+ Reciprocating engine (piston engine) high efficiency at low power 1. A reciprocating engine is the heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert energy intoa rotating motion. 2. Mainstay of aircraft propulsion in the fist 50 years of fight. 3. Used today to fly at speeds below 300 mile/h for light, private aircraft.“Jet: gas exhausted from a duct. ‘+ Jet propulsion engines: air-breathing engine and rocket engine. |. Air-breathing engine: air as the working fluid. © Principle of jet propulsion 1. The principle of jet propulsion derives from Newton's laws of motions. 2. When a fluid is accelerated or given a momentum change, a force is required to produce this acceleration in the fluid. 3, Atthe same time, there is an equal and opposite reaction force, called the thrust. 4. Any fluid, water, steam, combustion gases, can be utilized to achieve the jet propulsion. ize the air for their 5. Many ofthese devices operate in the air ~ Air-breathing engines: working fluid. 6, Rocket engine: does not utilize atmospheric air, but utilize a self-contained fluid.© Basic components of turbo engine: “Turbo”: compressor + turbine; INTAKE COMPRESSION COMBUSTION EMMAUST Aen ‘Combuston Chambers“ Turina! Inlet: quide air into the engine, slow down air and increase its pressure 2. Compressor: do work on air, increase ai pressure 3. Combustor: supply thermal energy to the air-fuel mixture 4, Turbine: hot gases do work on blade, produce work to drive compressor 5. Nozzle: convert thermal energy into kinetic energy 1. Functions: (1) Airis brought to the inlet with some acceleration oF deceleration (outside inlet). 2) Airvelocity is decreased in the intake (diffuser) and the air pressure is increased, 2) Airis compressed in the compressor, and the air pressure is further increased. (4) Part of air mixes with fuel and burns in the combustion chambers, and the thermal ‘energy of the combustion products (and air) increase. (5) Heated air drives the turbine which powers the compressor. (6) Airis further heated in the afterburner (if any). (7) Airis accelerated and exhausted through the nozzle. 2. Engine performance limitations: (1) Material lienits (0 Stress: the result of centrifugal force - depends on the tangential velocity of a rotating element Ums.= 600 m/s. )Temperature: uncooled blade - 1200°C, cooled blade ~ 1700°C. 2) Aerodynamic limits (Te avoid boundary layer separation and high losses associated with compres pressure rise in a single stage of compressor (AP/Ax > 0) s limited. (309738) ii) Usually more than 10-20 stages of axial compressor is required. For turbines, 2 to. 3 stages are enough (aP/ax <0, no separation will occur)‘© Turboprop engine: a large propeller + turbojet engine. You tube:turboprop engine Twrbine sug i 1. Propeller is driven by power turbine (rotates slower than compressor turbine), and rotates much slower than power turbine because ofsres limitation 2. Aspeed reducer (gear bow is required, which may havea speed rato of 15:1. 3. The propeller, gear box and power turbine contribute additional weight, so that a turboprop engine may be about 15 times as heavy asa conventional turbojet engine. 4. Turboprop engine accelerates a large amount of ar (through propeller) through a small velocity increment (~ 10 m/s) 5. Itis good for relatively high take-off thrust and/or for low-speed cruise applications. 6. For traditional design of propeller blades, the Mach number is limited to less than 0.5, thigh Mach number, the tip velocity ofthe propeller may become supersonic, which would induce high drag and noise. 7. The new type of propellers with t “highly swept” blades permit turboprop engine ‘operating at as high as 0.8 with acceptably low noise and high efficiency. 8. The thrust ofa turboprop engine is from the propeller and hot-exhaust jet. Usually 75- 90% from e propeller and 10-25% from e hot exhaust jet. 9. The bypass ratio may be between 30 and 50, 10. Bypass ratio = "SEE (rt, ropeiter Ad thgcore ate the air flow rates through propeller and core engine, respectively)@ Turbo-shaft engines 0, lar to turboprop engine, but only produce shaft power. 2. The hot gases are expanded to a lower pressure in the turbine, thus producing greater shaft power and little exhaust velocity. 3. Applications: helicopters, submarine.‘¢ Turbofan engines (combination of turbojet and turboprop engines) =e “Lowey ata aad, 1. Atflght speed below 700 kmph, turboprop engine have the highest 1, 2. Forhigher Mach number, turbofan has higher 7, than turboprop and turbojet. 3, Bypass ato P= LO (yj thd he 6a rates trough fan and core engine, respectively). 4. High-bypass (f = 4-6, now up to 12) turbofan engines are for commercial airplanes, and low-bypass(?. ~ 0.5) turbofan engines are for military airplanes.‘© Ramjet engine ~ simplest type of air-breathing engine: solid, liquid fuel ‘COOL AIR WARO' AIR HIGH TEMPERATURE MGHTO LOW PRESSURE, 1. Without mechanical compressor, good for supersonic flight which is accompanying higher pressure rise by diffuser (shock wave + subsonic compression). 2. Mainly for military application, 2 vantages: 5. Disadvantages, (1 Us the temperate limit of the materi for wall of combustor, tring and (1 Cant accelerate veil fom standing tart pesure ratios sc tinted by ole 1700° fight sped and fuser pertormance 1) name the temperature at walls can be kept much cooler han the main id cmtrintintnme, CORE: SSO 1) Tisleavesa sheng yr cooing) relatively coo anno the wal (2) ise ficuk to desig for hgh eency - due to boundary ayer behavior in ‘king pesure gradients fw separation andthe presence of sods (4 Tsrametcan be operated athigh Mach number, 4, Dizxaon (1 However the igh Mach numbers ab ited (AM T= 2500 rT 225K (1 Athi temperature, si dsoton occurs which bors energy supe by et tin ather than aca temperatures severe pene perfomance. 6, Supersonic combustion ramjet engine (SCRAMjet) 3 hypeXengine! (1) November, 2004, another X-43 achieved sustained flight at nearly Mach 10, making te fotrethingpowredanieinhiton ao) t—B. Rocket engine Youtube: how arocket works 1. Solid propellant rockets Liquid: propellant rocket 2. Liquid propellant rockets Thru Fn ve + (Be-Po) Ae 3. Space propulsion engines - electrical, nuclear, solar energy rockets.@ Other engines 1. Propfan or UDF engine Youu: vrs igh Sypae Jat Engin Prope Teshology (1) Conventional propellers lose their thrust production capability wien tel tip operates in supersonic ow and sal (2) PW, GEand NASA colaborated in developing advanced turboprop (ATP) enginein the 19705 nd 19805 {Its called Propton ultra-high bypass turbofan (VME), or Unducted Fan (UDF) by GE.t Isrelatedin concept to both the turboprop and turbofan, but distinct from both (4) The advanced propellers operate with relative supersonic tip Mach number ( Without stalling, The cris ight Mach number is 0.8~0.82. (5) The GE-UDF has a bypass ratio of 35. The propulsive efficiency improved with bypass ratio ina turbofan engine (0 The engine uses turbine to drive an unshielded propeller ike turboprop. (i) The propeller is designed with a large numberof short, highly twisted blades (30° 40%, silat a turbot’ “an i) is bight loaded mutiple bladed with variable pitch, has swept blades with thin advanced arf sections. The design is intended to offer the speed and performance ofa turbofan, with the fuel economy ofa turboprop. (iv) The UDF engine is capable of reducing specific fuel consumption 20-30% below current subsonic turbofans (Te noises the main problem, 2.An Uta: high bypass turbofan engine by PW (Pratt & Whitney) ‘nutes an advanced ea syster thatimproves lw pressure spool operating eine, ‘ropulive ficiency, cuts down on uel consumption, nd reduces jt nie and engine ceisions. The bypass tos around 12 Rl© Some question: 1. Rockets being so powerful, why are they not used to propel large passenger aircraft? 2. Why isthe propeller limited but still the best choice nits characteris application? 3. Why isthe turbojet engine superior to conventional propeller for high-speed flight? 4. What about fan jets and ramjets? 4+ Propels |The big advantage of using propel rather than arockatis tht ost of thepropelant ‘eed not be cried onthe vehicle, and thus, the arf can tavel much greater tances beforerefusing 2 A second advantage i that much better propulsion efficiency is posible with a proper than witha rocket: (1) Proper (0 Thethrustdevelopedis: (i) Therinimum energy input: stheefficiencyofthe propels) = Ci) The at of sto micinum-energyinpt 2 = 2 (0 Themaxinum possbleratoisForn, = 04 up =u G)_ sak 2) Rocket: (0) Thethrust developed: = ryt) + (Pe Po) © tye) cS (2) Theminimum energy inputs 6) Therato of thrust minimum-enery input (8) For the same energy input the rai of propeller to rocket thrust is 3000 m/s and forlow-speedairraf say, u=100 mvs, Thepropller develop 10 times the thrust of rocket. 3. Conventional propellers have been used for aircraft fight speed < 300 mph 4. Athighspeed, propel efficiency becomes worse and noise becomes serious.«+ Turbojets and turbofans 1.1926, White, @ Royal Ar Force, recognized the limitation of the propeller and the rocket was not the answer. 2. He onclided that a high speed jet stream producedby a ducted fan 2 Introducing the turbine engin ed to a evolution in transportation: (1) emade supersonic fight possible (2) Ie greatly reduced the costs of airtravel (3) It contributed ta adica improvement in aircraft safety 4, The uel consumption rate ofan air-breathing engine is approximately: [derived from 1 (0) Fora given thrust T, fight speed 1 and engine thermal effilency 1, minimum £ is associated with largest possible siflow, sn, through the propulsion unit (2) Fortheturbojtalltheaifiw through the coreengine ands strictly limitedby the fuctairratio 12) Incontas the aifow though the propeller ofa turboprop engine can be 30050 times ashigh as therate of flow through the core engine. (4) The propel engine canhave much lower uel consumption than the turbojet. 5. The disadvantages of propeller engine ae its fight sped imitation and the gearbox problem, 6. Theturbofan engine isa compromise between the turboprop and turbojet engines 7. tthasalargeinteral proper (an rotor that actuates an ailow bypasing the core ‘engine and thats typically Sto 10times the airflow rat through the core engine 8, Theturbofan engine has several important features: (1) Because the fanisenclosed ina duct. its aerodynamics canbe satisfactorily controled with Mas high as 085. {) Ithas substantially lower fue consumption thana turbojet. 68) Theengine ficiency ishigher forthe turbofan than forthe turbojet engines (@) Gearboxcan be avoided 9, These features make the turbofan engines mast popular for high-speed (subsonic) ‘commercial aircraft.+¥ Applications of “Turbo” in vehicles You ube-How aturbo works; How aturbocharger works 14431 8 (turbocharger and supercharger engines) 1. A turbocharger, or turbo is a turbine driven forced induction (i device used to allow more power to be produced by an engine ofa given size. 2. Itis more powerful and efficent than a naturally aspirated (9%) engine because the turbine forces more air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion ‘chamber than atmospheric pressure alone, 3. Aturbocharger is powered by a turbine thats driven by the engine’ exhaust gas, 4. The key difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger is thatthe latter is ‘mechanically driven from the engine, often from abelt connected tothe crankshaft. 5. Twincharger refers toan engine which has both a supercharger and a turbocharger. 6. Comparison among three cars in Taiwan:Four Basic Processes of Engines Jet engine: Allengines include four processes: 2 ee INTAKE COMPRESSION __COMBUSTION exaust ‘compression, heat adding, expansion and exhaust. Combustion Chambers’ Tuine! / Aine co see Hot Section 2, 4-stroke engine You tube: 4 stroke engine steam generator | Steam areal 4 [turbine Generator To water Be charge EB ooking water (Gecuating ema) water pum Reacior “Reactor coolant pump Feed water pump Primary system Secondary system