GLG^EKEKJU HGUPKÕO @G Q^JEGUJU

6. Ugf cf
cf skhukg
skhukgotg
otg efrh
efrhf
f `g prj
prjegs
egsjs<
js< (>
(>,7p
,7ptjs
tjs))

^gfckzf gc `kfhrfdf `g glgeuekõo `g prjegsjs pfrf cjs skhukgotgs fchjrktdjs<

f. IEIU
n. ULI
e. U^P
`. ^^ qu
qufotud4> prjegsj ccghf`f Pkgdpj epu
F 1 9
Efceucf
Efceucf f`gdæs
f`gdæs,, pfrf
pfrf ef`f
ef`f uoj `g cjs fchjrk
fchjrktdj
tdjss gdpj
gdpj
N > 5
dg`kj `g gspgrf y gdpj dg`kj `g rgtjroj.
E 5 0
- Ughü
Ughüo
o gc gd
gdpjpj d
dg`
g`kj
kj `g
`g gspg
gspgrf
rf,, eufc
eufc gs gc
gc fchjr
fchjrkt
ktdj
dj @ 7 7
dæs giekgotg: G 9 5
- Ej
Ejo
o quë
quë fchj
fchjrk
rktd
tdj
j gs dgo
dgojr
jr gc
gc gdp
gdpj j `g rgt
rgtjr
jroj
oj::

Go cf tfncf fotgrkjr fpfrgego k`goief`js cjs prjegsjs, gc kostfotg `g ccghf`f fc skstgdf y cf efrhf `g epu
ejrrgspjo`kgotg pfrf ef`f uoj `g gccjs.
g ccjs.

Pkgdpj tjtfc `g glgeuekõo `g prjegsjs< 9 + 5 + 0 + 7 + 5 4 >6 ut (uok`f`gs tgdpjrfcgs)

Gs kdpjrtfotg rgejr`fr qug ojs goejotrfdjs go uo gotjroj Djojprjegsf`jr.

f. IEIU
IEIU (Ikr
(Ikrst
st Ejdg
Ejdg,, Ikr
Ikrst
st Ug
Ugrv
rvg`
g`))

Ug trftf `g uo fchjrktdj Oj Fprjpkfvj. Gstj kdpckef qug, uof vgz sg fskhof uo prjegsj fc prjegsf`jr, gstg
ccgvf f efnj tj`fs sus kostrueekjogs mfstf su iofckzfekõo. Qfrf cf rgprgsgotfekõo hræief `g cjs prjegsjs,
gdpcgfrgdjs uof tfncf ejdj cf qug skhug. Go gc glg [, ejcjefdjs cjs prjegsjs y gc glg ] rgprgsgotf cjs ekecjs
`g epu (gdpj `g glgeuekõo).

G
@

E
N
F
1 6 > 5 0 7 9 8 = ; 61 66 6> 65 60 67 69 68 6= 6; >1

Qfrf efceucfr gc tgdpj dg`kj `g glgeuekõo , sudfdjs tj`js cjs ekecjs `g epu qug ejos
ejosudfo
udfo cjs prjegsjs y
`kvk`kdjs pjr gc oüdgrj `g prjegsjs<

(9 + 5 + 0 + 7 + 5)/74>6/740,>u.t
5 )/74>6/740,>u.t

Gc tgdpj `g rgspugsf , gs gc oüdgrj `g ekecjs `g epu qug gc prjegsj gstæ gspgrfo`j go cf ckstf `g prjegsjs
go gstf`j ckstj, mfstf qug pug`g rgeknkr cf epu pjr prkdgrf vgz . (Fpfrgeg dfref`j ejo ejcjr hrks go cf hræief
fotgrkjr).

Qrjegsj F< oj gspgrf, yf qug, ccghf go gc kostfotg 1 y yf rgekng cf epu.

Qæhkof 6 `g =
 Qrjegsj N< gspgrf 0 ut mfstf qug cg ejoeg`go cf epu.

Qrjegsj E< gspgrf 9 ut.

Qrjegsj @< gspgrf = ut.

Qrjegsj G< gspgrf 6> ut

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugstf 4 ( 1 + 0 + 9 + = + 6> ) / 74 9 ut

Gc tgdpj `g gspgrf, gs gc oüdgrj `g ekecjs `g epu qug gc prjegsj gspgrf go tjtfc. Go gc efsj `gc fchjrktdj
IEIU (j IKIJ), gstg gdpj `g gspgrf ejkoek`g ejo gc gdpj `g rgspugstf, yf qug gc prjegsj oj sg `ggog uof
vgz sg cg fskhof gc prjegsf`jr.

Pkgdpj dg`kj gspgrf 4 9ut.

Gc tgdpj `g rgjroj gs gc oüdgrj `g ekecjs qug trfoseurrgo `gs`g qug gc prjegsj ccghf fc skstgdf mfstf qug
iofckzf su glgeuekõo. Dk`g
Dk`g gc gdpj tjtfc `g pgrdfogoekf
pgrdfogoekf `gc prjegsj go gc skstgdf (koecuyg gdpjs `g
glgeuekõo y gdpjs `g gspgrf).

Qrjegsj F< 9 ut

Qrjegsj N< 8 ut.

Qrjegsj E< 61 ut

Qrjegsj @< 65 ut.

Qrjegsj G< 67 ut

Pkgdpj dg`kj rgtjroj 4 ( 9 + 8 + 61 + 65 + 67 ) / 74 61,> ut

n. ULI
ULI (Um
(Umjr
jrtg
tgst
st Ljn
Ljn Ikr
Ikrst
st))

Gstg fchjrktdj fskhof gc prjegsj qug tgohf uo dgojr gdpj `g epu fc prjegsf`jr. Fc khufc qug go gc efsj
fotgrkjr (IEIU) sg trftf `g uo fchjrktdj oj fprjpkfvj. Gstj qukgrg `gekr qug uof vgz qug gc prjegsj mf
tjdf`j gc prjegsf`jr, oj pug`g rgrærsgcg mfstf qug ëstg mfyf iofckzf`j. Cf rgprgsgotfekõo `g cf efrhf `g
prjegsjs sgräf
sgräf cf skhukgotg<

G
@
E
N
F
1 6 > 5 0 7 9 8 = ; 61 66 6> 65 60 67 69 68 6= 6; >1

Fpfrgego dfref`js go
go ejcjr hrks cjs gdpj
gdpjss (ekecjs) qug cjs prjegsjs
prjegsjs pfsfo gspgrfo`j
gspgrfo`j go cf ckstf `g prjegsjs
prjegsjs
go gstf`j ckstj.

Qfrf rgfckzfr cf hræief mfy qug tgogr go eugotf cjs kostfotgs `g ccghf`f y cjs gdpjs `g epu `g ef`f uoj `g
cjs prjegsjs. Jnsgrvfdjs qug E, fc tgogr dgojs gdpj `g EQW, sg glgeutfræ fotgs qug N (fuoqug gstg mfyf
ccghf`j fotgs). Go gc efsj `g cjs prjegsjs @ y G, jeurrg gxfetfdgotg cj dksdj. G rgekng cf epu fotgs fc sgr uo
prjegsj dæs ejrtj.
ejrtj.

Qæhkof > `g =
 Pkgdpj dg`kj `g glgeuekõo, gs cf sudf tj`js cjs gdpjs `g glgeuekõo `g cjs prjegsjs `kvk`k`js pjr gc
oüdgrj `g prjegsjs<

(9 + 5 + 0 + 7 + 5)/74>6/740,>u.t
5 )/74>6/740,>u.t

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugsf

Qrjegsj F< oj gspgrf, yf qug, ccghf go gc kostfotg 1 y yf rgekng cf epu. ^gejr`gdjs qug gs uo fchjrktdj oj
fprjpkfvj, y uof vgz ejoeg`k`f cf epu f uo prjegsj oj sg cg pug`g rgrfr. Dkgotrfs F gstæ go gc prjegsf`jr,
jtrjs prjegsjs vfo ccghfo`j fc skstgdf y sg föf`go f cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj j prgpfrf`j, `jo`g
gstfræo mfstf qug sg cgs ejoeg`f cf epu.

Qrjegsj N< gspgrf 0 ut mfstf qug cg ejoeg`go cf epu.

Qrjegsj E< ; ut

Qrjegsj @< 66 ut.

Qrjegsj G< gspgrf 5 ut. Gc prjegsj G sg glgeutfræ fotgs qug gc prjegsj @ pjrqug su gdpj `g epu sjo 5 ut

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugstf 4 ( 1 + 0 + ; + 66 + 5 )/7 4 7,0 u.t.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g gspgrf

Ejkoek`g ejo gc gdpj dg`kj `g rgspugstf.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgjroj

Qrjegsj F< 9 ut

Qrjegsj N< 8 ut.

Qrjegsj E< 65 ut

Qrjegsj @< 69 ut.

Qrjegsj G< 9 ut

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgtjroj 4 (9 + 8 + 65 + 69 + 9 ) / 74 ;,9 ut

e. U^P
U^P (Umj
(Umjrt
rtgs
gstt ^gdf
^gdfko
koko
kohh Pkdg
Pkdg))
Gc fchjrktdj U^P fskhof gc prjegsf`jr f fqugc trfnflj qug cg qug`g dgojs gdpj `g glgeuekõo pfrf sgr
ejdpcgtf`j. Ug trftf `g uo fchjrktdj fprjpkfvj. Ygfdjs cf hræief pfrf ougstrf efrhf `g prjegsjs<

G
@
E
N
F
1 6 > 5 0 7 9 8 = ; 61 66 6> 65 60 67 69 68 6= 6; >1

Qæhkof 5 `g =
Fc sgr uo fchjrktdj fprjpkfvj sk uo prjegsj gstæ glgeutæo`jsg go cf epu y ccghf jtrj prjegsj dæs ejrtj (fc
qug pjr tfotj cg qug`f dgojs gdpj `g epu), sg cg rgrfræ gc prjegsf`jr fc prkdgr trfnflj y sg ejoeg`græ fc
sghuo`j.

Gstj sueg`g
sueg`g go gc kostfotg >, eufo`j
eufo`j ccghf gc prjegsj
prjegsj N. Gc prjegsj
prjegsj F gog cf epu go su pj`gr, pgr
pgrj
j N sõcj
gog 5 uok`f`gs `g glgeuekõo, dkgotrfs qug F, sjcfdgotg mf glgeutf`j > uok uok`f`,
`f`, y tj`fväf gog pgo`kgotg
0. Qjr tfotj sg cg rgrf gc prjegsf`jr y sg fskhof fc prjegsj N. Ug ggetüf gc efdnkj `g ejotgxtj y N pfsf f
glgeutfrsg go gc prjegsf`jr.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g glgeuekõo, gs cf sudf tj`js cjs gdpjs `g glgeuekõo `g cjs prjegsjs `kvk`k`js pjr gc
oüdgrj `g prjegsjs<

(9 + 5 + 0 + 7 + 5)
5 ) / 74>6/740,>u.t

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugsf

Ygdjs gc gdpj qug kokekfcdgotg gspgrfo cjs prjegsjs fogs `g rgeknkr gc prjegsf`jr pjr prkdgrf vgz <

Qrjegsj F< oj gspgrf. Go gc kostfotg 1, oj mfy jtrj prjegsj go gc skstgdf y pjr tfotj ejdkgozf su glgeuekõo.

Qrjegsj N< oj gspgrf. ^gekng cf epu go gc kostfotg go qug ccghf fc skstgdf.

Qrjegsj E< gspgrf ; ut.

Qrjegsj @< gspgrf 66 ut.

Qrjegsj G< gspgrf 5 ut.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugstf 4 ( 1 + 1 + ; +66 +5 ) / 7 4 >5/7u.t. 4 0,9 u.t.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g gspgrf

Go cjs fchjrktdjs fotgrkjrgs mgdjs vkstj qug ejkoek`g ejo gc gdpj `g rgspugstf. Go gstg efsj oj, yf qug fc
rgrfr cf epu f cjs prjegsjs, ëstjs vfo f pfsfr f cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj.

Qrjegsj F< gspgrf 5 ut.

Qrjegsj N< oj gspgrf. ^gekng cf epu go gc kostfotg go qug ccghf fc skstgdf.

Qrjegsj E< gspgrf ; ut.

Qrjegsj @< gspgrf 66 ut.

Qrjegsj G< gspgrf 5 ut.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g gspgrf 4 ( 5 + 1 + ; + 66+ 5 ) / 7 4 >9/7u.t. 4 7,> u.t.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgjroj

Fofckzfo`j cf hræief `gc fchjrktdj

fchjrktdj U^P, vgdjs qug<

Qrjegsj F< gstæ ; ut go gc skstgdf

Qrjegsj N< 5 ut.

Qrjegsj E< 65 ut

Qrjegsj @< 69 ut.

Qrjegsj G< 9 ut

Qæhkof 0 `g =
 Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgtjroj 4 (; + 5 + 65 + 69 + 9) / 74 ;,0 ut

`. ^j
^juo
uo`
` ^jnk
^jnko
o qu
qufo
fotu
tud4
d4>
>

Ug trftf `g uo fchjrktdj fprjpkfvj, qug vf fskhofo`j f ef`f

uoj `g cjs prjegsjs uo kotgrvfcj `g gdpj `g epu prg`giok`j
(qufotud). Go ougstrj efsj sjo > ut. Eufo`j uo prjegsj rgekng cf
epu y fhjtf su qufotud, `gng fnfo`jofr gc prjegsf`jr. Pfdnkëo
pug`g fnfo`jofr cf epu sko fhjtfr gc qufotud `g gdpj. Gstj
ücdj sueg`græ eufo`j gc prjegsj tgrdkog su glgeuekõo.

G
@
E
N
F
1 6 > 5 0 7 9 8 = ; 61 66 6> 65 60 67 69 68 6= 6; >1

Qug`g sgr üc go cf rgfckzfekõo `gc glgrekekj, dfotgogr cjs prjegsjs qug gstæo gspgrfo`j go cf ckstf `g
prjegsjs go gstf`j
gstf`j ckstj. Go gstf ckstf `g
`g prjegsjs, vfdjs f ejcjefr
ejcjefr f cjs prjegsjs
prjegsjs go `js efsjs<

- euf
ufo`
o`j
j cccg
cghf
hfo
o fc
fc sk
skst
stgd
gdff
- eufo`j
eufo`j f
fnfo
nfo`jo
`jofo
fo gc prjegs
prjegsf`j
f`jr,
r, pjr
pjrqug
qug fhjt
fhjtfo
fo su
su qufotu
qufotud
d

Ug vfo gckdkofo`j cjs prjegsjs pjr gc prkoekpkj eufo`j pfsfo fc prjegsf`jr (go ejcjr rjlj) y sg föf`go
skgdprg fc iofc.

Go gc kostfotg 1, sjcj mfy uo prjegsj go gc skstgdf (F). cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j
ckstj.

F ejooufekõo, sg fskhof gc prjegsf`jr `urfotg > ut (vfcjr `gc qufotud).

Fc iofc `gc kostfotg 6, F fhjtf su qufotud y `gng fnfo`jofr cf EQW. Go gsg djdgotj cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g
cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj.

Lustj fc iofc `gc Kostfotg 6<

F F

Kostfotg ><

Qæhkof 7 `g =
Ejoeg`gdjs cf epu fc prjegsj F. Ccghf N fc skstgdf. Föf`kdjs fc prjegsj N fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go
gstf`j ckstj.
ckstj.

F F N

Kostfotg 5<
Ccghf gc prjegsj E fc skstgdf y cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj.

F F N E
Kostfotg 0<

F fhjtf su qufotud y fnfo`jof cf EQW. Ejdj cg qug`f gdpj `g prjegsfdkgotj, gs föf`k`j fc iofc `g cf
ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj. [ cg `fdjs cf epu fc prkdgr prjegsj `g gstf ckstf (N)

F F N E F

Kostfotg 7<
N ejooüf ejo su glgeuekõo y ccghf gc prjegsj @ fc skstgdf. Fc iofckzfr gstg kostfotg N tgrdkofræ su qufotud.

F F N E F @

Kostfotg 9<

N tgrdkof su qufotud. Ejdj tj`fväf cg qug`f gdpj `g prjegsfdkgotj, cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g
prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj. @fdjs cf epu fc prkdgr prjegsj `g cf ckstf< E. Ccghf G fc skstgdf y cj föf`kdjs f
fcc
iofc `g cf ckstf.

F F N E F @ N G

Kostfotg =<

E fhjtf su qufotud. Ejdj cg rgstfo tj`fväf > ut cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj.
Ug fskhof gc prjegsf`jr fc prjegsj F.

F F N E F @ N G E

Kostfotg 61<

F tgrdkof su glgeuekõo go gc kostfotg ; y sfcg `gc skstgdf. Fskhofdjs gc prjegsf`jr fc prkdgr prjegsj `g cf
ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj (@).

F F N E F @ N G E

Qæhkof 9 `g =
Kostfotg 6><

@ fnfo`jof cf epu, yf qug fhjtf gc qufotud. Pj`fväf cg qug`f gdpj `g prjegsfdkgotj pgo`kgotg, fsä qug,
föf`krgdjs gc prjegsj @ fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj.

Fskhofdjs gc prjegsf`jr
prjegsf`jr fc prjegsj N (prkdgr prjegsj `g cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j
gstf`j ckstj)<

F F N E F @ N G E @

Kostfotg 65<

N tgrdkof su glgeuekõo y sfcg `gc skstgdf. Cg `fdjs cf EQW fc skhukgotg prjegsj `g cf ckstf< G.

F F N E F @ N G E @

Kostfotg 67<

G mf fhjtf`j su qufotud y tj`fväf gog kostrueekjogs pgo`kgotgs. Cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g cf ckstf `g

prjegsjs go gstf`j
gstf`j ckstj. E rgekng, go gstg djdgotj, gc prjegsf`jr.
prjegsf`jr.

F F N E F @ N G E @ G

Kostfotg 68<

E iofckzf tj`fs sus kostrueekjogs y fnfo`jof cf epu. Gc prjegsj @ rgekng gc prjegsf`jr `urfotg > ut.

F F N E F @ N G E @ G

Kostfotg 6;<

@ fhjtf su qufotud y tj`fväf gog kostrueekjogs pgo`kgotgs `g glgeutfr. Qjr tfotj, cj föf`kdjs fc iofc `g cf
ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj. Ug fskhof gc prjegsf`jr fc prjegsj G `urfotg 6ut.

F F N E F @ N G E @ G @

Kostfotg >1<

G iofckzf cf glgeuekõo `g tj`fs sus kostrueekjogs. Fskhofdjs gc prjegsf`jr f @ mfstf su iofckzfekõo (6 ut.)

F N F E N F @ G F @ G @

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g glgeuekõo, gs cf sudf tj`js cjs gdpjs `g glgeuekõo `g cjs prjegsjs `kvk`k`js pjr gc
oüdgrj `g prjegsjs<

Qæhkof 8 `g =
(9 + 5 + 0 + 7 + 5)
5 ) / 74>6/740,>u.t

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugsf

Ygdjs gc gdpj qug kokekfcdgotg gspgrfo cjs prjegsjs fogs `g rgeknkr gc prjegsf`jr pjr prkdgrf vgz <

Qrjegsj F< oj gspgrf. Go gc kostfotg 1, oj mfy jtrj prjegsj go gc skstgdf y pjr tfotj ejdkgozf su glgeuekõo.

Qrjegsj N< gspgrf >ut.

Qrjegsj E< gspgrf 5 ut.

Qrjegsj @< gspgrf 7 ut.

Qrjegsj G< gspgrf 8 ut.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgspugstf 4 ( 1 + > + 5 + 7 + 8 ) / 7 4 65u.t / 7 4 5,0 u.t.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g gspgrf

Go IEIU y ULI mgdjs vkstj qug ejkoek`g ejo gc gdpj `g rgspugstf. Go gstg efsj oj, yf qug fc rgrfr cf epu f
cjs prjegsjs, ëstjs vfo f pfsfr f cf ckstf `g prjegsjs go gstf`j ckstj.

Qrjegsj F< gspgrf 0 ut.

Qrjegsj N< gspgrf = ut.

Qrjegsj E< gspgrf 61 ut.

Qrjegsj @< gspgrf 66 ut.

Qrjegsj G< gspgrf 66 ut.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g gspgrf 4 ( 0 + = + 61 +66 +66 ) / 7 4 00 u.t / 7 4 =,= u.t.

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgjroj

Fofckzfo`j cf hræief `gc fchjrktdj,

fchjrktdj, vgdjs qug<

Qrjegsj F< gstæ 61ut go gc skstgdf

Qrjegsj N< 66 ut.

Qrjegsj E< 60 ut

Qrjegsj @< 69 ut.

Qrjegsj G< 60 ut

Pkgdpj dg`kj `g rgtjroj 4 ( 61 + 66 + 60 +69 +60 ) / 74 97 u.t. / 7 4 65 ut

- Ugh
Ughüo
üo g
gcc gdpj
gdpj dg`k
dg`kjj `g gspg
gspgrf,
rf, eufc
eufc gs
gs gc fchj
fchjrkt
rktdj
dj dæs
dæs giekgo
giekgotg:
tg: U^P
U^P
- Ej
Ejo
o quë
quë fchj
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