ODMOCNINY

Nech 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅0+ ( a – nezáporné číslo ), potom existuje práve jedno 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅0+ ( b – nezáporné číslo ), pre
ktoré platí: 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎

a zapisujeme: 𝑏 = 𝑛√𝑎

Výraz 𝒏√𝒂 voláme n – tá odmocnina z čísla a. ( a – základ odmocniny / odmocnenec, n – odmocniteľ )

Poznámka:

• Zápis 1√𝑎 nepíšeme ( 1√𝑎 = 𝑎 ).

• Zápis 2√𝑎 zjednodušujeme na √𝑎 .
•
𝑛
√0 = 0
•
𝑛
√1 = 1
Vety o odmocninách: ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅0+  ∀𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑝 ∈ 𝑁 platí:
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
▪ √𝑎 . √𝑏 = √𝑎. 𝑏
𝑟 𝑠 𝑟.𝑠 𝑟.𝑠
▪ √𝑎. √𝑎 = √𝑎 𝑠 . 𝑎𝑟 = √𝑎𝑟+𝑠
𝑟 𝑠 𝑟.𝑠
▪ √𝑎. √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑠 . 𝑏𝑟
𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 √𝑎 𝑟 𝑎
▪ √𝑎: √𝑏 = 𝑟 =√ (𝑏 ≠ 0)
√𝑏 𝑏

𝑠
▪ ( 𝑟√𝑎) = 𝑟√𝑎𝑠
𝑟
▪ ( 𝑟√𝑎) = 𝑟√𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎

𝑟 𝑠 𝑠
▪ √ √𝑎 = √ 𝑟√𝑎 = 𝑟.𝑠√𝑎
𝑟.𝑝 𝑟
▪ √𝑎 𝑠.𝑝 = √𝑎𝑠
𝑟 𝑠 𝑟.𝑠
▪ √𝑎√𝑏 = √𝑎𝑠 . 𝑏
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
▪ 𝑟
√𝑎𝑟 . 𝑏 = √𝑎𝑟 . √𝑏 = 𝑎 √𝑏 ( princíp čiastočného odmocňovania )

Všetky vzorce platia obidvomi smermi !!!

Úloha 1: Vypočítajte spamäti ( bez kalkulačky ).

√196 = √49 = √121 = √169 = √1,21 =

9
√0,01 = √0,0036 = √1,44 = √90000 = √25 =

16 2
√ = √(1) = √24 = √710 = √108 =
625 3
2
Nezabudnime, že platí: (√𝑎) = 𝑎 , √𝑎2 = 𝑎 pre 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅0+, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
1
Úloha 2: Vypočítajte spamäti (čo najviac bez použitia kalkulačky ).
3 3 3 3
√27 = √125 = √343 = √512 =
3 3 3 3
√0,001 = √0,064 = √0,729 = √2,197 =

3 64 3 216 3 8 3 1
√ = √125 = √125 = √1000 =
27

3 3 3 3
√43 = √56 = √79 = √212 =

Úloha 3: Vypočítajte.
4 4 5 5
√81 = √625 = √32 = √1024 =
6 6 7 8
√64 = √729 = √2187 = √256 =

4 5 4 81 5 32
√0,0016 = √0,00243 = √16 = √243 =-

4 5 5 6
√38 = √710 = √215 = √518 =
4 4 4 6
√42 = √162 = √813 = √253 =

Úloha 4: Vypočítajte.
2 2
(20 − 3√25) = (16 + 4√9) = √(−4 − 2)2 + (7 − 15)2 =

−12:√36−18:√81
2 =
[(−5)2 −√(4−6)2 −13]

√(9−3)2 −11−4.(−1)2
=
√144−(−18):(−3)−√25

Úloha 5: Vypočítajte.

5√3 − 2√3 + √3 − 3√3 = 5√5 − √7 + 4√7 − 2√5 =

(√2 + 2√11) − (3√2 − 4√11) = 4√3 − (−5√3) + (−√2) + 5√2 =

3 3 3 3 5√3−2√3
√5 + 5 √5 − 2 √5 + 3 √5 = =
√3

2√6 + √6
3√5. =
5√5 + 4√5

6√5 − 3√5 − (−8√5) − 12√5

=
3√5

2
Úloha 6: Upravte ( pre nezáporné premenné ).

√𝑥 − 2√𝑥 + 3√𝑥 = 5√a − 3√a + 8√a + √b =

3 3 3 3 3 3
√𝑥 − √𝑥 + 2 √𝑥 − √𝑥 = √𝑥𝑦 − √𝑥 + √𝑥𝑦 − 2 √𝑥 =
3 3 3 3
3√𝑎𝑏2 − 2 √𝑎𝑏 − √𝑎𝑏2 + √𝑎𝑏 = 5√𝑥 − 3 − 2√𝑥 − 3 + √𝑥 + 3 =
3 3 3
√𝑎 − 𝑏 + (𝑎 − 2) √𝑎 − 𝑏 − (𝑎 + 1) √𝑎 − 𝑏 =

4√𝑎𝑏−√𝑎𝑏+3√𝑎𝑏
=
2√𝑎𝑏+√𝑎𝑏

Úloha 7: Čiastočne odmocnite.

√8 = √28 = √48 = √98 = √135 =

√160 = √240 = √275 = √192 = √315 =

√0,07 = √0,27 = √0,72 = √1,25 = √1,75 =

5 10 8 75 18
√ = √ = √ = √ = √ =
4 9 9 16 25

3 3 3 3 3
√16 = √24 = √56 = √81 = √135 =
3 3 3 3 3
√270 = √108 = √250 = √0,005 = √0,016 =

3 3
33 3 7 3 40
√0,5 = √0,135 = √ = √ = √ =
8 27 125

4 4 4 4 4
√32 = √64 = √112 = √162 = √324 =

Úloha 8: Čiastočne odmocnite pre nezáporne premenné ( prípadne kladné premenné ).

√x 3 = √8x 5 = √ab 7 = √12a5 b 7 c11 =

𝑎 5 𝑏3 𝑥 7 𝑦 12𝑧 3 27𝑎3 𝑏8 𝑐13

√25x 3 y10 z5 = √ = √ = √ =
𝑐2 𝑎𝑏2 8𝑥 4 𝑦

3 3 3
3 𝑎10 𝑏20
√𝑥 5 = √40𝑥 3 𝑦 5 𝑧 7 = √24𝑥 16 𝑦 9 𝑧 19 = √ =
125𝑐 5

4 4 5 5
√𝑥 9 𝑦 5 𝑧 12 = √16𝑎5 𝑏6 𝑐 7 𝑑11 = √𝑎12 𝑏31 𝑐 7 = √𝑎13 𝑏4 𝑐 5 𝑑13 =

6 7 8 9
√𝑥 3 𝑦 12𝑧 8 = √𝑎11 𝑏10 𝑐 4 = √𝑥 24 𝑦 12 𝑧 10 = √𝑎11 𝑏30 𝑐 18 𝑑 20 =

4 𝑎11 𝑏7 5 𝑎6 𝑏11 𝑐 16 6 𝑥 3𝑦 9 9 𝑎14 𝑏31 𝑐 20

√ = √ = √ = √ =
𝑐 5𝑑6 𝑑9 𝑧6 𝑑11
3
Úloha 9: Vyjadrite v tvare jednej odmocniny .

3 5 8
3√2 = 5√5 = 0,5√120 = 4√8 = √25 =
4

3 3 3 3 5 23 9
2√3 = 4 √2 = 0,3√5 = 2 √8 = √ =
3 4

4 5 6 4 3 6 32
3√7 = 2 √3 = 3√2 = 0,2 √10 = √ =
2 27

Úloha 10: Určte, ktoré z čísel je väčšie.

a) 2√3 3√2 b) 5√6 3√11 c) 5√11 3√29 d) 8√3 4√13

Úloha 11: Čiastočne odmocnite a vypočítajte.

√12 + √75 = √75 + √300 − √675 =

√80 − √20 = 2√2 + √27 + 5√3 + √8 =

√300 − √12 = √12 + √75 − √48 + 2√108 =

5√7 − 2√28 =

3√45 − 2√50 + 3√18 − 3√20

=
2√32 − √80 + √5 − √98
3 3 3 3
√24 + √81 = 9√40 + √320 =
3 3 3
√2 + 2√16 − √54 =
3 3
2√81 − √75 + 3√24 + √12 =
3 3 3
8√12 − 6√54 + 2√200 − 7√18 + 3 √16 − 2√147 + 3√128 =

Úloha 12: Vypočítajte.

√5 ⋅ √2 = √2 ⋅ √6 = √6 ⋅ √15 =

√18 ⋅ √10 = √3 ⋅ √5 ⋅ √7 = √6 ⋅ √12 ⋅ √24 =

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
√5 ⋅ √3 = √50 ⋅ √15 = √6 ⋅ √16 ⋅ √18 =

3 4 5
√3 ⋅ √2 = √3 ⋅ √3 = √2 ⋅ √7 =

3 4 3 4 4 8
√4 ⋅ √2 = √5 ⋅ √5 ⋅ √5 = 2 ⋅ √6 ⋅ √12 ⋅ √24 =

3 4 6 12
√2 ⋅ √4 ⋅ √8 ⋅ √16 ⋅ √32 =

4
Úloha 13: Upravte pre nezáporné premenné.

√2a ⋅ √3ab = √2x 2 y ⋅ √8xy2 ⋅ √10xy = √4a3 b ⋅ √6ab 2 ⋅ √12a4 b 3 =

3 3 3 3
√𝑎2 𝑏2 ⋅ √𝑎𝑏2 = √𝑎2 𝑏2 ⋅ 3√25𝑎 ⋅ √6𝑏2 = 3
√𝑥 ⋅ √𝑥 =

4 3 4 4 8
√𝑎𝑏 ⋅ √𝑎2 𝑏 = √𝑥 2 𝑦 ⋅ √𝑥𝑦 3 = √𝑥 3 ⋅ 6√𝑥 ⋅ √𝑥 5 =

3 4 6
√𝑎2 𝑏 ⋅ √𝑎𝑏2 ⋅ √𝑎2 𝑏2 =

Úloha 14: Vypočítajte.

√3: √2 = √15: √5 = (√6 − √3): √3 =

(3√5 + √15): √15 = (2 − √2): √2 = (6 + 5√6): √3 =

3 3
√45 √20 ⋅ √12 √4 ⋅ √6
= = 3 =
√500 √48 √15

3 5
√5 √3 √2
= 4 = 3 =
√2 √2 √3

6 3 4 3 4 6
√2⋅√8 √3⋅ √3⋅ √3 √3⋅ √27⋅ √243
3 = 12 = 12 =
√4 √3 √35

Úloha 15: Upravte pre kladné premenné.

3
√25𝑥 3 ⋅ √𝑥 4 3 3
√3𝑎2 : √5𝑎 = = √𝑥 5 : √𝑥 2 =
√100𝑥 5
4 6
4 3 6 9 √𝑥 3 ⋅ √𝑥 5
√𝑥 3 : √𝑥 2 = √𝑎5 : √𝑎4 = 12 =
√𝑥 13

Úloha 16: Vypočítajte.

(√3 + 1) ⋅ (√3 − 1) = (9 − 2√3) ⋅ (9 + 2√3) =

(3√2 + 2√3) ⋅ (3√2 − 2√3) = (7√3 + 2√2) ⋅ (2√2 − 7√3) =
√5 ⋅ (3√5 − √7) = 7(3√3 + 6√2) − 3(4√2 − 2√3) =

(2√3 + √5) ⋅ (√3 − 2√5) = (3√2 + 2√3 − √5) ⋅ (2√3 − 3√5) =

5
Úloha 17: Vypočítajte.
2 2 3 3
(√5) = (4√7) = (√2) = (2√3) =
2 3 4 4
(7√5) = (3√5) = (√5) = (3√2) =
5 6 3 3 3 3
(√2) = (2√3) = ( √5) = (2√3) =
3 4 3 5 4 5 4 7
( √2) = (3√5) = ( √2) = (3 √3) =
6 3 3 3 4 3 7
( √4) = (√20𝑎 ) = ( √5𝑎𝑏2 ) = ( √54𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5 ) =

2 2 2
(√2 + 3) = (√5 − 1) = (2√3 − 2) =
2 2 2
(5√2 + 3) = (√6 − √3) = (3√2 − 2√3) =
2 2
(2√5 + 3√3) = (4√7 − 2√6) =

Úloha 18: Usmernite zlomky ( odstráňte odmocninu z menovateľa ).

1 −1 5
= (√7) = =
√2 √3

2 √5 √2 + 1
= = =
√5 √7 √3

√5 − 2 √3 − √2 2√3 + √2
= = =
√5 √7 √2

2√5 + 3√2 1 √5
= = =
√2 5√6 √18

1 3 √3
= = =
2 − √3 √7 + 2 √3 − 2

√5 √3−1 3−2√2
= = =
√7−2 √5+1 3√2−4

3 4√3 5√2 − 3√3

= = =
√5 + 2√2 2√5 − 3√2 3√5 − 2√6

6
Úloha 19: Vypočítajte.
a)
2
(2√3 + √5) − 2√60 − 17 =
2 2
(√5 − √3) + (√5 + √3) =
2 2
(√3 − √2) + (1 + √2) − √2 ⋅ (√3 − 1) =
2 2
(√7 + √5 + 3) − (√7 + √5 − 3) =

(√72 − √32) ⋅ (√50 + √18) =

2 2
(3√𝑎 − 2√𝑏) + (√𝑎 + 5√𝑏) =

b)

−2
(2 − √5) =

−2
2 ⋅ (2 − √2) =

−3
(√2 − 1) =

−4
(√2 + 1) =

Úloha 20: Vypočítajte.

3
√√2 = √√8 = √ 4√27 = √√125 =
3 3 3 4 3 4 4 3
√ √7 = √ √5 = √ √27 = √ √32 =

3 4
5
√√16 = √ √√8 = √ 4√ 3√512 =

√2√2 = √3√5 = √5√3 = √2 ⋅ √4 =

5 3 9

√2√3 =
3 3 3 3
√2√2 = √3√9 = √3√32 = 4

3 3 3 4 3 4 3
√3√3 = √2√2 = √5√5 = √8√16 =

7
 5 3
√2√2√2 = √5 5√5√5
5
= √2√2√2
3
=

√3 3 3√3 4 4√3 =

3 2 3
√x√x = √a√a = √x 2 ⋅ √x =

3 2 3
3
√a2 ⋅ 3√a2 = √x 3√x 4√x 3 = √a ⋅ √a ⋅ 4√ a =
b b2 b3

Úloha 21: Vypočítajte.

3
√52 ⋅ √5 ⋅ √5 ⋅ 3√5 =

√3√3 ⋅ 4√27 ⋅ √√9 =

3 3 6
√2√2 ⋅ √2√2. √8 =

3
√25√5 ⋅ √5 ⋅ 3√25 ⋅ 6√125 =

3 4 6
4 3
√4√8 ⋅ √2 √4 ⋅ √16 =

3
√√3 ⋅ √27
3 =
√9

4 3
√ √3 ⋅ 4√27
=
√3

√2√2√2 ⋅ 4√8
=
√2

3
6
5√3 3 6 ⋅ √5
√ :√ =
6 3 ⋅ √3

5 3
√a 3√a2 ⋅ √a ⋅ 5√a4 ⋅ 15√a11 =