NorSand Model* NorSand (efferes 1993, Jefferies and Been 2015) i a critical state model applicable to soils in which particle wo parle ineractons are convoled by contact fores and slips rather than Bonds, intsnscally incorporating he sate parameter so thal it ‘captures the behavior of granular soils over a wide range of confining stresses nd , It isnot recommended to use $ > 0 far any ease of drained loading nal (4 inpting $ =O will ality tis “The last term Trin Ea (14) i capturing the effects of principal tres rotation (Gefteries et al 2015): mmefe(-pei ‘where Z ise soil property and r mexp (1) = 2.718 isthe yield surface sp (@ fixed value), and isthe current included angle between dizection of major srineipal stress and -coordinale frame of reference in 3D version, Ta capture the «yelie mobility in a dynamic simulation, Z shouldbe input a postive value Hardening Rule of Inner Cap “The hardening rule forthe iner cap inthe implementation is defined byBanal 49) ‘where H isa material parameter with a default value 5.0. Yielding ofthe inne cap always drag the bllet-Fke outer surface smaller. NrSend uses one plasibie idealization that involves imaging the stress qon the cup across the outer yield surface (Geeres and Been 2015). By default (flag-imer ~ of), nner cap hardening isnot activated. To activate this option, input the material property flag-iote to or. ial Conditions ‘The NorSand model i a suess- dependent model. The intial conditions inlude the inal ses, a inital state, €9 or yp, and over-consoidaton ratio, OCR, OCR in this model Figure 2) is defined as the ratio ofthe cueent py over te calculated ‘Puocans s0tbal te inital steess ison the yield surface assuming OCR ~ I ocr 20) Proce=Yield surface ~Gainitial stress Roce. Pe P Figure 2:Schematicof OCRin the NerSand model Reasonable initial stress shouldbe input the ist tim the NorSand mode! is assigned “The stress canbe initalized trough commands ora FISH funtion. A common procedure isto generate the inal stress by running the model using a simpler 0, the ‘tial state is based on the -parameer equation factor-couplingvolumetric coupling factor, N. The default values 0.3. factor-dilatancy £ parameter relating minimum dlaaney othe eoeresponding y atthe TC ‘condition ie, The default vale is 40. hardening-@ £ plastic hardening modulus when ym O, odulus-annealing plastic softening modulus for PSR, Z. The default value is 0, which will fot consider PSR effet, shear-neference £ reference shear modulus, Gr ratio-critical f tres ratio atthe ecal tate athe TC condition, Mie. The default value Js 12, which corresponds to aerial feetion angle of 90 dapres. exponent £ exponent of pressure dependence defining elatcty, mt. The default value ilo, ‘flag-inner w fag to activate the inner cap hardening, The default value is oF hardening-inner o plastic hardening modulus vale forthe hardening of iner cap, Hy This vale is meaningful only when flag-nner ~ thoo:‘on. The default value is 5.0,sodulus-annealing @ plastic softening modulus for PSR, Z. The deft value i 0, which wi ‘ot consider the PSR effec. aver-consolidation-catio £ ‘over consolidation ratio, OCR. The defiali . hardening-y o another hardening modulus parameter, Hy, so that she eal plastic tuardening modulus is following A = lp ~ Hy. The default value is pressure-reference £ @ teference pressure (usually the standatd atmosphere esse), Pam: The efault valu is 100.0 if in kPa. This parameter should always be referred to the standard atmospheric pressure and it doesnot need extra calibration, is value should be input ina unit of stes/pressure consistent ‘ith the other parameters used in the simulation. poisson £ @ Poisson's ratio, x. The default values 02 stress-mmrinitial £ 0 Ina xx component ofthe effstive tress, , This parameter will not be updating stress-yyrinitial 0 ina y component othe effesive ses of. This parameter wl not be updating stress-zz-initial ”inal zz component ofthe eetve ses, of. Tis parameter wll ot beupdating stress-xy-initial ¢ o ina xy componeat ofthe efectiv stress, of. Thi parameter will at tbe updating skress-yz-initial f ° inal y component fe effete ses, of. This parameter will pot beupdating stress-xz-initial £ o ‘nl xz component of the effective stress, of. This parameter beupdaing state-paraneter-dnitial £ o inal state parameter, yp. IFep <0, te intial state willbe epresented by this intl stat parameter, and eg will be calculated by yo. This parameter will not be updating, yold-initial £ o inl void rato, I'¢9 > Othe initial state wl be represented by this, ‘nial void rato instead of ital state parameter, and yo wll Be calculated by eg. Tis parameter will not be updating. angle-ase f o Current included angle between direction of major principal sess and coordinate frame of reference, bulk # o current clastic bulk modus, K.shear curent elastic shear modus, @ ratio-inage cotet srs ati for image iat at he TC contiton, Me stress-inage cent image rss, stress-image-aoximun caret allowable maim image Ses, Puma state-paraneter f cet state parameter y state-paraneter-inage ure sae prametr forages, wold £ cent void aio Key (0) Advanced proper. "This propery has a default value; simple appli not need to provide a value fort 9 Initial property. “This propery will mot be updated once initialized (rst input (9) Read-only property. fons ofthe model do ” o » o ” ” ”“This property cannot beset by the user. aszad it ean be listed, plated, or accessed through FISH,