Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 1702630805

    Uploaded by

    Paulo Diniz
    6 views62 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    6 views62 pages

    1702630805

    Uploaded by

    Paulo Diniz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 62
    Multiplexing - Multiplexing is the name given to techniques, which allow more than one message to be transferred via the same communication channel. The channel in this context could be a transmission line, e.g. a twisted pair or co-axial cable, a radio system or a fibre optic system etc. -Achannel will offer a specified bandwidth, which is available for a time t, where tmay — -~. Thus, with reference to the channel there are 2 ‘degrees of freedom’, i.e. bandwidth or frequency and time. Multiplexing CHANNEL 5 B, By Treg ‘Multiplexing is a technique which allows k users to occupy the channel for the duration in time that the channel is available, B. Now consider a signal v,(¢) = Ampcos(at + ¢) The signal is characterised by amplitude, frequency, phase and time. 2 Multiplexing + Various multiplexing methods are possible in terms of the channel bandwidth and time, and the signal, in particular the frequency, phase or time. The two basic methods are: 1) Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM FDM is derived from AM techniques in which the signals occupy the same physical ‘line’ but in different frequency bands. Each signal occupies its own specific band of frequencies all the time, i.e. the messages share the channel bandwidth. 2) Time Division Multiplexing TDM TDM is derived from sampling techniques in which messages occupy all the channel bandwidth but for short time intervals of time, i.e. the messages share the channel time. + FDM — messages occupy narrow bandwidth — all the time. - TDM — messages occupy wide bandwidth — for short intervals of time. Multiplexing These two basic methods are illustrated below. Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM « FDM is widely used in radio and television systems (e.g. broadcast radio and TV) and was widely used in multichannel telephony (now being superseded by digital techniques and TDM). * The multichannel telephone system illustrates some important aspects and is considered below. For speech, a bandwidth of ~ 3kHz is satisfactory. * The physical line, e.g. a co-axial cable will have a bandwidth compared to speech as shown next Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM From AM we have noted: oo psBsc cartier cos(o,t) Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM In order to use bandwidth more effectively, SSB is used i.e. (6 <) SSB. SSBSK m(t) i BSC carrier cos(,1) fe te We have also noted that the message signal m(f) is usually band limited, i.e. Speech Band m(t) ——_+| Limiting ss |, SSBSC Filter 300H7.~ 3400Hz cos(@,t) 7 Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM The Band Limiting Filter (BLF) is usually a band pass filter with a pass band 300Hz to 3400Hz for speech. This is to allow guard bands between adjacent channels. CNL. t {> | soon “ool Toon 3400 Lok Speech m(t) Convention Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM For telephony, the physical line is divided (notionally) into 4kHz bands or channels, i.e. the channel spacing is 4kHz. Thus we now have: Guard Bands i Bandlimited \ ' Speech t ‘<4 ——— ve Note, the BLF does not have an ideal cut-off — the guard bands allow for filter ‘roll off’ in order to reduce adjacent channel crosstalk. 9 Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM Consider now a single channel SSB system. wat) DSBSC) ggq SSBSC . ome Q) moi The spectra will be $ i | i “ yh DSBSC Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM Consider now a system with 3 channels mO mo) mo) L, \ \ EDM + >< Shaded areas are to show guard bands. ae fle > freq 12 Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM Note that the baseband signals m,(f), mA{f), m,(t) have been multiplexed into adjacent channels, the channel spacing is 4kHz. Note also that the SSB filters are set to select the USB, tuned to f,, f, and f, respectively. A receiver FDM decoder is illustrated below: SSB Filter fi SSB a) Filter FDM Signal fp SSB *| Filter i Band Limited v Back to baseband Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM * The SSB filters are the same as in the encoder, i.e. each one centred on f,, f, and f, to select the appropriate sideband and reject the others. these are then folowed by a synchronous demodulator, each fed with a synchronous LO, f,,, f,2 and f,, respectively. * For the 3 channel system shown there is 1 design for the BLF (used 3 limes), 3 Gesign ins for the SSB filters (each used twice) and 1 design for the iP F (used 3 times). * Aco-axial cable could accommodate several thousand 4 kHz channels, for example 3600 channels is aly ten The bandwidth used is thus 3600 x 4kHz = 14.4Mhz. Potentially therefore there are 3600 different SSB filter designs. Not only this, but the designs must range from kHz to MHz. 14 Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM 60kHz For ‘designs’ around say 60kHz, Q = 4kHz = 15 which is reasonable. However, for designs to have a centre frequency at around say 10Mhz, 10,000kHz icin femefifil =——--—~ gives a Q = 2500 which is difficult to achieve. 4kHz To overcome these problems, a hierarchical system for telephony used the FDM principle to form groups, supergroups, master groups and supermaster groups. 15 Basic 12 Channel Group The diagram below illustrates the FDM principle for 12 channels (similar to 3 channels) to a form a basic group. md m0) —, m(o ———»| Multiplexer |» freq mf) [kHz 6OkHz i.e. 12 telephone channels are multiplexed in the frequency band 12kHz — 60 kHz in 4kHz channels = basic group. 16 Basic 12 Channel Group Adesign for a basic 12 channel group is shown below: Bund Limiting Fters ss Fe = ease =o) ou RS oss isan om 1265 9.eHe RS 163+ 194K. " ; 1X7 jeter mwout am one cm wxrvan [AY |_/ m= —4 8 oY aan Tae LX | 63> 94080 17 Super Group These basic groups may now be multiplexed to form a super group. 2 Inputs 2 pus i, ——+ Gnovr = am a= o12kHe 18 Super Group 5 basic groups multiplexed to form a super group, /.e. 60 channels in one super group. Note — the channel spacing in the super group in the above is 48kHz, i.e. each carrier frequency is separated by 48kHz. There are 12 designs (low frequency) for one basic group and 5 designs for the super group. The Q for the super group SSB filters is Q = » 12 - which is reasonable Hence, a total of 17 designs are required for 60 channels. In a similar way, super groups may be multiplexed to form a master group, and master groups to form super master groups... 19 Time Division Multiplexing TDM TDM is widely used in digital communications, for example in the form of pulse code modulation in digital telephony (TDM/PCM). In TDM, each message signal occupies the channel (e.g. a transmission line) for a short period of time. The principle is illustrated below: mn) —————@ 1 e © mid 2 3 2 ng) ——————® - é a m0 ———@ o Te | Rx é * mo 4 sy sw2 é om s 4 mat) . e © nig) : ‘Transmission 5 ms) Line e © m0) Switches SW1 and SW2 rotate in synchronism, and in effect sample each message input ina sequence m,(), m,(t), M(t), mo, M(f,m,(H, MA{f,... The sampled value (usually in digital form) is transmitted and recovered at the ‘far end’ to produce output m1(t)...m5(t). 20 Time Division Multiplexing TDM For ease of illustration consider such a system with 3 messages, m,(f), mf) and m,(i), each a different DC level as shown below. mi Vy ©?$S a + mi) Vy ooo, mo Vs @ >, swl “Sample” | | Position 1 2 3 1 21 Time Division Multiplexing TDM vy ve mie mid mao mid mid malo) mimi Channel Time ] Slots i 1) 4 1 2 3 1 i et —_—> Time slot 22 Time Division Multiplexing TDM In this illustration the samples are shown as levels, i.e. V,, Voor V3. Normally, these voltages would be converted to a binary Code before transmission as discussed below. Note that the channel is divided into time slots and in this example, 3 messages are time-division multiplexed on to the channel. The sampling process requires that the message signals are a sampled at a rate /, > 2B, where f, is the sample rate, samples per second, and Bis the maximum. frequency in the message signal, md (ie. Sampling Theorem applies). This sampling process effectively produces a pulse train, which requires a bandwidth much greater than B. Thus in TDM, the message signals occupy a wide bandwidth for short intervals of time. In the illustration above, the signals are shown as PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) signals. In practice these are normally converted to digital signals before time division multiplexing. 23 Time Division Multiplexing TDM Aschematic diagram to illustrate the principle for 3 message signals is shown below. mO—) BLE mo—| ue mo—| ue Sample and Hold Filter 0» B He Sample rate f f2 2B He Band limiting Again for simplicity, each message input is assumed to be a DC level. Multiplexing Analogue salou Te Serial ourput Digital Binary digital Convertor data d() Multiplexing ADC Converts each input in turn to an n bit code 24 Time Division Multiplexing TDM me % mO% m0 ¥% fs t t 25 Time Division Multiplexing TDM PAM 1 S/H PAM 2| PAM 3 S/H 001 a eg.n=3 bits / Pou} 110 oo1_} ou iio } “mm mOQ mem mE 26 Time Division Multiplexing TDM + Each sample value is converted to an 7 bit code by the ADC. Each n bit code ‘fits into’ the time slot for that particular message. In practice, the sample pulses for each message input could be the same. The multiplexing ADC could pick each input (i.e. a S/H signal) in turn for conversion. + For an Nchannel system, i.e. N message signals, sampled at a rate /, samples per second, with each sample converted to an n bit binary code, and assuming no additional bits for synchronisation are required (in practice further bits are required) it is easy to see that the output bit rate for the digital data sequence a(t) is Output bit rate = Nnfs bits/second. 27 soe School of Electrical, Electronics and yy Computer Engineering University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Baseband digital Modulation Prof. Rolando Carrasco Lecture Notes University of Neweastle-upon-Tyne 2005 Baseband digital information Digital or fou vw loa Inforsaton ins NowRetum — *Y v To ere NRe wr v | . ene EO wy Rota ive w Lj Ly w Bithase Voragelert > OF = e ects | \ Yotage tev w for Bryer Akeratve Mat Inversion le te—> aM w Bit-rate, Baud-rate and Bandwidth T, denotes the duration of the 1 bit bits per second Hence Bit rate = te All the forms of the base band signalling shown transfer data at the same bit rate. Tr denotes the duration of the shortest signalling element Baud rate is defined as the reciprocal of the duration of the shortest signalling element. Baud Rate= | jaud Tr In general Baud Rate # Bit Rate For NRZ: Baud Rate = Bit Rate RZ: Baud Rate = 2 x Bit Rate Bi-Phase: Baud Rate = 2 x Bit Rate AMI: Baud Rate = Bit Rate Non Return to Zero (NRZ) ie. The highest frequency occurs when the data is 1010101010. This sequence produces a square wave with periodic time T=27, Fourier series for a square wave, 1 y 3 £ frequecny Hz Tf we pass this signal through a LPF then the maximum bandwidth would be 1/T Hz, i.e. to just allow the fundamental (1st harmonic) to pass. Non Return to Zero (NRZ) (Cont’d) JI “72 Tan hme © The data sequence 1010.. could then be completely —. recovered 5 a Hence the minimum channel bandwidth 11 Baud Rate oi ¢| — Raud Rate 0 Be 2 t, Return to Zero (RZ) Considering RZ signals, the max frequency occurs when continuous 1’s are transmitted. a ‘it " 4 . | % a 2 If the sequence was continuous 0’s, the signal would be ~V continuously, hence f,='DC Bi-Phase Maximum frequency occurs when continuous a “at 7 1's or 0’s transmitted. This is similar to RZ with Te ! <—T— BaudRate= | -=2xBitrate “ Te Baud Rare Bain =f =— 2 ‘The minimum frequency occurs when the sequence is 10101010......- eg. 1 ‘or | "1 ‘oO 1 In this case TR ¥ TE Baud Rate = Bit rate Te | a _. _ Baud Rate ao <> Bain =L,=— Digital Modulation and Noise The performance of Digital Data Systems is dependent on the bit error rate, BER, i.e. probability of a bit being in error. Prob. of Error or BER, Source |§——>__ Destination Noof ErrorsE = eel mrrers= as N->x0 Baseband [a Jo [a 1 Jo Total bits N Digital Modulation ON-OFF Keying Amplitude Shift OOK shown, There are four basic ways of sending digital data Frequency Various Types ‘The BER (P) depends on several factors Pex" V PSK,FFSK et. * the modulation type, ASK FSK or PSK . 5 Phase Reversal . Phase Shift the demodulation method ras Keying PRK shown, + the noise in the system * the signal to noise ratio Digital Modulation and * Noise VQ)= d()V,Cos m,t dt) ASK/OOK ¥,Cos a,t Carrier ° 0 S> Y= dG)¥,Cos w,t Carrier OY .Con a Cos o,t ASK/OOK s Lov d(t) - logic '0' and '1" Amplitude Shift Keying ASK Digital Modulation and sO fe VIF Frequency Shift Keying FSK fout d(t)'1' or "0 FSK osc — A a flor 0 1 fi=fe+ev Josie ¢—> ! Inv neon +> ORC, #6 te i 10 =e Vin Digital Modulation and . Noise a(t)'1' or '0" an Vie d(t)?,Cos at CH)Y,Cos ot for TP QF,Cos wt foro? Osc ¥,Cos wt T ‘In Phase aQ=41 fe? LOGIC or dQ fr y Iv Phase a Inverted IT ¥,Cos at or -¥,Cos ot Phase Shift Keying PSK System Block diagram for Analysis (SN) at) ay Fill |_.J Detector Modulator {channel BY ‘Mer Demodulator Doin Sack cr BHz Exrorp Noise Noise Bandwidth nit) DEMODULATOR — DETECTOR ~ DECISION For ASK and PSK i ‘Demodulator Comparator (son Stenal + vn}: aso _ peer Decision Nore 3] Bn 8 lrg S ww ‘ pd @b>s ee ia me cK DATA CLOCK Demodulator-Detector-Decision FOR FSK an fl % a Wy Comparator Seal \ Casoy 16D + Detector . Noe —3 Bn LY Deel fA at) R - p obs Prob of ErrorP Uy r %) list Viel t x : Cosa 1&D DATA CLOCK Demodulator S32 —J Demodulator Cont’d) > Vout v ov 1 o 104 1 Vere [Vn ae 1&D Damp HencedesignRCT Integrate ' 1 : ' 1 is ! Ae Vout | |__Vret F us Decision ierta t ‘ } "e ‘or a a Vet DATA CLOCK, Detector-Decision ~ Vo is the voltage difference between a ‘1’ and ‘0’. A_V+ = ree =F) se ate Comparator |] Data CLK ° 16 1 ° a ot Exvor Detector-Decision (Cont’d) A, Np P aw Ny is the noise at the Detector input. D QtLs> Probability of Error, + P wh ris Pl{rer Ae | 2: 2/2N, DATA CLOCK Hence (siNyin AWNo Decision 4 Bn DEMOD - aw dD Obs, Probability density of binary signal P(vo) AN > co 0 Go Va Probability density function of noise ao =N, 1. oe P(v,)== 20° P (V7 ,) Qovin’ 1) : Vo Vy Vn cs On -%0)? Pe 20" dv, (*) Using the change of variable =x = This becomes P= JL fre “Ea 22e The incomplete integral cannot be evaluated analytically but can be recast as a complimentary error function, erfe(x), defined by erfe(z) =—= ee dx al erfe(z) =1—erf(z) Equations (*) and (**) become a2 WV a=) ff =H) ryote 8) a 20v2 ,o oe . tom | Sage It is clear from the symmetry of this problem that P,, is identical to P,, and the probability of error P,, irrespective of whether a ‘one’ or ‘zero’ was transmitted, can be rewritten in terms of Av = v,— Vp 1 Av P.=—|1-e7 2) laa a for unipolar signalling (0 and Av) Av for polar signalling (symbol represented by voltage + > Detector-Decision (Cont’d) fs) ASK l-erf |= VAN 00K , 1 [Sx] _ sk P=" Lenf For Optimum ASK, FSK, PSK 2\ VN pK pal tere [Su SNRin watt : Ben sxrmas |=" | ASK | FSK | PSK iG a P| Pe P PRK ° 7.00 0.2398 0.1587 0.0786 2 75049 01867 coe | 007s 4 2sii8 case | 0056s | ooizs 6 Baer 00701 0025 | 0.0024 3 63008 00278 006 | 0.0002 10 10.00 0.0127, 0.0008 oO 2 ) 0.028 ° ° Detector-Decision (Cont'd) Probability of Symbol Error FM/ FSK Demodulation One form of FM/FSK demodulator is shown below Vx vin) (X)—} ee Vin (+7) ut = Average value of Vx In general V, (t) will be Vin Q)= V,.Cos Ot Where @y is the input frequency (rad/sec) (wy =27 fy) V.=Viel Vile +7) V, =V, Cos yy, t.V, COS Oy (t +7) Since CosA Cosb=1 [Cos(A+ B)+Cos(A—B)] : ME [C08 (yy (04 2) + Oy, 1)+ Cos (Op (04 2) 1)) FM/ FSK Demodulation (Cont’d) . 3 Cos (@yt+ Ont + Oy 1)+ Cos (@yt +Oyt-Oy 1] Le v2 Yay [Cos owt + On 1)+Cos(@7)] Thus there are two components ve [cose (+ A) J----------- a ve and 5 CosOyt = = —-—---------- @) Component (1) is at frequency 2 f, Hz and component (2) is effectively a ‘DC’ voltage if @,px_ is constant. The cut-off frequency for the LPF is designed so that component (1) is removed and component (2) is passed to the output. V. Veen 5 Costa FM/ FSK Demodulation (Cont’d) ‘The V/F characteristics and inputs are shown below Analogue FM _——— gradient -OcKHLvolt Modulation Index pat = mi) oy vir ¥M a fout af. =a@V,, y=mxte Fou = Vy + fo Vw we +m(t) Viv Voc +V,, Cos 0,0 1.€. fom =AV pe +AV,, COS O,t+ fy F=AVn¢ 5 7. _ a, fi bee FM/ FSK Demodulation (Cont’d) The spectrum of the analogue FM signal depends on and is given by FM =V,(1)=V, YI, B)Coslo, +no, )t fin = Tm mt) + tm—_—} Vde Vac Ls rM —_ [\ fy t Digital FSK Sa nn Gee tO VG =.) Vox yemx+e Fou =2V iy + fo Viw Ve +(e) Viv Voce +V for V's Vin Voc Vo for O's Si HaV +aV, + fy forl's Fy =ABV ne —AV_ + fy for O's 1 FHAaVne 5 T.=— Normalized frequency Deviation ratio ie, Modulus f,— fy The spectrum of FSK depends on h Digital FSK (Cont’d) 1 ‘or 1 % ---- ao r= 4 - ra 4%

    You might also like