etc. if itis stil that time of day. Compare these sentences: ‘A Have you seen Bob this morning? (itis stil morning.) B Did you see Bob this morming? (It is now afternoon or evening.)Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect Simple 3B [Ej p25 © Wo usually use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about an activity that started in the past and continues in the present: The comoany has been publishing guide books for 40 yess. © We usually use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about a state that started in the past and continues in the present ‘The book has been a best-seler since it was published in 1978, TIPS We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with verbs that talk about longer activities: learn, rain, try, play, work, read, wait, etc. 've been learning Engish for five years, * We don't usually use the Present Perfect Continuous with verbs that talk about short actions: start, find, lose, break, buy, ‘stop, etc. I've started a course, nol Hebeer starting e-course + With some verbs, both verb forms are possible: ve lived/been living here for five years. He's workedibeen working in Australia since 2011 Present Perfect Continuous ‘© We make the Present Perfect Continuous positive with: Vyou/we/they + 've or have + been + verb+ing he/sheit + 's or has + been + verbting ‘They've been travelling since 1972 ‘The company has been publishing guide books for 40 years, ‘© We make the Present Perfect Continuous negative with: Vyou/we/they + haven't + been + verbsing he/she/it + hasn't + been + verb+ing | haven't been sleeping very wel lately. He hasn't been working here for very long. TIPS + We often use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about the activity we have been doing: ve been doing my ‘homework. (We don't know i the homework is fished or not) + We often use the Present Perfect Simple to say an activity is finished: I've done my homework. (The homework s fished now.) HOW LONG ... AND HOW MANY... © Wo usually use the Present Perfect Continuous to say hhow long an activity has been happening: Their television ‘company, Lanely Planet TV, has been making programmes since 2604. © We usually use the Present Perfect Simple to say how ‘many things are fished: Lonely Planet has published over 650 guidebooks since the company began. Questions with How long ... ? and How many ... ? © ‘We make Present Perfect Continuous questions with How ong... ? with How long + have + V/you/we/they + been + verbsing How long + has + he/she/it + been + verb+ing How long have you been waiting here? How long has Lonely Planet been publishing guide books? © We make Present Perfect Simple questions with How many ... ? with: How many + have + liyouwwelthey + past participle How many + has +he/shevit + past participle How many countries have you visited? How many books has Lonely Planet published? TIP + We can also make questions with the Present Perfect ‘Simple and How much (+ noun) ... 2: How much money have ‘you spent so far? Asking for and making recommendations 3D Ej p2e _asking for recommendations Do you kndw any gdbd places to stay/dat? ‘What's the bést way to (g8t around)? ‘Whit ses worth sding? nat abst (places citside O81)? Have you g&t any éther tips? recommending things i's prBbably bSst to (690 rckshawa) 'd récommend (the trains). You should defritely see (the Rd Fért) ‘That's wll worth seeing. rs You réally miist g6 to (Agra) to se (the Taj Mana. not recommending things Dén't béther going to (the musSums). Itisnt rally wérth visting, (1 d6n't think). Déa't dink nti with ice init | wolud't at any slads responding to recom That's gcd to kn5w. “That scunds good Thanks, that’s really Gsoul Yés, I've heard that befére. © After I's (wellnot worth... we use verbsing: That's well worth seeing. © Alter Don't bother to the museums, © After fll wouldn't the tains. wo use verb+ing: Don't bother going \we use the infinitive: i recommendLanguage Summary 4 o@ DVD-ROM 4 CT Collocations (2): music 4A [ill p30 dofplay a cdncert/a gig bea big fan ofa singer/oand release a new singo/élbum/OD do ago download a tick onto my phone be/a0 on our have an album/a CD in the charts 890 someone play Ive be/go onstage gla (informal) cnet (ork, pan, ja, al}: Fwent tna bilan 919 fast right ‘fan a person who likes a particular band, singer, sports team, et. 1'm g b@ fan of Coldply. My brother's a Manchester United fan ‘single a CD or record that has only one main song: Have you hneard Madonna's new single? {an album a collection of gongs or pieces of music on a CD or ‘ record, or that you can download from the internet: The Basties’ first album was called ‘Please Ploaso Mo’. release make a CD, fim, etc. avalabe forthe public to buy or S00: Their ist album was released last week. fan ancora an oxa cong oF piooe of musio that le porormod et the end of the show, usually because the audience shouts fori When | saw U2 at Wembley, they oi three encores. fa ack a song or piece of music on a GU or record, or mar you ‘can downioad from the internet: / downloaded this track from the band's website. fon tour when a band or singer ison tour, they travel from one city ‘or country to another and play concerts in each place: Bands can _make a lot of money when they 90 on tour ‘the charts offical ists that show which singles and albums have sold the most copies each week: Lady Gaga has two albums in the charts, play lve /latv/ playin tont of an audience: Have you ever seen the Roling Stones play Ive? be onstage be on a stage in a concert hall or a theatre: What time are the band onstage? TIPS + We can also use four 8s a verb: My favourite band are touring atthe moment. + We can also use lve to tak about TV programmes or sporting ‘evens that we can see atthe same time as they are happering: The World Cup finals shown iva in over 160 countries. * We often use a venue /venju/ to tak about a place where bands or singers play concerts: There are ots of great venues in London. [EE Adiectives(2): character 4B Ell 032 ‘Advénturous people lke ving new places ang having new experiences. Talented people have a natural ability to do something, ike paint, wit, play music eto ‘SEnelble /cennibol/ people can make good decisione based on reasons and facts ‘Sénsitive people are able to understand other people's feelings ang problems, and nelp them na way that does nat upset them. Brave people ae not frightened in dangerous or citfcut situations Detérmined /atts:mind/ people want to do something very rmugh and don't alow anything to stop them. Reliable /n'larabal/ people always do what you want or expect tham to do, Indepéndent people don't want or need other people to do things for thar Organised people plan things well and don’t waste time. Stubborn /staban/ people won't change thei ideas or plans when other people want them to. Ambitious /em'bijas/ people want to be very successful or powerful Géntident people are sure that they can do things ‘successfully or well. Prictical people are good at planning things and desing with problems. Génerous /dzenaras/ De0ale Ike divina monev and presents to ther people. Mean people don't like spending money or giving things to. cither peopl. Responsible /risponsibal/ people behave sensibly and can ake good decisions on their ov, ‘Aggréssive people behave in an angry or violent way towards other people Optimiatio people alvaya think that geod things wll happen in the future Pessimistic people always think that bad things will happen in the futue. TIP + Someone who is optimistic is an dptimist. Someone who is pessimistic is a pessimist. Hes auvéniuous. She's wlerted, Eat your vegetables. He's brave Hels stiinbornGuessing meaning from context 4C Bi pss ‘© Sometimes you can guoss the meaning of a word by: ‘4 deciding which part of speech its (noun, verb, adjective, etc), understanding the rest ofthe sentence and the general meaning of the text ‘© recognising a similar word in your language, or another language you know. 1. wandered (regular verb) walked around slow: Have you ever wandered around an art galery? 2. well-knéwn (adjective) famous: We looked at ‘paintings by wel-known artists 8 bizarre /biza:/(adiective) strange: Nothing is too bizarre for this museurn. 4 highlight (noun) most interesting part: The highlight Of this museum is Imelda Marcos's massive shoe collection 8 appear (regular verb) seem: The sculptures appear t0 be trozen in time. 6 carriages /keeridgi7/ (noun) parts ofa train that people travel in: There are 930 trains with over 14,000 carriages. 7. péckish (adjective) a bit hungry: Are you feating a bit peokish? © sel Gp (ineyular pivasal verb) started (fora business, company, museum, etc): The museum was set up by a man called Hamburger Harry. TIP + Be careful of words/phrases that are ‘alse friends’ in your lanavace. For examole, sensible in Spenish ‘means sensitive and fast in German means almost. check out (eguler phrasel vers) goto a place to see ‘whet tis tke: You should check out The Museum of Bag Art massive (adjective) very big Imelda Marcos's masaive shoe colecten dloplayed (euler vere) organised ino way tat they ‘can be seen by the pubic: 749 pars are now displayed inthe museum, ‘sellptures (noun) a piece of art made out of stone, ‘wood, metal or concrete: He placed about 300 ite-sizo Conerete sculptures of real people on the sea bed. breathtaking (adjective) extremely exciting, beautl ‘or surprising: The sight of brighty-coloured tropical {sh swimming between the sculptures is absolutely breathtaking, miniature /minsto/ (acjectve) very smal, particularly for something that's usually much Bigger Why not take him to visit the largest miniature radway museum in the word? ‘rack {noun} inetong pieces of metal onthe grouna that a rain revels on: The museum has 13,000 metres oftrack. impréssive (adjective) admired and respected, often because t's special, important, or very large: i's an nrancsiva sight GRAMMAR EI Past Simple and Past Continuous 4A [El p31 © We use the Past Simple for: a asingle completed action in the past. My boyfriend bought tickets to see her play live. Then | moved to London. ba repeated action or habit in the past. / listened to her second ‘album al he tine. I practised for hours every day ¢ a state in the past. My boyfriend wanted to sell it on eBay. Teaee Gon © Wo use the Past Continuous fr: «an action in progress at point of ime in the past Five years ago J was living in New York. Twenty minutes later | was standing in iront of 1,000 peook. the background evens ofa story. Al the fans were singing along. A the cibbers were dancing ard having a good time. ¢ anaction in progress when another (shorter) action happened. While | was playing my lst track, the manager came over and ‘cangratited me While she was daing an encore, she threw har shoes into the crowd. Look at this diagram. TIPS + We can also use the Past Continuous when the longer action is, interrupted: While we were having a picnic, it started to rain. * We can use when or while with the Past Continuous: He phoned me when/while | wes waiting for the train. We don't usually use while with the Past Simple: While-he-phoned metwas wating foreteain Past Simple ‘© We usually make the Past Simple positive of regular verbs by adding -0d oF -d to the infinitive: work = worked, live * lived, etc. There are ‘no rules for irregular verbs. There isan Imegular Verb List on p76. | stayed at home and watched TV. © We make the Past Simple negative with: subject + didn't (= did not) + infinitive He didn't go to work yesterday. © We make Past Simple questions with: (question wora) + aia + subject + intinitive ‘What time did he call you? Past Continuous ‘© We make the Past Continuous positive and negative with: subject + was, were, wasn't or weren't + verb+ing VHe/She/t was/wasn't working when you called. ‘We/You/They were/weren't living in Australia in 2010. © We make Past Continuous questions with: (question word) + was or were + subject + verb+ing ‘Was \he/she/it waiting for you? What were yourne/they doing at 2 pn. yesterday?used to 4A [Gj p31 {© We can use used fo or the Past Simple to talk about repeated actions, habits or states inthe past: | wentlused to goto aot of gigs Ilistened!used to listen to her second album el he time. Back then! was/used to be ono of Lady Gaga's biggest fans, ‘© We can't use used foto tak about one ation in the past That night she sang for over two hours. not That wight she used t0-sing or ver tworhoers- TIP = We can only use used to to tak about the past. To tak about habits or repeated actions inthe present, we use usualy + Present Simple, Compare these sentences: [sed to work atthe weekend, doc't work at the weekend nov) {usually work atthe weekend. (I work at the weekend now) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE © We make positive sentences with used to with subject + used to + infinitive Ho used to live in Dubin when he was a teenager © We make negative sentences with used to with: subject + didn't + use to + infinitive We didn't use to go clubbing very often. ‘uesrions © We make questions with used to wit (question word) + did + subject + use to + infinitive Did you use to go out a lot when you lived in New York? Where did you use to live when you were young? TIPS « Used toi the same for all subjects: {YoutHe/She/We/They used to lve in ireland. + Notice how we spel the negative and question forms: ch use fo not aight usedt29; did you use to not ekt-you-vBedtor + Inthe negative we can say cfch't use to or never used to | never used to go to gigs when / was young. + The short anawers to yes/no questions with used to ere: Yes, dl.No, I ion: Yes, he oc/No, he ato, etc Past Perfect 4B [ij p32 ‘© When there is more than one action in the past, we often use the Past Perfect for the action that happened first. ‘second action (Past Simple) | rst action (Past Perfect) ‘Cho joined the expedition after| Luke had gone back to the UK. He also read messages that | people had sent him. Ed calculated that he'd walked about 6,000 miles. ‘© Compare these sentences: 1 When | tumed on the TV, the programme started. First tured on the TY, then the programme started almost immediately 2 When I turned on the TV, the programme had started. Fist the programme started, then | turned on the TV. TIPS « I the order of past events is clear from the context, we don't usually use the Past Perfect: We had dinner, watched TV and then went to bed. * We don't always use the Past Perfect with before and after because the order of events is clear: We (had) finished eating before they arrived. | went home after the mesting (had) finished. POSITIVE ANO NEGATIVE ‘© We make the Past Perfect positive with: subject + had or 'd + past participle ‘They had planned to do the whole walk together. ‘© We make the Past Perfect negative with: subject + hadn't + past participle He hadn't been to the Amazon jungle before. TIP + The Past Perfect isthe same for all subjects: I/You/He/ ‘She/tt/We/They had already arrived when John got home. Questions: © We make Past Perfect questions with: (question word) + had + subject + past participle ‘What had he done before he became an explorer? TIPS « The short answers to Past Perfect yes/no questions are: Yes, !hadt./No, { hadn't, etc. “= We often use the Past Perfect after realised, thought, forgot and remembered: | realised Id eft my wallet at home. * We often use by the time, when, as soon as, because and 's0 to make sentences with the Past Perfect and Past Simple: The party had finished by the time he arrived. * We use the same adverbs and time phrases with the Past Portect as we do with the Present Perfect Simple: Tracy had’ Just/already fished it. See 1183 for more information on adverbs and time phrases. Pee) EEE Softening opinions and making generalisations 4D Ei p36 ‘© Sometimes English speakers soften the way they express their opinions so that they don’t sound rude or offensive. ‘© We offen use these phrases in bold to sotten our opinions ‘Séme of thom can bé quite aggréssve at times. ‘On the whéle, mést fans jist wat to see @ gcod gme. Footballers ténd to éam rather a \6t of méney. ‘That's nét véry sénsible behaviour, Is it? Génerally speaking, mést footballers are jtist normal people. Perhaps séme psople can tke it abit ico séiousy © After tend to we use the infinitive: He fands fo be @ bit meen © Rather, quite, not very and a bit usually come before an adjective: They can get quiteratherla bit nosy at times. © We often put generally speaking and on the whole atthe beginning of a sentence: Generally speaking/On the whole, ‘most footbal fans aren't violent ata © We oten use not very + postive adjective 10 ortioise someone or something polly That's not very sensible behaviour, (That's stupid behaviour.) He wasn't very polite. (He was rude.)Language Summary 5 @ ovwFr0ms Sa Homes 5A fill p38 foes s Gi ms inthe cty odnre na quetvely/renalynelgnbournood HOMES AND BUILDINGS in the country in a residential area in the stiouros on the ground/tsttop tkor asiiburb /‘sabub/ an area where people ve ouside the Contre of ety: They fved na suburb of New York. People who veg the suburos have fo commute int the cy neighbourhood /neibahud/ the area of a town or city that ig around someone's home: liven quit neighbourhood. lively /lavl/ aval neghbourhcod hes alt of places to go as (colds, restaurants, cubs, etc.) and alt of interesting things a céttage /kotids/ happening int: We Ive na very ively neighbourhood a residential area a pat of town wth alot of houses or fas, but no ofces, big shops or factories: My parents veh a residential aga just outside the city contr. TIPS + In the UK the suburbs often have a lot of detached. houses and are usually quite expensive places to lve. * the ground floor [UK] = the first floor [US]; the first floor [UK] = the second floor [US], ete * We can also say a ground-oor fat, top- floor fat, etc. a deldched /dftatft/ house a térraced /terst/ house {PW cet anya pert id a gpa tg abockoftats ee 9° [BEI Phrasal verbs (2) 58 [A po PARTS OF A HOME clear sth ut ty a room, cupboard etc. and got i ofthe things in it that you don’t want any more: /’m going to clear out the garage this wookend, sort sth out arrange o: organise things that are notin order or are untidy: / need to sort out my notes — | can't find anything! dive sth away give something to someone without asking for ‘money adn need my old TV so gave i away. throw sth away or throw sth Gut put something in the rubbish bin thal you don want any more: A What should wih this Jamo? B Throw it away/out, t's broken. taka sth out remove something om a place: Can you take the rubbish out for me, please? ‘tidy (sth) Up make a room or place tidy by putting things ‘back in the place where you usually keep them: | afways tidy up before! goto bed. put eth away put something inthe place where you usually een it Dor leave your clothes onthe for put them away. come back retum to place: o's on hoy, but he's ‘coming back tomorow aernoon {90 through sth careful look a things to nd something or to see ou want to Keep them: went rough everyting in ie these boxes and threw away a lot of junk. roof stairs TIP « We can also say upstas end downsts to tak about the {oor above or below where we are now: hn you lt your valet pst. youre going downstairs, can you make some ta? throw away/dutVerb patterns (1) 5C Ej p43 © When we use two verbs together, the form of the second verb usuilly depends nthe Mat verb slat singing; decked to make; car't colebrate; tol their chiiron to make; make it shine, etc. Ths scaled a verb pattern EZ} Materials 5D i pas start like begin love keep enjoy finish mind prefer hhate continue decide remember foraet trv start like begin love need ‘would like want plan prefer hhate continue learn soem ‘can might could should would will_must_wewiel rather tell ask help allow teach would like ++ infinitive with t0| “infinitive ++ object + infinitive with to +-verb+ing (Going) matal ebecthoaed (odo) (a (sbisth to do} + object + infinitive (sbisth do) TIPS + The verbs in biue in the table have more than one vero pattern. Both verb pattems have the same meaning: | started to write an email, = | started writing an email * In British English, fike/love/nate + verb+ing is more common: | ike/iove/hate watching gott. In American English, ike/iove/nate make help let plastic cétton paper + infinitive with fo is more common: ke to watch golt wood tin glace stool EUG) Making comparisons 5A El p39 CCOMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES © We use comparatives (bigger, more expensive, etc) to compare two things. © We use superlatives (biggest, most expensive, etc) to compare three or more things. 1-syllable adjectives; 2-syllable adjectives ending in-y adjective _| comparative | superlative oid older ‘oldest ‘mall | omal omalioat nice niger nicest big bigger biggest noisy | noisier noisiest TIPS * When the adjective ends in -2, we only add -r or -st: safe safer, safost. * When the agjective ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant: thin» thinner, thinnest. * When a two-sylable adjective ends in -y, we change the -y to -Iand ade -ar or -ast: funny —* funnier, funniast. other 2-syllable adjectives; long adjectives adjective comparative _| superlative spacious more spacious __| most spacious “amazing ‘more amazing patient “| more patient most patient expensive more expensive | most expensive © Good, bad and far aro inegular: good ~ bottor, best; bad = worse, worst; far - further/farther,furthestitarthest. © The opposites of more and mast are less and least: I's a bit ess ‘expensive than the Redland house. I's the least expensive place we've seen. ‘© We use much, far or a fot botore a comparative to say there's a big difference: That place was much/far/a lat noisier than the other two. © We use slightly, a little or a bit before a comparative to say there's a ‘small difference: ft seemed sightiy/aittie/a bit bigger than where we ve nom. TIPS + We use the, possessive 's or a possessive adjective before a ‘superlative. t had the most amazing view. /fe's Peter's best friend. That's their oldest daughter. The most common form is ‘the + supertatve’ ‘= When we compare two things we use than after the comparative The back garden was far smaller than I'd expected. *# We can alae uiga mare and mast with nouns: It's gt mara space It's got the most rooms.(OTHER WAYS TO MAKE COMPARISONS © We can use the same + (noun) + as to say two people or things are the same: I's the same size as our house. © We can also use as + adjective + as to say two people or things are the same: It was as small as the one we've got now. © We can use similar to + noun to say two people or things are nearly the same: [t's very similar to where we live now. © We can use not as + adjective + as to say two people or things are not the same: I's not as big as the other two places. © We can also use different from + noun to say two people or things are not the same: It was diferent from anything else we've seen. TIP + We can say afferent from or aitferent to: It was different ‘romito anything else we've seen. [EZ The future: will, be going to, Present Continuous 5B [| p41 © Wo use wil when wa cece toro something at the time of speaking: OK, Il hrow those away. ® We use be going to when we already have a plan or an intention to 60 something: m going to sort out the rest of them at the weekend, © We use the Present Continuous when we have an arrangement with ancther person: He's pleking them up tomorrow evening after work © We use be going to for a prediction that is based on present evidence (something we can see now): I's going to break the frst time she uses it! © Weise wil fon preciction tht isa psonal opinion ant ie nat based on present evidence: But you'll never listen to them again. TIPS « When wo use the Present Continuous fr future arrangements, we usually know exactly when the arrangements ‘are happering, Thay are th kind of arrangements we can wre in a diary: I'm having dinner with Richard on Saturday. + For how to make the postive, negative and question forms ofthe resent Contnuous, see pis * We can also use be going to to tak about future arrangements: What are you going to do tomorrow? will POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE © We make the positive and negative forms of will with subject + "Nl, will or won't (= will not) + infinitive Ii give you 2 ring next week. He won't talk to anyone about it. TIP + Wiljwon't is the same for all subjects: Myoulhelshelitiwelthey willwon't do it. ‘QUESTIONS. © We make questions with wil wit (question word) + will + subject + infinitive ‘Will you use that old printer again’? ‘What will he decide to throw away? TIPS * We often use Do you think...? to make questions with wil.Do you thnk your sister wl ike this cress? + We often use probably or defintely with wil: He'f probably! etiitely cal you back tomorrow. + We often use might to mean ‘wil possibly might finish it this weekend. + We also use wil to tak about future facts and fr offers: 1 be 45 next birthday. help you clear out the stud. be going to POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE © We make the positive and negative of be going to with subject + am, are or is + (not) + going to + infinitive {im/'m not going to keep this jumper. ‘YouNWte Tey re/aren’t yoiny 1 use I age He/Shert's/isn't going to work any more. ‘uEsTIONS ‘© We make questions with be going to with: (question word) + am, are or is + subject + going to + infinitive Whan am | going to san you again? ‘Ate yourwe/they going to move house? ‘What's he/she/it going to do tomorrow? TIP + With the vorb go, we usually say fm going to the cinema not m going to 90 tothe cinema, But both are corect. Pee) Explaining what youneed 5D Ei ps _taying you don't know the name of something Tim sory, Ive forgten what’ led I dit knw what is ced in English \ cant remember what they're cle. 1'm sory, | dn't knw the ward for them. describing what something ie used for its a tag for making soon It's st for (getting marks Off your cléthes}, You tise it when, (you 98t cétfee on ‘your shirt). You iise them to (ménd your léthes). describing what what something looks like Isa! thpe o 32 of (qui Wiquio),, They're made of (méta), ‘Theyve f(a Rein the én). “They Ido ike (neadphones. checking something isthe right thing Is this what youre Soking 2 Tye lan a inclee? ‘Oh, you mean (stain remover), ‘© We otten use stu o talk about uncountable nouns we don't know the name ot © Alters thing for... and t's stuff for... we use verbsing «© Alter You use ithe .. we use the infinitive with to.Language Summary 6 oe DVD-ROM 6 Ee [GIB make anddo 6A Kill p46 make do adecision the cléaning amistake course méney mower friends nothing dinner the weshing-p ancwoise the shdpping someone Idugh/or} | some work up your mind the washing prbgress degree Boake an exam ‘an appointment ‘the housework ‘amas of something | someone a favour make an exciise give @ reasen to explain ‘why you did something wrong (often used in the plural): You need to stop making excuses land be mare response. make up your mind rake a decision: | can't ‘make up my mind where to go on holiday. make progress get closer to achieving or finishing something: We haven’ nished yet, ut wate making ona rangers make an appointment arrange atime and place to maet someone, particularly a doctor, ‘dentist, et. "ve made an appointment to ‘0 the doctor. make a méss of something (informal) do something badly or make a lot of mistakes: Imad a mess of my exam. | only got 29%. do the housework do things Ike washing, Clearing, et. in order to keap the house clean ‘and tidy: J can't stand doing the housework. do someone a favour do something to help someone: Could you do me a favour and help me with my homework? othe weshing-tp do the wishing TIPS « We often use make for food’ words: ‘make lunch, make ainner, make a cake, ec. ‘We often use do for ‘study’ words: do homework, do a degree, do an exam, etc. + We usually use do for jobs connected to the house: do the cleaning, ao the washing, eto. + do the washing-up UK] = do the dishes [US] {2} Reflexive pronouns 6B fl p49 ‘© We use reflexive pronouns (myst, ourself, et.) when the subjact and objact are the same people: I's important that they are alowed to enjoy themselves. ‘© We use by mysel, by yourself, etc. to mean alone: This means children spend ‘most of ther fee time studying by themselves. ‘© We also use reflexive pronouns to emphasise that we do something instead ‘of someone ese doing it for us: We should also encourage children to work things out themselves ‘subject pronouns reflexive pronouns _subject pronouns 1 myst it - you (singuia) | yourséi we he hist you (oiura) | yourséives she hersdi they themséives TIPS + Come verbs that are reflexive in other languages aren't reflexive in English, for example meet, relax and feel, + We can say on my own, on your own, otc. instoad of by myself by yoursal, ete. ‘enjoy lving by myseitfon my own. We don't say Bymyowe * Notice the difference between themselves and each other: Nicky and Alice are looking at themselves, [EEE Synonyms 6C El ps We often use synonyms when we are speaking or wring go that we dont repeat words. Nicky and Alice are looking at each other. {cx concémned worried cote ‘fightened scared fértunate make @ decision | make up your mind ect try tod have a go at dbing ‘pot tiie to comoons _| cht to someone bychance | accidéntally nice peasant Attitude apprdauh eroriwus huge sure cértain pleased ‘ded gal wth | edpewitn ——_wendertu bilant show reveal ‘érrble Stal TIP * Many synonyms in English have small diferences in meaning or use. For example, chat fo someone is more informal than tak to someone.Ce First conditional 6A El p47 © Looks his rst conditional. Notice the diferent clauses ifelause (it+ Present Simple) IFT start teaching again, main clause (Ch wilt or won't + inritve) VW be exhausted after a year. The fst conditional taks about the result of a possible event or situation in the future © The if clause taks about things that are possible, but not certain: I start teaching again, Ill be exhausted after a year. (maybe | wil start teaching again). The main clause says what we think the result wil be in this situation 'm sure | wil be exhausted after a yea). ‘© The/f clause can be first or second in the sentence: 1M1b@ exhausted after @ year if! start teaching again. ‘© ‘We make fist concitional questions wit (question word) + will + subjact + infinitive +i What wil you study ifyou do another degree? ‘© We often use might in the main clause to mean ‘will perhaps’: You might not get in this year if you don't apply soon. © We can use untess to mean ‘if not in the frst ‘conditional: Unies I do itnow, be too old. = If don't doit now, I1|be too ol. [GE Future time clauses 6A [Gj p47 ‘© We can also use sentences with before, as soon as, after, until and when to talk about the future: "i ask them before they go on holiday. © Inthese sentences wo use wilwon't+ infinitive inthe main clause: make a decision aftr tak to him ‘© We use the Present Simple in clauses beginning with beiore, as soon as, after, untl and when: | won't say anything to them until you decide what to dbo. TIP * We use when to say we are certain that something will happen. Compare these two sentences: ‘A Ital Jo when | sae her. ('m certain | will ee Jo.) B tell Jo it! see her. (Maybe | wil see Jo.) incase 6B Ei pas ‘ZERO CONDITIONAL, © Zero conditionais talk about things that are always ‘rue: if you have children, you want them to be happy. © In zer0 conaitionals both verbs are in the Present ‘Simple: ff children study all the time, they don’t develop in other ways. TIP » if and when have the same meaning in zero ‘coneitionals: /When I'm stressed, | don't sleep very well ZERO OF FIRST CONDITIONAL © Compare these sentences: ‘A Ifmy children get good grades, | take them to the beach. ‘This sentence is @ zero conditional. It talks about something that is always true. (I take my children to the beach every time they get ‘good grades at school) B if my children get good grades, take them to the beach, ‘This sentence is a first conditional. It talks about one specitic time in the future, (1 take my children to the beach if they get ‘good grades in their next exam.) CONDITIONALS WITH MODAL VERBS AND IMPERATIVES © We can use modal verbs (should, can, etc.) in the main clause ‘of conaitionals: if parents want their children to be hay, they shouldn't put too much pressure on them. Ifyou erticise chilaren Jor not getting good grades, they ean fee! like they're failures. © We can also use imperatives (praise, don't give, etc) in the main clause of conditionals: f you want to help your children, praise the offort they make, © In these concitionals we use the Present Simple in the if claus Ifyou need some help, ask me, TIP » We can use other modal verbs (must, have fo, might, etc) in ‘conditionals: you don't understand, you must ask the teacher, INCASE © We use in case to say that we are prepared for somettiing that ‘might happen: Stuclents are scared of answering questions in ‘ease they get them wrong. I'l take an umbrella in case it rains. © (n-case and if have different meanings. Compare these sentences: MIKE Nl buy some food in case | get hungry. ‘Mike is defintely going to buy some food so that he is prepared it he gets hungry in the future. AMES Il buy some food if | get hungry. James might buy some food, but only if he gets hungry in the future. REAL WORLD Discussion language 6D El ps2 ways of agreeing ‘Yés, that sdunds like a good idea. Wall it's (dinitely) worth a try. ‘Yes, that's nét a bad idéa, ‘Yes, that could work. ‘What a gréat/oriliant idea! ‘May | méke a suggBstion? Can | make.a point hére? Can | jist séy sémething hére? ‘making suggestions “Hw abdut (ving some ve mise)? We cou tire some proféssonal "musa ways of aisagrecing Wat about (charging pole five | Tm nt gre abot tht. For punde ech)? | ne ti Have you thcught of sking the | Sérry, | dn think we should school to pul en a musica? ash | suggéet we (nave some tim nbt sure that's @ god competitions} idea.Language Summary 7 ees [EIS Goals and achievements 7A Kill p54 succeed in doing the things that you want fe, especialy after alot of work: you work hard, you will achieve your oaks put alot of effort into sth use a lot of physical or mental actly inorder to achieve something: She puts alot of effort, into everything she does. Also: make an effort to do sth ddo your bast make the greatest effort possibe: it doosnt ‘matter if you don't win, just try to do your best, have an opportinity be in astuation that makes it posite foryou to do something that you want todo: Henry was very ‘hapoy to have the opportunity to workin Holywood. ‘mess sth up {irfornal) do something wrong or badly: realy ‘messed up that job nterviow. dream of sth imagine something that you woul ke te happen: Ive always creamed offvng ona beaut sand, enedurage /inkands/ tak or behave in a way that makes somebody ase more confident to do something: My friends encouraged me fo wrt a novel take part in sth bo invohod in an activty with othar people: ‘Alle chidren took part n the competition. ‘make the mést of sth get the maximum use, benef or erjoyment from something often bacause it may not at long It’s beaut day-—lts make the most oft {90 wrang change or end in a bad or negative way: Whatever Try to do, itatvays goes wrong. TIP » We say have an/the opportunity to do something not area possibility soca somone Computers (1) 7B Mill ps6 a password a secret combination of letters or numbers which Yyou use when you log onto a computer website, install software (onto a computer) put a computer program ‘onto a computer so thatthe computer can use it. ‘back sth up copy documents, fies, etc. from a computer ‘onto a memory stick, another computer, onine, etc ‘store put or keep things in a particular place so you can read (or use them In the future, hard drive part of a computer that stores information, amémory stick a small piece of equipment that you use for ‘storing inforation or photos. Also a USB drive or a USB stick ‘spam unwanted emails, usually advertseronts lanattachment a document, picture, etc. sent with an email ‘virus /‘vairas/ a computer program which can meke copies ‘of itset and stops a computer from working normaly. crash when a computer or a website suddenly stops working ‘copy sb in (on an email) send somebody a copy of an email, that you are sending to somebody ese. forward sth to sb send an email you have received to somebody else's computer. alate remove a document, emai, et. from a computer. print (out) produce a copy of a document, etc. on paper. ‘sean use a machine o put a document, ec. into a computer WiFi a wireless way of connecting computers tothe internet in a public place (a café, a train, ot.) Computers (2) 7C A social nétworking site isa vebsite such as Facebook, Google, et. that is designed to help people communicate and share information, photos, otc. with a group. ‘When you update your status, you add a new comment 10 your page on a social networking site. Also: update your (Facebook) page and a status update {A profiles the personel information (Interests, married, etc) you add to your page on a social networking site, ‘When you upload something, you copy or move photos, documents, etc. to a website. (opposite: downlciad) ‘A férum isa website or part of a website where people can ‘iscuss particular topics. Also: a méssage board ‘When you post a comment on a website, forum, etc. you write something for other people to read. When you tweet, you write a message on Twitter for other people to read. Also: a tweet (noun) ‘When you follow somebody on Twitter, you are automatically sent messages from this person when they twoet. links @ connection between two pages on the internet. [EB Use of articles: a, an, the, no article 7C Kl ps9 © We use. or an: 4 when we don't know, or ist important, weich one Many of thom can't go a day without checking for status updates. with obs: f youre a designer working n Dublin to tak about a person or thing for the frst te: .. ou have @ new person to add fo your colecton of rianas. © We use the: 4. to tak about the seme person or thing forthe second/ third/fourth, etc. time: But do you really want to be friends withthe person? «when there is only one (or only one in a particular place) Social networking sites are one ofthe mast amazing Success stories ofthe internet. 1 with countries that are groups of islands or states: According toa chitrens chan in the UK with supetiatves: The largest number of active social relationship fs 160. © We don't use an article: h focmost towns, ces, counties and continents... aran engineer who's moving to Egypt | to talk about people or things in goneral: But what effect is this having on society? J for some public places (school, hospital, university, ‘college, prison, et) when we talc about what they are used fora general: You don't have to be at schoo! or University to use socal networking sites. TIP + We use the wth public places when we tak about the buleing: She works inthe school opposite the park. He's gone to the hospital to vst his father:Cas BIE Ability 7A I pss ‘© These phrases talk about things you can or could do: be quite/very/really good at (doing sth): She's very good at ‘encouraging people. bbe able to (do sth): | was able to give a good performance. know how (to do sth): He knows how to do some really amazing tris, find sth quite/very/really easy (to do): | found same of the tricks quite easy to lear. ‘manage to (do sth): J managed to do all th tricks without ‘messing them up. ‘© These phrases talk about things you cant or couldn't co: ot have a clue how (to do sth): | cicn't have a clue how to sing opera. find sth impossible {to do): J found it impossible to breathe {and sing at the same time. be useless at (doing sth): / was useless at learning languages at school, have no idea how (to do sth): had no idea how to do any ‘magic tricks. bbe no good at (doing sth): m no good at doing card tricks. not be able to (do sth): / was disappointed that | wasn't able town, TIPS * We use manage to do sth to talk about something you do successful, but is difficult * We can also say be brilliant/great/excellent/not bad at doing sth and be hopeless/bad/terrible/awful/rubbish at doing sth. * We can also say find something difficult/hard to do. +infinitive | + infinitive with to +yerbing do) i ftodo) (doing) {not) be able to | not have a clue how | be quite/very/ can find something impossible/| really good at ‘could quite easy | bo usoless at have no idea how bbe no good at knowhow manage TIP * We can also use @ noun or a pronoun after be good at, be useless at, etc.: Tim's hopeless at tennis, but lan'sbrilant at it Second conditional 7B i ps6 ‘© We use the second conaltional to tak about imaginary situations: I ast my laptop, If probably lose my job! (\ don't think this will ever happen to me.) ‘© The second conditional talks about the present or future, ‘© We often use the second conditional to tak about the opposite of what is true or real: If we didn’t have WiFi, this place would be empty. (But we have WF, so this is an imaginary situation) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE itelause main clause (i+ Past Simple) (, would or woutant + ifitve) Ifilost my lapiop, "probably lose my job! Ifthe internet didn't exist, | | wouldn’t have a business. © Compare these sentences: ‘A If] have enough money, I'll uy a new laptop. This is @ real possibilty (the person might buy a new laptop), B if/ had enough money, 'd buy a new laptop. This is an imaginary situation (the person can't buy a ‘new laptop). TIPS + The if clause can be first or second in the sentence: Weld lose a lot of customers if our website crashed. I our website crashed, we'd lose a lot of customers. * We can say if /he/sherit was ... oF If ihe/shelit were ... in the second conditional: if was/were rich, I'd buy a big house. * We can use might + infinitive in the main clause of the ‘second conditional to mean ‘would perheps': If they turned off their computers, they might make some new trends, * We can use could + infinitive in the main clause of the ‘second conditional to mean ‘would be able to’ Ifwe didn’t have online meetings, | could travel a bit more. (QUESTIONS © We often make questions in the second conditional with What would you do if... ?: What would you do if you fost your laptop? ‘© We can also make yes/no questions in the second ‘conditional: If someone asked you to lend them your ‘computer, would you co it? ‘© The short answers to these yes/no questions are: Yes, | would. No, | wouldn't. We can also say (¥es,) | might, Pee BBB Indirect and direct questions 7D Ei p60 © Inmore formal situations we often use indirect questions because they sound more polite: Could you tell me what time It starts? sounds more poite than What time does it start? indirect question question word| main clause phrase or if/whether | (positive verb form) “Could youtellme |whatime ists? Have you ny ida i he's been invied? “Can you té me | whén - theyte ariving? we've booked them a not8t rom? © We use if or whether in indirect questions when there isn't ‘a question word. and whether are the same: Have you ary idea iflwhether we asked him to come? ‘© We don't use if or whether with Do you think ...?: Do you think we should email everyone again? not Be-yee-tiate#! whether we-shoule-omail-everyonc-again? © Iningirect questions, the main verb is in the positive form. We say: Can you tell me when they're arriving? not Gan-you tol me-when are they arriving? Do youknéw | whitherLanguage Summary 8 oe DVD-ROM 8 [EEE Bad weather and natural disasters. 8A Ell ps2 a storm very bad woather with lots ofan, snow, wind, te Thore was a tere storm lastnight thiinder the loud nose thet comes irom the sky during a storm: Last right was woken up by the thunder Also: athinderstorm lightning a bright ight in the sky caused by electricity during a storm, usualy flowed by thunder A man was ht by igntang lastnight. {gale a ver strong wind: Tere willbe gales inthe south tonight. ‘hurricane = a typhoon /atfu:n/ of a yelone) a vont storm wit extremely strong winds: Dozens of houses were destroyed by fas night's hurcane, {a tomado (US: a twister) an extemely strong end dangerous wind that blows ina cee and destroys bullngs! There are offen tornados inthe Caroboan inthe summer: ‘heat wave 2 period of unusualy hot weather that continues fora longtime: The neat wave in Texas has boon going on for over a ont a blizzard a very bad snow storm wth strong winds: We got stuck Ina blizzard for sx hours. aflood /lad/ when alot of water covers an area that is usualy dy pecially when trans alot or arver becomes too ful: There have ’been foods in mary part o ncn, an earthquake /':Okweik/ a sudden violent movement ofthe Eart's surface, often causing a lt of damage: n 1906 parts of San Francisco were destroyed by a huge earthquake fa teundmi an extremely large wave that can cause alot of damage when this the coast: The fsunamin Asia was one ofthe most ‘powetul ever recorded, {drought /draut/ along period of te with no rain and not enough water fr plans and animal: The rought in north Aca has canted for over six months. a landslide when large quantity of rocks and earth aks down the side ofa mountain: The landside closed the oad trough the ‘mountains for over a month. TIPS « The adjective for storm is stormy: It was a very stormy night * We say thunder and lightning not ightning-and-thundor * Flood is a noun and a verb: The whole vilage was flooded. Containers 8B Ml ps4 a packet acan a crton ajar COMMON COLLOCATIONS a bottle of milk, beer, ketchup, olve oll, lemonade a bag of sweets, potatoes, crisps [US: chips} atin of tuna, biscuits, cat food, soup, beans a box of chocolates, tissues a.can of beer, lemonade a carton of mik, orange juice, soup ajar of honey, jam, marmalade a packet of biscuits, sweets, soup, beans, tissues, crisps TIPS + We usually use a tn for food (a tin of tomatoes) anda can for drink @ can of col) + Marmalade Is made from citrus fruit (oranges, etc.) Jam is made from soft fruit (strawberries, etc), [EEF Word building (2): prefixes and opposites 8C [ps7 © We often use the prefixes un as, m,n and r-to make opposes of words. “protic | examples | unefscious unisual uneémmon unbolevebie unsdish unreliable unambitous u dlsappdar dshiénest disérganises | siséyel issimiar im- | impéssibie impationt impoite immattre ine | incorréct inconsiderate inférmal insénsitive ire | irespénsiie inéguiar TIPS = We can use these prefixes to make oppostes of adjectives and verbs: unconscious, dishonest (adjectives); undo, disappear (verbs). * Adjectives beginning with p usually take the prefix im-; patient impatient + Adjectives begining with rusvaly take the profi responsiblo- responsible, [EES Word building (2): other prefixes and suffixes 8C (J p67 © We often use other prefixes and suffixes to change the meaning of words, prefix! suffix dis- meaning examples Uunderéstimate underpaid undercharge underise Go something | reattach repaid rewrite again recharge remarry replay reise SST oversidep overcharge over hSpeful painful céreful suocésstul playful Gseful harmless painless sepiess céreless Useless under. | not enough ‘over. | too much ful | with tess withoutUU) The passive 8A Ej ps3 [vere | abject by earthquakes under J the ocean. © Inactive sentences the focus is on the person or thing doing the action (earthquakes under the ocean). in passive ‘sentences the focus is on the resutt of the action (tsunamis). © Inpassive sentences we can use ‘by + the agent’ to say what ar wha coes the aation passive | Tsunamis | are cause © We often use the passive when we are more interested in what happens to someone or something than in who or what id the action: Droughts often happen because all the trees have been cut down. © We make the passive with: subject + be + past participle verb form | be past participle Present Smple | amvare/is__—— caused Present Contnuous | am/are/is being | caused Present Perfect Simple |have/has been | cut down Past Simpio wasswere wiles ‘be gong to am/areris going tobe | hit _ wil be canbe © We make negative passive seritences by using the negative form ot be: it isn’t caused, they haven't been cut down, etc. TIP * We can use other modal verbs (could, must, should, etc:) in passive verb forms: Many people could be made homeless. [EE Quantifiers 8B [Gl pss aunty plural countable nouns uncountabe nouns _|teottles tins, ete.) | (rubbish, stuf, etc.) [rie ‘not many | hardly ary several atew alt oft of Jesse | plenty ot Tennille “Tes ian wo want not enough the core quent) enough © Not many, hardly any and not much have a negative treoing Sevrd.afow,a bof arate have «postive rreaning, Several susvaly more than nothing asmall quantity lange quentity ‘enough ‘SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY © We usually use some in postive sentencss: I've found some coffee, © We usually use any in negative sentences and questions: ‘There isn’t any sugar Is there any milk? © We don't usually use much or many in postive sentences: There's a lot of stuff here. not There's much stuff hore: ve got lote of old book. nat Ivo-got many-old- books TIPS * We use some and any with plural countable nouns (biscuits, beans, etc.) and uncountable nouns (pasta, milk, et) + We often use some in questions with Would you like ...?: Wroulel you tke sama enfin? i IGE Warnings and advice 8D Ei pss © We give warnings when we think something might be dangerous. _asking for advie Gould you give me some advice? ‘What (6180) do you think we should take with us? ‘What should we doi we get st? Do you think it's a good idea to tal someone hare walre gAing? nH Iti wore you," bly 2 néw in slire you téke pénty of warm ethos, W's a good idea to take some waterproof cléthing ase ans Dén't forgat to take and. We wrth tiking a cSmpess, fiat in edge You'd béttert3ke a brn in céee you have to wk intho dark rings ‘Dén't nda néw B00! oF dlse youl gt bistors ratéver you 08, dn tose sgt of es Se, Sreful whén youre casing vers. Sh Sut for wolves. responding to advice or warnings Tats goo ethan chart nt t, thanks, That's réally hélpful. ‘That scunds the good advice © Atert/ were you, I... and You's beter... (= you had better) ‘wo U9 the infinitive: if were yeu, fa ua now tent. You'd better take a torch. 4 ator i's a goed idea and Don't forget wa isa the infinitive with to: it's a good idea to take some waterproof clothing. Don't forget to take @ map. Afters wort .., we use verbs: I's worth faking a compass © Atler Whatever you d,.. we use the imperative (usually the ngative imperative): Whatever you do, dan ase sight of cach other.Language Summary 9 @ DVD-ROM 9 SNS Health 9A i Md p71 A.sirgoon /ssxdgon/ is a doctor who does operations {An éperating thoatre isthe place where you have an operation. Asthma /tesma/ isan linees which makes it cific fr you to breathe. specialist isa doctor who knows lot about one area of mea The A&E department isthe part ofa hospital where you go it you have an emergency. (A&E = Accident and Emergency) An allergy /aladgi:/ Is a ecical problem that soe people get yen they eat, breathe or touch certain things. Amigraine is an extromaly painful headache thathuhich ean aso make you fe! sick ‘Award is abig room with beds in a hospital where pationts recele medical treatment Asirgory /saxdgort/ is a bulng or an office where you can go and ask a GP or a dentist for medical advice. AGP isa doctor who/that aves mecca treatment to people \harthet ve in aparticlar area. (GP = general pactione) A pracerition ica aca of panes thatch tha roctne gives OU 0 that you can get the medicine you need. An inction is a csoase in part of your body that/which is caused by bacteria ora virus. TIP + We can also say that we are alléargic /alldgtle/ to something: My sister is allergic to nuts. Collocations (3): the news 9B Mj p72 pay off a débt meet a target take part in a demonstriition discover something néw protestagainst something aceepteject an ater take somebody to hbsptal go on strike, publish a repdrt call off a strike ‘a debt /det/ money which is owed to somebody else: The company has huge debts. Aso: be in débt pay off pay back money you owe to @ bank, a person, tc. ‘Alot of countries are nding it hard to pay of he Gets. ‘a demonstration when a group of people stand or walk somewhere to show that they disagree with or support something: 30,000 people took part in the demonstration protést say or show that you disagree with something: A large ‘crowd were protesting againet the war. target something you want to achieve: The company has already met its sales target for the year {scéver find information, a place or an object forthe frst time: ‘Solentsts have discovered a new way to predict earthquakes. reject not accept: The workers rejected the pay offer strike a period of ime when people don't go to work because thay want more money, better working conditions, etc.: Tha postal wears” eta ie nou in ite Ath ay, ‘call sth off cancel something that was planned: The match was called off because of bad weather. TIP + People who take part in a demonstration are called démonstrators. People who protest against somethina are called protésters. [EE Body movements and responses 9C El p74 3%. laugh smile yawn wave blush stretch scratch craw! frown sweat TIP + it you have an iteh, you want to scratch it. [EGE Connecting words 9C El 75 © Although /»:6av/, even though /vanBau/, despite, in spite of and however are sinlar in meaning to but © We use although, even though, despite and in spite of to contrast two clauses in the same sentence: Aithough/ Even though we don't enjoy crying, i's actualy good for us. Despite/in spite of appearing rude, they could be yawning so they can fsten more closely fo what youre saying. © We use however to contrast two sentences. We put a ‘comma (, ) after however: Scientists have shown that people are more likely to forgive you if you blush. However, people might not forgive you so easly ityou don't lush at all © Alter despite and inspite of we usually use a noun or verb+ing: in spite of this knowledge, ...; Despite appearing rude, «Atte although and even though we usualy use a clause: “Annougn/Even inougn we con't enoy cing, TIPS + Even though is usually stronger than although. '* We can put although, even though, despite and in spite of at ‘the beginning or in the middie of a sentence. We usually put however at the beginning of a sentence. + in spoken English, we often use though /Bau/ instead of though or avon though. We uovally put though at tho ond of ‘8 sentence: A enjoyed the fm. B Me too. ci ke the ending, though.