SECTIO | STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Section 2 of the TOEFL test, Structure and Written Expression, consists of two parts: Structure Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. You must decide which of four choices best completes the sentence. Although all four answers may be grammatically correct independently of the incomplete sentence, only one is grammatically correct in the context Of the sentence. Therefore, you should spend your time analyzing the type of structure ‘needed to make a grammatically correct sentence. There are 15 items to complete. Spend ‘no more than 40 seconds on each item, Written Expression ' In questions 1640, each sentence has four words or phrases underlined and labeled A, B, , and D. One of the underlined choices contains an error. You must decide which one is incorrect and mark its corresponding letter on your answer sheet. The error is always one of the underlined words or phrases. Therefore, you should spend your time analyzing parts, of the sentence. You do not need to correct the error, so move quickly on to the next item, ‘There are 25 items to complete. Spend no more than 40 seconds on each item. Ba sa a aU MOLLE bascoStructure and Written Expression 424. Sometimes students answer intuitively and then che xyoursef while working trough the TOEFL mini-test in ‘change right answers to wrong ones, oF are your answer is usually the correct ono, don’t change yo Remember that wrong answers will nt count answer and have no feling about which ofthe four letter. A guess letter is one letter (A, B, 4. Answer every item. = If you do not know the answer, do not leave intuition or a guess letter. Mark the item you 5. Use every second nd woe, ‘ Don’t lose time thinking about something you dor on to the next ite Once you have devided whit is needed 10 sap he 5 ‘More than one of the choices may “IF you can’t identity the inconrect ae 2 ‘each underlined. Word. Think. Ke about its posi Inconect about iti 122 Structure and Written Expression oo s # PRACTICE WITH NOUNS ‘Ask yourself these questions when checking nouns, | 1. What kind of noun Is it? Is it count or noncount? ‘A count noun refers to people or things that can be counted. You can put a numiber before this kind of noun. Ifthe noun refers to one person or thing, it needs to be inthe singular | form. If it refers to more than one person of thing, it needs to bein the plural form fonedesk threedesks one book ~——_—fifty books, A noncount noun refers to general things such as qualitcs, substances, or topics. Noncount ‘nouns cannot be counted and have only a singular form, food air thoney, intelligence | Noncount nouns can become count nouns when they are use to inate types: the wines of California the fits ofthe Northwest 2. Is there a quantifier with the noun that can be used to identity the nature \ ; oF the noun? ‘A quantifier is @ word that indicates an amount oa quantity (A) Some quantifiers are used with both plural count nouns and noncount nouns | all any enough alotof _plemty of more most some lots of, Examples have enough money to buy the watch. (noneount) Thave enough sandwiches for everyone. (count) | (B) Some quantifiers are used only with noncount nouns, alitle much Examples There's a litte milk. ‘There's not much suger, (©) Some quantifiers are used only with plural count nouns both many afew several Examples I took both apples. ‘We saw several movies, (D) Some quantifiers are used only with singular count nouns. another each every Examples Joe wanted another piece of pic, Every child in the contest received a ribbon, |Structure and Written Expression 123 3. Is the form of the noun correct? ‘Noncount nouns only have a singular form. Most count nouns have a singular form and a ploral form. The plural form for most nouns has an -s or -es ending. However, there are other singular and plural patterns. (A) Some nouns form their plurals with a vowel change or an ending change. Singular Plural foot feet ‘goose oese tooth teeth louse lice man men (B) Some nouns form their plurals by changing a consonant hefore adding -s or -es. Singular Plural wolf wolves leat Teaves wife wives knife knives (©) Some nouns form their plurals by adding an ending. Singular Plural child children ox. oxen (D) Some nouns have the seme plural and singular form, These nouns frequently refer to ‘animals or fish. However, there are exceptions. bison fish series offspring deer salmon species spacecraft sheep trout comps. Example One fish is on the plate. ‘Two fish are in the pan. (E) When a noun is used as an adjective, it takes a singular form. ‘We are leaving for two weeks. (noun) We are going on a two-week vacation, ° (adjective) (©) Collective nouns refer to an entire group. When a collective noun indicates a period of time, a sum of money, or a measurement, it takes a singular verb, ‘Two weeks is enough time to finish the contract. ‘Ten dollars is all Ihave, Seven pounds is an average weight for a newborn, ©) Some nouns end ins but are actually singular and take singular verbs. ‘Academic subjects: mathematic, politic, physics, economics, civics, statistics Physics is Professor Brown's specialty Diseases: measles, mumps, herpes “Measles is usually contracted during childhood.124 Structure and Written Expression 4. Is the noun used in a noun position? Nouns are used in the Following positions: Assubjects Am engineer designed th bridge. As complements My sisters an engineer. As objects saw the engineer. Eric lent tne book to the engineer. Jan walked past the engineer. 5. Is the correct form of the word used? ‘The form of a word depends on its position in the sentence, (See Practice with Word Forms on page 169.) Notice how the word “invitation” changes form. Noun form The invitation to Jerry’s wedding has arrived. Verb form ‘Susan invited us to dinner on Sunday. Adjective form ‘The hot chocolate looked very inviting. Adverb form ‘The man smiled invitingly as he opened the door. Use Exercises S1-SS to develop your skills in identifying nouns. Exercise $1 __ Identifying count and noncount nouns ‘Write “C” ifthe underlined noun is a count noun, and “N” if itis a noncount noun, Examples _N_Istudied mathematics with Professor Crane. C_ We caught three fish for dinner. ‘You should write “N” in the first blank because “mathematics” is a noncount noun. You should write “C” in the second blank because “fish” is a count noun in this sentence. Rayon was mixed with cotton to strengthen the fabric. . ‘The glass in the window was cracked. 1 2 3. __ Forty children are in Bobby's class 4, ___ The news conceming the election was very postive. 5. ____ Thomas dropped a pin om the carpet. 6. ___ The knowledge gained from the experience was invaluable. 7 8. ‘There is a hair on your jacket. . Linda likes exotic fruits Extended practice: Some of the underlined nouns in these sentences can be either count or noncount, Identify those nouns and write your own sentences using them in both ways.50 S2 Exerciso $3 Structure and Written Expression 125 Reviewing plural and singular forms ‘Write the correct form of the plural or singular word. Examples Singular Plural foot fest. me oxen Singular Plural 1. person 2 lives 3 series 4, teeth ot children 6 man a sheep 8. leat 9. mouse 10. goose aus Locating and checking plurals and singulars Some ofthe flowing setae contain anoun ere Ciel the incomet noms Example Ono ke GieopiSane tote menting lst rning You should cit pilnoph" temo tere mst be mere han nein ro of plloophers for on of them cone tothe meng 1. Utrsond buns sod wae of he itma soc ofthe dy 2. bli lands in many pars ofthe West ay be ovegazd a xl seep, ‘dvs compas fo free 3, Alun ae mining ste uncovered a brownish yellow soe wich yielded 650 ramet gl 4, Levene Ra, the fa ilps, was or about 160i Baondo o Chinese father tna Taal oe 5. Amica was dacovered and nhbited towsands of years before he Europeans med 6. Fortwo century, Madi’ Par Mayor as eve sth y's chi forum 7. Putting radio collars on bears helps scientists to gather important informations conceing te bent movements126 Structure and Written Expression 8. Many ofthe old attitudes and values may be disappearing, along with the families that supported them. Extended practice: Correct the nouns that you have identified as incorrect. Exercise $4 Example The exploration was a big, good-natured man, eylorer ‘You should write “explorer” in the space because this is the noun form that is used for people (see item 5 on page 124 and item 3 on page 170). 1. ‘The furnishings of the house provide an insight into the social and domestic life on the estaie 2. A new colonization was established in Hawai, 3. The disturb caused the seal to move her pups, 4. The existence of methane in the atmosphere is what gives Uranus its blue-green color 5. The freeze killed all the new leaves on the trees. 6. The landing of the troops took place under the cover of night. 7. The important of children’s play is reflected in their behavior 8, Inside the forest, the active is constant. 9. The earliest arrive had to endure the discomfort of wading across the river, 10. When the Red Cross brought food, the situate was mercifully improved.Structure and Written Expression 127 Checking nouns Look at the underlined nouns in each sentence. Circle the noun that is incorrect. Example The knowledge was passed from one generation to another(generation3)over the centuries. ene ‘You should circle “generations” because the word “another” is used only with singular nouns (see 2D on page 122). 1, During the ten years he was a politi, his policies changed drastically 2. Joe insisted that his success was due to motivated rather than brilliance. 3. Scientists have managed to clone that kind of protei basic researc 4, The most renowned of America’s metalworker, Samuel Yellin, designed the ironwork for the New York Federal Reserve Bank. Sea '. The childrens were counting the toys and candy they had collected during the festivities 6. On the outskins of the town, calf are frequently seen grazing in the meadows. 7. The police officer gave some advices on crime prevention at the community meeting. 8, One series of grammar book that was used in the experimental class was written by the students themselves. genes, but only as an exercise in Extended practice: Write the correct form of the nouns you have circled. PRACTICE WITH ARTICLES AND DEMONSTRATIVES ‘Ask yourself these questions when checking articles (“a," “an,” “the") and demonstratives (“this,” “these,” “that,” “those”). 4. Is the indefinite article (“a” or “an") used correctly? (A) “A” is used before a consonant sound, and “an is used before a vowel sound. (B) The letter “u” can have a consonant or vowel sound: auniversity BUT an umbrella (© The letter ahorse BUT an hour is sometimes not pronounced: 2. Should an indefinite article be used? Use “a” or “an”: (A) before singular count nouns when the noun is mentioned for the fist time. Isce.a house. (B) when the singular form is used to make a general statement about all people or things of that type (see item 3B on page 128). ‘A concert pianist spends many hours practicing. (All concert pianists spend many hhours practicing.)128 Structure and Written Expression ©) in expressions of price, speed, snd ratio. 6Omiles an hour four timesa day i A" or “an” are not used (D) before plurat nouns. Flowers were growing along the river bank: : 4 (&) before noncount nouns. i 1 wanted adviee i , n i Hy 3. Should the definite article (“the”) be used? i (A) before a noun thet has already been mentioned Tsu a man, The man was wearing hat \ ‘The books on the shelf are fist editions. ’ I went tothe bank. (a particular bank) (B) before a singular noun that refers to a species or group. The tiger lives in Asia. (Tigers s a species, live in Asia) t ae | ‘The children collected money to donate tothe institution for the deat. (the deat” = deat people) (D) when there is only one of something i ‘The sun shone down on the earth. q ‘This isthe best horse inthe race. i (© before a body part in a prepositional phrase that belongs tothe object in the sentence: ‘Someone hit me on the head. ("Me” isthe object, and itis my head that was hit) ora body part ina prepositional phrase that belongs to the subject ofa passive sentence: i Twas hit on the head, ('Ts the subject ofthe passive sentence, and itis my bead | that was hit) jective rather than the article “the,” is usually used with body hit my head, ("T” is neither the object ofthis sentence nor the subject ofa passive sentence. Therefore, a possessive adjective is used Some proper names use “the,” and some don’. (F) “The” is usually used with canals, deserts, forests, oceans rivers, seas, and plural islands, lakes, and mountains. the Suez Canal the Black Forest the Hawaiian Islands the Atlantic Ocean “The” isnot usually used with planets and singular islands, lakes, mountains, and parks. i Mars Central Park Lake Michigan Veaus Fiji Istand ‘Mount RushmoreStructure and Written Expression (G) "The" is usually used when the name of a country or state includes the word “of,” the type of government, ora plural form, the Republic of Ietand the United Kingdom the Philippines “The” the names of other counties and states isnot usually used with Japan Brazil Germppy the names of continents Africa Asia Europe the names of cities: Chicago Mexico City Hong Kong 4, Which article, it any, should be used? (A) The expression “a number of meuns “several” or “many” and takes a plural verb ‘The expression “the number of" refers tothe group and takes 8 singular verb. A large number of tourists get lost because of that sign, ‘The number of lost tourists has increased recently (B) The following nouns do not always take an article: prison school college church bed home court jail sea ‘Look at how the meaning changes: Example bed No article: Jack wentto bed. (= Jack went to sleep. “Bed” refers to the general idea of sleep.) With “the’s Tuck went to the bed, (Jack walked over to a particular bed. The bed is referred to asa specific object) With “a Jack bought a bed. (Jack purchased an object called a bed.) © Aric pronouns (mine, “those”? ic.); possessive "these," and This is my coat, Where's yours? ‘That watch is broken ‘Note: In the following question, the demonstrative “this” ig not used 2s part ofthe noun phrase “the book.” Is this the book you wanted? “This” is the subject ofthe sentence. “The book" isthe object ofthe sentence. They are beside each other because ofthe subjec/auxiliary inversion in the question form. They are not used together asa single phrase (see item 1 on page 163). (D) Noncount nouns are used without an article to refer to something in general ‘Sometimes an article is used to show a speciic meaning, People all over the world want peace. (= peace in general) ‘The peace was broken by a group of passing children. (“The peac peace at a specific time and place ) refers to 129Exercise $6 tl { } I Exercise $7 130 Structure and Written Expression ZThe imparting of knowledge was the job of the elders in the community knowledge in general) Thave a knowledge of computers. (= a specific type of knowledge) &. Are the demonstratives (“this,” “that,” “these,” and “those”) used conectly? (A) The demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are fr objects nearby the speaker this (singular) these (plural) ‘and for objects far away from the speaker: that (singular) those (plural) (8) Demonstratives are the only adjectives that agree in number with their nouns. ‘That hat is nice, Those hats are nice, (2, dion there sth idea of selection, the pronoun “one” (or “ones” often follows the demonstrative. want 2 book. Ul get this (one) Ifthe demonstrative is followed by an adjective, “one” (or “ones”) must be used: Iwant a book. I'l get this big one. ‘Use Exercises 56-10 o develop your skills in identifying articles and demonstrative, Identifying the need for articles ‘Write the correct acl (“," "an." or “the") If no article is needed, write @, Frample There was a documentary about the United Arab Emirates on TV lst night You should write “the” government. in the blank because the name of the country includes its type of 1. The old woman made a special tea with herb that smelled of oranges, 2. Through his telescope we could see what locked like canals on Mars, 3. The children were released from School early last Friday because of a teachers’ ‘conference, 4. Robin Hood supposedly stole from____rich, S| Untold numberof people perished while attempting to cross Death Valley, 6. Albertis__only actor that I know personally, Checking articles TF the underined article is used incorrectly, cross it out and writ the correct article, Example -A’island in the Pacific Ocean was used forthe experiment. An 1. Countess tourists will be thronging to the Greek islands,Structure and Written Expression 184 ‘The tomato originated in Central America. . The steam engine was developed in an eighteenth century. 2 3. 4 5. 6 1 ‘A hour passed before the rescue ship arrived. 5. The Russia has a very diverse culture. A university education was one of the requirements for the position. ‘The doctor refrained from giving him an advice. Checking demonstratives Circle the letter of the demonstrative that completes the sentence. Example — books are the ones I bought atthe auction () This These ‘You should izle eter (B) because the demonstrative must agree in number ‘noun, The plural “these” is used with the plural noun “books.” 1. Twas shocked by ~~ news, (A) that (B) those. 2. ‘The last reliable sighting of ~ (A) this ) these species of deer is almost extinct. (A) That (B) Those 4. Tknow (A) this (B) that fish tastes best when baked in butter. (A) This (B) These boy over there. physics courses offered at night school are mainly for non-science majors. (A) That (B) Those buffalo protected, two rings here on my litle finger belonged to my great-grandmother. (A) Those (B) These132 Structure and Written Expression Exercise $9 Correcting articles and demonstratives ‘Comeet any sentence that contains an error in the underlined phrase. Examples He is going to school. Elderly sometimes need special care The early ‘The first sentence is correct. For the second sentence you should write “The” before the word “elderly” because “the” is needed when an adjective is used as a noun. “The elderly” means “elderly peop 1. The brick house i the nicer of the two. 5. The general always listened to advice from free his staff, 2. Staff evaluation procedures are completed at least twice the year. 6. Since beginning of the age of computers, technological advances have increased tenfold. 3. Fora first time ever, the developed market- ‘economy countries drew up a document covering international policies 7. Jackson Pollock's freer techniques raised painting to new levels of the improvisation, 4. Postwar women had more opportunities to find the work than they had had in the prewar days. 8, The boy took his sister by the hand Exercise $10 Locating and checking articles and demonstratives Underline all the articles and demonstratives in the following sentences, Then circle any that have been used incomretly. Example (A)lemon originated ina and spread south to the Malaysian islands Qaree ie = ‘You should underline and circle “A” before “lemon” (sce 3B, page 128) and “the” before “China” (see 3H, page 129). You should underline “the” before “Malaysian” (sce 3E page 128), 1, That dissertations have to be completed within a four-year time limit. 2. ‘The good Dr. Sneider began his first year at Arizona State University after having bbeen appointed a associate professor, 3. Ata height ofthe tourist season, the small seaside community boasts population of 15,000. ince the beginning the research, Dr. Ahmedi has collected 70 different kinds of plant rocks. 5. Ina famous book by Danie! Defoe, the hero, Robinson Crusoe, spent 20 years on @ island,Structure and Written Expression 6. Those child’s computer was installed with added features for the blind. 7. The tourists on the bus witnessed the beauty of the Mount Rushmore. 8. The kangaroo travels at speeds up to 20 miles the hour by jumping on the powerful hind legs. 133 ‘Ask yourself these questions when checking pronouns and possessive adjectives. 4. Is the word in Its correct form? Subject Object, Possessive Reflexive Pronoun Pronoun Adjective ‘Pronoun Pronoun I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself ihe him his his bimselt she hor her hers herself it it its a itself we us ‘our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves Examples When you see the Aftican lions in the park, you see them in their true environment, ‘Both pronouns “you” are in the subject position. The pronoun “them” is the object pronoun and refers to the lions. “Their” is in the possessive adjective Form because the environment discussed in the sentence is that of the lions. 2, [8a possessive pronoun or adjective used to refer to parts of the body? Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts of the bods. [For exceptions, see Practice with Anicles and Demonstratives, 3E, page 128.] Examples She put the shawl over her shoulder, ‘She lifted the boy and put the shawl over his shoulder. She put a ed hat on her head and a green one on his. 3. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree with the word it refers to? Example The ltd girl put on her hat, and the little boy put on his. If the hat the girl put on belongs to the gil, the possessive adjective must agree with the Word “girl.” Ifthe hat the boy put on belongs to the boy, the possessive pronoun must agree with the word “boy.” If something in the sentence indicates that the hats they put, (on belong to someone else, agreement must be made between the possessive pronoun or adjective and that other person,134 Structure and Written Expression Exercise S11 Exercise $12 Le Use Structure Exercises $11-S15 to develop your skills with pronouns and possessive adjectives. Locating pronouns and possessive adjectives Cite he ronouns and possessive adjectives in the folowing sentences Example When te boy gabe the lizard, (Ql woke off infhand. 1 In 1978, Maxie Anderson an his two parner made the fr crstng ofthe anc in their hot-air balloon, 2. When Caesar and his troops invaded Britain, they anchored their transports above ‘what they erroneously thought was the high tidemark, 3. Botanists themselves are so worried that the poll problem may be irreversible in ‘many areas that they are organizing their own monitoring programs. ‘The fame of Edgar Allan Poe rests on his short stories as well as his poetry. ‘The girl picked a wild rose and held it against her face. When attacking their prey, eagles reach out with their talons. 4 5 6. The island itself didn’t become accessible to us until the late 1940s. a 8 ‘The deceiving look of a sinkhole is part of its danger as well as its fascination, Checking pronoun and possessive adjective form If the underlined word is incorrect, write its comect form, Example We prepared the supper by ourself. ourselves “Our” refers to more than one person. Therefore, “self” should be in the plural form. 1. The forest rangers tranquilized the grizzly bears and attached radios to them necks, 2. While tide pools can survive natural assaults, their are defenseless against humans, 3. You and your brother need to take time to prepare yourself for the long journey. 44. The larvae metamorphose into miniature versions of their adult form 5. These minute insects ~ twenty of they could fit on a pinhead ~ drift on wind currents, 6. Using packing crates and sheet metal the isplaced families made itself a home. 7. His is a future dictated by poverty and Trarship. 8. Ittook their days to reach the lower regions in the winter.Structure and Written Expression 135 Identifying referents Write the word thatthe underlined pronoun or possessive adjective refers to. Example He put the roast on the table and began to eat it it__roase _ ‘The pronoun “it” refers to “roast.” 1, Vikings buried their chief with his boat, complete with his supplies. their his his 2. When President Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe, writer of the novel about slavery Uncle Tom's Cabin, he reputedly called her “the litle lady who started the Civil War.” he her 3. People thought che symbol had mystical powers, so they ware it as a good luck charm. hey ae eo 4, There are no restrictions on debates in the English House of Lords, so if its members ¢hink something is important, they will talk it through until they are satisfied io ey jue ncereCePH Ete 5. The dean expressed his support for setting up a private university provided it was, supervised by the Department of Education. sg eaeoeneerOUevEs aes See OE 6. This was the place where the Roman ship had sunk with its cargo of stone. This its 7. To pass his time away in jail, Charles d'Orléans smuggled out rhyming love letters to hhis wife, and this may have been the beginning of the custom of sending Valentine ‘cards to loved ones. bis bis this. 8. During a drying time of six to eight weeks, the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kemels rattle in their shells when shaken. digester, Checking for agreement Ifthe underlined word does not agree with its referent, write the correct word. Example The dog bit themselves on the tail itoelt 1. The importance of this archaeological site is 2. We know the risks and we are quite happy that they reveals a whole civilization. to take us,136 Exercise $15 Structure and Written Expression 3. The ancient Tayronas distinguished thomselves as craftsmen working in gold, lay, and stone. 4, The gun was beautifully engraved, making their value close to $20,000. 5. Local conservationists describe the park as one of the only places where people can park their cars and walk righ tthe water and sce ‘whales and dolphins. Completing the sentence 6. When trawling for crab, he took several ‘books so that he could study it during the Tong hours, e 7. Colonel Shelly led Jim and Terry to the campsite themselves. 8. So numerous are the family’s properties that the duchess cannot name it all. Circle the letter of the answer that correctly completes the sentence. 1. To understand ancient Egypt, Dr. Malcolm has studied its hieroglyphies and tried to © itself @) themselves 8) them 2. The dialect that is spoken in Olimbos is so old that many of ~ to the time of Homer. 3, One of the by-products of growing older is the tendency of one's idols to fall from. looking forward to 6. The Italian dramatist and poet Ugo Betti was a judge who gained literary recognition on rocky, barren slopes and grows to about 3 meters (its © hers ® his ©) theirs ~~ pedestals, (A) they (©) their ®) them ©) themselves 4. As the bare mountains tured green, the people found spring (A) they ©) their ®) them (©) themselves 5. The police academy trains ——- dogs to fetch things on command. is ©) hers @ his ©) theirs late in — life. (A) him © their @) his (©) them 17. The prickly pear anchors high. wit © their @) itself (D) themselvesPRACTICE Witt SUBJECTS checking subjects 4, Does the sentence contain a subject? All complete sentences contin a subject. Exception: the command form, ‘subject is understood. (For example, “Do your homework") (A) The subject may consist of one or more nouns Birds fy Birds and bats fy ‘ (B) Tee subject may consist ofa phrase (a group of words that includes the subject noun ‘and words that modify i) SUBJECT PHRASE ‘The first Persian earpet | bought was very expensive ‘The subject noun is “carpet In general, the ative subject phrase can be replaced by a pronoun. In this case twas very expensive,440 Structure and Whitten Expression (©) Vavious structures may be used for subjects i Nown ‘The clover smells sweet. He Pronoun Itis a now bookcase. i Cloceconzing noun + verb) What they found sree id Geran (ing forms) ‘Swimming is good cxercisc, P Gerund phrave ‘Working ten years in the mine was enovgh. ie Infinitive (10+ verb) “To seep in is eoxury { Iafinkive phrase 5 Tobe able to read i very important. (D) Several citferent clause structures can be used for subject, Wh srucrares ‘Where we go depends onthe job opportunities. Yesno structures ‘Whether it rains or not doesn’t matter. “The fact that" srygtres ("the fact” is frequenity omitted in these structures} ‘The fact that he survived the accident isa mirece ‘That he survived the accident isa miracle. 2. Is there an unnecessary subject pronoun? AA subject noun or plzase andthe pronoun that could replace it cannot be used inthe Correct Aballisatoy, A ball and a bat are inthe yer, Itisatoy. ‘They are inthe yard, Incorrect vall itis 210 ‘A ball and a bat they ae inthe yard Hi 3, Does the subject agree with the verb? ial Examples, sy Susie is working. = ‘Susie, Bil, and Albert are working ‘The subject (8) and the verb (V) must agree in person and number. Note the following subject-ves agreement rules. (A) A prepositional phrase does aot affect the ver. 4 s v ‘The houses on that street ar for sale. s Vv “The house with the broken steps is forsale. (B) The fllowing expressions do no affect the verb, accompanied by as well as along with in addition to among together withStructure and Written Expression 244 s v ‘im, together with Tom, is going fishing seuss v Tim and Linda, long with Tom and Sally are going fishing, (©) Subjects joined by “and” or "both... and...” takes plural ver Both Jill and Lydia are leaving town. (D) When “several,” “many,” “both,” and "few" are used as pronouns, they take plural verb, ' Several have already left the party (©) When the following phrases are used, the verb agrees with the subject that is closer to the verb inthe sentence, either... or either... nor not only... batalso Neither my sister mor my brothers want to work in an office Neither my brothers nor my sister wards to work in an office. (F) The expression “a number of” (meaning “several") is plural. The expression “the numberof" is singular ‘A number of items have been deleted, ‘The umber of deleted items ie small, (G) When a word indicating nationality refers to a language, itis singular. When it refers tothe people, itis plural, Japanese was a dificult language for me to lam. ‘The Japanese are very inventive peopl. (H) When clauses, infntives, or gerunds are used as subject, they usually take a singular verb. What it takes ils of courage. ‘ody in space is her dream. Learning a new skill is very satisfying 4. Have “it” and “there” been used coriectly? (A) Sometimes a speaker wants to focus on the type of information that is expressed by an adjective, Since an edjective (ADJ) cannot be used ina subject postion, the word “i” is used a the subject sv Twas windy andthe ran beat down, ‘Sometimes a speaker wants to emphasize @ noun and its relative clause, The speaker ‘uses “it” in the subject position followed by the verb "be" sv cause twas Tom who broke the window. ‘sonneee 142 Structure and Written Expression Exercise $17 Sometimes a speaker wants to say that something exists, or wants to mention the Brerauce Of something, The word “there” is used asthe subject, and the verb agrees with the noun or noun phrase (N PHR): Sv PH, There were Six men in the boat, @) 1" can be used to refer to a previously sated topic, “I” can also be used to fil the subject position [see 4(A)] 1 was warm inthe house and Twas afaid the milk might spoil, so put tint the refrigerator, ‘The fist “tis used as the subject. The second “it” refers to the milk. (© inere” can be an adverb which tls where something i. “There” can also be used to fll the subject position [see 4(A)]. ‘There are three bottles of orange juice over there by the sink. {Pe fis “ther” is used to fil the subject position and indicates that three bottles cxist. ‘The second “there” is an adverb which indicates where the bottes ae, ‘Use Exercises 17-823 o develop your skills in identifying and using subjects, Focusing on subjects {Underline the complete subject ofthe sentence and circle the subject noun (the noun that ‘agrees with the verb), Examples PortGitie) are often the distribution centers for a count penis ry The beau, large, green faroi}vth the tf of red plumage on ther Beads are on ale = Stace + nul the mid-1950s fishermen though the eagles” gorgng during annual salmon runs depleted stocks. 2, Sam, along with other students plans on protesting the change in acedemic requirements, 3. Pictured om the one-dollar stamp is St. Joba's Cathedral, 4: Birds, mammals reptiles, and fish that are not hunted, shed, or trapped need protection too, 5; Since nitrogen is characteristic and relatively constant component of proven, scientists can measure protein by measuring nitrogen 6. Far too many preservation programs in too many states rely on unstble voluntary donations, 7 When a tomado sweeps through a city, it causes a narrow band of total destrcton, 5; Pesticide residues in livestock ae largely the result of pesticide contamination inthe ‘general environmentExercise $19 Structure and Written Expression 143 Exercise $18 Locating subjects Underline the complete subjects ofthe following sentences. Example Running is my favorite kind of exercise, 1. How wildlife has adapted to life along the road systems is the topic of the lecture. 2, Tobe among 200-foot-high towering rocks is an exhilarating experience. 3. Very early in the experiment, isolating the insects became necessary, 4. What was decided during the meeting has been well documented, 5 ‘Whispering in last only prevens he whisperer rom understanding the sson, but also bothers thle who me tying to hew he clas ects, ‘To create and produce new combinations of line and color takes a real flair, 7. What caused the most damage to Michelangelo's works inthe Sistine Chapel was a luclike substance spread over the frescoes carly in the sixteenth century. 8, Rolling dice, buying property, and accumulating play money are what seem to be the attractions of many board games. Checking subject-verb agreement Write “C” (correct) if the subject agrees with the verb. Write “I” (incorrect) if the subject docs not agree with the verb. Examples __C An important goal was to increase tourism. L__ The houses is open to the public, In the first sentence, the subject “goal” agrees with the verb “was.” In the second sentence, the subject “houses” does not agree with the verb “is,” 1. 2 Destartenytennthe «6 Thprsden, ogee vin mestow aa bile pean a nny 2 Physics are my favorite subject. ‘Aftican Trade Delegation 2% Noterhersnsnrier dager 7” — Towa ple sime avis : ve ete 5 4 —_Nowauys coningPugt Sound — Ali in ferries are fast and convenient. ae Ee apeeanlin Zoo, Each river and ravine ereate an obstacle in the cross-country race, Extended practice: Correct the sentences in the preceding exercise that have subject-verb errors.144 Structure and Written Expression i Exercise $20 Choosing the correct subject All of the following statements need a subject, Circle the letter of the correct subject from the four possible choices. Example ~~ are becoming endangered because their natural habitat is being lost. (A) That animals Animals (©) To be animals (©) Being animals You should circle (B) because the sentence needs a simple subject that agrees with the plural verb, takes eight years after sowing. (A) The nutmeg yields fruit (B) That the nutmeg yields fruit (C) For the nutmeg to yield fruit (D) To the nutmeg's yielding fruit hhas been used as a perfume for centuries. (A) To use lavender (B) That the lavender (©) Lavender (D) For the lavender shortens and thickens the muscles on either side ofthe jaw. (A) The teeth clenching (B) Clenching the teeth (©) That clenching the teeth (D) The teeth clenched 4, Even though 26 percent of Californian residents do not speak English in their hhomes, only (A) that 6 percent of them (B) those of the 6 percent (C) to the 6 percent of them (D) 6 percent of them §, --— started as a moder sport in India at the same time that it did in Europe. (A) Toski (B) That skiing (© Ski (D) Skiing 6, —— was caused by a cow's kicking over a lantern has been told to American schoolchildren for several generations. (A) That the Great Chicago Fire (B) The Great Chicago Fire (© To dum in the Great Chicago Fire (D) Burning in the Great Chicago Fire do not speak English at all. 10, are effective means of communication. (A) Theater, music, dance, folk tales, and puppetry (B) That theater, music, dance, folktales, and puppetry (© Touse theater, musie, dance, folk tales, and puppetry (D) Using theater, music, dance, folktales, and puppetry ‘When China's dramatic economic reforms began to encourage private enterprise, began to set up a variety of businesses immediately. (A) that entrepreneurs (B) tobe an entrepreneur (C) entrepreneur (D) entrepreneurs ‘are worthy of protection moved English Heritage historians into action against developers. (A) Some buildings in and around Fleet Street (B) That some buildings in and around Fleet Street (© Some buildings that are in and around Fleet Street (D) To build in and around Fleet Street makes the mountain patrol team's Jjob interesting and fulfilling. (A) Climbers and trekkers in distress are assisted (B) Assisting climbers and trekkers in distress (©) Assistance is given to climbers and ‘ekkers that are in distress (D) Climbers ang trekkers in distressStructure and Written Expression 145, Understanding “it” Ifthe underlined “it” refers to another word in the passage, write the word it refers to. If the underlined “ie” does not refer to another word in the passage, write its accompanying adjective. Examples I went into the dark house. It was very difficult o see anything afoul I started a fire in the fireplace. It was burning slowly. atic Henneeennecene tsi cemee on In the first passage, “it” does not refer to another word; therefore, you should write the ‘accompanying adjective, “difficult,” in the blank. In the second passage, “it” refers to the noun “fire”; therefore, you should write “Fie” in the blank. 1. The castle of Neuschwanstein is one of ‘many fanciful castles Ludwig II of Bavaria hhad built It was to be the ultimate castle for «private kingdom, 2. Ross Island, rich in scenic beauty with old buildings and monuments of historical value, was a British headquarters. Ieis now a tourist attraction, 3. The gorilla is essentially a peaceful creature, Itis te that the gorilla will fight, but only in life-threatening situations, 4, Noticing stcange animal behavior might be a way to predict future earthquakes. It is believed that animals can sense ‘environmental disturbances up to several days before the onset of a tremor, Understanding “there” 5. A video firm is investing substantial sums in the filming of a classic Russian opera. It is hoped that this will help popularize opera 6. Coronary heart disease is sometimes referred to as the twentieth-century epidemic. It has been responsible fore third of all deaths among males and a quarter of all deaths among females in the U.S.A. 7. Some people think chiropractors are ‘quacks. But it cannot be disputed that many have gained benefits from chiropractic treatment. 8. Stuttering is a communication disorder involving the rate and rhythm of speech. It ‘may have psychological or environmental If the underlined “there” refers to the existence of something, write what exists. Ifthe ‘underlined “there” is used to refer to a place, write the name of the place. Examples Tan see the books there on the table. Bag SESSeSESs SSS ESET alice ‘There were six literature books and two history books. x literature books and two history books146 Structure and Written Expression Exercise $23 In the first sentence, “there” refers to a place, the table. In the second sentence, “there” refers tothe existence of six literature books and two history books. 1. At present, 12 northern white rhinos live in the wild and 15 in captivity. ‘There are no females in the West and those in eastem Europe are getting too old for breeding. ‘During the Second World War, water in England was rationed due to a shortage. In the bathtubs at Buckingham Palace, there were lines marking the limit allowed. 3. A rare foal was recently born at Cricket St. Thomas Wildlife Park, There they breed the smallest miniature ponies in the world. 4, When (clephones were first invented, many business owners refused to have them installed in their offices. There were messenger services that they believed to be ‘more efficient, 5. Itis not uncommon for Americans to retire to homes in the southern states, There they find the climate more to their satisfaction. 6. Not only have poetry sales almost doubled in the past three years, but there has also been a renaissance in writing. 7. In Europe, water companies keep live trout in special troughs to monitor water pollution. Special sensors there can detect high levels of pollution through the trout’s sill movements. 8, The world's largest optical telescope is located in Australia. There scientists make ‘measurements of stars in the Milky Way galaxy ata far higher resolution than is possible with any other instrument. Checking “there” and “it” Circle the leter of the one word or phrase that completes the sentence, - two kinds of decorative at. (A) Itis @ There ae ©) There Or ‘You should circle (B) because “there are” indicates the existence of two kinds of| decorative art. The verb “is” in (A) does not agree withthe plural “two kinds,” and the answers in (C) and (D) do not include a verb to complete the sentence. Example246 ‘Reading Comprehension Exercise R1. PRACTICE BUILDING VOCABULARY WITH SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, AND MULTIPLE MEANINGS In the following vocabulary exercises, concentrate on increasing your general vocabulary ‘through building your knowledge of synonyms, antonyms, and multiple meanings. As you ‘continue fo study the other sections of the TOEFL test and to read other material to increase ‘your reading fluency, add any unknown vocabulary words to your list and include their Synonyms, antonyms, and multiple meanings. Also, write their noun, adjective, adverb, and verb forms so that you will recognize them, not only in reading passages but in the ‘Structure and Written Expression section as well. Identifying synonyms ‘The following sentences each contain an underlined word, Write “S” in the space next to ‘each word that has a similar meaning and could replace the underlined word in the sentence,Comprehension 247 Reading Example Whether on stage or in the movies, that actor does a superb job. villain hero _S_ entertainer 8 _ performer idol “Villain” and “hero” are specific roles on stage or in the movies. An “actor” isthe person ‘whose profession is to play any of these roles. “Entertainers” and “performers” can be actors (or singers, dancers, comedians, etc.) who work on the stage or in the movies, 50 you should write “5” beside these words. An “idol” is someone that somebody else adores, and it has nothing to do with the acting profession. 1. The ship steamed into the harbor last 5. The audience stood and vigorously week. clapped after the performance. train _— viciously —— plane naturally _—_— bus heartily ___ vessel energetically —— boat haughty 2. His preposterous remark embarrassed 6. The government tried to ban all his friends. public meetings. __— indisereet prohibit ambiguous discontinue —— absurd complete —— Fidiculous forbid nude antagonize 3, ‘The caves had been inhabited by ancient 7. Did you witness the crime? peoples. Seep ems caverns aa —— mines —— ___ shalts es —— srottoes fre tunnels iain 8. The campsite was chosen because of 4, The ferocious dog chased awny the an abundant supply of fresh water. ‘mail caries ___ aplentiful — mery an exuberant, __— invitating a — fiers ___ anextreme —— annoying ___ avaried savage248 Reading Comprehension 9, Profesor Shepard's lecture was well 11, Thetted uevele searched for tended sccorimodtions. propos weary | a ae H a, Ale exhausted i hater —cotases | erance wasted } 10. An ansont Mayan iy was concealed 12, The father wane o give hs oping a | by he jungle lege amovat of money. 1 _—_— hidden children i covered ____ progenitors \ prevented forefathers i deposited predecensers \ une descendants | Te Biaeice Ri we pa470) Exercise R2 —_ Using words with multiple meanings in sentences ‘Write a check (/ ) in the space before the sentence if the given word could replace the underlined word without changing the meaning of the sentence, Example poor / ‘The inferior quality of the metal makes it unsuitable for use in building construction, ‘The denial added insult to injury. ‘The family sat down to a meager meal. ‘The agriculture specialists analyzed the contents of the impoverished soil 1 tot —— The exact number of stars in the galaxy is not knowa, The fate of many Indian tribes was tragic. The family bought the portion of land beside their farm, Homing pigeons lose ther sense of direction in fog 2. stock ‘Some stores keep @ large inventory of goods on reserve. ‘Many scientists believe that human ‘common ancestor. ss and apes are descended from a Sigmund Freud claimed that an individual's character results from primitive biological drives. Al Capone, the gangster, was finally brought to trial for income tax evasion., Reading Comprehension 249 pelt —— A quartet is a musical composition for four voices ot instruments, —— The robin nests in a great variety of locations. The skin of the common raccoon is considered valuable. —— To bombard a prisoner with garbage was once a common form of punishment |. stage ‘The grain in a tice husk is known as “paddy.” ‘The part of a journey spent waiting in an airport is often the most titesome. ‘The theatrical company wanted to perform a one-act play atthe centennial festivities, ara ‘The child was in Piaget's second period of development. mean ‘Most governments intend to improve the living standards oftheir citizens ‘The average age of the North American population is increasing. —— Dogs of certain species can become vicious if ll-reated, Plantar warts, which occur on the soles of feet, eause a good deal of discomfort. word, ‘The term “mortgage” originally comes from Norman- French. tis considered unethical to break one’s promise, The oath of a witness isa legal requirement —— Archaeological discoveries show thatthe ancient legend has a factual basis. yield ____ Many factors contribute to the output of cultivated crops, Vehicles must give way when approaching a road intersection Archaeologists deduce the activities of prehistoric peoples from various Careful planning should produce accurate results. bore ‘The diameter of an engine cylinder can be carefully calculated. Geologists drill deep holes in the ground in their search for oil ‘Too many commercials tite the television watcher. fo help people was Mother Teresa's desire, pen A well-built enclosure is necessary to prevent farm animals from wandering, The author was asked to write an article for the magazine. In seventeenth-century Europe, people thought it necessary to confine the insane in prisons, ay: Unlike most farm animals, poultry swallow their food whole,250 Reading Comprehension 10. peer ‘Some scholars argue that Hawthorne's The Scarlet Leer as no equal ' among nineteenth-century American novels. ieee Exercise R3 ‘The gang leader Fohn Dillinger managed to escape fom prison using a false ‘gun made from soap. ——— The scabies mite was the cause of the itch the child complained of, —— People who look at computer screens for extended periods may develop eye problems, Finding synonyms and antonyms Read the following sentences. Use your dictionary, Sind a word that could replace the word that is undei opposite in meaning, Example The fruit shriveled in the hot sun synonym: _withered antonym: _ flourished 1. The foundation of the old hotel was synonym dictionary, or thesaurus to lined. Then find a word that is ‘The prairie grass vanished in a summer ‘damaged in the earthquake, storm of locusts, synonym: synonym: rackoayieg eewerreeeaEE THE antonym; 2. The discovery of DNA has led to many 7. The two countries decided that a mutual breakthroughs in finding cures for hereditary "trade agreement was the solution ok Giseases.—— problem, iy uot aes verre SY uy maseseee teres mtn So EATS tha amoaya: ee 3. ‘he man who was leading the group through 8. The beaming child had a look of total the jungle had been raised there. Sc mt TN Peo antonym: 4. A former Olympic ice-skater has accepted the position of instructor at the skating rink, innocence about her. ‘synonym: a mtonym- permenant fe Consumers are reluctant to change their spending habits. synonym: synonym: antonym: antonym: 5. The towering decorated tee in the city 10. A musty atmosphere permeated the ‘square was a marvelous sight to sec. synonym: antonym: room, synonym: antonym:Reading Comprehension 254 Finding synonyms for words with multiple meanings ‘The underlined words in the following sentences have several different meanings, Use your dictionary, synonym dictionary, or thesaurus fo find synonyms for these words. ‘Write your synonyms in the space. Example (A) They are planning to build a patio in their backyard. EEE cnt ce more RaA OE seeaeseeeeeee (B) One of the committee's goals is to build a more trusting selationship between the staff and the managemient, develop (C) The bank robber had the build of a heavyweight wrestler. physique (The answers in the spaces above are possible answers. Yours may differ.) 1. (A) The vegetables in the pantry were left 4. (A) She found the article while paging. too long and became spoiled. through the magazine, (B) Nobody has child as much, (B) They were paging a doctor in the as they have. theater last night (©) The marauding tribe took all the (©) In the movie Jon plays the part of a spoils. page for one of King Arthue’s knights. 2. (A) Many early settlements crowded around 5. (A) The children waved to the passengers the banks of the Hudson River. as the train entered the tunnel. (B) The airplane banked sharply before (B) The performer had trained his dogs to coming in to land. jump through a flaming hoop. (©) The cloud bank indicated the advance of _(C) The commotion caused me to lose my the storm. train of thought, 3. (A) The violent waves rocked the small 6, (A) They set out on the tail through the boat. forest at dawn, (B) The boys were practicing their aim by (B) The dogs los the escaped convict’s throwing rocks atthe post. trail atthe river. (©) Hes the rock of that organization. (C) The child was trailing her blanket behind her.252 Reading Comprehension 7. (A) The press had news of the revolt almost 9. (A) We lost our last tennis game of the immediately, season, i Le gEAA EEC EEPOES = JFL Ses eeeeseeeeeee 5 ME ' (B) The suit had to be pressed before it (B) Mr. Richards likes to hunt big game ‘could be worn ie a see eneneeeere 1. aaa (© We didn’t want to trust them until we i (C) The explorers pressed on toward the knew what their game was. South Pole. ene 10. (A) The man slipped on the ice and broke : 8. (A) We heard the rifle shot inthe early his hip. hours of the morning, (B) The spy slipped through the gate (B) Tomorrow a nurse will come t0 the unseen by the guards. School to give the children a fu shot. ee | (© The girl was embarrassed because her I (©) It would have been a good shot, but slip was showing. the camera had just run out of film. a eereeeeneeeness100esLaay i Exercise RS Bullding word charts ‘Study the chart. You will notice that the heading word is followed by a lst of synonyms, I Fil in the spaces with more words that mean the same as those synonyms, Example master } Nouns: teacher Instructor PRTC SES ct SERS lag REE educator ee Ee artist, painter i sculptor conqueror victor reas aeueesee cas aastnt nia aa AS expert mastermind genius eg \ prodlay chief head ee leader eae ere ces EEE superior ‘senior a eeReading Comprehension Verbs: know well _ have a thorough krowledge be wal informed Jean ‘ain command of become adept in again Shorough knowledge conquer _ vanquish eubdue suljugate dominate Adjectives main chet principal foremost leading SeoISngESEEIE CEES dominant 1. grant Nouns: sanction sift subsidy Verbs: allow for acknowledge permit . ; sive Se Expressions: rant amnesty to take for granted 2. spread Nouns: expanse covering 253