ANN ‘Computer science Attia intotigonce Mathematos| pee (approximation theory, noe ae amass | ‘as Engineering ime series, data mining) 'magersignal pressing J Cont theory robotics Figure 1-1. The mult-disciplinaty point of view of neural networks bese traditional methods. Also, some edit card companies are using neural networks in their appli cen process This newest method of looking into the future by analyzing past experiences has generated its own unique set of problems. One such problem is to provide a reason behind a computer-generated answer, say, a5 £0 why a particular loan application was denied. To ex n how a network learned and why ie recommends a particular decision has been difficult. The inner workings of neural networks ate “black boxes.” Some people have even cal the use of neural nerworks “voodoo engineering.” To justify the decision-making process, s have provided programs that explain which input through which node dominates the decision-making process. From this information, experts in the application may nd its imporcan ork’s work is a hapter goes through some of these areas and briefly details 20 progressing in other more promising fhe current work. The objective is to make the reader aware of various possibilities where neural networks fer solutions, such as language processing, character recognition, image compression, pattern Neural networks can be viewed from a mult-disciplinary point of view as shown in Figure 1-1 I 1.2 Application Scope of Neural Networks The neural neqwor has 1. Air eaffic co taken as input to the network. The output sood scope of being used in the following areas ould be automated with the location, altitude, direction and speed of each radar blip uld be the ar traffic controller’ instruction in response ro cach blip. 2. Animal behavior, predatorfprey relationships and. population eyees may bye suitable for analysis by neue networks, 3. Appraisal and valuation of property, buildings, automobiles, machinery, ete. should be an easFEU Aiticiat Noural Network: Definition al otk be defined as an information-processing model that is inspired by he way biological nervou ns, such as the brain, process information. This model tries to replicate onl the tov basic functions of the brain. The key element of ANN is the novel structure of its information p vem. An ANN is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements ing in un 1 specific problems, ficial neural networks, like people, leara by example, An ANN is configured fora specific application, pattern recognition or dara classification through a learning process. In biological systems, learin ves adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist berween the neurons, ANNs undergo a similar ;nge that occurs when the concept on which they are buile leaves the academic environment and is thrown, to the harsher world of users who simply want to get a job done on computers accurately all the time ny neural networks now being designed are statistically quite accurate, but they still eave their users with I taste as they falter when it comes to solving problems accurately, They might be 85-90% accurate tunately, few applications tolerate tha level of error Advantages of Neural Networks ural networks, with their remark ble ability to derive meaning from complicated or imprecise data, could be used to extract parterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed by either humans or other nputer techniques. A trained neural network could be thought of as an “expert” in a particular ca jory of information it has been given to analyze. This expert could be used to provide projections in new situations of interest and answer “what if” questions. Other advantages of working with an ANN 1. Adaptive learning: An ANN is endowed with the ability o learn how to do tasks based on the data given training or initial experience sgenization: An ANN can create its own organization or representation of the information it receives Jusing learning time Real-time operation: ANN computations may be cartied out in parallel. Special hardware devices are being, spability of ANNs, Signed and manufactured ro take advantage ofthis o ia redundant information coding: Partial destruction of a neural network leads to the adation of performance. However, some network capabilities may be retained even iurrently, neural networks can‘ function asa user interface which translates spoken words into instruction machine, but someday they would have this skill. Then VCRs, home secutiy systems, CD players, and 4 processors would simply be activated by voice. Touch sereen and voice editing would replace the word of today. Besides, spreadsheets and databases would he imparted such level of usability that would leasing to everyone. Buc for now, neural networks are only entering the marketplace in niche areas where hese niches indeed involve applications where answers provided by thes but vague, Loan approval is one such area. Financial institutions make more money if they succeed in I loan rate. For these institutions, installing systems that are “90% aceurate” in selecting ne lo ans might bean improvement over their current selection process, Indeed, some banks {thatthe failure rate on loans approved by neural networks is lower than those approved by thci4. Betting o1 If could be predicted usin, how the best job perfor 12. Expert consultants could. pack 13. Fraud detection reparding credit catds, ins 14, Handuriting and pp iting coule ofthe grid becomes an input tothe neural ‘