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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Wegener proposed continental drift after he observed evidence from fossils, glacial deposits,
and the fit of the continents that suggested all of the continents were once ____________.
a. aligned north to south along the prime meridian during the late Cenozoic
b. aligned east to west along the equator during the late Mesozoic through the
Cenozoic
c. combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Rodinia) in the Proterozoic
d. combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Pangaea) in the late Paleozoic
through the Mesozoic
ANS: D
2. Late Paleozoic glacial deposits are NOT found in which of the following places?
a. India
b. southern Africa
c. North America
d. South America
ANS: C
3. Abundant swamps led to the formation of coal during the Late Paleozoic in which of the
following places?
a. India
b. southern Africa
c. North America
d. Antarctica
ANS: C
4. Which plant genus dominated glaciated regions during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic?
a. Ginkgo
b. Glossopteris
c. Neuropteris
d. Quercas
ANS: B
8. The apparent tendency of the north (or south) magnetic pole to vary in position over time is
termed ____________.
a. dipole
b. magnetic declination
c. magnetic inclination
d. polar wander
ANS: D
9. The apparent polar-wander paths for continents that were not connected over some span of
geologic history will likely ____________ concerning the positions of the ancient magnetic
pole.
a. agree
b. disagree
ANS: B
11. Within the sea floor, the rate of heat flow is greatest ____________.
a. along mid-ocean ridges
b. along fracture zones
c. at the edges of ocean basins
d. in the center of abyssal plains
ANS: A
12. Regions of the sea floor with positive magnetic anomalies were formed during times when
Earth’s magnetic field ____________.
a. was exceptionally strong
b. was exceptionally weak
c. had normal polarity
d. had reversed polarity
ANS: C
13. Regions of the sea floor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed during times when
Earth’s magnetic field ____________.
a. was exceptionally strong
b. was exceptionally weak
c. had normal polarity
d. had reversed polarity
ANS: D
15. Marine magnetic anomaly belts are widest when and where ____________.
a. continents are joined to form supercontinents
b. sea-floor spreading rates are relatively rapid
c. sea-floor spreading rates are relatively slow
ANS: B
16. The age of oceanic crust ____________ with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.
a. increases
b. decreases
ANS: A
17. Wegener’s evidence for a united Pangaea was so compelling that virtually all geologists
agreed with the idea of continental drift during his lifetime.
a. true
b. false
ANS: B
18. Distinctive rock sequences on South America terminate at the Atlantic Ocean but reappear on
the continent of ____________.
a. Africa
b. Europe
c. North America
d. Australia
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we thought riches and wisdom went very much together, decided
that the archdeacon and the architect had nothing to do with each
other, but that the architect was something he could not exactly tell
what or how, but he believed had something to do with the quarter of
the Archipelago, with which also he had nothing to do. All this I
recollect, and certainly, though I may now smile at the ignorance of
my poor father and neighbour Percy, yet I am not bound to hold with
all that we are hearing and having dinned into our ears every day.
Almost every third person I meet with has some friend or friend’s
friend who is an architect, or is acquainted with an architect—and I
meet with them at parties; and there is Cousin Symmetry has placed
his son by his first wife as pupil to an architect; but what call can
there be, or what to do for so many architects? Architects, like
Proctors, should keep their places, and some two or three of them
inhabit a cathedral town, to take care of those fine old buildings and
the churches, for the churchwardens, they say, do not look to those
things properly; but, Lord bless us, do not let us be bored with
architecture at every turn. Let them have a bookseller specially to
themselves, if they will—and now I think of it, I recollect something of
an old established shop in that way somewhere in Holborn; but here
I see Messrs. Longman are publishing works on architecture, and
Mr. Tilt pushing them before one’s noses, and Bell & Wood, and
others, as the advertisements tell us. Nay, to crown all! there is that
very Boz, in his new work, Martin Chuzzlewit, beginning with an
architect, which, by the way, proves what I have always said, that he
is wearing out his subjects—and mind what I say again, it will break
down! He should take popular characters and popular subjects; but
an architect! Why, not one in a thousand knows or cares any thing
about architects. Trash! and now just do look at this—a weekly
paper, called The Builder! and another character to be drawn out—
an Enthusiast, who is also an architect! Well, upon my word, that is
good! We have heard of castles in the air; I suppose we are going to
have a builder of them, and that this Enthusiast is to be the architect.
Well, that is as it should be—the clouds for the architects, and the
architects for the clouds.”
But when shall we sit down to our business?—Miss Fatima Five-
and-forty has had the turn of our pencil, and Enthusiast still awaits its
return.
Enthusiast is an architect; that is, he is so for this limning; for
Enthusiast enters into most things, and is the life and soul of them.
We cannot go into his parentage, to shew how he is allied to, or of
the family of, the Geniuses; but really it is a difficult task this
sketching that we have undertaken, and reminds us of one of
George Cruikshank’s humours, under the head of “Ugly Customers;”
not that we are so much out of love with our subject as with the task
we have undertaken.
Do excuse us, good readers, for a while longer, and we will tell you
a story about this same Enthusiast. It is a trick of some of our
contemporary painters, to beguile the sitter by a conversation on
some topic which throws him from the restraint of posture-making;
perhaps if we try it, Enthusiast may be caught in a more favourable
attitude, and we may close the day with some success for our
hitherto failing and disappointed pencil.
Enthusiast was one day engaged in a discussion with a lady
friend, and had, in the usual warmth of his manner, been descanting
on the beauties and properties of Church Architecture in connection
with the proposed erection of a suitable structure of this class in a
wealthy manufacturing town. “It should be a cathedral,” said he, “at
least in dimension, in aspect, in decorations and appointments.” He
had dwelt on the peculiar features it should possess, on the facilities
that could be commanded, on the energies that ought to be exerted,
and so on, when he was cut short in his rhapsody by the cruel
observation of the lady,—and a common one it is,—“There is no
money for such things now-a-days.”
Casting his eyes around, as if in a reverie of thought, he scanned
the character of the various luxuries of the well-appointed drawing-
room in which they sat. Glancing from the broad mirror boldly
superposed on the massive carved chimney-piece of Carrara
marble, which in its turn enclosed the highly-polished steel and
burnishings of a costly Sheffield grate and its furniture, to the rich silk
hangings of the windows—their gilded cornices and single sheets of
plate-glass—thence to the chairs of rosewood and ivory inlaid, the
seats of silken suit—the companion couch and ottoman of most
ample dress—the curious and costly cabinet, the screens, the gold-
mounted harp, the “grand piano.”—Pacing once the length of the
room on the gay velvet of the carpet, he turned again and rested his
view on the table, choicely decked with books, most expensive in all
the appliances of paper, type, illustration, and binding—having done
all this, with breath suppressed and stiflings of emotion, which fain
had broken out with a scornful repetition of the lady’s words, “there is
no money for such things now-a-days,” he quietly disengaged
himself of his passion, and by an apparently easy transition ran on
thus:
“I have been calling to mind some of my early readings, and most
prominent just now is the recollection of the observations of Hope
when treating the subject of Egyptian Architecture and commenting
on the vastness of the Pyramids; he enters into a speculation as to
the means by which the people of that country under the Pharaohs
were enabled to find the leisure, or the time necessary for the
construction of such stupendous works, and he ventures to ascribe it
to the natural fertility of the soil caused by the annual over-flowings
of the Nile, thus demanding less from the Egyptians of the labour
and care of agriculture; and hence the drift of their exertions in the
direction of architecture. True, the bounty of nature would go a long
way in supplying to the cravings of art the leisure and opportunity for
gratification. True, those pyramids are evidence of the direction of
great means and great powers to an end which astounds more than
it edifies us, but what were the bounties of Egypt’s irrigating water,
what the greatness of their pyramids compared with that bounty
which Providence has given us in the mineral and the out-growing
mechanical characteristics of this favoured country, and the
pyramids which we erect as if in emulation of Egyptian vanity and
inutility?” “Pyramids!” interrupted the lady, “Ah, it is always so with
you, to propound to us first some extravagant project, and when
driven from your ground by a common sense and practical answer,
to take shelter in some ambiguity or paradox. Pyramids, Sir,—what is
your meaning?” “Here,” said the Enthusiast, “here, madam, are
stones from some of the English pyramids, of which your Scotts, and
Byrons, and Bulwers, and Marryatts have been the architects.
Compare the labours, and the end of the labours of these ingenious
minds with those of the architects of the Egyptian pyramids, and tell
me then the difference in amount. See the glories and untiring
industry of him of Abbotsford, devoted to an incessant wearing out of
the energies of his mind in designing pyramids of fiction—look on the
ant-like bustle and activity of the thousands whom he brought into
requisition to be engaged in the building—look at the millions of
devotees who have prostrated and continue to prostrate themselves
at these great entombments of his genius.—The paper-makers—the
printers—the artists employed in illustration—the binders—the
booksellers—the advertizing—the correspondence—the carrying—
volumes, pyramids of volumes to advertize alone—an endless train
of carriages and lines of road for the conveyance—the Builders and
makers employed on all these—and on the establishments of
printers, booksellers, &c.—and then the excited million of
expectants, the absorbed and half-entranced readers—the hours,
days, weeks, months, and years of reading—the impatience of
interruption till the whole delusion is swallowed—the readings again
and again—the contagion from the elders to the younger—children
even bewildered with the passion to peep into, to pore over, and last,
to read as rote-books these little better than idle fables—bootless in
their aim and object, and pointless in all but their rival obtuseness of
the mountain-mocking pyramids. The fertility, the leisure, and the
vanities of Egypt!—oh, madam, their country was sterility—their
leisure, incessant bustle compared with what we enjoy; and their
vain direction of labour and thought not to be named after this
enumeration of vanities. Pyramids!—where they had one we have
ten. Where ages were required by the Egyptians, we in as many
years outvie them, and yet your answer to my aspirations is, “We
have no money for such things as these!”
Reader, we have beguiled ourselves and you, and not the
Enthusiast, into a sitting; and one feature is sketched of his likeness
and his character.
STREET SWEEPING MACHINE.
We give the following notice in connexion with the subject of Wood
Pavements, believing, as we do, that the efficiency of that mode of
paving greatly depends upon its being kept clean; an object which
this invention will materially facilitate.
Patent Self-Loading Cart, or Street-Sweeping Machine.
The Self-loading Cart has been lately brought into operation in the
town of Manchester, where it has excited a considerable degree of
public attention. It is the invention of Mr. Whitworth, of the firm of
Messrs. Joseph Whitworth & Co., engineers, by whom it has been
patented, and is now in process of manufacture. The principle of the
invention consists in employing the rotatory motion of locomotive
wheels, moved by horse or other power, to raise the loose soil from
the surface of the ground, and deposit it in a vehicle attached.
It will be evident that the self-loading principle is applicable to a
variety of purposes. Its most important application, however, is to the
cleaning of streets and roads. The apparatus for this purpose
consists of a series of brooms suspended from a light frame of
wrought iron, hung behind a common cart, the body of which is
placed as near the ground as possible, for the greater facility of
loading. As the cart-wheels revolve, the brooms successively sweep
the surface of the ground, and carry the soil up an inclined plane, at
the top of which it falls into the body of the cart.
The apparatus is extremely simple in construction, and will have
no tendency to get out of order, nor will it be liable to material injury
from accident. The draught is not severe on the horse. Throughout
the process of filling, a larger amount of force is not required that
would be necessary to draw the full cart an equal distance.
The success of the operation is no less remarkable than its
novelty. Proceeding at a moderate speed through the public streets,
the cart leaves behind it a well-swept track, which forms a striking
contrast with the adjacent ground. Though of the full size of a
common cart, it has repeatedly filled itself in the space of six minutes
from the principal thoroughfares of the town before mentioned.
The state of the streets in our large towns, and particularly in the
metropolis, it must be admitted, is far from satisfactory. It is
productive of serious hindrance to traffic, and a vast amount of public
inconvenience. The evil does not arise from the want of a liberal
expenditure on the part of the local authorities. In the township of
Manchester, the annual outlay for scavenging is upwards of 5,000l.
This amount is expended in the township alone. In the remaining
districts of the town, the expense is considerable. Other towns are
burdened in an equal or still greater proportion. Yet, notwithstanding
the amount of outlay, the effective work done is barely one-sixth part
of what would be necessary to keep the public streets in proper
order. In the district before referred to, they were a short time ago
distributed into the following classes, according to the frequency of
cleaning them:—Class A,—once a week; B,—once a fortnight; C,—
once a month. It may be safely asserted, that all these streets should
be swept, at least, six times oftener. The main thoroughfares, as well
as the back streets and confined courts, crowded with the poorer
part of the population, absolutely require cleaning out daily. But the
expense already incurred effectually prevents a more frequent
repetition of the process. The expensiveness of the present system,
in fact, renders it altogether inefficient; nor is there any chance of
material improvement in this important department of public police,
unaccompanied by a corresponding reduction in the rate of
expenditure.
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