07 Adjective Clauses

A man A phrase is a group of words that has no subject or
Very handsome verb.

A very handsome man
I met a man. A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb.

That man is very handsome. There are two types of clauses: independent and
dependent.
He lives in Chicago. An independent clause is a complete sentence. It

That handsome man lives in contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. (It
Chicago. is also called "a main clause.")
He went to school although A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It

it was raining heavily. must be connected to an independent clause.
I met a handsome man who
lives in Chicago.
FEG 3rd SB 343
Book of Short Stories 5 & 7

Decide if the underlined structure is a phrase, an independent clause, or a
dependent clause.
Text 1
A GOOD LESSON FOR ME
One summer night my mother told me (1) that we were going to have
company and that I should act (2) very politely. Then (3) when our company
came, I forgot (4) what mother said and started to fight with my brother and made a
great deal of noise. Later (5) one of the ladies came up to me and told me (6) that
I should never fight in the presence of company. Then (7) when the company
had gone, I got a scolding for being (8) so disorderly. I was sent to bed with (9) a
good spanking. (10) That was a lesson I shall never forget.
Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 83

Text 2
RIDING ON A CLOUD
(1) One stormy December afternoon very near Christmas, (2) I lay in
bed ill. All of a sudden I saw a big cloud outside my window puffing away. It asked me
(3) if I wanted to pay Santa Claus a visit. I made haste getting (4) on the cloud,
and we floated along swiftly till we came to (5) Santa’s Ice Palace. (6) There we
saw many little elves working busily, and (7) of course we saw Santa Claus
and his wife, Mrs. Claus. (8) Now Mrs. Claus was just bringing a lovely big
dinner for Mr. and Mrs. Santa Claus and myself, when she dropped the tray with
(9) a big “bang”. But I awoke only to find my mother bringing me (10) my dinner.
(11) She had just dropped my glass of milk.
ADJECTIVE PHRASES ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun. An adjective clause is a

"Modify" means to change a little. An adjective dependent clause that modifies a
describes or gives information about the noun. noun or a pronoun. It describes or
An adjective phrase is a phrase consisting of one gives information about a noun.
or more than one adjectives and a noun.
I met a kind man. I met a man who is kind to

everybody.
➔ kind = adjective.
A kind man = adjective phrase The novel which we discussed
last week is interesting.
He is a famous kind man.
Dan Brown’s Inferno, whose title is
➔ famous = adjective; kind = adjective
similar to Dante’s novel, is an
A famous kind man = adjective phrase
interesting book.
An adjective usually comes in front of a noun or An adjective clause follows a noun.

after a linking a verb. When an adjective clause follows a
noun, a relative pronoun is usually
used.
FEG 3rd SB 343

Book of Short Stories 5—6
Decide if the underlined structure is an adjective, adjective phrase, an
adjective clause, or an independent clause.
ROLAND, THE BRAVE LAD

Nicholas Florko
Long, long ago in a city of France would save his daughter or get killed by
there lived a king (1) who had a beautiful the dragon. The king told him to stay
daughter named Elizabeth. One day as overnight and rest.
she was walking through her garden, a (2)
The next day he set out on his
very fierce dragon swooped down upon
journey. When Roland came in sight of the
her and carried her away. There was a (3)
dragon’s cave, (8) he hid behind a rock.
great sorrow throughout the land. Her
Suddenly the dragon came with fire
father said that he would give the hand of
coming from his nose and mouth. Roland
his daughter and half of his kingdom to
was nearby and drew his sword, swung it
the man (4) who would save her.
with all his might upon the dragon. It
There lived not far from the palace gave a fierce cry of pain and fell dead.
a (5) brave lad (6) whose name was Roland went into the cave and brought
Roland. When he heard what the king had out the (9) beautiful princess and took her
said he decided to go and try his luck. He to the palace.
set out on his journey to the palace. On
(10) Later Roland and Elizabeth
his arrival he asked to see the king. When
were married.
he was admitted, (7) he told him that he
https://www.k-state.edu/english/baker/english320/Maugham-AS.htm
Decide if the underlined structure is an adjective clause or not.
THE APPOINTMENT IN SAMARRA

W. Somerset Maugham
There was a merchant in Bagdad (1) who sent his servant to market to buy
provisions. In a little while the servant came back, white and trembling, and said,
“Master, just now (2) when I was in the marketplace, I was jostled by a woman in
the crowd. And when I turned I saw it was Death (3) that jostled me. She looked at
me and made a threatening gesture. Now, lend me your horse, (4) and I will ride
away from this city and avoid my fate. I will go to Samarra and (5) there Death
will not find me.” The merchant lent him his horse, and the servant mounted it. He
dug his spurs in its flanks, and as fast as the horse could gallop, he went. (6) Then the

merchant went down to the marketplace. He saw Death, (7) who was standing
in the crowd. He came to her and said, “Why did you make a threatening gesture to
my servant (8) when you saw him this morning?” “That was not a threatening
gesture,” Death said, (9) “It was only a start of surprise. I was astonished to see
him in Bagdad, (10) for I had an appointment with him tonight in Samarra.”
TYPES EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
Restrictive / The professor who teaches Chemistry Restrictive clauses identify

defining 101 is an excellent lecturer. the nouns they describe.
They explain which people,
We took some children on a picnic. places, things, or ideas are
The children who wanted to being described.
play soccer ran to an open field as
soon as we arrived at the park. The
others played a different game.
Nonrestrictive Professor Wilson, who teaches Nonrestrictive do not define

/ non defining Chemistry 101, is an excellent or identify the nouns they
lecturer. describe as the information
is already clear. These
We took some children on a picnic. clauses only give extra
The children, who wanted to play information. A comma is
soccer, ran to an open field as soon used at the beginning and at
as we arrived at the park the end of a nonrestrictive
clause.
Mosaic 1 Grammar 398; Mosaic 2 Grammar 157
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 282

Add commas where necessary.
1. Alan and Jackie who did not come to class yesterday explained their absence to the
teacher.
2. The students who did not come to class yesterday explained their absence to the
teacher.
3. Only people who speak Russian should apply for the job.

4. Matthew who speaks Russian applied for the job.
5. The rice which we had for dinner last night was very good.
6. Rice which is grown in many countries is a staple food throughout much of the
world.
7. I have fond memories of my hometown which is situated in a valley.
8. I live in a town which is situated in a valley.
9. The Mississippi River which flows south from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico is the
major commercial river in the United States.
10. A river which is polluted is not safe for swimming.
11. Goats which were first tamed more than 9,000 years ago in Asia have provided
people with milk, meat, and wool since prehistoric times.
12. Mrs. Clark has two goats. She's furious at the goat which got on the wrong side of the
fence and is eating her flowers.
TYPES RELATIVE PRONOUN EXAMPLE
Subject who (person) The woman who / that helped me works here.
clause which (thing) The book which / that is on the table is mine.
that (person / thing)
Object whom (person) She is the woman whom / that I told you
which (thing) about.
that (person / thing) The music which / that we listened to last
night is good.
Possessive whose I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

The student whose composition I read writes
well.
Time when I’ll never forget the day when I met
Place where The building where he lives is very old.
Quantity quantity + of + There are 20 students in my class. Most of

which/whom whom are form the Far East.

Upstream B1 p58
Add the most appropriate relative pronoun to complete the text. Do not use
THAT.
THE HISTORY OF HALLOWEEN
There was a time in the past (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . the people of Britain celebrated the end
of summer and the beginning of winter on All Hallow's Eve, (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . is on 31st
October. In those days, they thought that bad things always came with the long dark
winter nights, so they built fires (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . they danced around. They also
performed rituals to keep out evil. There were many people (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . believed
that there were ghosts everywhere in winter. Villagers, (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . beliefs were
very simple, thought that if they wore scary costumes and masks when they left their
homes after dark, the spooks - and monsters (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . roamed around at night
would not recognize them. They also left bowls of food outside their houses for these
invisible ghouls, thinking this would stop them from
trying to get in. Today, the British continue to celebrate
this festival, (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . is now called
Halloween, on 31st October. They do this by dressing
up, wearing masks and putting candles inside lanterns
(8) . . . . . . . . . are made from pumpkins. They leave
the lanterns outside to frighten the witches and ghosts,
just as people in the past did, but today it is just for fun.

I thanked the woman. In (a): I thanked the woman = an
She helped me. independent clause; who helped me =
an adjective clause. The adjective
(a) I thanked the woman who helped me. clause modifies the noun woman.
(b) I thanked the woman that helped me.
In (a): who is the subject of the
The book is mine. adjective clause. In (b): that is the
It is on the table. subject of the adjective clause. Note:
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
(c) The book which is on the table is mine.
(d) The book that is on the table is mine.
who = a relative pronoun used for
people
which = a relative pronoun used for

things
(e) INCORRECT: The book is mine that is An adjective clause closely follows the
on the table. noun it modifies.
My Grammar Lab A1A2 p233

Complete the text with the appropriate relative pronoun WHO or WHICH.
KING KONG
Everyone knows this famous view. It shows the building
1_______ was once the tallest in the world. The Empire State
Building became famous around the world because of the movie
King Kong. Clearly this is the 1933 film, not the one from 2005. In
the movie, a film director can't find an actress for his new movie - a
film 2_______ he wants to make on a mysterious island. Finally,
he finds a young woman 3_______ agrees to work for him, and
they go to the island. When they get there, they realize that there is
great danger — there is a huge gorilla on the island 4_______ kills
people in the forest. But the gorilla takes the actress from the city and runs away with
her, and protects her from other animals. The people 5_______ have come from New
York catch him and take him back there. In the final scene the gorilla carries the girl,
6_______ doesn’t seem to be afraid of the gorilla, to the top of the Empire State
Building. Of course, when you watch the film, you believe that he is going to kill the girl,
but in fact he puts her down gently and then falls from the building and dies.

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 268
Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1. I saw the man. He closed the door

➔ I saw the man who closed the door.
2. The girl is happy. She won the race.
3. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
4. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.
5. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
6. The men are working on the new design. They are wearing black suits.
7. I am using a sentence. It contains an adjective clause.
8. Algebra problems contain letters. They stand for unknown numbers.
9. My friend has lost its backpack. It has his initial on it.
10. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
The man was Mr. Jones Notice in the examples: The

I saw him. adjective clause pronouns are placed
at the beginning of the clause.
(a) The man who (m) I saw was Mr. Jones.
(b) The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
In (a): who is usually used instead
(c) The man Ø I saw was Mr. Jones.
of whom, especially in speaking.
Whom is generally used only in
The movie wasn’t very good.
very formal English.
We saw it last night.
In (c) and (f): An object pronoun is
(d) The movie which we saw last night wasn’t often omitted from an adjective
very good. clause. (A subject pronoun,
(e) The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very however, may not be omitted.)
good. who(m) = a relative pronoun used
(f) The movie Ø we saw last night wasn’t very for people (object)
good.
(g) INCORRECT: In (g): The pronoun him must be
The man who(m) I saw him was Mr. Jones. removed. It is unnecessary because
The man that I saw him was Mr. Jones. who(m), that, or Ø functions as the
The man I saw him was Mr. Jones. object of the verb saw.

FEG, 3rd ed, p.347
Complete the sentences using WHO or WHOM.
1. The woman _______ I met last night was interesting.

2. The man _______ answered the phone was polite.
3. The people _______ Nadia is visiting live on Elm Street.
4. The students _______ came to class late missed the quiz.
5. The man _______ married my mother is now my stepfather.
FN
Complete each sentence with the correct relative pronouns: who, whom, or
which.
This is a story (1) _______ has a message to follow your heart and search
for your dreams. The story is about Santiago, a young man (2) _______ lives
in Spain and works as a shepherd. Santiago begins to have strange
dreams, (3) _______ make him sleepless so many nights. So he goes to
Miranda, a Gypsy (4) _______ he meets on his way to an oasis. The Gypsy
tells him that he needs to go to the pyramid (5) _______ is located at the
feet of Sacred Mountain to find the answer to his dreams. The Sacred
Mountain is a mountain (6) _______ is believed to be the house of Kara, an
evil goddess (7) _______ eats newborn babies. Of course, Santiago does not
believe Miranda. He thinks what Miranda says is nonsense, but it is not.
Santiago, (8) _______ we have been reading about, does not know that
Miranda is actually a god’s messenger. But later he meets an old traveler
(9) _______ tells him the same thing. This traveler can see Santiago’s future.
The traveler says that Santiago will never be at peace if he doesn’t find the
answer to his dreams (10) _______ have been disturbing his nights. At last
Santiago decides to give up his life as a shepherd and go to Sacred
Mountain find the answer to his dreams.
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 269

Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1. The book was good. I read it.
2. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.

3. I liked the composition. You wrote it.
4. The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.
5. The man is standing over there. Ann brought him to the party.
She is the woman. In very formal English, the

I told you about her. preposition comes at the
beginning of the adjective
(a) She is the woman about whom I told you. clause, as in (a) and (e).
(b) She is the woman who(m) I told you about. Usually, however, in
(c) She is the woman that I told you about. everyday usage, the
(d) She is the woman Ø I told you about. preposition comes after the
subject and verb of the
The music was good. adjective clause, as in the
We listened to it last night. other examples.
Note:
(e) The music to which we listened last night
If the preposition comes at
was good.
the beginning of the
(f) The music which we listened to last night
adjective clause, only whom
was good.
or which may be used. A
(g) The music that we listened to last night
preposition is never
was good.
immediately followed by
(h) The music Ø we listened to last night
that or who.*
was good.
* INCORRECT: She is the woman about who I told you.
INCORRECT: The music to that we listened last night was good.
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 269

1. The meeting was interesting. I went to it.
2. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.
3. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.
4. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.
5. The man is standing over there. I was telling about him.
6. I ran into a woman I had gone to elementary school with her.

7. The topic was interesting. Omar talked about it.
8. The people were friendly. I spoke to them.
9. Olga wrote on a topic. She knew nothing about it.
10. The candidate didn't win the election. I voted for her.
(a) I like the people who live next to me. In everyday informal usage,
often one adjective clause
I like the people that live next to me. pattern is used more
commonly than another. *
In (a): As a subject pronoun,

who is more common than
that.
(b) I like books that have good plots. In (b): As a subject pronoun,
I like books which have good plots. that is more common than
which.
(c) I liked the people Ø I met last night. Object pronouns are
I liked the book Ø I read last week. commonly omitted,
especially in speaking.
Notes:
1. Adjective clauses can modify indefinite pronouns (e.g., someone, everybody). Object
pronouns (e.g., who(m), that,which) are usually omitted in the adjective clause.
• There is someone (whom) I want you to meet.
• Everything he said was pure nonsense.
• Anybody who wants to come is welcome.
2. Adjective clauses can modify the one(s) and those.*

• Paula was the only one I knew at the party.
• Scholarships are available for those who need financial assistance.
3. Adjective clauses are almost never used to modify personal pronouns. Native English
speakers would not write the sentence in (f). (g) is possible, but very formal and
uncommon. (h) is a well-known saying in which he is used as an indefinite pronoun
(meaning "anyone," "any person").
INCORRECT:
• *I who am a student at this school come from a country in Asia.
• *It is I who am responsible.
• *He who laughs last laughs best.
4. An adjective clause with which can also be used to modify the demonstrative pronoun that.
• We sometimes fear that which we do not understand.
• The bread my mother makes is much better than that which you can buy at a store.

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 270—271
Delete the relative pronouns if appropriate.
Example: The scientist is well known for her research. We met her yesterday.
➔ The scientist we met yesterday is well known for her research.
1. She lectured on a topic. I know very little about it.
2. The students missed the assignment. They were absent from class.
3. Yesterday I ran into an old friend. I hadn't seen him for years.
4. The young women are all from Japan. We met them at the meeting last night.
5. I am reading a book. It was written by Jane Austen.
6. The man gave me good advice. I spoke to him.
7. I returned the money. I had borrowed it from my roommate.
8. A professor recommended him that book. He was teaching philosophy.
9. The dogcatcher caught the doggy. It had bitten my neighbor's daughter.
10. I read about a man. He keeps chickens in his apartment.

I know the man. Whose is used to show
His bicycle was stolen. possession. It carries the
same meaning as other
(a) I know the man whose bicycle was stolen. possessive pronouns used
as adjectives: his, her, its,
and their.
The student writes well.
I read her composition. Like his, her, its, and
their, whose is connected
(b) The student whose composition I read writes well. to a noun:
his bicycle → whose
bicycle
her composition →
whose composition.
Both whose and the

noun it is connected to
are placed at the
beginning of the adjective
clause. Whose cannot be
omitted.
Mr. Catt has a painting. Whose usually modifies
Its value is inestimable people, but it may also be
used to modify things, as
(c) Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable. in (c).
UEG 4th SB 277

Complete the sentences with WHO or WHOSE.
1. I know a doctor _______ last name is Doctor.

2. I know a doctor _______ lives on a sailboat.
3. The woman _______ wallet was stolen called the police.
4. The woman _______ found my wallet called me immediately.
5. The professor _______ teaches art history is excellent.
6. The professor _______ course I am taking is excellent.
7. I apologized to the man _______ coffee I spilled.
8. I made friends with a man _______ is in my class.

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 275
1. I know a man. His last name is Goose.

➔ I know a man whose last name is Goose.
2. I apologized to the woman. I spilled her coffee.
3. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
4. Mr. North teaches a class for students. Their native language is not English
5. I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from many countries.
6. The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a
cigarette.
NEF UpInt SB 109

Complete the text with WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE.
THE MEANING OF TINGO
In this book, Adam Jacot de Boinod, (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . works as a

researcher for BBC quiz programs, has collected words from all over the world (2) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . do not exist in English, but (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . he thinks that perhaps English ought to incorporate into
the language. The title of the book comes from one of his
favorites. Tingo, (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is a word from the
language spoken on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, means
to borrow things from a neighbor's house one by one until
there is nothing left!
The followings are some of the words:
Bakkushan (Japanese) — A woman (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you think is pretty when
you see her from behind, but is not when you see from the front.
Drachenfutfe (German) — The presents (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . guilty husbands give
their wives (literally: dragon’s food).
Fucha (Polish) — A job (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you do in your free time without paying
any tax.

Lampadato (Italian) — An adjective to describe a person (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . skin
has been tanned too much by a sun lamp.
Neko-neko (Javanese) — To have a creative idea (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . only makes
thing worse.
Puntare (Italian) — To stare intensely at a person (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you are
attracted to.
Rujuk (Indonesian) — To remarry a woman to (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you had been
married before.
Seigneur-terrasse (French) — A person (12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spends a lot of time
but very little money in a café.
Sunasorpok (Inuit) — To eat the food (13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . other people have left.
Termangu-mangu (Indonesian) — Sad and not sure about a thing (14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . you should do.
Zechpreller (German) — Someone (15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leaves without paying the
bill.
Zhengron (Chinese) — A person (16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . looks have been improved by
plastic surgery.
The building is very old. Where is a relative adverb

He lives there (in that building). used in an adjective clause to
(a) The building where he lives is very old. modify a place (city, country,
room, house, etc.).
(b) The building in which he lives is very old. If where is used, a
which he lives in is very old. preposition is NOT included
that he lives in is very old. in the adjective clause, as in
ø he lives in is very old. (a). If where is not used, the
preposition must be included,
as in (b).

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 277
Join the sentences with WHERE.
1. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
2. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there.
3. The town is small. I grew up there.
4. That is the drawer. I keep my jewelry there.
NHW Elem. WB 58
Join the sentences with WHICH or WHERE.
1. Jack wrote the letter. It arrived this morning.
2. There’s the park. We play football in it.
3. This is the hotel. I always stay here.
4. Barbara has a car. It’s faster than yours.
NO Pre-int. SB 123
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate relative pronouns: WHO, WHOM,
WHICH, WHERE, or WHOSE.
I suppose I'm not a great art lover. I like posters (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . look good in
my bedroom. I usually buy posters (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I find in big stores. I like buying
pictures (3) . . . . . . . . . . . go well with my mood. Sometimes, I go to art galleries (4) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . I buy copies of famous paintings. I prefer pictures (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are
realistic. Some people (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I know spend lots of money on paintings (7) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . price makes me cry. The paintings (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . look horrible do
not show a good sense of art. I have a friend (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . collection of modern
art is very valuable. The paintings (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . he buys are perhaps more
sophisticated than mine but I’m happy with my collection.

I'll never forget the day. When is a relative adverb used
I met you then (on that day). in an adjective clause to modify a
(a) I'll never forget the day when I met you. noun of time (year, day, time,
(b) I'll never forget the day on which I met you. century, etc.).
(c) I'll never forget the day that I met you.
(d) I'll never forget the day ø The use of a preposition in an
adjective clause that modifies a
noun of time is somewhat
different from that in other
adjective clauses: a preposition is
used preceding which, as in (b).
Otherwise, the preposition is
omitted.
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 277

1. Monday is the day. We will come then (on that day).
2. 7:05 is the time. My plane arrives then (at that time).
3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest then (in that month).
4. 1960 is the year. The revolution took place then (in that drawer).
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 278

Combine the sentences by using either WHERE or WHEN to introduce an
adjective clause.
1. That is the place. The accident occurred there.

➔ That is the place where the accident occurred.
2. There was a time. Movies cost a dime then.
➔ There was a time when movies cost a dime.
3. A cafe is a small restaurant. People can get a light meal there.
4. Every neighborhood in Brussels has small cafes. Customers drink coffee and eat
pastries there.

5. There was a time. Dinosaurs dominated the earth then.
6. The house was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago. I was born and grew up
there.
7. Summer is the time of year. The weather is the hottest then.
8. The miser hid his money in a place. It was safe from robbers there.
9. There came a time. The miser had to spend his money then.
10. His new shirt didn't fit, so Dan took it back to the store. He'd bought it there.
A Tale of 2 cities penguin’s teacher’s note

Complete the summary of Chapters 1-2 of A TALE OF TWO CITIES text
with WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE, WHERE, or WHEN.
The penguin version of the story pictures the last decades of the eighteenth
century, the time 1. _______ the poor and oppressed of France were at last beginning
to plan the downfall of the aristocracy. The book opens with the description of a poor
suburb of Paris called Saint Antoine 2. _______ a wine barrel is accidentally damaged.
The poor people of the area rush to drink the wine 3. _______ spoiled on the street.
The scene is witnessed by Monsieur Defarge, 4. _______ wine shop is close on Saint
Antoine. Monsieur Defarge, 5. _______ is also a revolutionary leader, is looking after
his former employer, Dr Manette, 6. _______ has recently been released from prison
after spending many years locked up in the Bastille. Dr. Manette spends his time in his
room, a place 7. _______ he makes shoes. Shoemaking is a skill
8. _______ Dr. Manette learned while in prison. The story then focuses on two visitors
from England: Mr. Jarvis Lorry, 9. _______ Dr. Manette once trusted his daughter to,
and Dr Manette’s daughter, Lucie, 10. _______ has never seen her father before. They
have come to take the doctor to England 11. _______ he can restore his health.

TOEFL intro rev skills 9110, prep skill 11
Indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. My sisters prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.
3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.
4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.
6. The children are playing with the toy which their mother told them to put away.
7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.
8. The students have to read all the chapters which are on the test.
9. I really do not like the artists which you like.
10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.
11. It is important to fill out the form in the way (that) you have been instructed.
12. The car which I have been driving for five years for sale at a really good price.
13. I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.
14. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.
15. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening.
16. I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended.
17. The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me feel welcome.
18. The story that you told me about Bob.
19. The men with whom were having the discussion did not seem very friendly.
20. I'm not really sure about taking part in the plans that we made last night.

In my class there are 20 students. An adjective clause may contain an
Most of them are from the Far expression of quantity with of: some of,
East. many of, most of, none of, two of,
half, both of, neither of, each of, all
(a) In my class there are 20 students, of, several of, a few of, little of, a
most of whom are from Far East. number of, etc.
He gave several reasons.

Only a few of them were valid.
(b) He gave several reasons, only a The expression of quantity precedes the
few of which were valid.
pronoun. Only whom, which, and
whose are used in this pattern.
The teachers discussed Jim.
One of his problems was poor
study habits.
(c) The teachers discussed Jim, one Adjective clauses that begin with an
of whose problems was poor expression of quantity are more common
study habits. in writing than speaking. Commas are
used.
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 285

1. The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are junior colleges.
➔ The city has sixteen schools, two of which are Junior colleges.
2. Last night the orchestra played three symphonies. One of them was Beethoven's
Seventh.
3. I tried on six pairs of shoes. I liked none of them.
4. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
5. That company currently has five employees. All of them are computer experts.
6. After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital. Many of them had
been innocent bystanders.
7. Al introduced me to his roommates. Both of them are from California.

8. The Paulsons own four automobiles. One of them was burned down last night.
9. I have three brothers. All of my brothers are studying to become lawyers
10. I have two roommates. Neither of my roommates speaks Javanese.
We have an antique table. An adjective clause may include a noun + of

The top of it has jade inlay. which (e.g., the top of which). This pattern
carries the meaning of whose (e.g., We
We have an antique table, the top of have an antique table whose top has jade
which has jade inlay. inlay.).
This pattern is used in an adjective clause

that modifies a thing and occurs primarily
in formal written English. A comma is used.
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 286

1. We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs

cemented with clay.
➔ We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs
cemented with clay.
2. They own an original Picasso painting. The value of the painting is more than a
million dollars.
3. I bought a magazine. The title of the magazine is Contemporary Architectural Styles.
4. My country is dependent upon its income from coffee. The price of coffee varies
according to fluctuation the world market.
5. The genetic engineers are engaged in significant experiments. The results of the
experiments will be published in the Journal of Science.
6. The professor has assigned the students a research paper. The purpose of the
research paper is to acquaint them with methods of scholarly inquiry.

(a) Tom was late. The pronouns that and this can refer to
(b) That surprised me. the idea of a whole sentence which comes
(c) Tom was late, which surprised me. before. In (b): The word that refers to the
whole sentence "Tom was late."
Similarly, an adjective clause with which

may modify the idea of a whole sentence.
In (c): The word which refers to the
whole sentence "Tom was late."
(d) The elevator is out of order. Using which to modify a whole sentence
(e) This is too bad. is informal and occurs most frequently in
(f) The elevator is out of order, which is spoken English. This structure is
too bad. generally not appropriate in formal
writing. Whenever it is written, however,
it is preceded by a comma to reflect a
pause in speech.
UEG 3rd ed, SB, 286—287

Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1. Max isn't home yet. That worries me.

➔ Max isn't home yet, which worries me.
2. My roommate never picks up after herself. This irritates me.
3. Mrs. Anderson responded to my letter right away. I appreciated that very much.
4. There’s been an accident on highway 5. That means I’ll be late to work this morning.
5. Sally lost her job. That wasn't surprising.
6. She usually came to work late. That upset her boss.
7. So her boss fired her. That made her angry.
8. She has found a new job now. That is lucky.
9. So she has repaid the money she borrowed from me. I appreciate that.
10. She has promised herself to be on time to work every day. That is good idea.

TOEFL intro rev skills 9-10
Choose the correct answer.
1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, ___ Homo sapiens.
a) calling c) they called
b) were called d) they were called
2. The first writing ___ evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.

a) we c) has
b) that we d) that we have
3. ___ drought-resistant plants which store water in fleshy tissue.

a) Succulents are c) They are succulents
b) Succulents d) Succulents which are
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom ___ as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville and on
radio and television.
a) most people's knowledge c) knowing most people
b) most people know d) the knowledge of most people
5. ___ that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
a) For dinosaurs c) Dinosaurs
b) Dinosaurs are known d) Like dinosaurs
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who ___ farsighted.
a) had become c) becoming
b) they had become d) it became
7. Chimney Rock, ___ 500 feet above the North Plane River, has eroded considerably in the
last two centuries.
a) stands c) it stands.
b) in standing d) which stands
8. ___ that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone density.
a) It changes hormones c) The hormones change
b) Hormonal changes d) The change in hormones is
9. Willa Cather is an author ___ for her evocative and memorable vision of frontier prairie life.
a) whom readers c) whom praising
b) the praise of readers d) whom readers praise
10. Mars's tiny moon Phobos is a small mountain of rock that ___ from the asteroid belt by
Mars's gravitational pull.
a) was probably captured c) the probable capture
b) it probably d) probably the capture

07 Adjective Clauses

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07 Adjective Clauses

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A man A phrase is a group of words that has no subject or

Very handsome verb.

I met a man. A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb.

He lives in Chicago. An independent clause is a complete sentence. It

He went to school although A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It

Book of Short Stories 5 & 7

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 83

ADJECTIVE PHRASES ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun. An adjective clause is a

I met a kind man. I met a man who is kind to

An adjective usually comes in front of a noun or An adjective clause follows a noun.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 84

ROLAND, THE BRAVE LAD

Decide if the underlined structure is an adjective clause or not.

THE APPOINTMENT IN SAMARRA

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 85

TYPES EXAMPLE EXPLANATION

Restrictive / The professor who teaches Chemistry Restrictive clauses identify

Nonrestrictive Professor Wilson, who teaches Nonrestrictive do not define

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 282

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 86

7. I have fond memories of my hometown which is situated in a valley.

8. I live in a town which is situated in a valley.

major commercial river in the United States.

10. A river which is polluted is not safe for swimming.

people with milk, meat, and wool since prehistoric times.

fence and is eating her flowers.

TYPES RELATIVE PRONOUN EXAMPLE

Possessive whose I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

Time when I’ll never forget the day when I met

Place where The building where he lives is very old.

Quantity quantity + of + There are 20 students in my class. Most of

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 87

THE HISTORY OF HALLOWEEN

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 88

which = a relative pronoun used for

My Grammar Lab A1A2 p233

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 89

1. I saw the man. He closed the door

3. The student is from China. He sits next to me.

5. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.

7. I am using a sentence. It contains an adjective clause.

8. Algebra problems contain letters. They stand for unknown numbers.

9. My friend has lost its backpack. It has his initial on it.

10. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.

The man was Mr. Jones Notice in the examples: The

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 90

1. The woman _______ I met last night was interesting.

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 269

1. The book was good. I read it.

2. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 91

4. The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.

She is the woman. In very formal English, the

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 269

1. The meeting was interesting. I went to it.

2. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.

3. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.

4. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.

5. The man is standing over there. I was telling about him.

6. I ran into a woman I had gone to elementary school with her.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 92

8. The people were friendly. I spoke to them.