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Chapter 07182
Chapter 07182
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Traditional medicines or herbal medicines are plant based products that have been used for centuries
to treat and prevent diseases, improve health, and promote well-being. They can be taken in variety
of forms, including capsules, tablets, teas, tinctures and extracts. Traditional medicines are made
from one or more herbs, and each herb may contain a variety of compounds that contribute to its
therapeutic effects.
Herbal medicines have been used in traditional systems all over the world and their popularity in
developed countries has increased significantly in recent years. This is due in part the growing
interest in natural and complementary therapies, as well as increasing availability of herbal products.
Traditional medicines have been utilized for a thousand of years to support health and well-being.
More recently, there has been increased. Interest in exploring the potential benefits of traditional
medicine for modern health conditions. One important area that traditional medicine claim to address
is male fertility and factors that influences a man’s ability to conceive.
Male factor infertility accounts for approximately 40-50% of infertility cases (Agarwal ET AL.,
2015). while lifestyle and environmental exposure are thought to contribute to declining sperm
quality and quantity in many countries (Levine ET AL., 2017), few conventional medical treatments
effectively improve male fertility (showell & Brown, 2018). traditional medicine system offers
centuries of clinical experience supporting male reproductive and sexual health through nutrition,
herbal therapy, and other natural approaches (Chinsembu, 2016).
1.1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Nephrotoxicity occurs when kidney specific detoxification and excretion do not work properly due
to the damage or destruction of kidney function by exogenous or endogenous toxicants. Exposure to
drugs often results in toxicity in kidney which represents the major control system maintaining
homeostasis of body and thus is especially susceptible to xenobiotics.
The kidney is an essential organ required by the body to perform several important functions
including the maintenance of homeostasis, regulation of the extracellular environment, such as
detoxification, and excretion of toxic metabolites and drugs (Ferguson ET AL., 2008). Therefore,
the kidney can be considered as a major target organ for exogenous toxicants. Nephrotoxicity is a
kidney-specific feature in which excretion does not go smoothly owing to toxic chemicals or
drugs (Galley, 2000; Finn and Porter, 2003). Approximately 20% of nephrotoxocity is induced by
drugs, but medication of the elderly increases the incidence of nephrotoxicity up to 66% as the
average life span increases. Chemotherapy or anticancer medicine has been of limited use due to
nephrotoxicity (Kohli ET AL., 2000; Naughton, 2008; Nagai and Takano, 2010).
There are two main kinds of kidney damage: acute kidney injuries (AKI) and chronic kidney disease
(CKD). AKI is a sudden and rapid decline in kidney functions. It can be caused by a number of
factors, including severe infections, blood loss, and dehydration. CKD is a long term progressive
condition in which the kidney gradually lose their functions over time. It is caused by diabetes and
high blood pressure.
There are number of known risk factors for kidney damage, which includes (Levey ET AL., 2009):
age, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart diseases, obesity, smoking, family history of kidney disease,
certain medications.
1.2.1 CISPLATIN
Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug that was first developed in the early 1970s. it is used to treat a
variety of cancers, particularly testicular cancer, increasing the cure from 10% to 85% (Einbom,
1990) others includes ovarian cancer and lung cancer. Cisplatin works by binding to DNA and
inhibiting DNA replication and transcription, causing cell death, while it is an effective treatment, it
can cause serious side effects, including kidney damage, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy.
Cisplatin is usually administered through intravenous infusion. The dose and schedule of treatment
can be varying from the patient’s condition and response to treatment. It is common to give cisplatin
in cycles, with a period of rest. During treatment, patient may need to take additional medications to
prevent side effects such as anti-nausea medication or medication to protect the kidneys. Patient
may also need to undergo regular monitoring such as blood tests, to check for signs of toxicity.
Nephrotoxicity is the most common and serious side effect of cisplatin, occurring in 20-30% of
patients (Gullo, ET AL., 2020). this is caused by a numbers of factors which includes: direct damage
to the kidney cells (Miller, ET AL., 2010), increased free radical production (Sadzuka, 2009),
inflammation (Gullo, ET AL., 2020), vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) (Sadzuka, 2009)
Diagnosing renal damage necessitates a multi-faceted approach that begins with a clinical
assessment. Physicians typically gather a patient's medical history, conduct a physical examination,
and evaluate symptoms such as hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension (Jones & Johnson, 2019).
Following this initial assessment, several diagnostic methods are employed:
Laboratory tests play a pivotal role in the diagnostic process. Serum creatinine levels and glomerular
filtration rate (GFR) measurements are standard indicators for assessing kidney function (Wang &
Chen, 2018). Additionally, urinalysis is indispensable for identifying proteinuria, hematuria, and
urinary sediment abnormalities.
Imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), provide valuable insights into the kidneys' size, shape, and structural integrity (Rao
& Bhatt, 2021). In cases requiring further clarity, a renal biopsy may be performed to examine
kidney tissue microscopically (Eaton ET AL., 2020).
Lifestyle Modifications: Lifestyle changes are foundational to slowing the progression of renal
damage. These changes may include adopting a low-sodium diet, quitting smoking, and engaging in
regular exercise (Chen ET AL., 2019).
Dialysis: For individuals with advanced renal damage, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be
necessary to remove waste products and excess fluids from the bloodstream (Kalantar-Zadeh ET
AL., 2019).
Kidney Transplant: In cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), kidney transplantation stands as the
most effective long-term solution (Garcia ET AL., 2021).
1.2.4.1 Herbal Treatment for Renal Damage
The treatment landscape for renal damage, often characterized by kidney dysfunction and impaired
renal function, has witnessed a noteworthy shift in recent years. Alongside conventional medical
approaches, there has been a growing trend in the use of herbal remedies to address renal damage.
This essay explores this emerging trend and delves into the key distinctions between herbal remedies
and conventional medical treatments for renal damage, emphasizing the potential benefits of
incorporating herbal remedies into the therapeutic arsenal.
Herbal remedies for renal damage encompass a diverse range of natural substances derived from
plants and herbs, each offering a unique set of compounds and therapeutic properties. Some of the
commonly used herbs include astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus), turmeric (Curcuma longa),
nettle leaf (Urtica dioica), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and ginger (Zingiber officinale) (Smith
ET AL., 2020). These herbs are believed to possess attributes that can potentially mitigate renal
damage and improve kidney function.
The growing trend of using herbal remedies for treating renal damage introduces a complementary
approach to conventional medicine. The potential benefits of herbal remedies, including their anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, and blood flow-enhancing properties, make them a topic of
interest in renal damage management.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, exhibits anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may be beneficial for reducing kidney inflammation
and oxidative stress (Hewlings & Kalman, 2017).
Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica): Nettle leaf is known for its diuretic properties and potential to alleviate
fluid retention, a common symptom in renal damage (Johnson ET AL., 2013).
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): Dandelion root is believed to have diuretic effects and may
help improve kidney function by increasing urine production (Clare ET AL., 2009).
Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Ginger possesses anti-inflammatory properties and may aid in
reducing kidney inflammation and related symptoms (Bartels, 2013). These properties are believed
to contribute to the potential reduction of kidney inflammation and the alleviation of associated
symptoms. By mitigating the inflammatory response within the kidneys, ginger may play a
significant role in preserving renal function and overall kidney health. However, further studies are
necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms and optimal dosages for harnessing ginger's
therapeutic potential in managing renal damage.
窗体底端
Medicinal plants have been an integral part of traditional and folk medicine practices for centuries,
offering a rich repository of natural remedies for various health conditions. Throughout history,
diverse cultures have harnessed the healing potential of plants to address ailments, demonstrating a
profound understanding of their therapeutic properties. These time-honored practices have not only
enriched the field of folk medicine but have also piqued the interest of modern science, leading to a
deeper exploration of the medicinal properties of plants. Among these botanical treasures, Solanum
aethiopicum, a plant with a history of traditional use, has garnered attention for its potential health
benefits in both folk and conventional medicine.
Solanum aethiopicum, commonly known as African eggplant or bitter tomato, holds a prominent
place in traditional medicine across various regions. In folk medicine, it has been employed for a
range of health conditions, reflecting the plant's versatility in addressing diverse ailments.Among its
traditional applications are the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, hypertension, diabetes, and
malaria (Giday ET AL., 2010). Additionally, it has been utilized topically for wound healing and
skin conditions (Teklehaymanot ET AL., 2007).
The allure of Solanum aethiopicum as a medicinal plant has led to scientific inquiries into its
therapeutic properties. Comprehensive studies have unveiled the presence of bioactive compounds,
including alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides, distributed across various plant parts (Achigan-Dako
ET AL., 2009). These compounds have demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities, such as
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, in laboratory experiments (Egharevba ET
AL., 2019).
A noteworthy investigation by Giday ET AL. (2010) delved into the traditional uses of Solanum
aethiopicum in Ethiopia. Their research unveiled the plant's frequent use in managing diabetes and
hypertension, aligning with its historical role in folk medicine. Such studies bolster the case for
Solanum aethiopicum's potential as a natural remedy for chronic health conditions.
Furthermore, the integration of Solanum aethiopicum into conventional medicine is steadily gaining
ground. Its incorporation into dietary interventions, primarily due to its anti-hyperglycemic
properties, presents a promising avenue for managing conditions like diabetes (Egharevba ET AL.,
2019). As research continues to uncover its therapeutic potential, Solanum aethiopicum stands as an
intriguing subject of study, holding the promise of contributing to contemporary healthcare solutions
while respecting the wisdom of ancient healing traditions.
Kingdom: Plantae
Subdivision: Asteridae
Superorder: Asteranae
Order: Solanales
Genus: Solanum
1.2.5.2 DESCRIPTION
Solanum aethiopicum, commonly known as African eggplant or bitter tomato, is a plant species that
belongs to the Solanaceae family, which includes a wide range of plants known for their economic
and medicinal importance. Native to Africa, Solanum aethiopicum is widely cultivated and valued
for its edible fruits, leaves, and traditional medicinal properties.
Habit and Growth: Solanum aethiopicum is a herbaceous annual or short-lived perennial plant. It
typically grows as a low to moderately tall shrub, reaching heights of 30 to 150 centimeters (12 to 59
inches) depending on the variety and growing conditions.
Leaves: The leaves of Solanum aethiopicum are variable in shape and size, with deeply lobed or
pinnatifid margins. They are typically green, although some varieties may have purplish leaves. The
leaves are alternate and arranged along the stems.
Flowers: The flowers of Solanum aethiopicum are typically star-shaped and can be white, yellow, or
purple, depending on the variety. They are arranged in clusters and have prominent yellow stamens
in the center. The flowers are hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive
structures.
Fruits: The fruit of Solanum aethiopicum is the most distinctive feature of the plant. It is a round to
oval berry, resembling a small tomato, and can vary in color from green to yellow, orange, or red
when ripe. The fruit is usually 1 to 4 centimeters (0.4 to 1.6 inches) in diameter. It contains
numerous small seeds.
Varieties: Solanum aethiopicum exhibits considerable diversity, with several cultivated varieties,
each with its own unique characteristics. Varieties may differ in fruit size, shape, color, and taste.
Some are grown primarily for their leaves, which are consumed as leafy greens.
Cultivation: Solanum aethiopicum is grown in various regions with suitable climates. It is well-
adapted to tropical and subtropical environments. The plant thrives in well-drained, fertile soils and
requires adequate sunlight for optimal growth. It is commonly cultivated for its edible fruits,
leaves, and, in some cases, its medicinal properties.
Traditional Uses: Solanum aethiopicum has a rich history of traditional use in African and
other cultures. Its fruits and leaves are used in culinary preparations, often added to soups,
stews, and salads. Additionally, various parts of the plant have been used in traditional
medicine for their potential therapeutic benefits.