Green Marketing

International Journal of Social Science & Management Studies (I.J.S.S.M.S.
)
Peer Reviewed–Refereed Research Journal, Indexing & Impact Factor - 5.2, Ex - UGC S.N. 5351
2022
ISSN : 2454 - 4655, Vol. - 8, No. – 6, July – 2022, Conference Special Issues English 2nd
Green Marketing and its Scope

Dr. Malay Ghosh
Assistant Professor, Marketing, BSSS-Institute of Advanced Studies, Bhopal
Abstract :- Evolution of Green Marketing :- The green

Green Marketing :- A new concept and a step to marketing has evolved over a period of time. The
protect the Environment. Green marketing is a term Green Marketing came into prominence in
phenomenon which has developed particular the late 1980s and early 1990s.The evolution of
important in the modern market. This concept has green marketing has three phases.
enabled for the re-marketing and packaging of First phase was termed as "Ecological"
existing products which already adhere to such green marketing, and during this period all
guidelines. Additionally, the development of green marketing activities were concerned to help
marketing has opened the door of opportunity for environment problems and provide remedies for
companies to co-brand their products into environmental problems.
separate line, lauding the green-friendliness of Second phase was "Environmental"
some while ignoring that of others. Such green marketing and the focus shifted on
marketing techniques will be explained as a direct clean technology that involved designing of
result of movement in the minds of the consumer innovative new products, which take care of
market. As a result of this businesses have pollution and waste issues.
increased their rate of targeting consumers who Third phase was "Sustainable" green
are concerned about the environment. These marketing. It came into prominence in the late
same consumers through their concern are 1990s and early 2000.
interested in integrating environmental issues into Meaning Green marketing refers to
their purchasing decisions through their the process of selling products and/or services
incorporation into the process and content of the based on their environmental benefits. Such a
marketing strategy for whatever product may be product or service may be environmentally
required. friendly in it or produced and/or packaged in an
The main objective of the paper is to environmentally friendly way.
know the awareness of people towards green The obvious assumption of green
marketing, that they are aware of and are they marketing is that potential consumers will view
really believe in this concept. Second objective is a product or service's "greenness" as a benefit
that green marketing really helps to save the and base their buying decision accordingly. The
environment or not. not-so-obvious assumption of green marketing is
The paper also examines future of green that consumers will be willing to pay more for
marketing and concludes that green marketing is green products than they would for a less-green
something that will continuously grow in both comparable alternative product - an assumption
practice and demand. that, in my opinion, has not been proven
conclusively.
Key Words :- Green Marketing, Recyclable,
Awareness of people, Environment. Definition :- According to the American
Marketing Association, green marketing is the
Introduction :- Green marketing involves marketing of products that are presumed to be
developing and promoting products and services environmentally safe. Thus green marketing
that satisfy customers want and need for Quality, incorporates a broad range of activities,
Performance, Affordable Pricing and including product modification, changes to the
Convenience without having a detrimental input production process, packaging changes, as well as
on the environment. modifying advertising. Yet defining green
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International Journal of Social Science & Management Studies (I.J.S.S.M.S.)
2022
marketing is not a simple task where several environment problems and provide remedies for
meanings intersect and contradict each other; environmental problems. Second phase was
an example of this will be the existence of "Environmental" green marketing and the focus
varying social, environmental and retail shifted on clean technology that involved
definitions attached to this term. Other similar designing of innovative new products, which take
terms used are Environmental Marketing and care of pollution and waste issues. Third phase
Ecological Marketing. was "Sustainable" green marketing. It came into
prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000.
Why Green Marketing? :- As resources are During 1990s, the concern for
limited and human wants are unlimited, it is environment increased and resulted in to
important for the marketers to utilize the increasing challenges for the companies. Dutta,
resources efficiently without waste as well as to B. (2009, January) in his article on Green
achieve the organization's objective. So green Marketing titled Sustainable Green Marketing the
marketing is inevitable. New Imperative published in Marketing
There is growing interest among the Mastermind states that Green Marketing
consumers all over the world regarding involves developing good quality products which
protection of environment. Worldwide evidence can meet consumer needs and wants by focusing
indicates people are concerned about the on the quality, performance, pricing and
environment and are changing their behaviour. As convenience in an environment-friendly way.
a result of this, green marketing has emerged Unruh, G. And Ettenson, R. (2010) in
which speaks for growing market for their research article titled, Growing Green:
sustainable and socially responsible products and Three smart paths to developing sustainable
services. products. Published in Harvard Business Review,
is for executives who believe that developing
Literature Review :- Green marketing has been green products make sense for their
an important academic research topic since it organization and need to determine the best
came. Attention was drawn to the subject in the path forward.
late 1970‘s when the American Marketing The authors have introduced and
Association organized the first ever workshop on described three broad strategies that companies
―Ecological marketing in 1975 which resulted can use to align their green goals with their
in the first book on the subject entitled capabilities:
―Ecological Marketing by Henion and Kinnear Accentuate: Strategy involves playing up existing
in 1976. Peattie and Crane (2005) claims or latent green attributes in your current
that despite the early development, it was portfolio.
only in the late 1980‘s that the idea of Green Acquire: Strategy involves buying someone else‘s
Marketing actually made an appearance because green brand.
of the consumers growing interest in green Architect: Strategy involves architecting green
products. offerings – building them from scratch.
Green marketing was given Green marketing mainly focuses on
prominence in the late 1980s and 1990s after four issues. These issues are: first, importance
the proceedings of the first workshop on of green marketing; second, impact of green
Ecological marketing held in Austin, Texas (US), marketing on firms and environment; third,
in 1975. The green marketing has evolved over a improving effectiveness of green marketing.
period of time. According to Peattie (2001), the In India green Marketing is a relatively
evolution of green marketing has three phases. new topic introduced by few multinational
First phase was termed as Ecological" green companies operating in India like Philips India
marketing, and during this period all limited, AMUL, Taj Hotels, and Infosys, etc.
marketing activities were concerned to help
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Objectives of the study :- The study is conducted with a view to achieve the following specific objective:
 The main objective of the paper is to know the awareness of people towards green marketing, that
they are aware of and are they really believe in this.
 Second objective is that green marketing really helps to save the environment or not.
Sampling Plan and Data Collection :- A convenient sampling method was adopted. In all, 70 individuals
randomly selected in Delhi. Out of them 48 were between the age of 18 to 35 years and rest 22 were
above the age of 35 years. Primary data was collected through survey using structured questionnaire and
secondary data through websites and articles.
Data Analysis :-
Hypotheses 1:
Ho: People do not believe in the Green Marketing concept. H1: People believe in the Green Marketing
concept.
X²cal = 35.714
X² tab = 7.88 X² tab <X² cal
The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. So, the null hypotheses is rejected and
alternative hypotheses is selected. It means people believe in Green Marketing concept and they are aware
about it and about its benefits.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: Green marketing does not help to save the environment. H1: Green marketing really helps to save the
environment.
X² cal = 35.714
X² tab = 7.88 X² tab <X² cal
The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. So, the null hypotheses is rejected and
alternative hypotheses is selected. It results that green marketing is a very important tool to save the
environment. It increases the awareness, motivates people to go green.
Data Interpretation :-
Q1. Do you believe in the concept of

green marketing?
Observed N Residual
Expected N
Yes 60 35.0 25.0
No 10 35.0 -25.0
Total 70
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14%
Yes
No
86%
Conclusion: 86% respondents believe in green marketing concept and rest 14% don’t believe in it because
may be they have not much knowledge about this.
Q2. I agree that Green marketing increase the market value of the
product/s.
Observed N Expected N Residual
Yes 52 35.0 17.0

No 18 35.0 -17.0
Total 70
26%
Yes
74% No
Conclusion: 74%respondentsthink that a product with green marketing strategies has more market value
than others and rest 26% respondents don’t think so.
Q3. Do you think that Green Marketing plays an important role to save the
Environment?
Expected N
Observed N Residual
yes 60 35.0 25.0

No 10 35.0 -25.0
Total 70
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14%
Yes
No
86%
Conclusion: 86% respondents say that green marketing plays an important role to save the environment and
14% say other factors like plantation of trees are more important.
Q4. Green Marketing helps to protect the environment, so I am ready to pay a

small amount more.
Yes 44 35.0 9.0

No 26 35.0 -9.0
Total 70
37%
Yes
63%
No
Conclusion: 63% respondents who are educated and earning are ready to pay small amount more for
green products and 37% don’t have will to pay extra.
Q5. You go Green by your own will not
by Govt. pressure.
Yes 48 35.0 13.0
No 22 35.0 -13.0
Total 70
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31%
Yes
69% No
Conclusion: 69% respondents are self-motivated for green products and rest 31% buys a green product due
to Govt. pressure.
Q6. Do you think Govt. is promoting
green marketing in your city/area?
Yes 20 35.0 -15.0
No 50 35.0 15.0
Total 70
29%
Yes
71% No
Conclusion : 71% respondents are not satisfy with Govt. efforts towards green marketing and 29% think that
Govt. is promoting the green marketing.
Q7. Do you think Green products are

becoming status symbol?
Yes 14 35.0 -21.0
No 56 35.0 21.0
Total 70
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20%
Yes
No
80%
Conclusion: Only20% respondents think that green products are becoming status symbol and rest 80% don’t
agree with above statement.
Q8. Scope of Green Marketing in near
future is good.
Yes 54 35.0 19.0
No 16 35.0 -19.0
Total 70
Conclusion: Only20% respondents think that green products are becoming status symbol and rest 80% don’t
agree with above statement.
Q8. Scope of Green Marketing in near
future is good.
Yes 54 35.0 19.0
No 16 35.0 -19.0
Total 70
Conclusion: 77%respondents think that scope of Green Marketing in near future is good and 23% think that
it may be a short time boom.
Q9. Do you believe in the application of concept of complete green marketing
throughout the world?
Observed N Residual
Expected N
Yes 62 35.0 27.0
No 8 35.0 -27.0
Total 70
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11%
Yes
No
89%
Conclusion: 89% respondents are in the favour of the application of the concept of complete
green marketing throughout the world and rest 11% don’t think so.
Q10. Green Marketing is only way to

protect the environment?
Yes 20 35.0 -15.0

No 50 35.0 15.0
Total 70
29%
Yes
71% No
Conclusion : 29% respondents say that only way ready pay more for environment safety as to
to protect the environment is green marketing some extent it has become a status symbol.
and rest 71% say that there are many other  Educated people are self-motivated but
ways to protect the environment like plantation common man does not care about
of trees, water harvesting, recycling, use of solar environment until they have a pressure from
and wind energy, etc. govt.
 At present it is a new concept, but it has good
Findings :- scope in near future.
 People are not satisfied with the govt. efforts
 Green Marketing is a very important tool to
towards environment.
protect the environment.
 People are aware about environmental
 People are aware about environmental
issues but still they give preference to price
problems and they are willing to contribute
and brand name over environment friendly
in environment safety.
product.
 Educated people of the society are even
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Suggestions :-
 For increase the Green Marketing

awareness, Govt should take more
efforts like- awareness programmes in rural
areas through advertisements, seminar and
workshops, etc.
 There are some simple ways with which we
can save the environment like afforestation,
use solar energy, ban on harmful plastic
products, recycling of products and water
harvesting, etc.
Limitations of the study :-
 Time Constraint: There was time constraint,

so the sample size is short.
 Education: Due to illiteracy and lack of
awareness, people are not aware about
Green Marketing.
 Limitation in the availability of necessary
secondary data.
References :-
 Kotler, Philip, Keller, K.L., Koshy, A., &Jha,

M. (2012) Marketing Management- A South
Asian Perspective. New Delhi: Pearson
Education, pp- 77-80.
 International Journal of Social Sciences &
Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.1 No. 1,
January 2012, ISSN 2277 3630
 Journal of Engineering, Science and
Management Education/Vol. 3, 2010/9-14
 http://www.indianresearchjournals.com/pdf/I
JSSIR/2012/January/4_IJSSIR_R%20SHRIKANT.
pdf
 http://www.greenmarketing.tv/2010/06/27/
what-is-green-marketing/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_marketin
g/
 http://www.coolavenues.com/mba-
journal/marketing/green-marketing-
opportunities-challenges
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/20178480/Green
-Marketing-Concepts.
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Impact of Global Warming on Biodiversity and its Conservation :

Present Status and Future Strategy
Puja Devi Hasawary
Research Scholar, Economics, Mahapurush Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya, Nagaon, Assam
Tunuka Rabha
Research Scholar, Economics, Mahapurush Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya, Nagaon, Assam
Abstract :- Biodiversity is all the different kinds of UNCED (United Nations Conference on the
life you’ll find in one area- the variety of animals, Environmental and Development), 'Biodiversity
plants, fungi and even microorganisms like means the variability among living organisms from
bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine
these species and organisms work together in and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological
ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain complexes of which they are part; this includes
balance and support life. Biodiversity supports diversity within species, between species and of
everything in nature that we need to survive: food, ecosystems.' In the simplest sense, biodiversity
clean water, medicine and shelter. Biodiversity may be defined as the sum total of species
plays an important role in climate regulation. richness, i.e. the number of species of
Biodiversity conservation will lead to plants,animals and microorganisms occurring in a
strengthening of ecosystem resilience and will given region, country, continent of the entire
improve the ability of ecosystem to provide globe. Broadly speaking, the term biodiversity
important services during increasing climate includes genetic diversity (Diversity of genes within
pressures. But due to anthropogenic activities the a species), species diversity (Diversity among
global climate has changed since last few decades. species), ecosystem diversity (Diversity at the level
This climate change adversely affected the of community/ecosystem) and habitat diversity.
biological resources of the country. This review The genetic diversity acts as a buffer for
basically discuss the Importance of biodiversity, biodiversity (Verma, 2017a). Biodiversity is the
the consequences faced by the plants, animals, very basis of human survival and economic
humans and ecosystem owing to the climate development. It helps in maintaining the ecological
change and also control measures or strategies balance. There is a necessity of ecological balance
should be taken for the conservation of for widespread biodiversity (Verma 2017b). It plays
biodiversity which can protect the earth from the an important role in the function of an ecosystem
consequence of climate change. In this report we by providing many services like nutrients and
summarize a suite of current adaption proposals water cycling, soil formation and retention,
for conservation and highlight some key issues to resistance against invasive species, pollination of
be resolved. plants, regulation of climate, as well as pest and
pollution. Biodiversity is also the source of non-
Keywords :- Biodiversity, Climate change, material benefits like spiritual and aesthetic
Conservation, Ecosystem, Human health, values, knowledge system, cultural diversity and
livelihood, Species, Adaption Strategies and Future spiritual inspiration. Each and every one should
Research Directions. understand the levels and values of biodiversity
(Verma 2016), for the larger interest of the world.
Introduction :- Biodiversity is the 'Full variety of It is source of inspiration to musicians, painters,
Life on Earth'. It includes diversity within species, writers and other artists (Sharma and Mishra,
between species and of ecosystem.The term 2011). India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity
biodiversity is generally used for natural. countries in the world and divided into 10
Environment and its conservation. According to biogeographic regions. Our country accounts for
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two hotspots out of the 35 global biodiversity agricultural economy, for sustaining and improving
hotspots: the Indo-Malayam which includes the the human health and its life style. Large scale
Eastern Himalayas, North-east India and Andaman development and construction have posed
Islands, and the Western Ghats. Biogeographically, significant threat to biodiversity. It has lead to
India is situated at the trijunction of three realms: destruction of various fragile ecosystems. Human
Afro-tropical, Indo-Malayan and Paleo-Arctic activities significantly contribute towards
realms, and therefore, has characteristic elements destruction of natural habitats. The construction of
from each of them. This assemblage of three road, dams, mining activities and other
distinct realms makes the country rich and unique development projects have led to destruction of
in biological diversity. It has a great wealth of biodiversity of that region. All these factors related
biological diversity in its forests, wetlands and in to large scale development are one of the major
its marine areas. It is estimated that over 46,000 contributors of threat to biodiversity. In the recent
species of plants and 81,000 species of animals are times India's biodiversity is severely threatened.
found in India. The flowering plants comprise The important causes of threats to biodiversity are
15,000 species of which about 7000 species are the habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution,
endemic. Among the animal species diversity more population and overexploitation of natural
than 50,000 species of insects, 4,000 molluscs, resources. Other prominent factor for the
6,500 other vertebrates, 2,546 fishes, 197 depletion of biodiversity is the rampant poaching.
amphibians, 408 reptiles, 1224 birds and 350 Though stringent laws have been enacted by the
species of mammals are found in different habitats government regarding poaching and Wildlife
(Myers et al., 2000). India is equally rich in Protection Act (1972) has been passed, which
traditional and indigenous knowledge, both coded ensures the protection of wildlife and effectively
and informal on the use and importance of the deal with poaching related issues and also many
biodiversity in the country. For generations, arrests have been made regarding that in recent
thousands of human communities have lived in the few years, it is still prevalent and is a cause of
midst of this rich biodiversity and evolved concern for the biodiversity and despite the
sustainable lifestyles, of a symbiotic nature with government spending cores on the conservation of
the natural bounty around them. In the last two animals, the effective implementation of poaching
centuries, these equations have been radically related laws is yet a cause of concern. Similarly
challenged and threatened by various factors. overharvesting of forest also depletes the
Among them are a social and political mandate biodiversity of the region. Another important
that favours maximum extraction of natural factor is the conversion of land under forest and
resources to achieve a certain paradigm of grasslands into residential lands and using them
'development' and a top-down model of for Other developmental activities which lead to
conservation that ignores and threatens the very depletion of biodiversity. Deforestation has a huge
existence of the first allies of conservation–local impact on the biodiversity and clearing of forests
people whose lives are deeply entwined with that for developmental activities lead to reduced forest
of their surrounding for their physical, social, cover and also contributes to climate changes
emotional and moral sustenance, in fact their very affecting ecosystems around the globe.
livelihood (Roy and Roy, 2015). With the current
trend of globalization and Intellectual Property Climate Change and its Impact :- The word climate
Rights (IPR) regimes there is an urgent need for refers to the weather variation of any specific area
proper and scientific quantification and over a period of time. Climate includes the average
documentation of our biodiversity and associated temperature, amount of precipitation, days of
traditional and indigenous knowledge especially in sunlight, and other variables that might be
the developing country. This traditional knowledge measured at any given site. However, there are
is critical to science and society for maintaining the also changes within the Earth's environment that
nation's natural resources, for growing its can affect the climate. Climate change refers to
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any change in the environment due to human waste (2.8%) (Rathore and Jasrai, 2013).
activities or as a result of natural processes.
Climate change refers to significant and long-term Impact of Climate Change on Environment :-
changes to a region's climate. These changes can Global warming :- The impact of the greenhouse
occur over a few decades, or millions of years. gases is the warming near surface global
Climate change alters entire ecosystems along temperature through the green house effect. The
with all of the plants and animals that live there. average global temperature has increased
Plants and animals are sensitive to fluctuations in by 0.6°C since mid 1800s and is predicted to rise by
temperature and climate. Evidence of organic 1.4-5.8°C by the year 2100. The global warming
evolution clearly indicated that rapid climate affects plants, animals and microorganisms both
changes have been associated with mass extension by changing their habitats and by directly affecting
of plants and animals. Rapid climatic changes their physiological processes. The means sea level
could lead to increased diseases, land slide, forest has risen by 10 to 20 cm and may further rise to
fire which result in destruction of animals and 88cm (Rathore and Jasrai, 2013). Climate change
plants. All organisms are adapted to a particular has resulted in an increase in the temperature to
range of climatic conditions. Change in the climatic about 5°C to the normal and has resulted in the
condition has a danger of extinction of several melting of the ice, increase in sea level which is
plants and animals species. Although all species threatening the endemic species (polar bears,
are not directly influenced by changes in walruses, seals, emperor penguins, krill and ringed
environmental conditions but also indirectly seal).
influence through their interactions with other Coral bleaching :- Another important phenomenon
species. Indirect impacts are equally important in associated with temperature rise is coral
determining the response of plants to climate bleaching. When corals become affected by the
change. A species whose distribution changes as a rising temperature and other climatic issues they
direct result of climate change may 'invade' the lose their beautiful colours turning white. The
range of another species for example, introducing rising temperature results into increase in sea
a new competitive relationship.Thus climate temperatures which negatively impacts the corals
change is likely to affect minimum and maximum resulting in vanishing of the reefs which are
temperatures and trigger more extreme rainfall considered to be one of the most bio-diverse
events and storms. For the Indian sub-continent, ecosystems.
less rainfall in winter and increased precipitation in
the summer monsoon are predicted; and in 2050, Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity :- Only a
decreases in winter precipitation by 10-20% and small change in pattern of climate has severe
summer by 30% have been projected (Kumar and impact on the biodiversity, altering the habitats of
Chopra, 2009). Climate change results due to both; the species and presenting a threat for their
natural and anthropogenic driver. Natural drivers survival, making them vulnerable to extinction.
involves earth's climate variability caused by Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) predicts
changes in the solar radiations, Milankovitch cycle, climate change to be the principal threat to the
volcanic eruption, plate tectonics, ocean biological diversity (Anonymous, 2007). Due to
circulations, earthquakes and so on (Kunzing, increase in temperature several plant species like
2008). Anthropogenic drivers involves the Berberisa siatica, Taraxacum officinale, Jasminum
contribution of human activities to increasing the officinale etc.have shifted towards higher altitude
emission of green house gases like carbon dioxide, in Nainital. Teak dominated forests are predicted
methane and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere at to replace the Sal trees in central India and also
an alarming rate in different sectors such as in the conifers may be replaced by the deciduous
energy supply (25.9%), industrial sector (19.4%), types. According to Gates (1990) 3°Cincrease in
deforestation (17.4%), agricultural (13.5%), temperature may leads to the forest movement of
transportation (13.1%), urbanization (7.9%) and 2.50 km/ year which is ten times the rate of
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natural forest movement. Anonymous (2009) Marine and Coastal ecosystem : 70% of earth's
reported that changes in climate affects the surface is covered by oceans comprising unique
normal life cycle of plant. He also reported that ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass
invasive species (Lantana, Parthenium and beds. Climate change is leading to sea level rise,
Ageratum conyzoides) are a threat to native increased coastal erosion, flooding, higher storm
species being more tolerant to climatic variations. surges, sea salinity ingress, increased sea surface
Variation in temperature and precipitation temperatures, ocean acidification and coral
patterns can result in more frequent droughts and bleaching. Rising sea level presents extreme threat
droughts and floods making indigenous plants to marine ecosystems which can lead to
more vulnerable to pests and diseases (Tibbetts, disturbance in habitat and patterns of survival of
2007). Slight change in climatic condition leads to marine species. Wetlands and coastal ecosystems
the extinction of animal species. For example are at a huge risk due to increasing sea levels.
climate change has resulted in extinction of Many communities have already become climate
animals like golden toad and Monteverde. refugees to evade rising sea level (Anonymous,
harlequin frog (McCarthy et al., 2001). Polar bears 2007). Indian coastal areas vulnerable to climate
are in danger due to reduction in Arctic ice cover; change are Sunderbans, Maharashtra, Goa and
North Atlantic whale may become extinct, as Gujarat (Rann of Kutch). Species composition and
planktons which are its main food have shown distribution will surely be affected by such changes
declination due to climate change. Though the (Rathore and Jasrai, 2013). The Sundarbans is the
exact impact of climate change on India's natural largest natural low-lying mangrove ecosystem in
resources is yet to be studied in detail, pioneering the world, distributed over 10,000 square
studies show that endemic mammals like the kilometers. The sea level rise recorded over the
Nilgiri tahr face an increased risk of extinction past 40 years is responsible for the loss of 28% of
(Sukumar et al., 1995). Further, there are the mangrove ecosystem. Modelling suggests that
indicative reports of certain species e.g., Black-and up to 96% of suitable tiger habitat in the
rufous flycatcher (Mikania micrantha) shifting their Sundarbans could be lost in the next 50–90 years
lower limits of distribution to higher reaches, and (Loucks et al., 2010).
sporadic dying of patches of Shola forests with the
rise in ambient surface temperatures.The sex ratio Himalayan ecosystem : Temperatures in the
of sea turtle disturb because as a result of high Himalayan ecosystem are increasing at a rate of
temperature more female turtles are produced. 0.9°C annually, which is considerably higher than
Some threatened species (frogs, toads, the global average of 0.7°C per decade. Due to this
amphibians, tigers and elephants) are vulnerable changes mosquito are seeing first time in Lhasa
to the impacts of climate change like sea level and Tibet cities, located 3490 meters above sea
changes and longer drier spells. Changes in ocean level. There are similar reports of flies at Mount
temperature and acidification may lead to loss of Everest base camp in Nepal. The presence of these
95% of the living corals of Australia's Great Barrier insects suggests the possible spread of
Reef (Anonymous, 2007). Climate change also vectorborne diseases, such as malaria and dengue
alters the disease behavior in animals.The fever, to areas where cooler temperatures
devastating amphibian disease chytrid fungus, previously protected people from these threats
likely exacerbated by warmer temperatures, has (FAO, 2012).
left many amphibian populations dwindling or
extinct. Forest ecosystem : One third of earth's surface is
covered by forest and it is the home place of two
Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystem :- third of all terrestrial species. They are also rich
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) predicts biodiversity hotspots. But half of the original forest
that only a small change in climate has severe has been cleared up till now. Green house effect
impact on the ecosystems (Anonymous, 2007). has led to increase in growth of some forest,
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migration of tree species towards high altitude, house gases play their role by increasing the
increased attack of pest, invasive species and wild carbon emission, due to which the disease curve is
fires, hence modifying the composition of forest. increasing faster. Carbon emission is increasing to
According to FAO (2000), due to these changes a dangerous level, making animal lives vulnerable
many animals, primates and 9% of all known plant to pathogens and diseases. The increasing sea
species are at verge of extinction. level rise has already submerged many islands and
will soon leave millions of refugees for the world
Agriculture : Climate change leads to variability in to provide shelter. The sea salinity ingress in the
rainfall patterns, heat stress, spread of pests and fresh water sources has made land barren and will
diseases and shortening of the crop cycle and soon be a threat to the food security. Human
affecting plant growth and production. It affects activities like deforestation, pollution,
both sustainable and unsustainable agriculture. overpopulation are ultimately responsible for
The unsustainable agriculture has multiple effects habitat destruction. Introduction of exotic species
(Verma 2017c) and disturbs the ecological balance is also responsible for the loss of biological
(Verma 2018a) and biodiversity structure. diversity. The endemic and other local species may
Biodiversity loss has impacted the fishing and not be able to compete with the exotic species and
hunting practices by indigenous people posing an are unable to survive. Overexploitation, in the
implication on their only source of food. By the form of hunting of animals and plants for their
middle of the century, crop yields could decreases commercial value is one of the major reasons for
by 30% in Central and South Asia, while by 20% in loss in biodiversity. Illegal wildlife trade is the
East and Southeast Asia. single largest threat to biodiversity loss.
Overpopulation of human and over consumption
Impact of Climate Change on Humans :- Climate of natural resources is the root cause of all
change leads toan increase in temperature, biodiversity loss (Sharma and Mishra, 2011).
melting of the ice, increased natural events like
floods, droughts, and cyclones displace the Dynamic reserves :- The management of matrix
humans from their home.Hot climate makes insect areas for biodiversity objectives further supports a
pests in general and vectors and pathogens in third proposal. Dynamic reserves implemented on
particular to spread over a wider range and managed landscapes (or seascapes) are areas
enhances their survival rate. An increase of 1°C in whose locations and levels of protection change
surface temperature is estimated to correspond through time and space. This approach may be
10% increase in incidence of insects as pests and particularly important in areas where there is little
insurgence of many diseases like cholera, typhoid spatial opportunity available for new core
etc.; spread of tropical and vector borne diseases protected areas. At the same time, the issue of
like malaria, dengue etc. androdent borne diseases ownership and property rights requires further
like plague. These diseases have shown a examination in different contexts in order to more
persistent increase in the past 50 years. Thus fully understand the implementation challenges of
global climate changes have major implications on this potential approach in particular localities. This
human health. It is obvious that effect on approach involves the future passive facilitation of
ecosystem will change the distribution and burden shifting species distributions in response to future
of vector borne infectiousdiseases including conditions, rather than prediction of conditions.
bacterial diseases. Changes in epidemiology may
already be underway, complex biological changes Assisted colonization :- More controversial is the
are associated with change in ecosystem. Water interventionist proposal for ‘assisted migration’ or
and food borne pathogens create havoc in ‘assisted colonization’. Both describe a
developing countries that too when conditions are management option in which species are
conducive for spread of pathogens and deliberately introduced into an area where it has
compromise with the hygiene conditions. Green not existed in recent history for the purpose of
14
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achieving a conservation objective. This proposal function, and species interactions. Adapting to the
has emerged in response to the mounting impacts of climate change may require more such
evidence that some species may not be able to active management, including assisted
track changing climatic conditions quickly enough colonization, and other interventions, such as
or because there are natural or human barriers in enhancement of evolutionary adaptation and
the way. This approach would involve actively active maintenance of pre-climate change
shifting species distributions. The assisted processes and conditions.
colonization proposal is at odds with current
reserve management in which substantial efforts Projections and uncertainties :- A key area of
are directed at keeping non-native species out. It future research is to improve our capacity for
also carries with it substantial risks because forecasting species responses to changing climate -
introduced species may become invasive and for example, by incorporating biotic interactions in
displace other valued ecosystem elements. bio-climate models , and refining species-specific
Nevertheless, assisted colonization may be seen as process-based models . Other areas include the
a necessary last resort in some cases. In longstanding scientific challenge of understanding
anticipation of this, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. Have when a given species will become invasive in a
proposed a framework for decision making within given context. Efforts to reduce the ecological
which the costs, benefits and risks of the uncertainties just mentioned will represent a key
translocation event would be evaluated. Other contribution to the literature on adaptive reserve
researchers have inferred the risk of potential management. In addition to ecological
invasion of assisted colonization from comparisons uncertainties, there are various parametric and
of intra-continental and inter-continental past model uncertainties relating to species distribution
invasions. models. This includes uncertainties relating to so-
called ‘unknown unknowns’; where key processes
Future Directions :- In this last section we identify are not yet recognized, understood or
a collection of key challenges and issues to be incorporated into model structure, or as
resolved for reserve management suited for an era parameters. Yet such processes may play critical
of change. We divide these challenges into five roles in ecosystem dynamics nonetheless.
categories: focus on processes, projections and Moreover, there are uncertainties relating to the
uncertainties, monitoring, implementation, and climate scenario models that influence the outputs
norms and expectations of envelope models. Lastly, there are critical socio-
political uncertainties (in values, impacts,
Focus on processes :- In the main, conservation responses and feedbacks).
activities have focussed on maintaining Thus, a second key area of future
biodiversity patterns and indirectly enabling research is the development of conservation
natural processes: for example, by protecting approaches that are robust to uncertainty,
space for species to exist (represented by the first recognizing that many of the above uncertainties
three categories referred to above). As climate are irreducible. As ecological and social systems
change influences mediating drivers, the attributes co-adapt, non-linear dynamics will lead to
that make certain places conducive to species perpetually surprising outcomes. Therefore, even
flourishing (critical habitat) will change, and in with the best scientific research and most
some cases disappear. For species whose critical comprehensive models, species responses may
habitat changes dramatically or disappears, it will surprise us. Indeed, uncertainties may also
be increasingly necessary to consider approaches increase with new research and insights. Thus, the
that involve the active management of mediating implementation of safe-to-fail adaptive
drivers. management policies may be as or more
Restoration activities have long involved important than efforts to reduce uncertainties.
management of disturbance regimes, ecosystem
15
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Monitoring :- In many ways, conservation Major recent advances :- Below we highlight four
adaptation requires recognition of what is commonly proposed adaptation strategies for
changing and where (for example, assisted biodiversity conservation given climate change. In
migration, dynamic reserves). Thus, there is an this overview report we focus on a selection of
urgent need for monitoring of impacts. While commonly proposed in situ adaptation strategies
existing monitoring programs could be adapted in response to the impacts of climate change. For a
and used for this purpose, programs specifically journalistic overview of ex situ strategies, such as
targeted to assessing the impacts of climate captive breeding, seed and gene banking, in the
change would support the most effective context of responding to climate change, the
adaptation responses possible under highly reader is referred The first three approaches seek
uncertain circumstances. to reduce extinction risk primarily by addressing
Implementation :- So far, the adaptation proposals the effects of climate change on species
outlined above have focussed primarily on distributions (the pattern), and in part by passively
biological dimensions. This effort has provided a influencing mediating drivers (for example,
critical foundation, but land-use decisions, providing corridors for movement). Managing the
including reserves, are social decisions made in the matrix as a buffer should both protect core
context specific places. Therefore, a key area of populations (but often not in the matrix, rather by
future research is to identify through applied case insulating reserves) and also facilitate shifts across
studies the factors that determine the relative a landscape; new and dynamic reserves function
receptivity or resistance of communities to new primarily by protecting core populations and also
and additional conservation measures. This effort by accommodating (rather than facilitating) target
will provide crucial insights by which movement.
conservationists can foster socially sustainable New reserves and corridors :- The most common
conservation action. proposed approach for conservation adaptation is
Changing norms and expectations for reserve to expand linked networks of protected areas
management :- To date, core protected areas have including migration corridors .These researchers
been managed with a preferred minimum argue that the existing network does not provide
intervention (with exceptions for active enough area to allow for organisms to respond
management including controlled burns, programs autonomously to changing climatic conditions. The
to limit grazers, and efforts to minimize the principal purpose of new protected areas is to
impacts and distributions of invasive species, for mitigate the risk of extinction by providing the
example). Proposals for more widespread potential for species distributions to shift; a
intervention, including assisted colonization, raise secondary contribution is that they may also
many unanswered questions. When do we enhance micro-evolutionary potential through
intervene and to what extent? To what extent and enhanced population size and diversity. Therefore,
under what circumstances are we willing to corridors may reduce extinction risk by enabling
sacrifice the persistence of one species to save the passive shifting of some species to new
another? Who decides? And by what decision geographic ranges, and by reinforcing species
process? Addressing these questions, including distributions (in a meta population context). A
latent and even more controversial proposals for crucial challenge for this approach is determining
conservation triage will be a key challenge moving where to site corridors and new reserve areas. The
forward. Ultimately, one of the biggest challenges current state-of-the-science is to use species
to fostering biological adaptation may be distribution models or bioclimate envelope models
willingness across stakeholders, scientists and to generate projections of future species’
managers to re-calibrate existing expectations of responses to various climate scenarios. Many view
nature and reserves in responding to an era of this information as providing essential insight into
global change. the strategic siting of new protected areas. At the
same time, myriad uncertainties impact the
16
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validity of these projections. Efforts to address ‘assisted colonization’. Both describe a

these uncertainties are ongoing, but many management option in which species are
uncertainties may remain (or even increase) within deliberately introduced into an area where it has
decision-making time frames nonetheless. not existed in recent history for the purpose of
Schemes for siting new areas may be more robust achieving a conservation objective. This proposal
to uncertainties by incorporating coarse scale has emerged in response to the mounting
environmental gradients, such as edaphic and evidence that some species may not be able to
elevational ranges (for example,). track changing climatic conditions quickly enough,
or because there are natural or human barriers in
Matrix as buffers :- As a complement to protected the way. This approach would involve actively
areas expansion, many researchers highlight the shifting species distributions. The assisted
importance of matrix areas or the wider colonization proposal is at odds with current
landscape, as being particularly crucial for reserve management in which substantial efforts
biological adaptation in an era of change. For are directed at keeping non-native species out. It
example, some land uses, such as forestry or agro- also carries with it substantial risks because
forestry (or lower impact marine activities), may introduced species may become invasive and
provide a spatial buffer for populations as they displace other valued ecosystem elements.
respond to climate change and move outside core Nevertheless, assisted colonization may be seen as
reserves. In order for this proposal to be effective, a necessary last resort in some cases. In
matrix areas must be of sufficient size, and anticipation of this, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. Have
landowners must be willing to adjust their proposed a framework for decision making within
activities as monitoring indicates. Incentives may which the costs, benefits and risks of the
increase the viability of this proposal. The logic of translocation event would be evaluated. Other
this approach is similar to new protected areas and researchers have inferred the risk of potential
corridors: more benign matrix areas may passively invasion of assisted colonization from comparisons
facilitate species shifts by promoting movement of intra-continental and inter-continental past
across land- and seascapes; they may also invasions.
reinforce species distributions at fine scales
(around reserves). Future Directions :- In this last section we identify
a collection of key challenges and issues to be
Dynamic reserves :- The management of matrix resolved for reserve management suited for an era
areas for biodiversity objectives further supports a of change. We divide these challenges into five
third proposal. Dynamic reserves implemented on categories: focus on processes, projections and
managed landscapes (or seascapes) are areas uncertaintie, monitoring, implementation, and
whose locations and levels of protection change norms and expectations.
through time and space. This approach may be
particularly important in areas where there is little Focus on processes :- In the main, conservation
spatial opportunity available for new core activities have focussed on maintaining
protected areas. At the same time, the issue of biodiversity patterns and indirectly enabling
ownership and property rights requires further natural processes: for example, by protecting
examination in different contexts in order to more space for species to exist (represented by the first
fully understand the implementation challenges of three categories referred to above). As climate
this potential approach in particular localities. This change influences mediating drivers, the attributes
approach involves the future passive facilitation of that make certain places conducive to species
shifting species distributions in response to future flourishing (critical habitat) will change, and in
conditions, rather than prediction of conditions. some cases disappear. For species whose critical
habitat changes dramatically or disappears, it will
Assisted colonization :- More controversial is the be increasingly necessary to consider approaches
interventionist proposal for ‘assisted migration’ or
17
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that involve the active management of mediating implementation of safe-to-fail adaptive

drivers. Restoration activities have long involved management policies may be as or more
management of disturbance regimes, ecosystem important than efforts to reduce uncertainties.
function, and species interactions. Adapting to the
impacts of climate change may require more such
Monitoring :- In many ways, conservation
active management, including assisted
adaptation requires recognition of what is
colonization, and other interventions, such as
changing and where (for example, assisted
enhancement of evolutionary adaptation, and
migration, dynamic reserves). Thus, there is an
active maintenance of pre-climate change
urgent need for monitoring of impacts. While
processes and conditions.
existing monitoring programs could be adapted
Projections and uncertainties :- A key area of and used for this purpose, programs specifically
future research is to improve our capacity for targeted to assessing the impacts of climate
forecasting species responses to changing climate - change would support the most effective
for example, by incorporating biotic interactions in adaptation responses possible under highly
bio-climate models, and refining species-specific uncertain circumstances.
process-based models. Other areas include the
Implementation :- So far, the adaptation proposals
longstanding scientific challenge of understanding
outlined above have focussed primarily on
when a given species will become invasive in a
biological dimensions. This effort has provided a
given context. Efforts to reduce the ecological
critical foundation, but land-use decisions,
uncertainties just mentioned will represent a key
including reserves, are social decisions made in the
contribution to the literature on adaptive reserve
context specific places. Therefore, a key area of
management.
future research is to identify through applied case
In addition to ecological uncertainties,
studies the factors that determine the relative
there are various parametric and model
receptivity or resistance of communities to new
uncertainties relating to species distribution
and additional conservation measures. This effort
models. This includes uncertainties relating to so-
will provide crucial insights by which
called ‘unknown unknowns’; where key processes
conservationists can foster socially sustainable
are not yet recognized, understood or
conservation action.
incorporated into model structure, or as
parameters. Yet such processes may play critical Changing norms and expectations for reserve
roles in ecosystem dynamics nonetheless. management :- To date, core protected areas have
Moreover, there are uncertainties relating to the been managed with a preferred minimum
climate scenario models that influence the outputs intervention (with exceptions for active
of envelope models. Lastly, there are critical socio- management including controlled burns, programs
political uncertainties (in values, impacts, to limit grazers, and efforts to minimize the
responses and feedbacks). impacts and distributions of invasive species, for
Thus, a second key area of future example). Proposals for more widespread
research is the development of conservation intervention, including assisted colonization, raise
approaches that are robust to uncertainty, many unanswered questions. When do we
recognizing that many of the above uncertainties intervene and to what extent? To what extent and
are irreducible. As ecological and social systems under what circumstances are we willing to
co-adapt, non-linear dynamics will lead to sacrifice the persistence of one species to save
perpetually surprising outcomes. Therefore, even another? Who decides? And by what decision
with the best scientific research and most process? Addressing these questions, including
comprehensive models, species responses may latent and even more controversial proposals for
surprise us. Indeed, uncertainties may also conservation triage will be a key challenge moving
increase with new research and insights. Thus, the forward. Ultimately, one of the biggest challenges
18
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to fostering biological adaptation may be References :-

willingness across stakeholders, scientists and
managers to re-calibrate existing expectations of 1. Anonymous (2007). Biodiversity and Climate
nature and reserves in responding to an era of Change:Convention on Biological Diversity:
global change. www.biodiv.org accessed on 30-7-2010.
2. Anonymous (2009). Impact of climate change on
Conclusions :- It is evident that the loss in the vegetation of Nainital and its surroundings.
biodiversity is due the change in climate. All these NBRI Newsletter. 36:25-31.
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biodiversity, are mainly due to the human The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary
activities.The increase in the greenhouse gases is and ecological context on species-area
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humans. The ecological balance is an indispensable
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need for human survival (Verma 2018b). Climate
Wildlife in a changing climate.FAO Forestry
change results in the impact on the biodiversity
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like change in their distribution pattern, migration
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of species, invasion of invasive species, change in 6. Gates D. M. (1990). Canada Climate change and
the phonological behaviour like breeding period, forests.Tree Physiol. 7: l-5.
migrationtime etc., increase in the forest fires and 7. Kannan R. and James D.A. (2009). Effect of
pest attacks (Rathoreand Jasrai, 2013). Increasing climatic change on global biodiversity: A review
our understanding of the affects of climate change of key literature. Trop. Ecol. 50 (1): 31-39.
on biodiversity, developing ways of mitigating such 8. Kumar Ajay and Verma A.K. (2017). Biodiversity
effects and reduced anthropogenic activities are loss and its Ecological impact in India.
critical to limit such damage. Without conserving International Journal on Biological Sciences. 8(2):
the biodiversity and minimizing the anthropogenic 156-160.
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inclusive and sustainable development (Verma, climate change on biodiversity of India with
2019). Thus, there is a growing realization among special reference to Himalayan region: An
decision-makers that biodiversity is not an optional overview. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 1(1):117-122.
bonus in human affairs, but the very foundation of 10. Kunzig R. (2008). A sunshade for planet Earth.
Sci. Amer. Ind. 3:24-33.
our existence. Moreover, biodiversity conservation
11. Loucks C., Barber-Meyer S., Hossain A.A., Barlow
tailored to changing climatic conditions is not only
A. and Chowdhury R.M. (2010). Sea level rise and
necessary to help species and habitats to adapt to
tigers: predicted impacts to Bangladesh's
change, but such action is also likely to mitigate
Sundarbans mangroves. Clim. Change. 98 (1-2):
climate change (FAO, 2012). In terms of
291-298.
agriculture, there is a need for climate resilient 12. McCarthy J. J., Canziani O. F., Leary N. A., Dokken
farming systems. Climate literacy should be spread D. J. and White K. S. (2001). Climate Change
and a cadre of Community Climate Risk Managers 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.
should be formed in villages. The calamity of IPCC.Cambridge University Press, UK.
climate change should be converted into an 13. Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Da
opportunity for developing and spreading climate Fonseca G.A.B. and Kent J. (2000). Biodiversity
resilient farming techniques and systems hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403
(Swaminathan and Keshvan, 2012). (6772):853-858.
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Nutritional Security through Backyard Kitchen Garden in Nutri Smart

Village of Shajapur District in Madhya Pradesh
Dr. Gayatri Verma Rawal, Dr. G.R.Ambawatia, Dr. S.S Dhakad, Dr. Mukesh Singh
RVSKVV Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shajapur, (M.P.) India
Dr. Shashi Prabha Jain, Govt., Girls P.G., Collage, Ujjain (M.P.) India
Shri N.S. Khedkar, Collage of Agriculture, Ganj Basoda, (M.P.) India
Abstrats :- Malnutrition and poor health status vegetables and fruits are often the only source of
especially in rural area is a common problem. It micronutrients in the family diet. For balance diet,
retards children growth, increases the risk and an adult should have an intake of 100gm of fruits
duration of illness, reduces work output, and slows and 350gm of vegetables per day according to the
social and mental development. Malnutrition dietary recommendation of nutrition specialist.
among women of reproductive age increases the But the present level of production of vegetables
risk of mortality during labor and delivery and puts in our country can permit a per capita
their new born children at risk of long term consumption of only 120g of vegetables per day.
deficiencies. Nutrition garden has an importance Madhya Pradesh is one of the most unsecured
role in the supply of essential nutrients at the states of the country in terms of food and
household level. It provides a diversity of fresh nutritional security. The concept of nutrition
foods that improve the quantity and quality of kitchen garden was promoted the selected families
nutrients especially micronutrients available to the to create awareness and motivation about the
family with minimum effort. Vegetables are most micronutrients in the diet.
affordable and sustainable dietary sources of Even this low level of average supply does
vitamin and minerals. Improved production and not fully reflect the consumption pattern of the
consumption is thus the most direct, low cost rural household and those below the poverty line
method to increase micronutrients in the diet. where per capita vegetable consumption is very
Awareness on importance of nutritional low, even lower than 40g per day. It is now well
garden was stated through demonstration on conceived that by simply adding greens and other
garden done in the year 2017-18 to 202-22 among vegetables to the available food grains the diet of
the rural women of Shajapur district of Nutri smart the average Indians can substantially be upgraded.
Village Rampura mewasa 10 families village each To make this recommendation realistic adoption
year were selected for establishment of nutrition of kitchen garden is the best option which can
garden. The selected families were trained by supply required vegetables in daily diet to the rural
giving demonstration and talk to motivate them families.
regarding the importance and benefits of kitchen Maximum population from the rural areas
garden. Data presented in showed that 12.55% is dependent on agriculture. In agriculture work
Energy, 6.22% protein, 14.57% iron, and 32.56% human labor plays an important role, especially
calcium, of RDA were more available to individual the participation of women is of utmost
after demonstration when compared with farmers importance in the field of farming in rural areas of
practice. the country.
It will not be out of place to mention that
Keywords :- backyard, nutritional garden, a woman does most of the activities in agricultural
enrichment, Nutritional Security, balances diet. front. In rural areas neighbor surroundings are
vacant which can be utilized for installing "Kitchen
Introduction :- Food security and Nutritional Garden" which will produce fresh vegetables
diversity is one of the key areas that a developing supplementing the vitamin deficiencies of the
country should address .For poor households, human population. In addition, extra produce will
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add to additional income by sell of the vegetables round production etc. kitchen garden activities are
in the market, thus increasing the earnings of the centered on women and it can also increase the
family. income of women, which may result in the batter
Awareness on importance of nutritional use of household resources and improved caring
garden was stated through demonstration on practices and empowerment of women's.
garden done in the year 2017-18 to 2021-22
among the rural women of Shajapur district of Materials and Method :- Study was conducted in
Nutri smart Village Rampura mewasa 10 families Nutri Smart Village (Rampura mewasa), in
village each year were selected for establishment Shajapur, district of Madhya Pradesh for the
of nutrition garden. The selected families were purpose of demonstration, "Nutritional security
trained by giving demonstration and talk to and Self-employment of village women by Kitchen
motivate them regarding the importance and Garden". The research used both qualitative and
benefits of kitchen garden. The average yield of quantitative approach to collect data from
the vegetables increased from 97.4 kg/unit in households and stakeholders.
farmers practice to 153.3 kg/unit under Women of the above villages actively
demonstration. With the result, the average per participated in this demonstration. It has been
capita consumption of vegetables increased studied and found that women around their
62.84%. Before plantation of kitchen garden, houses have vacant lands which are not being
average per capita availability and consumption of utilized. Therefore, it was suggested to use extra
vegetables was 39.4 % of Recommended Dietary land for kitchen garden. Many of them are not
Allowances which was increased up to 62.28 %. utilizing this vacant land in a planned way. Krishi
After demonstration, consumption of vegetables Vigyan Kendra Shajapur planned to demonstrate
increased especially of green leafy vegetables. Kitchen Garden model and methods. Nutritional
Establishment of kitchen garden in rural garden was stated through demonstration on
areas is easy due to availability of space and farm garden done in the year 2017-18 to 2021-22
families are already engaged in agriculture among the rural women of Shajapur district of
practices. Vegetables play a crucial role in human's Nutri smart Village Rampura mewasa 10 families
diet and rural generation should get the awareness village each year were selected for establishment
about the importance of vegetables (Simple Jain, of nutrition garden. In these village total 50
2017). So, kitchen gardening would be a good demonstrations were arranged, where women’s
mean to improve household food security are anemic and children are also malnourished.
(Talukder et al., 2002). Therefore, present study Different capacity building activities including
was conducted to see the impact of kitchen organic vegetables production techniques,
gardening in improving the nutritional security of exposure visits and farmers scientist interaction on
households in rural areas. Technical support were various aspects including vegetables were planned
provided especially importance when new and undertaken.
gardening techniques are being promoted such as The village were guided and advised
growing new or increase number of varieties or about planning a kitchen garden in scientific and
year- round vegetable production. Kirtimani et el. organic way that all the seasonal vegetables could
(2016). Reported that training need regarding be grown fresh and thus available round the year.
household food security through kitchen garden is Use of high yielded varieties of different
one of the major thrust area in rural and regular vegetables and few plants of nutritious fruits like
training are required to fill the training gap. one plant of Guava, one plant of Lemon, Two
Training and other group activities around a plants of papaya, one plant of curry leaf, one plant
central demonstration garden can serve to of Drum steak were also planted in kitchen garden.
demonstrate different varieties, hybrids or other The size of the garden was designed to be big
importance garden techniques such as live fencing, enough to produce sufficient vegetables for the
composting, use of use of bio-pesticides, year family, (100sq mt).
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These participants were trained and activities including training, exposure visit and
shown the area/field. Results were analyzed prior farmer’s scientist’s interaction on various aspects
and after demonstration and comparative study including vegetable grown in Homestead,
were done with vegetables produced and used. In homestead vegetable utilization, average
addition the income from kitchen garden as extra vegetable consumption, nutrient contribution
income was studied and valued, along with this; from homestead vegetable gardening were
the nutrition status was estimated by estimating planned and undertaken. Pre-survey was
the amount and daily consumption of vegetables conducted to obtain information regarding profile
in the daily diet of family members. and respondent’s dietary food habits and
nutritional deficiency diseases were also pre-
KVK INTERVANTION- The study was conducted in surveyed. After one year of establishment of
Shajapur district of Madhya. In all 50 model nutritional garden, a post-survey was done to
nutritional garden set up in two purposively analyze the impact of kitchen gardens on
selected families. Different capacity building nutritional status of selected families.
Conceptual Framework
Activities Outputs Outcome Impact

1. Develop a kitchen 1. Small productive 1. Improved Health
garden policy, plan organic gardens for food supply to and
and budget. every household the family fulfilled
2. Mobilize and train 2. Improved no of 2. Improved Families.
the households on varieties of nutritional
kitchen gardening vegetables and diversity
3. Set up demonstration fruits 3. Improved
plots and workshops 3. Improved disposable
4. Supply inputs like production and income.
seeds, manure and consumption of
information. indigenous
vegetables.
Result and Discussion :- It has been found after results of demonstration that women who are landless may
also produce kitchen garden products around their house available and increase nutritional standard plus
economical growth for their family. They have no knowledge about season and methods of cultivation of
vegetables. Unavailability of quality seeds and planting materials of vegetables and fruits was the most
important problem faced by the women. They have no knowledge of planned way/methods and use of
insecticides.
Table-1 Pre and post training knowledge of farm women regarding establishment of
nutritional kitchen garden.
S.N. Particulars Knowledge of farm women (N=50)
Before training After training
n % n %
1 Land preparation and layout 17 3 4 80
4 0
2 Improved varieties 8 1 3 72
6 6
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3 Appropriate sowing time of various 18 3 4 88

vegetables and their seed rates 6 4
4 Nutrient management through organic 11 2 4 86
and inorganic inputs 2 3
Data presented in [Table-1] showed that the knowledge of the participant women was assessed
through collection of data through an interview schedule before and after training programs. Data obtained is
presented in showed an increase in the knowledge of participants after their participation in training on
various aspects of kitchen gardening. Least (16%) rural women had knowledge on improved varieties whereas
highest knowledge was observed on land preparation aspect (34%) before the training. After training, their
knowledge has been increased in all the aspects of vegetable production through kitchen gardening.
Table-2 Major constraints perceived in the establishment of nutrition kitchen garden.

S.N. Particulars Participants (N=50)
n %
1 Unavailability of quality planting material and seeds of HYV 35.5 71
vegetables
2 Low availability of water for irrigation 39.5 79
3 Lack of technical knowledge related to establishment of 34 68
nutritional kitchen garden, like improved varieties, seed rate,
sowing time, major insect pest diseases and their management,
fertilizer and manure application, irrigation etc.
4 Lack of interest in kitchen gardening 23.5 47
5 Adoption of traditional practices for growing vegetable 29 58
Data presented in [Table-2] showed that availability of water for irrigation is the major constraint for
production of vegetables in these areas. Unavailability of quality seed material and lack of technical knowledge
ranked second and third constraint in this regard. Other constraints found included lack of interest in
cultivation, traditional practices of vegetable production, not giving much priority to kitchen gardening etc.
Several other studies were also conducted to find out these constraints in establishing a kitchen garden in rural
areas.
Table-3 per unit production and availability of vegetables before and after
establishing nutrition kitchen garden
Technology Average Yield Average % change in % RDA
(kg/unit area) Per capita availability
availability (gm/day)
(gm/ day)
Farmer's Practice 97.4 137.0 - 39.4
Recommended 153.3 218.0 62.84 62.28

Practice
Data presented in [Table-3] showed that showed that the average yield of the vegetables increased
from 97.4 kg/unit in farmers practice to 153.3 kg/unit under demonstration. With the result, the average per
capita consumption of vegetables increased 62.84%. Before plantation of kitchen garden, average per capita
availability and consumption of vegetables was 39.4 % of Recommended Dietary Allowances which was
increased up to 62.28 %. After demonstration, consumption of vegetables increased especially of green leafy
vegetables.
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Table-4 Per capita availability of nutrients before and after establishing nutritional kitchen garden
Nutrients Per capita availability of % RDA Difference (%)

nutrients/day
Before After Before After
Energy (kcal) 1048 1324 47. 60.18 + 12.55
63
Protein(g) 4.42 7.74 8.03 14.25 + 6.22
Iron (mg) 8.72 11.78 41.52 56.09 + 14.57
Calcium (mg) 120.6 316.3 20.1 52. 66 + 32.56
Data presented in [Table-4] showed that 12.55% Energy, 6.22% protein, 14.57% iron, and 32.56%
calcium, of RDA were more available to individual after demonstration when compared with farmers practice.
Table 5: Source of nutrients in daily diet
Source of Daily need for men (In grams) Daily need for women (In grams)
nutrients(gm/day)
Vegetarian Non-vegetarian Vegetarian Non-vegetarian
Cereals 420 420 420 420
Pulses 80 65 60 50
Leafy vegetables 125 125 125 125
Other vegetables 125 125 125 125
Root vegetables 100 100 100 100
Fruit 100 100 85 85
Milk 600 400 600 400
Data presented in [Table-5] showed that it indicates that in daily need of vitamins from food per head
Root vegetables -100 gm. And other vegetables -125 gm. In addition to above other vegetables (total 350gm)
should also be included in daily diet.
Table 6: Availability of Nutritional elements and deficiency produces disease in vegetables.
Nutritional elements Disease produced by deficiency Nutritional elements available in

vegetables
Vitamin 'A' Night Blindness, Caritomalasia Carrot, Tomato, Radish
Vitamin 'C' Scurvy, Indigestion, Pain in gums Chilli, Cauliflower
Vitamin 'D' Rickets, weakness in bones Potato
Vitamin 'E' Infertility Leafy vegetables
Vitamin 'K' Blood clotting, Heart Disease Tomato, Cabbage
Calcium Improper growth of bones Palak, chilli, Radish leafs
Iron Anemia Palak, Cabbage, radish leafs
Iodine Thyroid gland disease Leafy and root vegetables
Data presented in [Table-6] showed that availability of vitamins in different vegetables has been
shown, and if insufficient quantity of vitamins is being taken then disease will be produced in the body of the
humans. The above knowledge was given to women participants.
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Layout Plan of a Nutritional Garden

Model 1 (100 square meter)
Total Area 100 square meter (4 x 25 m)
Total number of beds for vegetable growing=10
Area of one bed = 10 square meter (2 x 5 m)
2M 2M
4.5 1 6
M
0.5 M
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
Fruit plants on bunds
Plot Kharif Rabi Summer

1 Tomato Cauliflower Brinjal
2 Brinjal Cabbage Tomato
3 Okra Carrot Pumpkin /Bottle Gourd
4 Chilly French Bean Pumpkin /Bottle Gourd
6 Pumpkin /Bottle Gourd Pea Okra
7 Cauliflower (Early) Tomato Onion
8 Cowpea Spinach Chilly
9 Leafy vegetables Onion Cowpea
10 Pumpkin /Bottle Gourd Pea Okra
2
Size of each plot 10 m
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Vegetable Crops for the kitchen garden
Vegetables Seed Rate(per Line to line Plant to Harvesting Production

10sq Meter) distance Plant time (kg)
(cm) distance (per 10sq
(cm) Meter)
Okra 20g 60 30 July-September & 10
March-June
French bean 30g 60 15 February To April 22
Cowpea 30 g 60 15 August-Sept 15
Pea 30g 20 5 December to February 15
Cabbage 3g 45 45 November to March 20
Carrot 5g 45 30 October to Feb 15
Cauliflower 2g 60 45 October to February 20
Brinjal 2g 90 60 October & February 30
Onion 15g 45 5-0 April & October 22
Chilly 2g 60 30 July – December 15
Pumpkin 5g 150 50 March & October 20
Radish 10 g 30 2-5&3-5 November& February 15
Spinach/ leafy 30 g 30 5&10 October & January 17
vegetables
Tomato 2g 60 30 October & February 32
Fruits Plants for the kitchen garden

Plant Spacing No of plants
Acid Lime 6x6 ft 02
Guava 6x6 ft 02
Caronda 6x6 ft 02
Munga 6x6 ft 02
Papaya 6x6 ft 05
In above model diagram has been macro nutrients in their diet. If surplus any, they
showing how they get the fruits and vegetables can sell it in the market for additional income.
throughout the year season wise and earned Despite having good amount of vegetable
additional income. production at national level, the per capita
availability of vegetables is still less from the
Conclusion :- This study highlights that how recommended dietary allowances. Kitchen garden
kitchen gardens can help in improving the can be established at household or community
Nutritional Security and rural revenue all over level in order to ensure the daily supply of fresh
India and also acts as a major source for women vegetables in the diets.
empowerment. The practicing farm women will be
able to raise vegetables and fruits in backyard in a Suggestions and Recommendations :- Following
systematic manner. This way around the year the suggestions and recommendation were made to
family requirements of vegetables and fruits is full- promote kitchen gardening as hobby.
filled. By using different types of vegetables and
fruits they would grow through kitchen garden 1. Longer-term interventions required to support
they would also get essential micro nutrients and livelihoods in target area.
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2. Explore joint agency collaboration at the 10. Talukder A., Saskia de P., Taher A. et al., (2000),
community level. improving food and nutrition security through
3. Strategies with communities to improve access homestead gardening in rural, urban and peri-
to products and services. urban areas in Bangladesh.
4. Provide gender specific tool kits at community
level to improve food
5. Sustainability.
6. Establish improved seed sale point in
community.
7. to conduct different more productive training
and seminars to encourage the Community.
References :-
1. Shukla Rashmi,(2018), kitchen garden for

Nutritional security in Nutri smart village,
International Journal of chemical studies,
1015-1017.
2. Arya Savita, Prakash Satya, Joshi Sarita, Singh
Vinita, (2018), Household food security
through kitchen gardening in Rural Areas of
western U.P.,India. International Journal of
curr. Microbial. app.sci, 468-474.
3. Singh V.,Yadav K.S. and Tripathi A.K. (2018),
Kitchen gardening : Promising approach
towards improving Nutritional security in royal
households. International Journal of
microbiol.research, 1216-1219.
4. Jain Simple, 2017, Development of field -testing
of A flipbook on vegetables in Talukder.
5. Shaheb M.R., Nazrul M.I., and Sarker A., 2014,
Improvement of livelihood, food and nutrition
security through homestead vegetables
production and fruit tree management in
Bangladesh, J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ., 377-
387
6. Jana Hiralal,(2015) Kitchen gardening for
nutritional security, Rashtriya Krishi Vol. 10
Dec. 2015, 13-16.
7. Tohill B.C., (2005), Dietary intake of fruit and
vegetables and management of body weight,
World Health Organization (WHO), 1-52.
8. Christensen TE (2011), what is a kitchen
Garden? Wise Geek, 2011, 1-2.
9. Cheema KJ. (2011) the News. Call to promote
kitchen gardening Journal of Social Sciences,
COES & RJ-JSS, 2011.
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2022
Statistical Methods a Perspective of Introduction of Statistical Methods

Dr. Ravikiran
Assistant Professor, Department of PG Studies in Commerce,
Sri Kollinageshwara Rao Gangaiah Govt First Grade College, Gangavathi-Dist: Koppal, State: Karnataka
Abstract :- The following article describes the  Sample: collection of data from the
quantitative techniques used for arriving results in representative of population.
Research methodology related to the pertaining  Population: collection of data from all units in
case. It is to be noted that these methods or possible data.
techniques are more useful to arrive at the results  Variable: Two type of variables
which can produce empirical evidences. Further
the methods are most useful for the calculating i) Continuous Variable: Those variable which take
and comparing results of variables in a particular all possible values (integral as well as fractional) in
test. The article will be concluded with limitations a specified range e.g.: age of a persons, height and
and implications as they are more significant in the weight of a persons, profits and loss in baseness,
research case. etc.;
 Discrete Variable: those variables which take
Key Words :- Research, Statistics, Average, on integral values in a specified range. e.g.:
Techniques. population of city, number accidents on the road,
number typing mistakes per pages and so on.
Introduction :- Research has a vital role to play in
the development of the so called civilized societies. Types of statistics :-
Let us try to understand the term Statistics: What is Descriptive Statistics? :-
Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the Descriptive statistics: This consists of describing
collection, organization, analysis of data and some characteristics of numerical data, by using
drawing of inferences from the collected data, it statistical methods like measures of averages,
may be sample or census data.Statistcal methods dispersion, skewness and kurtosis, correlation and
are mathematical formulas, models and techniques regression analysis.
that are used in Statistical analysis of raw research
data .The application of statistical methods What is inductive statics? :-
extracts Information from research data and Inductive statistics: This is also known as statistical
provides different ways to assess the robustness of inference, is logic of drawing statistically valued
research output. conclusions about the totality of cases or
The Human mind as a tool of Research population on the basis of examining a part of the
population called sample.
 Critical Thinking So, overall statistics is not a perfect
 Deductive Logic science as samples are not accurate but just
 Inductive Reasoning represent the population. Anyway it is more
 The Scientific Methods Theory helpful in social sciences where an Economy is
 Theory Building related with mortal rates, GDP and others that are
represented by Statistical numbers.
Features of Statistics:-
Basic terms :-
 Measurement: assignment of numbers to data
to be collected.
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Fig: Types of Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency

Averages
Mathmetical Average Positional Average
Arithmetic Mean Median
Geometric Mean Mode
Harmonic Mean
the distribution.
For sound statistical Analysis Averages  Commonly used methods: range, Quartile
gives us an idea of the concentration of the deviation, Mean
observations about the central part of the  Deviation, standard deviation coefficient of
distribution. Arithmetic Mean is used for variation etc.
quantitative data. Geometric mean is used while  Range: The difference between the largest and
dealing with rates and ratios. Harmonic mean is the smallest
used while dealing with rates or ratios where time  Observations. The range of 10, 5, 2, 100 is
factor is variable. Median is used while dealing with (100-2) =98. It’s a crude
qualitative data. E.g.: average intelligence, honesty  Measure of variability.
beauty, Mode is used while dealing with business  It is used in a number of fields where the data
data. have small variations like
 the stock market fluctuations, the variations in
Methods of Variability Measurement :- money rates and rate of
 We study dispersion to have an idea of the  Exchange.
homogeneity  Quartile deviation is not suitable measure of
 (Compactness) or heterogeneity (scatter) of dispersion.
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 Mean deviation is used in the studies relating – Negative or left skewed: Longer left tail
to forecasting business Cycles, the National ii. Kurtosis :- Measures peak endless of the
bureau of Economics Research has found that distribution of data. The kurtosis of normal
it is Most practical measure of dispersion to be distribution is 0.
used. Statistics Package for the Social Science (SPSS)
 A general purpose statistical package SPSS is
Standard Deviation :- It is the positive square root widely used in the social sciences, particularly
of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the in sociology and psychology.
deviation of the given observations from their  SPSS can import data from almost any type of
arithmetic mean. file to generate tabulated reports, plots of
It has the number of applications in distributions and trends, descriptive statistics,
statistical theory thus it is the best and the most and complex statistical analyzes.
powerful measure of depression.  Starting SPSS: Double Click on SPSS on desktop
or Program
Statistics Package for the Social Science (SPSS) :-
 A general purpose statistical package SPSS is Conclusion :- The article has discussed about all the
widely used in the social sciences, particularly statistical methods and hence provides justice for
in sociology and psychology. the objectives framed. It must be understood that
 SPSS can import data from almost any type of the article is just an introduction and to study the
file to generate tabulated reports, plots of subject deeply we need illustrations and through
distributions and trends, descriptive statistics, data to reach the empirical side of the data. Overall
and complex statistical analyzes. it was the brief study of the statistical methods and
 Starting SPSS: Double Click on SPSS on desktop they are discussed in brief.
or Program SPSS
Implications :-
Methods of Variability :-
I. Measurement :-  With SPSS software calculations can be easily
 Quartiles: Data can be divided into four done which is most helpful tool to commence
regions that cover the total range of observed on research.
values. Cut points for these regions are known  Statistics is applied for Social Sciences that
as quartiles. directly depend upon Human Population,
 Deciles: If data is ordered and divided into 10 Mortal rate, Birth rate, Genders etc for making
parts, then cut points are called Deciles decisions in an Economy.
 Percentiles: If data is ordered and divided into  Averages are more helpful to know the
100 parts, then cut points are called characteristic of a sample such as pass outs
Percentiles. 25th and failures in a class.
Percentile is the Q1, 50th percentile is the Limitations :-

Median (Q2) and the 75th percentile of the data is  It is not a perfect mathematics and depends
Q3. upon averages as well as probability.
 It is purely sample oriented and samples may
Shape of Data :- not be able to establish all the characteristics
 Shape of data is measured by of the population or the pertaining case.
i. Skewness  Statistics needs special knowledge of
ii. Kurtosis Mathematics, Economics, and Calculus etc.
 Measures asymmetry of data
– Positive or right skewed: Longer right tail Sum up :- The following article represents the
definition of Statistics, Types of Statistics, Various
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methods, SPSS package etc that are introduced in

brief. It also has provided the limitations and
implications to support the idea of the research.
Scope for further research :- It is better to study

these methods with specific samples so that there
may be practical experience in hands of the
researcher.
References :-
1. Statistics Educational Journal: ISSN 1570-1824.

2. Journal of Statistics Education Volume 17,
Number 1 (2009).
3. Text books, article on the internet, newspapers
etc.
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2022
Sustainable Environment-Community Participation

Dr. Mamta Pandey
Professor (Physics) Govt. Dr S P M Science and Commerce College, Bhopal
Abstract :- Environmental pollution has become contribute his part of serious efforts to reduce the
quite alarming leading to serious adverse climatic carbon footprint.
changes and global warming. Built up of towns and Every individual has to participate in the
cities unabated growth of Vehicles and Industries process and has to contribute, in whatever
without due consideration of ecological balances, manner, to the best of his ability and wisdom to
has led to this climatic change and global warming. prevent pollution and follow green initiative by
Such environmental changes need to be corrected Optimum utilization of the materials, Equipments,
for sustainable development and this requires Usage of waste material, reuse and recycle of
community movement rather than individuals materials which will lead to reduction in adverse
isolated efforts. All stakeholders the government, effect on environment. Unless it becomes a
the industrialist and every person has to community movement, the desired effect will not
contribute his part of serious efforts to reduce the be forthcoming.
carbon footprint.
Every individual has to participate in the What is Pollution Prevention :-
process and has to contribute, Whatever best of
his ability and wisdom to reduce pollution and
follow green initiative by Optimum utilization of
the materials, Equipments, Usage of waste
material, reuse and recycle of materials which will
lead to reduction in adverse effect on
environment. Unless it becomes a community
movement, the desired effect will not be
forthcoming.
In this context the paper discusses the
various methods and habits which need to be
scrouplously followed to achieve goal of
The practice that reduces or prevents
sustainable development and environment.
pollution at its source more cost effective to
prevent pollution than to make efforts and find
Key words: environment, pollution, community,
ways for control, treatment and disposal of waste
reuse, recycle, sustainable
products. Reduced pollution will cause less
impacts to human health and the environment.
Environmental pollution has become quite
alarming leading to serious adverse climatic
Specific Pollution Prevention Approaches :-
changes and global warming. Built up of towns and
Pollution prevention approaches can be applied to
cities unabated growth of Vehicles and Industries
all potential and actual pollution-generating
without due consideration of ecological balances,
activities, including those found in the energy,
has led to this climatic change and global warming.
agriculture, federal, consumer and industrial
Such environmental changes need to be corrected
sectors. Prevention practices are essential for
for sustainable development and this requires
preserving wetlands, groundwater sources and
community movement rather than individuals
other critical ecosystems - areas in which we
isolated efforts. All stakeholders the government,
especially want to stop pollution before it begins.
the industrialist and every person has to
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In the energy sector, pollution prevention can production in industry and less need for
reduce environmental damages from extraction, households, businesses and communities to
processing, transport and combustion of fuels. handle waste.
Pollution prevention approaches include:
Community participation and efforts by every
 Increasing efficiency in energy use; individual :-
 Use of environmentally benign fuel sources.
1. Waste Management :- First thing which is
In the agricultural sector, pollution prevention important and every person can contribute is
approaches include :- to reduce wastage energy and resources.
Manufacturing of any product need energy
 Reducing the use of water and chemical and further its transportation and distribution
inputs; leads to energy consumption, which lead to
GHG( Greenhouse gases ) emission. This can
 Adoption of less environmentally harmful
be reduced by following practices.
pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with
a) Buy only essential things and avoid buying
natural resistance to pests; and
more than what is required.
 Protection of sensitive areas. b) Segregate waste which can be recycled and
c) Use cloth bags for shopping and say no to
In the industrial sector, practices include :-
plastic
 Modifying a production process to produce
d) Compost organic waste and use for your
less waste.
plants and avoid use of chemical fertilisers.
 Using non-toxic or less toxic chemicals as e) Repair and use things for longer time usage.
cleaners, degreasers and other maintenance
chemicals. 2. Reduction in pollution due to transport :-
 Implementing water and energy conservation About 8%of country’s GHG emission is
practices. produced by transportation sector, which use
 Reusing materials such as drums and pallets fossil fuel. Travelling has direct relation to
rather than disposing of them as waste. transport related pollution. Every person can
significantly make a difference in travelling
In homes and schools practices include :- and reduction in pollution. A litre of petrol
emits 2.3kg CO2 and diesel 2.7 kg CO2. If
 Using reusable water bottles instead of throw- communities as a whole make a movement in
away. this direction, quite a significant achievement
can be obtained by following practices-
 Automatically turning off lights when not in
use.
a) Avoid unnecessary travel, this will lead to
 Repairing leaky faucets and hoses. reduction in fuel consumption, traffic
 Switching to "green" cleaners. congestion, noise and air pollution and carbon
emission besides trip expenses.
Why is Pollution Prevention Important? :- b) Use cycle and or public transport as much as
Pollution prevention reduces both financial costs possible. Do walking. Use car pooling and
(waste management and clean up) and minimise personalised motor vehicle.
environmental costs (health problems and c) Vehicle must be serviced timely and maintain
environmental damage). Pollution prevention appropriate tyre pressure. Frequent
protects the environment by conserving and acceleration and braking should be avoided
protecting natural resources while strengthening during driving.
economic growth through more efficient d) Switch off ignition at red lights. As an
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approximate assessment this action will maintain our lifestyle leaves carbon footprint. So
reduce 48 to 64kg of CO2. emission per reduction of consumption will lead to reduction in
vehicle and you will save Rs1071 to 1417 carbon footprint.
annually on fuel cost.
Handprint refer to our positive efforts
3. Reduce Electricity consumption :- About 7% towards reduction in pollution ie GHG emission
of country’s GHG emission come from leading to sustainability. We can help in reducing
electricity consumption. Electricity is GHG emission both through our personal and
generated from fossil fuel, which emits GHG. collective actions. Together we can make a
Following good practices by all of us will result significant difference in schools, offices,
in significant improvement. neighbourhood by avoiding waste-full usage of
electricity, water and through waste management
a) Turn off lights, fan and other electric and using environment friendly transport system.
appliance when not in use.
b) Prefer Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 5 star Plant trees, use water harvesting
rated appliance ie Fan, refrigerator and AC. technique and reuse, recycle goods to make your
c) Switch to LED or CFLs. Replacing on 100W handprint on sustainable environment.one tree
incandescent bulb with a 20W CFL or 5W LED. can absorb about 3.6 to 10kg of CO2 every year.
d) Reduce temperature setting of Geyser from Use of both side printed paper can prevent 9kg
o o
60 Cto 40 C. Also replace electric geyser to CO2 emission per 50 sheets of A4 paper.
Solar water heater.
e) Minimise use of AC and use temperature
o
setting not below 25 C.
4. Reduce wastage of water :- Wastage of water

is wastage of energy. It takes a significant
amount of energy to clean, supply and pump
water. Further use of water from borewell
causing depletion of water and lowering of
water table, which has adverse effect on
environment. Optimum use of water will help
a great way.
a) Do not keep tap running while brushing,

bathing or washing instead use buckets.
b) Pump water for short duration to cut
overflows.
c) Wash car and scooters with a bucket of water.
d) Reuse water.
e) Always fix leaking taps.
5. Our handprint :- Mahatma Gandhi said

“ Whatever you do may seem insignificant to
you, but it is most important you do it.”
Pollution is measured in terms of Carbon

footprint. GHG emission emitted during the
manufacture of goods and services that we use to
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2022
Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Dr. Aneeta Sen
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, SBS Govt. P.G. College Pipariya, Dist.-Hoshangabad, India
Miss. Kity Maurya
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, SBS Govt. P.G. College Pipariya, Dist.-Hoshangabad, India
Abstract :- The term biodiversity (from “biological organisms we know little about, such as
diversity”) refers to the variety of life on Earth at all microbes, fungi, and invertebrates. The
its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can importance of this definition is that it draws
encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and attention to the many dimensions of biodiversity.
cultural processes that sustain life. Climate change It explicitly recognizes that every biota can be
refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and characterized by its taxonomic, ecological,
weather patterns. Both are directly or indirectly and genetic diversity and that the way these
connected with each other. We have observed a lot dimensions of diversity vary over space and time is
of changes in the pattern of rain as well as the hike in a key feature of biodiversity. Thus only a
hotness. This shift has resulted in change of the multidimensional assessment of biodiversity can
climate of different regions in whole world. This has provide insights into the relationship between
changed the pattern of Biodiversity also. The effect of changes in biodiversity and changes
climate change on the biodiversity is more negative in ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services.
with no positive indicator. The climate change has According to American Museum of Natural History,
affected the biological world of the world. The impact “The term biodiversity (from “biological diversity”)
is more likely seen in shifting of nature of forest, refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels,
different flora and fauna. The existence of life is from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the
possible as there is a balance in the environment. But evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that
this balance is hugely disturbed by the change in the sustain life.” Climate is the average weather in a
climate. It has also disturbed different ecological given area over a longer period of time. A
cycles. Many of the changes in environment which are description of a climate includes information on,
appearing to be dangerous are direct result of change e.g. the average temperature in different seasons,
in the climatic conditions of the concerned place. rainfall, and sunshine. Also a description of the
Whether the ecosystem is terrestrial or water all are (chance of) extremes is often included. Climate
affected by the change in the climate. If certain plans change is any systematic change in the long-term
are not made for the conservation of environment, statistics of climate variables such as temperature,
then the extinction of the life on Earth is definite. This precipitation, pressure, or wind sustained over
is actually responsible for extinction of different several decades or longer. Climate change can be
species from the Earth. The impact is also seen on the due to natural external forcings (changes in solar
Human and its nature. This review deals with the emission or changes in the earth’s orbit, natural
importance of Biodiversity, causes of climate change, internal processes of the climate system) or it can
its consequences and measures to conserve the be human induced. The classical period used for
biodiversity. describing a climate is 30 years, as defined by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Keywords :– Biodiversity, Ecosystem, life, Climate change is impacting human lives and
environment, extinct, climate change. health in a variety of ways. It threatens the
essential ingredients of good health – clean air,
Introduction :– According to WWF (World wildlife safe drinking water, nutritious food supply and
Fund) Biodiversity includes not only species we safe shelter – and has the potential to undermine
consider rare, threatened, or endangered but decades of progress in global health. (WHO, Health
also every living thing—from humans to Topics, 2022)
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The changes in climate are not localized, (According to Intergovernmental Panel of

they are widespread but they are not uniform and Climate Change)
vary from one place to another. There is difference
in exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. 1. Natural causes - Climate is influenced by
According to the IPCC, the extent of climate external natural factors such as changes in volcanic
change effects on individual regions will vary over activity, solar output, and the Earth's orbit around
time and with the ability of different societal and the Sun. Of these, the two factors relevant on
environmental systems to mitigate or adapt to timescales of contemporary climate change are
change. The IPCC predicts that increases in global changes in volcanic activity and changes in solar
mean temperature of less than 1.8 to 5.4 degrees radiation. Volcanic eruptions are episodic and
Fahrenheit (1 to 3 degrees Celsius) above 1990 have relatively short-term effects on climate.
levels will produce beneficial impacts in some Changes in solar irradiance have contributed to
regions and harmful ones in others. Net annual climate trends over the past century but since the
costs will increase over time as global Industrial Revolution, the effect of additions of
temperatures increase. Plants and animals are greenhouse gases to the atmosphere has been
sensitive to the fluctuations in temperature. All about ten times that of changes in the Sun’s
organisms are adapted to a particular range of output.
climatic conditions. Change in climatic condition
has a danger of extinction of several plants and 2. Anthropogenic causes- Burning of fossil fuels
animals species. Although all species are not Conversion of land for forestry and agriculture.
affected by the changes in environmental Agriculture Industrial Revolution (CFC…)
conditions but there may be some indirect Greenhouse gases Livestock: responsible for 18%
connections too. of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as
measured in CO2 equivalents and 65% of human
Objectives :- Every research has some objectives induced nitrous oxide.
which helps and guide a researcher to attain the
findings in a proper manner. This study has also Rising temperature Global average
objectives which are as follows – temperatures have increased ~0.6°C (1°F) in last
100 years. Temperatures at poles have increased
 To study the causes of climate change. by up to 9°F .Over last 30 years, annual average
 To study the impact of climate change on Arctic sea ice has decreased 8% (1 million km2).
biodiversity. Global sea level has risen ~10-25cm due to melting
 To find out the way to protect for saving glaciers and permafrost and due to thermal
biodiversity in changing climate. expansion of oceans 2006, 2005, 2004, 1998, 2002,
2003, 2001, 1997 are hottest years on record.
Research Methodology :– Researcher reviewed Global-average surface temperature projected to
the secondary data for attaining the objectives. increase by 1.4 ºC to 5.8 ºC by 2100.(Climate
And secondary data includes publications- national Change and Biodiversity report, Intergovernmental
and international, government and non- Panel on Climate Change)
government, newspaper article, research paper,
reports etc. Indian Scenario with respect to Climate change :-
According to a report of The Indian Netwrok for
Causes of Climate change :– The main causes of climate change Assessment (INCCA, 2010) , the net
climate change are - Greenhouse Gase (GHG) emissions from India
2007 were 1727.71 million tons of CO2equivalent
 Natural Causes of which include :
 Human Causes
 Short lived and long lived climate forces.  CO2 emission were 1227.76 million tons
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2022
 CH4 emission were 20.56 million tons ecosystems.( P. Vijaya et al.,2016)

 N2O emissions were 0.24 million tons
Impact of climate change on Biodiversity :– There
GHG emission (Net CO2 equivalent emissions is evidence that climate change is already affecting
were energy sector (57.8%), industry (21.7%), biodiversity and will continue to do so. The
agriculture (17.6%) ans waste sectors (3%). In the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ranks climate
agricultural sector major sources are entric change among the main direct drivers affecting
fermentation (63.4%), rice cultivation (20.9%), ecosystems. Consequences of climate change on
agricultural soils (13.0%) manure management the species component of biodiversity include:
(2.4%) and on- field burning of crop residues
(2.0%) (Pathak & Aggrawal, 2012). Thus, rice  Changes in distribution,
cultivation, soils and field burning of crop residues  Increased extinction rates,
contributes 35.9% of total emissions from  Changes in reproduction timings, and
agriculture (INCCA, 2010)  Changes in length of growing seasons for
plants. Some species that are already
Impact of change in climate on environment :– threatened are particularly vulnerable to the
The climate change has resulted in increase in the impacts of climate change.
temperature of earth. Technically this effect is
called Global warming. The average global The following are examples of species and of
temperature through the green house effect their vulnerabilities:
temperature of Earth has increased by 0.6 degree
Celsius since mid of 1800s. It has been predicted Since frogs rely on water to breed, any
that the temperature will rise by 1.4-5.8 degree reduction or change in rainfall could reduce frog
Celsius by the year of 2100(Sadguru et.al, 2019). If reproduction. Moreover, rising temperatures are
this temperature rise continues, there will be a rise closely linked to outbreaks of a fungal disease that
in the level of sea by 10 to 20 cm and may rise contributes to the decline of amphibian
further by 88 cm (Rathore and Jasrai, 2013) populations, especially frogs in Latin America.
Fish migration is another effect of climate Some of the largest remaining areas
change which one can see. Commonly fishes are where tigers occur are the mangrove forests of
migrate to another place for breeding purpose Asia. The projected rise in sea levels could cause
only, but nowadays some fishes are going to the disappearance of the tigers’ habitat,
survive at suitable conditions better than struggled threatening the survival of the species.
conditions. Certain fishes can tolerate than others.
Present rate of extinction, earth will have vanished Australia’s Great Barrier Reef could lose
25% of its present number of species by 2050 up to 95% of its living coral by 2050 due to changes
(Sierra Club, 2008). in ocean temperature and chemistry.
Another important phenomenon In Africa, pressures from longer dry periods

associated with temperature rise is coral and shrinking living spaces are making elephants
bleaching. When corals become affected by the highly vulnerable to climate change.
rising temperature and other climatic issues they
1. Polar region ecosystem - Polar regions are
lose their beautiful colours turning white. The
now experiencing some of the most rapid and
rising temperature results into increase in sea
severe climate change on Earth, which will
temperatures which negatively impacts the corals
contribute to environmental and socio-
resulting in vanishing of the reefs which are
economic changes, many of which have
considered to be one of the most bio-diverse
already begun. Polar regions are highly
vulnerable to climate change because:-
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2022
 During the 20th century, Arctic air  More wildfires in drier regions.
temperatures increased by approximately 5
degrees C. This increase is ten times faster 3. Forest ecosystem - Forests are particularly
than the observed global-mean surface vulnerable to climate change because: • Even
temperature. small changes in temperature and precipitation
 An additional warming of about 4-7 degrees C can have significant effects on forest growth. It has
in the Arctic is predicted for the next 100 been shown that an increase of 1 degree C in the
years9. temperature can modify the functioning and
 Polar species and societies have developed composition of forests.
very specialized adaptations to the harsh  Many forest-dwelling large animals, half of the
conditions found at the poles, thus they are large primates, and nearly 9% of all known
extremely vulnerable to dramatic changes in tree species are already at some risk of
these conditions. extinction.
 Low resilience to changing environmental  Woody tree species are less able to shift
parameters, including fluctuations of air poleward with changing climatic conditions.
temperatures and precipitation dynamics.
Following examples show how climate changes has
2. Agricultural Ecosystem :- Rapid population resulted in changes in Forest ecosystem :
growth has led to a change from traditional to  Teak dominated forests are replaced by the
intensive agricultural systems. About 7,000 plant Sal forest trees in Central India due to increase
species have been cultivated for food since in the temperature.
agriculture began about 12,000 years ago. Today,  Conifers are more likely to be replaced by the
however, only about 15 plant species and eight deciduous forest.
animal species supply 90% of our food. Many traits
incorporated into these modern crop varieties 4. Mountain ecosystem- Mountain regions are
were introduced from wild relatives, improving already under stress from various human
their productivity and tolerance to pests, disease activities, such as overgrazing, abandonment
and difficult growing conditions. Wild relatives of or inappropriate land management, reducing
food crops are considered an insurance policy for their natural resilience to climate change.
the future, as they can be used to breed new Mountain species also have a very limited
varieties that can cope with the changing capacity to move to higher altitudes in
conditions. Unfortunately, many wild races of response to warming temperatures. This is
staple food crops are endangered. For example, especially true of “mountain islands”, which
one quarter of all wild potato species are are often dominated by endemic species.
predicted to die out within 50 years, which could
make it difficult for future plant breeders to How to protect biodiversity in changing climate :-
ensure that commercial varieties can cope with a In general, there are two different strategies when
changing climate. it comes to dealing with climate change. We can
try to stop future warming (mitigation of climate
Climate change may affect plant growth and change) or we can find ways to live in our warming
production by promoting the spread of pests and world (adaptation to climate change). Adaptation
diseases. Other expected impacts include: involves developing ways to protect people and
places by reducing their vulnerability to climate
 increased exposure to heat stress, impacts. For example, to protect against sea level
 changes in rainfall patterns, rise and increased flooding, communities might
 greater leaching of nutrients from the soil build seawalls or relocate buildings to higher
during intense rains, ground. Mitigation involves attempts to slow the
 greater erosion due to stronger winds, and process of global climate change, usually by
38
2022
lowering the level of greenhouse gases in the 9. Tibbetts J. (2007). Health effects of climate
atmosphere. Planting trees that absorb CO 2 from change. Environ. Health Pers. 115: 196-203.
the air and store it is an example of one such 10. Verma A.K. (2017a). Genetic Diversity as
strategy. Buffer in Biodiversity. Indian Journal of
Biology. 4(1): 61-63
Conclusion :– It is observed that there is huge loss 11. Sharma D. K. and Mishra J.K. (2011). Impact of
of Biodiversity on Biodiversity. The changes in the environmental changes on biodiversity. Ind. J.
environment has affected various types of Sci.Res. 2(4):137-139.
ecosystems. These changes in climate are mainly 12. Sukumar R., Suresh H.S. and Ramesh R.
due to the activities of human. The emission of (1995).Climate change and its impact on
greenhouse gases are increasing continuously tropical montane ecosystems in southern
which is the main reason of increasing the India. J. Biogeography. 22: 533-536.
temperature globally. This rise in temperature is 13. Kumar V. and Chopra A.K. (2009). Impact of
changing the habitats of different species which is climate change on biodiversity of India with
causing damage to the environment. There is a special reference to Himalayan region: An
disbalance which is arising due to change in the overview. J. Appl. Nat. Sci.1(1):117-122
climatic condition of the World. To establish a 14. Rathore A. and Jasral Y.T. (2013). Biodiversity:
balance again, the interaction between different Importance and Climate change Impacts.
species of the ecosystem must be understood in a Inter. J. Sci. Res. Pub. 3(3): 1-5.
better way. The efforts must be made for 15. Tibbetts J. (2007). Health effects of climate
conserving and protecting the hotspots of the change. Environ. Health Pers. 115: 196-203
Biosphere. There must increase in afforestation, 16. http://iced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/C-
reforestation and agro- forestry practices. 30/Climate%20change%20and%20biodiversity
Biodiversity based adaption and mitigation _latest.pdf
strategies will be enhanced to prevent the damage 17. Sierra Club, 2008. Global population and
of ecosystems. Without conserving the biodiversity environment. Retrieved on March 30, 2010
and minimizing the anthropogenic activities, it is from
impossible to get the inclusive and sustainable http://www.sierraclub.org/population/factshe
development. ets/biodive rsity.asp.
18. P. Vijaya, S. Uma Rani , B. Rajeswari(2016) :A
References :–
Review on the Effect of Global Climate Change
1. https://www.amnh.org/research/center-for-
on Biodiversity, IJSR :293-295.
biodiversity-conservation/what-is-biodiversity
19. Thomas, C.D. et al. (2004). Extinction risk from
2. https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-
climate change. Nature 427, 145–148.
3/1-define-biodiversity.htm
20. USAID (September 2018). "Greenhouse Gas
3. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
Emission in India ". Retrieved 10 June 2021.
4. https://www.climateurope.eu/what-is-
21. UN Environmental programme (2019).
climate-and-climate-change/
"Emission Gap Report 2019" UNEP-UN
5. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/scienc
Programme.
e/causes-effects-climate-change
22. How Climate Change hits India's poor BBC
6. https://www.unep.org/explore-
News 1Feb 2007. Retrieved 10June 2021.
topics/climate-action
23. Impact of Climate Change on world's plant
7. https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-
and animals: Indian express Oct.3, 2007.
change#tab=tab_
8. http://iced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/C-
30/Climate%20change%20and%20biodiversity
_latest.pdf
39
2022
Impact of Gender Inequality in Social Era

Dr. Veena Kurre
Professor, SAGE University, Bhopal
Abstract :- In India, it is quite evident that gender or sexual violence by an intimate partner within a
equality is often on stake but it is also one of the 12-month period.
first and foremost criterions of human rights. Gender inequality still exists in India
Gender inequity has serious and long-lasting within the households, workplaces and in larger
consequences for women and other marginalized society. As per 2011 data, effective literacy rates
genders. Exposure to violence, objectification, (age 7 and above) were 82.14% for men and
discrimination, and socioeconomic inequality can 65.46% for women. In certain developing nations
lead to anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and like India, gender inequality starts manifesting
PTSD. The major reasons for this inequality are itself very early, a girl child starts facing
: the need for a male heir for the family, continued discrimination right from the womb and it ends
financial support to a girl child, huge dowry, in female foeticide. Female child is treated inferior
domestic, violence, poverty, farming as a major job to male child and this is deeply engraved in the
for poor and the caste system. many other mind of the female child. 2024 is more
grounds. People may be discriminated against predominant in India as well as other lesser
because of their age, disability, ethnicity, origin, developed countries. A male child is considered a
political belief, race, religion, sex or gender, sexual blessing and his birth is celebrated as opposed to a
orientation, language, culture and on many other female child where her birth is not celebrated and
grounds. Uneven access to education Lack of is considered more of a burden. The 2011 Indian
employment equality, Job segregation. ... Lack of census shows that there are 940 females per 1000
legal protections. Lack of bodily autonomy, Poor boys. Educating a boy is seen as an investment as
medical care, Lack of religious freedom. Lack of they are expected to earn and provide for their
political representation. Give women access to ageing parents. Whereas, an educated girl will
education just like men. Give women have a higher dowry expense because they need
opportunities to be in power and achieve an educated partner. It is also believed to be a
economic success. Stop the violence and sexual waste of resources to educate a girl child as she
assault against women, End child marriages Aware will eventually get married and be a
women about women’s rights in India. homemaker. If a family cannot afford to educate
all their children, the male child will get
Introduction :- Gender equality is not only a preference.
fundamental human right, but a necessary Gender inequality is a pressing issue in
foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and Indian society. Despite a constitution that
sustainable world. There has been progress over guarantees equal rights for men and women and
the last decades: More girls are going to school, decades of legislation, some deep-rooted gender
fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more discrimination in India takes a brutal toll on
women are serving in parliament and positions of women’s lives. Even after rapid economic growth,
leadership, and laws are being reformed to gender disparities remain all too familiar: 1,000
advance gender equality. Despite these gains, girls die each day before reaching the age of five
many challenges remain: discriminatory laws and due to neglect.
social norms remain pervasive, women continue to India has been ranked low on various
be under pressor at all levels of political indices that measure gender equality — including
leadership, and 1 in 5 women and girls between economic participation and opportunity;
the ages of 15 and 49 report experiencing physical educational attainment; health and survival;
40
2022
political empowerment; and legal protection — Challenging gender bias and inequality across the
due to multiple factors such as high levels of globe :- Women and men across the globe choose
women discrimination in India as well as various to challenge gender bias and inequality. They are
discriminatory social norms, laws and cultural forging an inclusive world. On International
practices. Some of the key areas or examples of Women’s Day, we
gender inequality in India where women face celebrate some of these trailblazers and their
discrimination include less access to education achievements. From health care and sexual rights
and employment, under-representation in political to economic empowerment, political participation,
positions, poorer health and nutrition than men, and food security, these colleagues
and the most obvious violence against women. and partners cover wide-ranging fields of civil
While deeper analysis of the problem may action. They are all gender equality activists. They
cause disagreement with respect to the relative don’t have thousands of followers on social media.
importance of various causes and therefore Mostly, they work outside the spotlight. They
approach to the solution, it is necessary to bring don’t ask for a pat on the back. But we shine a
together the major issues that contribute to light on them. Because without them, the world
making gender inequality in India as deep and wouldn’t move forward. If the
widespread. word wasn’t so inflated, we’d call them heroes.
Educative a girl can have multifold impact, 14%
Analysing gender inequality through large-scale reduce in child marriage . 2.2 times less likely to be
Facebook advertising data :- Online social media HIV + . contribute to global economic growth.
are information resources that can have a Reduce class and income inequalities. To be More
transformative power in society. While the Web Empowered. 50% more likely to educate her
was envisioned as an equalizing force that allows children. 2x more likely to educate her children.
everyone to access information, the digital divide Reverse climate change. Earn 10-20% more
prevents large amounts of people from being income.
present online. Online social media, in particular, Gender inequality is a pervasive issue in
are prone to gender inequality, an important issue India, impacting Indian women and girls in a
given the link between social media use and variety of ways. While there are many causes of
employment. Understanding gender inequality in gender inequality, some of the most common
social media is a challenging task due to the include:
necessity of data sources that can provide large-
scale measurements across multiple countries. Poverty :- Given all the development and recent
Here, we show how the Facebook Gender Divide rise to prominence, we often forget that India is
(FGD), a metric based on aggregated statistics of still one of the poorest countries in the world, and
more than 1.4 billion users in 217 countries, it is one of the biggest reasons that lead to gender
explains various aspects of worldwide gender inequality in India. Despite the availability of
inequality. Our analysis shows that the FGD education in rural areas, families prefer sending
encodes gender equality indices in education, their boys to school rather than the girls of the
health, and economic opportunity. We find gender family, which is one of the biggest disadvantages.
differences in network externalities that suggest
that using social media has an added value for Patriarchal Setup in our Indian Society :- Since
women. Furthermore, we find that low values of time immemorial, India has been an extremely
the FGD are associated with increases in economic patriarchal society. The patriarchal setup in Indian
gender equality. Our results suggest that online society contributed to the fundamental inequality
social networks, while suffering evident gender between men and women. As women were
imbalance, may lower the barriers that women considered a part of the household belonging to
have to access to informational resources and help their father or husband, they were unable to get a
to narrow the economic gender gap. say in any matters concerning their own
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2022
development or that of the community at large. bring about a change in the mindset of people,
especially men, who still believe that women are
Lack of Education or Illiteracy :- The disparity inferior to them. We need to inject the concept of
between the literacy rates of men and women in women’s empowerment into everybody’s minds.
India is a known issue. Some regional states have We have built a result-oriented process of
higher disparity, while some other states have enhancing and promoting the social, political and
better disparity. The problem is not that there are economic status of women. Majorly, we have to
few literate women in India, but rather the work on five main concerns-Give women access to
problem is the lack of awareness among women to education just like men. Give women
use their rights. opportunities to be in power and achieve
economic success. Stop the violence and sexual
Lack of Awareness Among Women :- One of the assault against women. End child marriages.
major causes of gender inequality is the lack of Aware women about women’s rights in India By
awareness among women about their rights and focusing on these five major points, we can hope
their ability to achieve equality. This lack of to achieve equality between men and women in
awareness is often due to the prevailing cultural our society. It is neither difficult nor impossible;
and social norms, which dictate that women we all can do it, together.
should be subservient to men. It is important to
break down these barriers and help women Conclusion :- The coronavirus
become more aware of their rights so that they outbreak exacerbates existing inequalities for
can demand equality. women and girls across every sphere – from health
and the economy, to security and social
Social Customs, Beliefs and Practices :- The views protection. Women play a disproportionate role in
of society, customs and cultural practices play a responding to the virus, including as frontline
big role in keeping women at lower places in the healthcare workers and carers at home. Women’s
society – refusing them opportunities, which are unpaid care work has increased significantly as a
generally provided to men, who are considered result of school closures and the increased needs
the dominant ones in India. of older people. Women are also harder hit by the
Addressing these causes is critical to economic impacts of COVID-19, as they
achieving gender equality in India. disproportionately work in insecure labour
markets. Nearly 60 per cent of women work in the
The Need For Awareness :- Women are treated as
informal economy, which puts them at greater risk
second-class citizens in India, and the situation is
of falling into poverty. The pandemic has also led
getting worse. The country’s record on gender
to a steep increase in violence against women and
equality is dismal. According to a report by the
girls. With lockdown measures in place, many
World Economic Forum (WEF), India ranked 134th
women are trapped at home with their abusers,
out of 145 countries for gender parity in 2018,
struggling to access services that are suffering
down from 130th in 2017.
from cuts and restrictions. Emerging data shows
Without a doubt, this is a wake-up call for
that, since the outbreak of the pandemic, violence
all of us. We all have to join hands and help
against women and girls – and particularly
women overcome these discrimination crises. We
domestic violence – has intensified. Women play
need to create awareness among Indian women
an important role for our society, but they
about their legal rights. There are various
continuously face the problems at workplace, at
organisations that work towards creating
home, in society. The constitution has given her an
awareness about women’s rights and equality, like
equal right to fight for every injustice. Women in
care India. We need to support such organisations
the social era today have proved everyone who
vigorously working to provide women with equal
holds women less skilful - wrong by performing at
opportunities and rights. Additionally, we need to
extravagant levels so phenomenally, and it is here
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2022
that women should be given their fair chances to

prove that they can be their best self and provide
to the society.
References :-
 Williams Annabelle 2021 “Why Women Are

Poorer Than Men and What We Can Do About
It “
 Pandey Chandra Umesh 2020 “Gender
Equality and Empowerment of Women and
Girls “
 Ramu Moorty Datchana Dr 2020 March 11 “
Gender Equality & Sustainable Development
Goals: In India”
 Dutta N, Jha S. 2014 May 5 “Women and
Gender
Inequality”nhttps://www.snehakarma.org/our
-causes/gender-
inequality/?gclid=CjwKCAjwt7SWBhAnEiwAx8
ZLauQing_Nigr9rm3PknixbJTro2Mawrkfw0jAD
E8ZqHnK6t3-X3sRgxoCKU0QAvD_BwE
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment
/gender-equality/nomic freedom."
~Gloria Steinemmen's economic freedom."~
Gloria Steinem.
43
2022
A Study on the Initiative of Financial Inclusion Programme by

NABARD with Special Reference during Covid-19
Shravan Kumar Jha
Research Scholar, Dr.C.V.Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh
Abstract :- Financial inclusion is a multi- during COVID period and the different steps taken
dimensional phenomenon beyond just access to by NABARD.
bank account or credit. Till date, not only this has
helped, who were lagged behind from the circle of Keywords :- Financial inclusion, Rabi, Kharif,
organised financial structure but also is Market yards.
increasingly connected these people through new
age technology driven banking. The outbreak of Introduction :- India is a large country and has its
COVID-19 across the globe and in India consequent unique cultural diversities across length and
to the restricted movements and partial lockdown breadth with wide range of geographical
has caused significant decline in the economic variations. As a whole it is an agrarian country. Our
activity of the nation. It has created disruptions country is large not only for the reasons of huge
across the businesses more particularly in Banking geographical area but also for huge population
and Financial services sector also posing severe which is about 122 cr. More than 70% of total
challenges to the farm sector, especially during the population of our country hails mainly from rural
peak of rabi season in the country and when crops and semi-urban areas and are directly and/or
are at harvestable stage or almost reaching indirectly engaged in agricultural activities for
maturity. This is also the time when the farm generation of income for their livelihood. Even
harvests reach the mandis (market yards) for after 70 years of independence, a large section of
assured procurement operations by designated Indian population still remains out of banking
government agencies. As banking and financial services. This has led to generation of financial
services are categorized as essential services, all instability and poverty among the lower income
the routine activities of the bank on policy groups who do not have access to mainstream
matters, disbursement of loans, Investment of financial services and products like Bank accounts,
surplus and other related operations are credit, insurance, payment services etc.
conducted smoothly during the lockdown period India is still a home to one third of the
by allowing majority staff to work from home world`s poor. The country also having largest
through online / digital mode. A limited number of unbanked population and only 35% adults have an
staff are called to office on rotational basis for account in financial institutions which shows that
attending to emergency work. In the opinion of percentage of account penetration in India is
the management of the Bank, based on below that of rest of the developing countries. As
information presently available, the impact of per data available from census 2011 , total
COVID-19 on the reported numbers and population of India is 122 crore and about 65% of
impairment of the assets would not be significant. adults are excluded from the formal financial
system .As per world Bank report ,in India only
This study is an attempt to understand 35.2% of adults of age group above 15 years have
the concept of financial inclusion, its impact on the an account at formal financial institutions. This
different section of the society during COVID-19 situation is further worst in rural and semi-urban
and how NABARD is making it smoother for them areas. Reports also show that there is one Bank
who are outside the purview of banking sector. Branch per 14000 persons in India. Only 18%
The present study also tries to understand how the persons are debit card holders, less than 2% are
financial inclusion initiative is making a survival credit card holders and despite Branch expansions
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2022
post reform period, the total number of Bank report by the RBI mainly focused on activities
Branches stood to 48000 to cater 6 lack Indian required to further accelerate efficient and
villages that means only one Bank branch is effective delivery of credit to rural farm and non-
available per 12.5 villages. From various surveys farm sectors. To ensure a wider coverage of
made all over India, the most common reasons for banking services, Committee on Financial Inclusion
not having a bank account in financial institutions (GOI, 2008: Chairman – Dr. C. Rangarajan)
are- recommended that financial inclusion should be
 Lack of sufficient money to transact with Bank undertaken on a ‘mission mode’ so that various
as reported by 63% of unbanked adults. financial services are available at an affordable
 One of the family members has bank account cost to vast sections of disadvantaged and low-
so other members are reluctant as reported income groups. The key recommendations were to
by 41% of unbanked population. provide access to mainstream financial products
 Other reasons as reported by 20 % of and that banking and payment services should be
unbanked population are distance, cost, lack available to entire population without
of necessary documentation etc. discrimination. Later, RBI (2014a) focused on the
provision of financial services to small businesses
Financial exclusion of such a vast section of and low-income households as majority of these
our society has already posed serious threat to households did not have an account in the formal
economic progress of the country. A committee sector. The main findings were that majority of
on financial inclusion headed by Dr.C.Rangarajan small businesses were operating without the help
in its report has defined financial inclusion as “The of formal financial institutions; and more than half
process of ensuring access to financial services and of rural and urban population did not have access
timely and adequate credit where needed by to bank accounts.
vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low In a rare study stressing the significance
income groups at an affordable cost.” The report of having a bank account, Shiva (2010) explained
signifies, financial inclusion as a process to provide various dimensions of the Punjab tragedy of 1970s
equal opportunities to vast section of population and 1980s which were responsible for
to access mainstream financial services at indebtedness of farmers, as majority of the
affordable cost for better life, living and better farmers did not have access to banking services.
income there by, paving the way for inclusive The author argued that Green Revolution resulted
growth. India`s poors, majority of whom are in increase in cost of agricultural inputs, leading to
agricultural , semiskilled or unskilled wage increasing debt and declining profit margins. The
labourers , low salaried workers engaged in author observed that lack of access to banking
unorganized sectors and many of the micro and services resulted in making it difficult for the
small enterprises are excluded from formal farmers to meet the ends.
financial systems. To popularize financial inclusion, RBI
(2011) focused on issues and concerns of
Review of Literature :- In the context of India, microfinance sector, especially related to ease of
several studies have been conducted on issues transaction. The report provided suggestions for
related to banking the unbanked population. A regulating microfinance sector along with interest
brief review of literature of a few select studies is rates, increasing transparency and reducing
presented in the following analysis: problems that are related to multiple lending and
To address the issue of large size of over borrowing in order to make transaction
unbanked population and limited reach of brick process much easier. Similarly, RBI (2014b)
and mortar branches, RBI (2005) proposed examined various challenges to large scale
extending financial inclusion through business expansion of mobile banking across country to
facilitators (BF) / business correspondents (BC), make transaction process much easier. The report
adapting the Brazilian success story in India. The divided the challenges into two broad categories –
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2022
customer enrollment related issues and technical microfinance institution (MFI) lending did not lead
issues. Customer enrollment related issues to growth of income as only a small part of
included mobile number registration, M-PIN borrowed money was used for investment
(mobile pin) generation process, concerns relating purposes. In contrast, Yeshwanth (2015)
to security as a factor affecting on-boarding of concluded that participating in microfinance had
customers, education of bank’s staff and customer improved standard of living of households as well
education. Technical issues included access as increased access to saving services. The study
channels for transactions, cumbersome also revealed that nearly 70 percent of financially
transaction process, and coordination with mobile excluded households belonged to scheduled castes
network operators in a mobile banking eco- and tribes. Also, the reluctance of such households
system. from participating in MFI was because of existing
Kumar (2011) attempted to understand strict repayment rules of MFI. In absence of
the behavior and determinants of financial banking institutions, MFIs have been playing an
inclusion in terms of accessibility of various important role in rural areas.
financial services. The key findings of the paper To analyze the utilization of loans,
show that, the deposit and credit penetration are Kamath (2008) attempted to understand the
positively correlated. In short, the key impact of MFI loans on daily household cash flows
determinants of financial inclusion are income by analyzing cash inflow and outflow patterns of
level, regional economic conditions, income borrowers of MFI and comparing with non-MFI
generating employment, and schemes leading to households. The financial diary methodology was
more banking activities. used to collect data and to keep track of 11
In 2013, key findings of a study by CRISIL months expenditure pattern (September 2008 to
were that though one-half of population had a August 2009) of households of Ramanagar area,
savings account, only one in seven Indians had Karnataka, India. The findings highlighted some
access to banking credit. CRISIL (2013) measured critical issues – repayment of one MFI loan was
the extent of financial IIMB-WP N0. 549 done by using other MFI loan; maximum
11inclusion in India in the form of an index. It repayment of MFI loan exceeded average income
made use of non-monetary aggregates for of the households; and none of loans were used
calculating financial inclusion with aim of providing for productive purpose but for consumption.
suggestions regarding the type of financial services It is an interesting fact that money
that needs to be provided to rural households in lenders continue to play an important role in rural
order to raise their standard of living. The areas. Reddy (2007) investigates purpose for which
parameters used in this index take account of people borrow from money lenders by identifying
number of individuals having access to various and analyzing changes in their borrowing pattern
financial services rather than focusing on loan over 20 years. The data is collected from a village
amount. money lender. Money lender lent only to those
Ananth and Sabri (2013) attempted to people with whom he had economic relationship
understand challenges and problems faced by such as tenants and labourers, and sometimes no
financial inclusion in Andhra Pradesh. The authors interest rate was charged in case of mutual help.
argued that success of financial inclusion The empirical findings of this paper demonstrate
depended on expansion of public sector banks in that relationship building is important and that
rural areas, and their role in providing suitable money lender, who is considered as one who
financial products to rural households, since public fulfills production needs of the weak and poor,
sector banks play a larger role in government continued to provide finance even when there was
sponsored schemes. Further, authors emphasized an improvement in standard of living of poor.
on localization and customization of financial The above study examines stages of
products and services rather than centralized and financial inclusion and financial system stability.
standard procedures. The study concluded that Focusing on digital finance, this review provides a
46
2022
discussion on digital finance and explores the NABARD’s initiatives and projects, with
impact of digital finance for financial inclusion and deep and wide implications for the rural economy,
financial system stability - an issue which has not faced
been addressed in the literature. As the digital
 Disruption of communication between project
transaction taking a lead role in effecting the
implementing staff and communities;
human being life, it is important to note its impact
on financial inclusion too. Having done the above  Delays owing to restrictions on movement of
review, we also find that there is the need for its people and materials; and
analysis. At a conceptual level, the above  choking of fund flows, an economy-wide
discussions also address the benefits and risks of pandemic outcome, further exacerbated by
digital finance, digital financial inclusion and low digital penetration. Rural communities in
financial inclusion. Despite the benefits of digital the meanwhile reeled from the effects of
finance, this has also highlighted some challenge meagre rural health infrastructure;
that digital finance pose for financial inclusion and
 Abrupt job loss, forced reverse migration,
financial stability. Finally, an interesting direction
increased pressures on land, scarcity of rural
for future research would be to explore the
livelihood options;
relationship between digital finance and economic
crises to determine whether digital finance helps  Disruptions in supply chains of essentials; and
to propagate financial contagion during a crisis.
 Loss of income, crippling repayment capacity.
The pandemic called for interventions such as
NABARD’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic :-
cash dispensation at doorsteps and livelihood cash
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought with it
subsidies to rural women. Though technology
prolonged and monumental human suffering,
penetration in rural areas improved banking reach
disrupting the world economy in unimaginable
and affordability while facilitating direct benefit
ways. Humankind has survived such episodes in
transfers and online trading, most rural citizens
history by responding with grit and determination;
were not fully prepared for radical technology
the intensity of the crisis, notwithstanding. The
solutions. NABARD therefore, focused on building
Government of India was quick and decisive in
digital–financial preparedness for future
responding to the pandemic. Besides health sector
calamities.
interventions, immediate short-term economic
relief measures included three months of free  The NABARD supported banks for on-boarding
rations to the needy under the Pradhan Mantri to Bharat Bill Payment System platform for
Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana, while revival and providing online utility payment services to
recovery packages such as the Aatma Nirbhar their rural customers.
Bharat 2.0 and 3.0 focused on course correction in  Technology-based doorstep banking was
the medium and long term to bring the Indian extended by 148 mobile demo vans [under
economy back on rails. We all acknowledge that Financial Inclusion Fund (FIF)], benefitting
disaster response is seldom set of static one-time more than 3.5 lakh people in rural areas.
decisions. Depending on the path and pace of
 NABARD also facilitated the implementation
recovery, response measures need to be phased,
of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
regulated, and calibrated. Most importantly
that provides direct cash transfer to Jan Dhan
existing institutions and mechanisms that can be
accounts of 10.7lakh women in 108 rural
pressed into action immediately need to be
cooperative banks.
identified. In this article, we discuss the challenges
that came our way during the pandemic and the  NABARD urged regional rural banks to treat
measures initiated by using response. banking correspondents, who faced hardships
during the pandemic, with compassion and
provide them with healthcare support,
47
2022
insurance cover, and performance-based incentivising digital transactions. These were

remuneration for three months.  Financial and digital literacy camps;
 Demonstration of banking technology via
Awareness generation programme :- mobile vans;
 NABARD announced new schemes and  Handheld projectors;
programmes for awareness building among  opening kiosk outlets in unbanked villages in
rural people to enhance digital outreach and NER states;
access to financial services, thus reducing  setting up Centre for Financial Literacy;
crowding at the bank branches.  Provision of Green PIN facility at automated
teller machines (ATMs) and/or micro-ATMs for
 NABARD made 14 educational movies in
RuPay Kisan Card activation;
regional languages about the usage of digital
 Authentication user agency/e-KYC user agency
banking through mobile demo vans, micro-
membership of the Unique Identification
ATMs, and point of sale devices and mobile
Authority of India;
point of sale apps.
NAFINDEX, an index of financial inclusion
 For awareness building on various FIF NAFINDEX attempts to reflect state-wise
schemes, micro-modules were created using household level access to financial services based
gamification for enhanced learning. These on field data from NABARD All-India Rural Financial
micro-modules are available to users on Inclusion Survey, FY2017. NAFINDEX has been
mobile platform for anytime–anywhere constructed combining three dimensions—
access. traditional banking products, modern banking
 NABARD’s E-Shakti portal was used for services, and payment systems. The average all-
sending 40 lakh health advisory text messages India index stood at 0.337, suggesting a significant
to SHG members. need to expand coverage of financial inclusion.
NAFINDEX and dimension indices vary across
 Besides curating a dedicated page on COVID-
states, many of which with lower traditional
19 advisories on their website, NABARD
banking products’ penetration demonstrated
brought out several products to meet the
higher dimension values for modern banking
business and communication needs during the
products and payment mechanisms. This serves as
pandemic. These included an animation film
a compass for expansion in states with poor access
on ‘Safe Banking’ during the pandemic and a
to banking products. deploying V-SATs; micro-ATM
film and booklet on NABARD pandemic-
and point-of-sale (PoS)/mobile PoS devices; mobile
response interventions.
signal boosters; and solar panel for UPS in SFDs;
and
NABARD initiative :- Promoting financial inclusion
NABARD has adopted a differentiated strategy  on-boarding of platforms such as » BHIM UPI;
since FY2020 by providing grants under FIF at an » Public Financial Management System; »
enhanced rate of 90% of outlay for Special Focus Bharat Bill Payment System; and » Central KYC
Districts (SFDs) that are identified as aspirational, Registry.
LWE-affected, credit starved (by Reserve Bank of
India), hilly districts, or districts from the North Cumulatively, NABARD sanctioned `4,592.8
Eastern Region (NER), or islands of Lakshadweep crore and disbursed `2,527.7 crore till 31 March
and Andaman & Nicobar. During FY2021, NABARD 2021. Following up on the first NABARD All-India
(through FIF) supported a host of activities under Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) in FY2016
the five broad heads of financial literacy that covered 40,000 rural households across 245
programmes; banking technology adoption; districts, we are undertaking NAFIS 2.0 covering a
regulatory infrastructure support; support for much larger sample across all districts with FY2021
connectivity and power infrastructure; and as the reference year. NABARD developed the
48
2022
state-wide NAFINDEX based on three household registration, and financial details, grading,
level dimensions: traditional banking products, etc.) for all NABARD-promoted farmer
modern banking services, and payment systems producers’ organisations On-boarded 4,071
measured by 18 indicators of the NAFIS to FPOs ENSURE
represent financial inclusion.
 Enabling commercial banks, cooperative
Selected digital initiatives offering solutions to
banks, and regional rural banks to submit
promote technology adoption Initiative Purpose
financial data including ground level credit
Status (31 March 2021) e-Shakti Creating a digital
flow
ecosystem to provide an ‘end-to-end’ solution to
the Self-Help Group–Bank Linkage Programme to  Recording status updates on programmes and
help standardise books of accounts and bring schemes promoted by NABARD and the
transparency and regularity in operations. Government of India
 Ongoing in 281 districts across India  Facilitating online submission of subsidy

applications by banks with complete
 Credit linkage increased from 4.7 lakh (38% of
traceability of application status
total) to 6.5 lakh groups (53% of total) by
FY2021.  Enabling online submission of SHG–JLG
returns by banks
 On-boarded data pertains to » 12.3 lakh SHGs;
» 140.9 lakh members; and » over 1.7 lakh The portal captures data entered by client
villages. NABARD BHUVAN Web-based institutions and regional offices of NABARD and is
monitoring of fully functional. Rajbhasha SETU Digitalising
 NABARD-supported watershed projects various activities of Rajbhasha Department of
NABARD with provision for entering data and
 Impact evaluation (change detection through preparing quarterly progress reports on the use of
the analysis of satellite images of pre- and Hindi in official communication. It will be
post-development phases or periods). On- operationalised soon. RIDF (web portal and mobile
boarded 666 watershed projects Tribal application)
Development Ensuring accessibility of data on
Tribal Development Fund projects for  providing real-time data on Rural
oversight Covered 281 districts from 28 states Infrastructure Development Fund sanctions
benefitting 5.29 lakh families till date Krishak and disbursement
Sarathi Digitalising information on farmers’  Using mobile app to monitor, including geo-
clubs for effective monitoring Data for 24,450 tagging of monitored assets
farmers’ clubs captured. Nabskill 2.0 (a new
user-friendly version) Recording data related  Facilitating online submission and processing
to trainers, trainees, placement agencies, and of applications. The portal/mobile app has
other skilling ecosystem stakeholders for already been used for 154 RIDF project
NABARD initiatives NABARD supported monitoring visits. Student Internship Scheme
training towards gainfully engaging rural  Automating the SIS for enhanced accessibility
youth through wage and self-employment. and reach of the scheme and transparency in
 `174.4 crore in grant assistance NabPragna the selection process.
Digitalising Research and Development (R&D)  Making available a ready-to-use management
Fund operations for online sourcing and information system. In FY2021, 3,162 online
processing of proposals and effectively applications were submitted for 75 pan-India
collaborating in studies with research partners seats.
The portal is ready for roll out. NABFPO
Capturing parametric data (membership,
49
2022
Financial inclusion in India has seen a becomes impossible. Financial inclusion is also
considerable increase in the number of bank necessary for the country's economic progress. On
branches in urban, semi-urban, and metropolitan the whole, the initiative taken by NABARD during
areas in the post-liberalization period. In India, pandemic has contributed a lot for the economic
however, a huge portion of the population is growth of the country, which has not only
currently deprived of financial products and transform the mode of the banking but also to add
services. To address this issue, the Indian these people with the technology, which is the
government took significant initiatives, such as ladder of the future.
launching PMJDY in 2014 for those aged 20 to 65,
with the goal of making financial services such as Bibliography :-
banking, insurance, and pensions more affordable
to low- and middle-income people. These plans 1. About PFRDA. (2018, October 09). Retrieved
were designed specifically for women's financial from Pension Fund Regulatory and
stability. These plans have been perfected to keep Development Authority
up with the rate of economic growth and to Website:http://www.pfrda.org.in/
achieve long-term development goals (SDG). 2. DFS, M. o. (2018, October 09). Continuation of
Surprisingly, there has been a rise in expectations PMJDY beyond 14 August 2018. Retrieved
for their impact on women's empowerment. As of from PMJDY:
May 2019, 53% of women have bank accounts, https://www.pmjdy.gov.in/files/Documents/C
with the majority of them affiliated with public ontinuation_of_PMJDY.pdf
sector banks. setting up Centre for Financial
Literacy; 3. DFS, Ministry of Finance. (2018,
October 09). PMJJBY. Retrieved from
 Provision of Green PIN facility at automated Department of Financial SErvices, Ministry
teller machines (ATMs) and/or micro-ATMs for of Finance, GoI:
RuPay Kisan Card activation; https://financialservices.gov.in/insurance-
divisions/ Government-Sponsored-Socially-
 Authentication user agency/e-KYC7 user Oriented-Insurance-Schemes/Pradhan-
agency membership of the Unique Mantri-Jeevan-Jyoti- Bima-Yojana(PMJJBY)
Identification Authority of India; deploying V-
SATs;8 micro-ATM and point-of- 4. DFS, Ministry of Finance. (2018, October 09).
sale(PoS)/mobile PoS devices; mobile signal PMSBY. Retrieved from Department of
boosters; and solar panel for UPS9 in SFDs; Financial Services, Ministry of Finance,
and. Government of India:
https://financialservices.gov.in/insurance-
Conclusion :- The initiative and different divisions/Government-Sponsored-Socially-
programme initiative taken by NABARD has helped Oriented-Insurance-Schemes/Pradhan-
the financially excluded people, when they were Mantri- Suraksha-Bima Yojana(PMSBY)
having very limited financial access. The primary
5. DFS, Ministry of Finance, GoI. (2014,
goal of these programmes is to provide vulnerable
August). Mission Document- PMJDY.
people with access to formal financial services.
Retrieved from PMJDY:
Financial inclusion will assist the disadvantaged in
https://www.pmjdy.gov.in/files/Documents/P
entering the mainstream of growth while also
MJDY_BROCHURE_ENG.pdf
providing financial institutions with an opportunity
to participate in inclusive growth as partners. In a 6. Giridhar, G., James, K., Kumar, S., Sivaraju, S.,
country like India, financial inclusion is critical to Alam, M., Gangadharan, K.,... Gupta, N.
long-term economic growth and development. (2017). Caring for Our Elders: india Ageing
Without financial inclusion, inclusive growth Report 2017. New Delhi, India: United Nations
Population Fund. Retrieved October 09,
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default/files/pub-pdf/India%20Ageing
%20Report%20-%202017%20%28Final%20
Version%29.pdf
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undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainabl
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Committee on Medium Term Path on
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/Hme/CCC.
51
2022
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International Journal of Social Science & Management Studies (I.J.S.S.M.S.

Green Marketing and its Scope

Abstract :- Evolution of Green Marketing :- The green

X² tab = 7.88 X² tab <X² cal

Q1. Do you believe in the concept of

Yes 60 35.0 25.0

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 52 35.0 17.0

yes 60 35.0 25.0

Q4. Green Marketing helps to protect the environment, so I am ready to pay a

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 44 35.0 9.0

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 48 35.0 13.0

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 20 35.0 -15.0

Q7. Do you think Green products are

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 14 35.0 -21.0

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 54 35.0 19.0

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 54 35.0 19.0

Q10. Green Marketing is only way to

Observed N Expected N Residual

Yes 20 35.0 -15.0

 For increase the Green Marketing

Limitations of the study :-

 Time Constraint: There was time constraint,

 Kotler, Philip, Keller, K.L., Koshy, A., &Jha,

Impact of Global Warming on Biodiversity and its Conservation :

validity of these projections. Efforts to address ‘assisted colonization’. Both describe a

that involve the active management of mediating implementation of safe-to-fail adaptive

to fostering biological adaptation may be References :-

Nutritional Security through Backyard Kitchen Garden in Nutri Smart

Activities Outputs Outcome Impact

3 Appropriate sowing time of various 18 3 4 88

Table-2 Major constraints perceived in the establishment of nutrition kitchen garden.

Farmer's Practice 97.4 137.0 - 39.4

Recommended 153.3 218.0 62.84 62.28

Nutrients Per capita availability of % RDA Difference (%)

Table 5: Source of nutrients in daily diet

Table 6: Availability of Nutritional elements and deficiency produces disease in vegetables.

Nutritional elements Disease produced by deficiency Nutritional elements available in

Layout Plan of a Nutritional Garden

Fruit plants on bunds

Plot Kharif Rabi Summer

Vegetable Crops for the kitchen garden

Vegetables Seed Rate(per Line to line Plant to Harvesting Production

Fruits Plants for the kitchen garden

1. Shukla Rashmi,(2018), kitchen garden for

Statistical Methods a Perspective of Introduction of Statistical Methods

Fig: Types of Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency

Percentile is the Q1, 50th percentile is the Limitations :-

methods, SPSS package etc that are introduced in

Scope for further research :- It is better to study

1. Statistics Educational Journal: ISSN 1570-1824.

Sustainable Environment-Community Participation

4. Reduce wastage of water :- Wastage of water

a) Do not keep tap running while brushing,

5. Our handprint :- Mahatma Gandhi said

Pollution is measured in terms of Carbon

Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity