@) Wwe => > 5 » a 4“ 5) Orgams of \Qnancae — \ eROKeN Leflore voritten Wwe dows Knows Now lav, Originated, oor aMere are a few Aeones ¢ A) The divine source - Provides MuMaus with oun 1) The mokern\- sound Source — Grwirive words Could Hove Weew imikatious of he Naduc\ + SUnds ( Cramodopere ) BS) We erar-gearure Source - connection between PMYUNCAal and OFra\ agsrture, u) Glossogeneres — Liclegfeal basis of AME Lommamon aed develeament of NUM: lan. S) Prystereareal adagtetion - aro mouth, Flexible Aorgue , ory Wik Vece\ cords, ROR Lo EToMREK um. rot Haw E DT specioized furckoug i 2 Wewegees % ©) Wieractions aud yromscetions - Uscge of low ko MAerack Wthn eachodwer y ord Communic, Lencwmredge |) AWS Od Llecurarion, ‘ANVANO # NOLYON A devertopmeur OF LVorTing BVOUUgs OcaS yrs 239 | Clay Treus JOSS NS ago » AWpraveke Scmprs Leso ars age £ picrograms ond Wdeaarams - pistored ocr | Criccre ue) Corosktace) Thea Gort ug Jogoarams — comeiterm wrrnug (eneges i syeials) SS AME COPLEY UMC WOR ByRREMA => Seneniaud KS SAUwolS WWE sepreseuk Words => lOAsgranwe Sache = SN Semis 25 prcrorotiats Suchen feous writivg — Dawresds Ao veqresent SouudS aytolte Uatua | (promotion, Of surartrer ( Zorau- Syvokory) Adphateric Writivg — sek of Lodtder Syuvor\s 5 Wud each represent a Simale Auge of sound woraten Emaliay - grivaing (isan Ceur.) =? pronunc. Mas underqoue subsroubial chauges fon Scanned with CamScannerTe proyersies of language AD ON CHEOASES Commumtore, => Commuwiceive 4s (Wtormodve > Urtaune properties of Lon A) Bemlacement — Moos uter Jo SAW osout ss AVMAt SESELTS Ok Preset Ge NUE Wesmedsode enuoument —C-paet / Cuture Aue) locotvous ) L) Qrbitrarimess — WMguisite sigus 4 Avetr Orleirory WATERS GAM ANE AegeckS Ave dre Used AO wadicote -> Forms of Van. dour Sie Mune ects Avey deuste Ctas,ap,\eve) en 2) productivity — Parerral Wuuker oF UMeravees WW OAy Namen lan. te Mmiinike 8 NOLUON GQ) cultuoxel Frauswussion - lan. Kran Currure , Nor 8 Genes —> lau passed GA From cue qeuErctiong xe AME exe Z S) discrexemess - cach camd Areated as disecere,# AEROS WW Keartig WOW Suse cue \edter Cppee/ lowe) 6) GMoWy — lan. orggvized GA 2 levele or lagers DimUMeMEsuUsts -S double avtieaation WaAw Merued Sounds aud dcckincs meanuad, HS MS OK AME VteEk ecomtountend Cendrives ff BR) okVer Yrowerties + Uce OF VecOd -audtiory CMammed , Feetprectty Lok OvN cReater cau j foe O Lekeuer, spectotineiven Cwg -siavals Gore Sete Gus olMer AGRE Of UCgoE Mou. Givedvousity Lug eiguele cau Ge qeled ug Wa ousoue) , rapyd fade Cra sxauads con we groduced ound dcaappear aqurcliy ) © The sounds of language PWONETICS — Genera’ Sruduy Of AME Cnarackevsates. ok SReech scuuds —> ofculotery pMewerves - sJudy of Nas speech eeunds are made ( with orel equinuenr \raus. have), —> amvusric Quowmeres ~ Prysicar “Properties OF epee oS Sound LWoores WAVE oir > onditory Ceercegiual) qnevexes - perception, Awa Ae eat, af SReecy sounds > Rorensic puouennes - (dene Ecoktou OM Me onroysrs “of vecorded Uerances Gr QUSNEA GU WY AWE WMAS ASLAM AWE Avecked 7 XO AR LOE Were YWcal Cords oft) PeEduCES Sand Scanned with CamScanner> oc. cor, Soke 2 loosic PosiwWous + d) sec car. spread agary —> AWE Be From Wugs asses Werween Ahem uniupeded ond & produces Notceless sommds Cs, t ) L) Noe. cor. devas AoQeruel —> AWE a'r from \umas repecdedly Qushes AMEeM apart al posses Amrough , Creaiug a Lierotion ef€ect, & Wurerm produces otced sounds Cz, ) PEACE OF ARTICULATION Ks once We ay Passed A*Mrougn Aue Vargnxa , & Comes UP OUd GA AWoURh AME WrouAW aud ose, AME Gud CAKER Parts Of ALE LOUK *S Comarmey AME sMage Of AME Oral Carcdy \wovaly wesc Me ate is passing, s g i : HS EEN CousoMans soundS are Yodsced Using WE ' 5 Nec | (0 A) lololoiaas - Sounds formed Using worn Lamer and loser Lip Lowey => Ror, loath, Mak Ay ) Hate ,LoOE Id > Syenlecta : Lp] - veicetese LET Le) [wT voted D) \adiodentols - sounds formed wan Upper seer and AMe lower WPS -> fodiGod, cake) Save. a> Sumtochs + [1] - wsicereas y Lv] - worced a) dentale - 5. formed wsith Ame Longue Lip bemind se URgpe ReOW Veedly Cimderdeuter\ — mower OF PrEMMcKotVE Lwitlh AME Aomgue XID welween UE URPEE Aud Lower Neen) HS AWWA, Lod , Murer» Lua , HE AED, Feoreel => Symes 2 Le] Cinete) - excess, ~ La] Cemy - voreed = Scanned with CamScanner&) AWeolars - S. Formed WH Awe Kron Qacr of AWE ry. N\ KOMQUS OM KME OWedlor Tidge -7 tee, | Ake) ti, BO, Vu Se oe L+], LS] - voreetess, La3, L23, Le} - vowed 5S) aweo-Polokals - BS. produced with \ue Nonaye ak Amervery Seout of Ame Porode ) Meare Ave avestar mage > snout)! cUNd , Church, Measure, treasure | ~> symboats © LS)CS), LE] (en) - win -> wedge ="yCS8) I LE} - votced > or, yes -> Lyl- paterkod\ &) Nelars - S- produces wih WME Lock ot Ave AEMQVe agoiuss AVE vVelum —> LE) Wit) Ls (omagra) Cary CAA | Lact, QO, gum, lug wg ) BQ -> Symbols + Lk] - voreetess, [at La} - voted, st) glotfels - s. produced with ackve Lee of Aue RONgue OMd oXUer Parla of Aue MEH A> Wrase) reuse, who, wusee "ONT ANVaNIES 7 NOLHON "AA => symecis. : [IK] - voteeress > chortiug Consonant soumds = —Y Loietess) | ANI (voted) BIEMBAAL | ERS, | DENTAL [RROD [OPAL | VELAR | GUSTIAL : yea aOpee |ovy eu [view [vy ey | way [sie [oy ey é SreeS Poe ae eee, 4 Racamves a, vile. sis. 2[é. 2 | aatewenwes ei a] vaste vn aes an eEPTORimants ue a a) = L-lal, ih Laj Bile La, Lasy= bi, Lid Ly) ARNNER OF ARTICULATION -> Goumds WM verm Of Now wey Ave arMeulsted A) SkOPS — Soumds Produced Wy sroppiug of AME (wove) oir Stream omd Anew ledting i QO OdetTuERy +> Crd, Lei, tas, bal, Ley = Ose eN\eSS eget worevay 2) Rricotwes - 5: Produced by almoss Loleclking AMe GiCstreamM nd roving ke cic PUSW Ac Ae Macro GREW, => L49], Ls}-worcetess » 1 83,121 - voiced ~ Scanned with CamScannerB) akkicotives - 5. Wodueed ay O Wed LED Cemeag) = vcicetess, [FT (eep)- woiced, | L) Wasals - 5. prodvced When AME VeluHN {Ss Jowered oud AVE GirshrRam 1S GMomed Yo Mow | ovr Anravan Ake Mose le > Ld LM, Lal - voiced S) ayproximants - S. produced Wen AME arkiculeiton OF each iS trrongy WMwenced by J ae Aue Kctloving Vowel Sound 8 > LwijL¥d, LU, Ld - voiced 8 ont Oe 8 “seoni-wonels, ‘SH8eS “Viquids? : 6) (Ree dete ane) - cgemm: [7] > om en 8 a op) ~ Sy yon ee a> Ww BH Eng) Cockuey Ave Map - panloe\ D [| => \otter-> ladder \ \ - ey L/L} Berea —> im American Eng: VOWELS - Sounds produced Wik a yelodively Sree 7 ee Row of Bic |, kUprealty GW Vared : a = Awe Aougue Wwklucuces Ake ‘shoge’ Ahr |” eee ae Aue aie Mow musk pass S fy CA — FO) _ aca Growth Vomele Linrenh Wea) MTF] _L You, bockk vomets (rot, Wat) (uw — w bs) (oe) @ (wae) I — B+ (sae) we DIPUTWONGS -— Combired Vasel Sounds uot ey lease) 1) eantect Bors WAW a Vowel Souud and Fe (aca) | “Gar ed wot A Qhide, aa wa Cee) -> wecal orgaus mone from One aE (om) Necake poettyen to arotvec ex (43) [dosing an ee ay Uso) oe dupliiongi2aiion Amey, (Bey) | Yor (yuss) au (sno) -> ea (ea), TO(ia) , wa (uo) , eT (ei), ar (ai) BE (+09) aie bat atechant we fis b Scanned with CamScannerqe Sound Paes cK Lomauage i PNONOLOGY - Acscrigtion o8 AVE Syskeuns GM oskeems Of speech Sounds Wo & language | > eervack Or Weurtal aspect of AMe sounds ww \omqguage rerxver Avan ave QEAUaL Dnusrcal ardiculasion of Sgeech Souvds! —> we RMnr of sound HyRe = PRONENS - Cor of Meoming, dickiuguishiing SOOUdS mo a lam. ) Sucterious “contrdbsively, ww slosh masts (7/7) — Ave Courrostive prepertyy tS Ake Woke ERerOWoUal Aes for delerwuvung % Bosna Us or sound pee | qmonemes iW lau womucar cess [> /P/ => \-voree talabial, + stop] ) (a ny e/ L -Neiee, + setae, + See) Jf => Tasovce, 4 labiodeutal, + Sicotive | ~ RWONES od NLOPHONES, -> Aitleremt versions of AHod Bound —+yge veguiarly produced M4 ociual Geeech => QMeues Amd Prourehe GUuike -> tu aquore krack C3) 3 — QNopmoues of a Doomewe - set of shoves | ' WE ore Tal “Versions of OUe Phoneme — Gepirarton - Wwe Pukl Sf arr = cracked diekuerton Lemeen QMonewts aud GWoRmoues (es huok subskthucug xe Prove? Ror OMOMET GW FES QR A Kar WAY om ditkereak Weaving Caunrck pPromuncwoatvor) ) Yas supstttuiug alleptoues duly FeSUltS om dikEeeAk (ddd) Promurccratted of Yue OMe word -> 2 groues , Lid ond LT], wroke a Promewss, meaokized i (be of 4) aaa tak ore aWepnoues of /I/ in Eng: minimal pairg aud sets - Ywo words Cees -bet) | Ydeukical Wy Bacrm exteps Lor a covrros (mK cue = Monee , OCCUMUG TA WE SOE Position ~> wen “A grove “of words com Se diikereutiated Scanned with CamScanner~ QMonotackics - Constralwrs on she Sequence or \ Position oF THQ: PHonemes Mok aomroke Ge larger Guts cowed Syvobles - syiiavies ond Clusters, a ynusrd Coubasu Q Lose’ of Corsourcur cluster 7 & your-Uie cond 5 Wo gpers ween loch | Oke Was Q Consarourt awe cuse® aud ; behore Aue VOwe CCN) Awe coda Com Cousisy! ¥ -> uste elewents oct eae g Consonants (ar-cwed pd owne® (1 se mere copsnmenss) WA Ishog oud Coda tu Ee oud — vie ( Qomel Avtobech Cposk®) Coe Use & Quclers Ff HY, Kctening, = 2 : a . " TONsoKnrovsG) rected os coda ) (ee — — 3 aose. 2 ae > opm syilobles (ures Sopn0) Comaisiiva, ont Wore a oused Gud vauckeus. of BS cousovansy loos Mo coda. —> Cloved syalnes - Vase arr opllacle used, Wackeus OU Coda | (cee ~ Shes sole) Coser cue) Wot, ar) a eed vudeS eda contenant) “Y 1 i oe _ co-orkiculation effecks - process Of moling ove | Sour — almosd Gk Ye some me as the wexr 3 -? 2 wer Lvossn ekkecks «= BE PA) assimitotion - 2 phomemes Occur Wa A {con ya? Sequence oud cowe asgeck of Cue E v mvonewe is Yoken or (copied by Me F 4 oler — ordimery Commersaouel seeeck & 2)/ eNision — omission of © Sourudk Regusent pew { dette Woks oe Qrtcet Le AKC every -2 eek AeUverake Qromuunciekton of A ward (IM Wrolation Scanned with CamScanner\Nords and word -formarion -pracesses, = Meclogiam - o& meu Work Mm a lam. — wok. peecessess N) Comage - Muenston e& Mews xerms = UHONY — Woenred Arade owes for me Comparuys Product Giwelr weceme general AEwms Malou lobello) 2) Worrowine, - Koliing, over Words Scam ower Lougneges Coos; croiesart Yaus) > loan -krouslakios Jalgue - specvad Xrage of \.") duweck xvomslamionr of kre elewreuks Ch A werd tubo SME Wocreusiig, Lon. (otyueeen) agente 3) compouding, - sotwng of L se garode weeds Ko prsduce a Suge form Co i i : : a W) Wlending ~ combiurg OF AWS Segorate Forms XO GLOGE Go Sirgle Mees NEEM = Galiig, ouly Mic hegiunag of me Word aud wiwia GW oO me end of We “okwer Word C Stat fast 5 Lane = loruney’) ‘ = ocd of mort man ove sylladle i 2 ee ee : emecter form Cx), often (A Cassel egeeen Capscine gam , ok) ays) 6) vackformotion - & word of one Agpe (usally O Mour) is reduced se Sec auokver werd Of a ditercy ype CLomasty a verb) - darate ( douckier) Og Cophen) => Wypotovisuy — \ouger word reduced bo a yale | ken -4 oF -te odded ke Me HK Craty) 4) conversion - a change Mm swe function of === GB WOT “(ex WHER @ MoU Comes ko be Used os G@ Vers) , Without ome reductrow i & a K eakegery Crouge , Kuuctrored Swit) 7 = Pager (Qagersss) ) Homme LLomled) Scanned with CamScanner>) GeromymsS ~ words Sormed Srom AVE io iuival \esrers of a sex of Chver Woe dss CCB, HAS A) Ss) derwolven — Words Wilh afiires Cun- Ware - per, - Sud, - less, -inh )» = : o ‘ ‘ we BRM KES oud suthives es) 2 axes Voegimmag, o& euckiug, oF AYE Woord RUE Word x WBS — iUcorgoreted — (uside oneher word Cutuctingloeieveste ) — 1m ) Horphology, - z HomPHoLcey — inueeriqakes forms \ lon, )) SHdy ot formus) “ONT ANVAWIOD NOLWON “8m MORTHENES — elements in form of a lingquewe message — Minimal unit of meaning om arausmatied Bumetion ( cpen- wa. uk. of meaWug ) Hed- vy. ual Of qoute fuuchow => veepen) Bree ond Wound, morgnemes ones ——— trand log lmevcelues ae comno stoud ahoue (H-)- tee) os siage Words (open Aor) Puypically attacked to auetuer fom HD OW afkkes Gre load mergn,| Beam — a Sree morgheme Used WAW o SOLU wn, > 2 categories L sues. € A) Meuns, adgeetves, Lees; 2) Gerudiiouss cuoeevascy Jemead mor grees (bo) ana) De ee ees > eee ass at Words Words CSOKERureS 2) peecabious, aeheles Pronouns; GERD. Qromer Coke gery From uucttoucl morphemes (and, it) —> Closed class of Words 2) Milectional “morprewes (udicole asgects of et aroun. Luction ba work mow @ A word vy can chomge aroun, cotegory, oR ek SRS Suguler /elurcl iy pas \euse ot “uot - : wr Commaxahut oF pone never Chouses @rom . Room ~ 8, Ma ye pe category of Quark SL A. SS aaanae) Scanned with CamScannera oe = —_——— mar @noiogeal Sescripison b NN ex. We its wildness, Sviocueds Me Neockers; 6S - wees, GS Se ae ‘ dervctonsl) inflections Dal peste an | aie | me) | Lose > S sen \exica vn. a eee Lessee Rychiound Ree Nextcos \ ee Benetione __—_ derivarconad —— inteckional a MORPHS AMA OOMoT—NS. ee —_—S formd Used So reolize aw Setevients ch OMe morewe |} mex gnewes ! Npound — redugticoion —S i+ => bidi- ® Rrrases ond Seulemces | qravmat _ grommar — descrbes Ane atruckure of ProseS ond seutenceS Lue wih acecuut Gor ON et Me grou. sequences — GorsS of Speech i 4 A) Meums - Lefer Xo geoPe , OlyeckS , Creodures, PACES , quaLines , Grenrouena aud obssrcact Wdeas “Os AMeQ were GO | aWugs? 2) adseerives — Sypicaty Used wikh wMouus As Rrevide rove Wlormatton csout Cememgs! yefermeth LO Cusees perc) %) vets — peter te Kinds of aetrous Cran) gaurg) oud staves (be sees) Mnucluiug Ave Swings’ (no events LW) adveros — provide mere Wlacmokon Gsok Ockons Ord events (slowly cudday! => Some Cweoueray weed whrt\\ 4 adeeWves AS Modsty Whoruchon™ S) prepositions - Used wih Mouns Ww pwases Qrordiug (Wormation obo Hue. Car 5, 2 Ne premaing,) Mace (Ow wed) = oer coumeetTons Coma LUnte, 7 Laemout 7 Ywuchuims metas aud Mauss Scanned with CamScannerGC) Pronouns - “sed W place of noun PRCOBES | VeLeKug YO Ni OWweadyy Yuan C uese, was) T) Conjumerions - Commeck oud tudieadre \laHousntips edtueen eueuks Ord AVings (aud, it atbvaugr) — Arodshonal Cokeapres : agreement (ooss hes) , mumoer (59/9) ) ReErSon (ha vdma, ara) tense. (roses) oombe / paswe votes (ve Ubes Je ss \ued) , gender Voters gender Cue she) 8), gromatracd eeuder | Coxe eum, she moon) i as ; g a i — ke oe append - UWeu of Grouwmac os oe : sek votes Sor Ane bproge’ Use of Lon. gs a> Pres. ules: A) You must vol spur on 4 Masicive : 27 Your wusk Vor end a cokence Wi A Yrepesitron — Me deserigtue agprooch — ordewrphs Ao deacetke are - Fe@blar atructures oF Ake low row kMe omalused collec® couroles me iawn > Wass of Modern ohtewers bo clarvocletize ane sdveckure of dslfeveut lau. > olrurtural amalysis - 0 tage of desc. agp , Wmsestgotes Me didn Ho of Boras Cog mormenes) Wn a LOT. 7 twolkes KE Use of Ckesk-Krames? i Immedoke Couctituewt omalysig — Shas how BM Con Bers Cor Compoursrs) ju seadautes go Aogemwer xo Romm lorger Couswivents — \oeerted ond rocketed ceuteuces —- how Coventeurss “SA Seuk, GAyuckuse con Ye marked Of Uo \ore\ed Vracheks -expoves Wierarchial orgousratlon of COnSRRUOURS, ———a NOLIGH TOLLED NOLEON ¥ Scanned with CamScanner