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UUD quvK UO vK bN vK uBK
qJA w UL VdL qOuu wu vK
bN vK qBM wu vK sOUD UMK qJA c w
UUDK VdL qOu qJA
WuL l u vK WuLL c UMK rXu (3)

UO WHUC bN WKUL d
wU b WK
WUML UFU WOU UdH qL

............................................................... w uL w UdNJK WKuL uL
..............................
......................................??vL d UdJ s qzU b vK u w uL
..................
................................................................................ WKuL uL s
.........................................?
................................................................?? w uL w UdNJK WUF uL
...............................
....................................... vL d UdJ s qOK b vK u w uL
..................
.......?u?...................................... ...................................... WUF uL s
.........................................
...........................W dG d W bM WOIM UNU w uL UB dF U OzUdN
.............................................. `B VzuA iF WKuL nB uL rOFD bM
........................................................................ WKuL nB uL r s
................... q ................................... WUM w WKuL nB uL b
u YO c UNOd v ld UdNJ qOu vK WKuL uL b ................

ld wzUdNJ UO qOu vK WUF uL b b ...................................vK
................................... vK u YO c UNOd v
d??_ b?? bM .........................b?? ? ? ? ? ? vK WUD w?? wzUOLOJ qUH qLF
d dD bM .......................
............................................................................... s U wzUdNJ UO
.....................................
................... VDI s WOzUdNJ b w UO U uJ wD U V
....................... VDI v
.
dU t ed ...................... ? UO UI
WOUuu .......................... U bu dO_
b S WOU(1) bI s w uu(3) U qu d WOzUdNJ WMA s WOL XI b
dO
U quL w UL UO
.............................................. s dOFK WOzUdNJ WF b uI `KDB b U
wK UL q UO b d
.............bN d .............WOzUdNJ WF b uI

WOMO d_U WOzUdNJ WF b uIK dU UOK dU bNK ed
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ WUI* WOzUdNJ b

(Simple Electrical Circuit)
WDO WOzUdNJ b
WOU WOU_ UuJL s UNUJ j w WOzUdNJ b uJ

Source
wzUdNJ bB*
wzUdNJ UO Ud wzUdNJ jGC bN' d d u c u

(Load)
wzUdNJ qL(
a dL UBLU WOzUdNJ eN_ b s U u

(Conductors)
u*
wzUdNJ bBL sO UO Ud d qJA w

sJLuOML U s lMB U U U qL
W U{S p WOKU d WOzUdNJ b w rJ qF
tKBH wzUdNJ qLU UO qu SwitchUH
dUM WUL FusedNB W U{ sJL ULWuN
qJA w sO UL dHL UO s b
WDO WOzUdN b ed duB jD* qJA
UNze W U uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ

s wzUdNJ UOK dL qL YO iF UNCF WKB
UNze b uJ UbM WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ qL d d dD v bBL w d b

uBH U uDF
wzUdNJ UO d lML YO qB dO
(Short Circuit )
dB WU w WOzUdNJ b
UO o b WCHM WUI d qL b dU qJA wzUdNJ bBL w d qB UbM
qu
iF v R b WFHd d ZM qzU
U
(Short dB qB tQ uI WOzUdNJ b e
WOzUdNJ b w dBI b b w Circuit)

TU qOu u e u b U s
wzUdN dB b qJA
qJA w sO UL _ w
WDO WOzUdNJ bK ed jD*
WUD UB vK u WDO WOzUdN b ed jDL duB jDL qJA sO

WDO b c q r WOUJ s rdU UBL WKO d UL UO b UOI dO UN W U
bIFL b r w WIdD c b b VFB s t dO qJA sOL w WMOL WIdDU
b UuJ qL u b qJA U v WMOLU We UDD ULF r V cN
L UNu w WOzUdNJ ud v dF V UDDL c q d q sJ WOzUdNJ
ed
u wU b sOVU VDI v dOA dOB dP VuL VDI v dOA qu j WUDK
WOzUdNJ dUMF iF
wzUdNJ ed
wzUdNJ dBMF
qu
jD vK sOKu lUI
qOu uB wzUdN
ULNMO wzUdN
sOKu sO bI u vIK
wKO UB
dOQ UB
WuU WO WOK

WuU WO_ U) s WUD
( DC )dL UO bB
( AC )UM UO bB
wzUdN d
wzUdN U
dNB
:(Electrical Resistance)
WOzUdNJ WUI*
w quL U eQ qu d UdO UM bDB wzUdNJ UO qJA w UdJ

UdJ dO U WUI WU b
WOzUdNJ WUIL dF quL c w
wzUdNJ UO
wzUdNJ UO dL UL WU bI UNQ
d db s qJA w UL UNO
wzUdNJ bN
cN U b v lL W dFL uL q
WOzUdNJ WUIL
WOzUdNJ WUI* dOH qJA
WOU
UDL U??e?? q WUF uLK
UdJ Wd W{UFL s dO bI
wzUdNJ UO dL `L wUU Ud
b dO WUI uL cN Q UI c UNO
WU u UNQ
U??? M? q??? W??K? u??L? u?? ?L? ? U?? ?
b WKOK W{UF b UNS uOML_
WOzUdNJ WUIL u qJA
Q U??I? c?? U??d??? U??d??? J? Wd

u UNQ b WCHM WUI uL cN
l WOzUdNJ b w UL UO WLO s b WUIL Q UM sJL d ULWKu

bI l{ UO_ s dOJ w U UM d v U s nK WUI UN WKuL uL q
WOzUdNJ d _ w uuL sO dUM UL qO vKF WOzUdNJ b w WUIL s b
UDDL w UN ed R dU WOzUdNJ WUILK UA UUI s U w U W b eN
qJA w sO{uL sedU WOzUdNJ
(1) UO bN Wb _ dF () UGO wUuO dU t ed WUIL UO b
Xu (1) bN bM dO (1) tb UO dL `L w WUIL bI u

t ed UOL (103 U (K)sO dU t ed uKOJ _ UHUC s
WbL Wd eN_ iF WUI rO `{u wU b (106) U (M) sO dU
WOKLF UO w
s q
qOu pK
uOK 20s d
UD WFD
50 - 0
wzUdN uJ
50 - 15
d _ w 5 dUM
UbM 60 - 0 WMU uJ UbM 600-0

UNd UHS WUI* WLO lHd U uJ
U{ ÒUB
:(Conductance)
WOKu*
b U s d wzUdNJ UOK UL WOKu b V VUML s uJ UO_ iF w

(Conductance).WOKuL vL WOU b cNwzUdNJ UO dL UN{UF
UN e??d??w??zU??d??N?J? U??O?? ddL vK U??L? b?? s?? dF W??U??I?L? fJ w?? WOKuL
b UL r dO_ W w ohm WLK uJF w mho u bu UIGdU
WUIL uKI w WOKuL S U O{USdU UN ed WOKuL UOI Siemens eMOLO
G=
:(FUSES)
1
R
WF w UL
dNB*
bze UO s WOzUdNJ b dUM WOzUdNJ eN_ bFLK WUL dBM u uOH dNBL
dNBM dBM w dNBL qL hKeN_ c nK v R c b dB UO s s
()qJA `{u ULsOF b s UO U bM b `H
dNBL qL qJA
b WK
WOU WK_ s V
WOU WOU_ dUMF s WOzUdNJ b uJ
WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ
uJ UbM
UbM uA dBI b
w WOzUdN WUIL
wUuO dU UN ed UNUO b dU WOzUdNJ WUILK ed
s b vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL qLF
s U Wd WOzUdNJ eN_ w sO dUM
w WOU dUMF WUIL WOdI WLOI
qOu pK
WU U
dH w sO dBM ?
b???????????????u
dL* UO
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ UUI*
bM UNO wzUdNJ UO d oOF w U* WOU w WOzUdNJ WUI* Q oU w X

WUI s U w WOzUdNJ UL_ Q X UL _ bu UI wzUdN bB0 UNK
c w wzUdN bB0 tK WO t U* UO WLO b% w w qL( WUI Q uU s XLKF
d UNu UE UUI* u v U qu WUI b% w quF v dF u b
UNKOu
uL WUI
qu* WUI
w qu WF vK qJA w 5 u UL qu* WUI bLF
qu* u
tu l U d VUM qu* WUI tu UU qu* WUI e
qu* WUI vK dR* quF qJA
qu* lDI WU

qu* lDI WU ULK t qu* lDI WU l U OJ U UM qu* WUI VUM
uJ dO UNFDI WU w uU*U UO ob YO s U* dOu UdNJ qU9 tUI XK
WFHd U* UO ob UNUI uJ dOG UNFDI WU w uU* U WCH M U* UO ob UNUI
qu* U u ?
s WMO WUI w ULK WOuM WUI*U dF U v udU WHK * u* WUI WUI sJ1
UNUO b uOK (20) d W bM 23(1) tFDI WU d(1) tu qu WO vK U*
d(U UN ed d 23
dr WOuM WUIL
U?? ? ? ?*
0.0149
WCH
0.0178
UM
0.021
Vc
0.0241
uOM*_
0.14
1.9
bb(
bb d qJO dJOM WJO
b'
WO WF b U _U qu* WUI U sJ1

quL UL WOuM WUIL
qu* u
qu* lDI WU
R=
L
A
_U qu* WUI
YO
_U quL WUI
dLUquL u
rKquL lDI WU
quL UL WOuM WUIL

d rK
U??????????????
Q U LK 2r
(1.5)
tFDI WU d
(100)
tu UM s pK WUI V
d 2r 0 .0178) UMK WOuM WUIL

q????????????????(
1,81 = 0 8710 (1 5 100 ) quL WUI
d( W
dF c U* WUI* d( qUF*U dOG c s dF d( W dOG U* WUI WLO dOG

W (1) UNd W dOG WO (1) UNUI U* pK s WMO WUI WLO w UBIM Ue tQ
Wu W bu tLO s dOF r)wUuO d(U d( qUFLK eduOK
WLO e w uLK
(Positive Temperature coefcient) Uu
WUILK d( qUF* uJ
UdJ Wd U v UNd W U R w WOIM UF* q UNd W UU UNUI

wzUdNJ UO qOJA b U& w rEM qJA UNF WOKL VFB U2 WOzuAF
WLO qI w uLK (Negative Temperature coefcient) U U WUILK d( qUF* uJ
WO UNUI qI w WOOdJ qOU; uF u* U q UNd W UU UNUI
u* iF d( qUF* WLO wU b' 5d( qFH WOzUdNJ WMA U s be* bu
UdNJ U w Wb *
d qUFL
UL
UM
uOML_
uH
XOd
sM
WJO UUuJ
+0.0038
+ 0.004
+ 0.0045
- 0.0004
0.0041
+0.000005
b'
WOU WF b U(RHOT) WMU WUI* WLO U sJ1

RHOT = R20 {1 +
(THOT - 20)}
YO
Wu 20 W bM WUI* WLO R20
ULK d( qUF* (
WUILK WOzUNM d( W THOT
U????????????
W u bM 7M s uMB wzUdN UB qOH WOzUdNJ WUI* V
20 WdG d W bM qOH WUI XLK tKOGA UM Wu 2020 v UNd
Wu W qJ 0.005 U 7M d( qUF* 50 U Wu

q????????????????(
RHOT = R20 {1 +
(THOT - 20)}
R2020 = 50 {1 + 0.005 (2020 - 20)} = 60
WUOF* UNUUI WOzUdNJ _
WOzUdNJ eN_ WUM w qb UL WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI w WOzUdNJ _ b

pK u vK UNLO w bLF WUI _ cN UdO WOzUdNJ Ud; u; q
V UN_ UNO ud dO WUI* c uJ U U tU u tFDI WU
qUM pK b vK bN' u

vK bN' u WLO bLF bB* bM j) Wb w tM q qL( bM j) WUN w bN' uJ
UOd w bN' u U u t tOK UF* s d U* UO WLO pK WUI
.(%5) Ud; w (%3) Wb eN w WJA bN s (%2.5-1.5)
t U U{
WuIM* WOzUdNJ WUD w UH

_ 5 v R Wd WU v WUD c s e qu% vK _ WUI qLF YO
UQ _ c d9 c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* iF b' 5
6
2.5
1.5
36
24
18
16
13
11
23 lDI* WU
dO dI* UO
WKL c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* b'
v R b pK d W lHd Ud0 uL* WLOI pK d U* UO WLO U&

w b U qJA ozd uA wzUdN U9 b v wUU tHKG c UF UNB
bI bbL 2 3(2.5) U{ bbL 2 31.5) WOeM* bbL
UUI* u
U OU
b hzUB rOI WOzUdN UUI b eK WOdJ WOzUdNJ b qL oOI

WOzUdN UO qL WdF WO rO UN WHK UJQ UUI* lMB c b c qL VUM
WLOI dOG WLOI WU UUI* UL 5Oz 5u v UUI* rI WuKF
Fixed Resistors WLOI WU UUI*
dU dO qJA U dU qJA WUI* r vK VJ dOG WU WLO UN w UUI* w

WOzUA WOJK WOud UUI v UNFM U* U I UUI* c rI u
Carbon resistors WOudJ UUI*

qJA w `{u UL WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM YO WHK UQ WOudJ UUI* bu
U H pOdO u q WKu dO U u* udJ s Ze s UUI* c lMB
sJ1 v bF0 WUI* Ud d d(U bL& r U OuD uJ U uKD* qJAU U* VB
qJA k WOU) _U UNKOu
WOzUAG WUI* WOudJ WUI* VOd qJA
WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM UUI* U qJA
Film resistors WOzUAG UUI*

wuD qOJA qO `D u WUI U s fU UA d WOzUAG UUI* rOLB VKD
U* u dOG pc UAG c w wu e lDI WUILK WuKD* WLOI vK uB( r we
w u W UUI* c bu qJA w `{u u UL UNLO wUU WUI* wd 5
tAuOdJ qJOM wbFL UAG dbBI bO wbFL bO_ UA wudJ UAG
UNM WHKJ vK wUU W d UNMJ WOudJ UUIL wU qJA YO s WOzUAG UUIL
Wirewound resistors WOJK UUI* ?

pK u lMB qJA w `{u UL eF qOJA qO vK pK s UH b s lMB
d( UNUI qUF WFHd* WOuM UNUI V dJ b w dJ qJOM pzU s
WLOI iH M*
WDK wUe D s WO WID vDG jO; ju dOQ s WUI* UuJ WUu
k d( bb vK UNb 5 uOM*_ s d b0 nKG UNCFXML qd s
WUI* r vK dU uU UNb _U WUI* WLO VJ UUI* s uM c w qJA
U I tAUM rOBS1852 WOUDd WOUOI WHu* w b; eOd UE lWd(
WOJK UUI* qJA
WOJK WUI* VOd qJA
Surface Mount Resistors-SM Resistors WOD UUI*

`D* UL 5KJA duWUJ WOU WuD* UuK WLz UNKF U2 UNL dGB U9
WOU v_ 5U) UU s uJ eOd UE UeOd w b WD* WUI*wuD_
WUI*qJA dNE UL UH_ bnUC* qL dO_ WU WU) U WUI* WLO 9
WU WOu WIK v WU{_U U I tdAMwUL) wuK eOd UE UeOd w b WOuD_
qJA dNE UL WUILK d( qUF* q9
UeOd d WOD UUI* qJA
Network Resistors WOJA UUI* ?

UNHOKG r WNUA* UUI* s WuL s U w
w 5 u ULWKUJ* b WHK tA wU G
WOdJ b w WOJA UUI* b qJA
WNUA* UUI* s dO b u% w
WOJA UUI* qJA
Variable Resistors WLOI dOG UUI*
UNLO dOOG sJL dOGL UUILK U UHK ud eN w uBU rJ ÒUH dF
uB UMUJS wMF cN (1000) UNLO dOG WUI uI UbM UNOUHdb WuN
(1000) dHB sO d rO vK UNM
dOG* WUI* qL qJA
WUIL WLO vK ULNUu qB WUIL wUN L Ud d W dOGL WUILK

vK sOUNM b l tUu qB UI dBM u d oeM e qB YU dD WOKJ
qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUIL s WHK rO
vK uHK pK s lMB WOD Wdz udJ s UWJ qJ vK UIL dBMF lMB
U d rOI du WHKJ WKOK w 1 s q WObL bI rz WOudJ u_U VK
du dQ 3 WDuL bI rz wN _ WuHKL u_ U UO 1 uKO1 sO
uKO 100 10 sO U d rOI
wjC Zb q WO{d bF qLF b dOG UQ dOG* UUI* du

oO j{ v WU( bM b c oOb jC u oKG* uM uH* uMUJ W du
qJA k WUI*WLO w dOG b WUI* UH db ZMO YO b
dOG* WUI* qJA
YO rI u bN UOI(Potentiometer) bN UOI r UC dOGL WUIL vK oKD

k udJ U vK oeML Wd pc (VIN)qbL bN s qJ (VOUT)d bN WLO b
wK UL qL WU w d L bN WLO b qJA
VOUT = VIN x
R2
R
qLFLogWO9Uu nB LinWOD U0 WOudJ bN'UzefOUI du

WOFL eN_ w UN'U rJK Q dO_
bN' UOI qJA
WU) UUI*
WOKL UIOD rz WU lM dD WU u s lMB

UUI* qL s UNKL nK WOdJ b w WMOF
UUI* c s WUF
udO qJA
udO WUI
qJA k UN{UH d( W UHU uLK qJA UNUI dOG w WUI* w

w d( Wb fL UNb sJ1 UL d( W UH s WUL( w b
Uu UNM bu d( W UO eN w bd Wb eN w rJ
d( W UHU UNLO qI w (NTC) VU d qUF WUI
d( W UHU UNLO e w
(PTC) Vu d qUF WUI
UUI* c u qJA dNE
(VDR) bNK WFU uUH WUI

UNd vK dR* bN' U l WUI* c WLO qI
UH s WOzUdNJ bF* WU U w U U b
u vK WUI* c qu wzUdNJ bN' w TUH*
WU) UUI* u qJA
bNK TUH UH b UbM tU d* UN' l

s e h9 U OE( uUH WUI qI UN' wd 5
tb dJM TUH* bN'
dNBL qLF WOud WOJK WUI ?

UO U UbMF WOd WOU ULb_ U F UuK Ud UM WOJK WUI* WU w
bM UO d lDI qBHM WKu vK UK dNB b v WUI* c s dI* b
2 s q UNLO dOG WUI b WOudJ WUI* WU w U WKu U( U sJ1 qDF
bF UNb sJ1 WUI* c d% dI* b UO U UbM l s q dOG UNb
qDF
Light Dependent ResistorLDR uC vK bLF* WUI*

UU UNLO hUM WUI* c WOzu{dNJ dUMF b s b uC vK bLF* WUI*
2 s d v qB b b WOU E w uC vK bLF* WUI* WLO uJ UNOK jU uC b
_ s U lC v UNUI iH M uCK dF UbM sJ UO
uOUJ bOd q uCK WU( WKu* t u* s uC vK bLF* UUI* lMB
uC vK bLF* WUI* VOd qJA 5 CdSe e uOUJ bOMOKO CdSe
r qOu wdD e pOdO Ue s WU WI vK uCK WU U s WIO WI qJA
uCK WU( U* vK uC uI `L WOU cU t wJO wbF w l{u
uCK WU U
WU bU
WOzuC WUI* e ?qJA
WOzu{ WUI qJA
qOu d
WOzu{ WUI* lDI qJA
eN w U U qLF U* qO vKF UOdJ w bb UIOD uC vK bLF* WUILK

tUO u{ uu U d_ VKD YO qd* w VNK nU WO u_U rJ c
UUILK WOMH UHu*
wU WOzUdN w WHU WUI b U UNUd V w UUILK WOMH UHu*

UOL uKOJ U WuKDL WLOI s dF WUIL
WOU WUFL s UN wQ WUIL Ub w uBI bI w bIL bI
P=
V2
= I2 x R
R
U tM dF bLF* buU d( W w dOG qJ WUI* w dOG u d( W qUF

uOK*U e_U
tM dF se s WMOF b vK WMOF d X% qB c WUI* WLO w VKI u dI
% Wu WM
UUI* eOd rE
UUI* u rE
U U
5UE UM UNUNUH UNLO v dOA WOu ud WLKF WOzUAG WOudJ UUI* uJ
qJA dE wUL) wuK eOd wUd wuK eOd UL wuK eOd w sbLF
qJA
wUd wuK eOd

WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b%
WU WIK( b% WUILK wU rd WOU WIK( b%
W b WFd WIK( U UH_ b dAF nUC*
qJA k WdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH
wUd wuK eOd qJA
U????????????
cN v_ vK_ sb U U Od oU qJA w WMOL WUIL WLO U
WLOI
q????????????????(
sO WUIL r vK WMOL u_ UIK v dEMU
(4) bF qUI dH v_ WIK u
(7)bF qUI wHM WOU WIK u
(100) nUCL qUI dL WU WIK u
5%
UH W qUI w WFd WIK u

sO UNCF VU U_ l{u
uKO 4.7 4700 47100 WUIL WLO

WLOIK vK_ b
4700 + 4700 x
5
= 4700 + 235 = 4935
100
WLOIK v_ b uKO
4700 - 4700 x
5
= 4700 - 235 = 465
100
wUL) wuK eOd
WOU WIK( b% WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b% wUd UEM w U( u UL

dAF nUC* WFd WIK( b%WUILK YU rd b WU WIK( U WUILK wU rd
`{uWdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH W b dO_ WU) WIK( UH_ b
UNUH UUI* WLO bb UEM c b WId qJA w 5* U*
BS1852 ud UE
WOU Wb_ d( WDu dAF nUC* WLO pc WdAF WKUH UJ bb% r UEM c w
d
UH
WLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u
1%
0.18 wMF R18
2%
560 wMF 560R
5%
WdA WKU nUCL(K)d( b YO uKO2.7 wMF2K7
10%
uKO39 wMF 39K
20%
WdA WKU nUCL(M)d( b YO UO 1.0 wMF1M0
b'
b' k UH v U wU{ d U( r r s

WLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u
5% UH 0.18 wMF R18J
10% UH 560 wMF 560RK
UUILK WKCH* rOI
uu* rOI b uJ tUHUC dA r WdAF rOI s K bF UUI* du

%10UNUH mK w UUI* w WUI* rOI b* qLAO b; UHU U uJ WKK q w

E6 WKKU U C dF WOU WOU_ WOb WdAF rOI WKK UMeK
1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
UHUC* UF* b* u U* qO vKF rOI cN WdAF UHUC* du wKLF oOD w
WOU rOI 2.2 WLOI WUI*
2.2,22,220.2.2K,22K,220K,2.2M
w 10% UNUH mK w UUILK E12 WKKK WOU_ rOI

1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
w 5% UNUH mK w UUILK E24 WKKK WOU_ rOI

1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0
3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1
UUI* qOu
U F
w W dD UUI* qO u sJ1
wu vK qOu
dDU uu v_ WUI* wd b YO UNCF WKB UUI W qJA 5

k WU WUI* s _ dD l qB WOU WUI* s wU dD WOU WUI* s _
lOL w tH UO d YO UOK jI b U wu w bu t qJA s
b e lOL s UO lDI UUI* b Xd UUI*
UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI* w jI b WUI0 UUI* bS p b c jO sJ1
WLKJ UBU wQ(T)d( YO(RT)d(U UN ed qJA w `{u u
UO b dOG UUI* WuL s b b w UNF{ sJ1 w WUI*WUJ* WUI*U bBIwKJ
uL*
(Total)
WOzUdNJ b
WUJ* b
wu vK UUI* qOu qJA
w UL UNLO V q d VUM UUIL vK VT bBL bN u wu w

qJA
(V1 = IT x R1) v_ WUIL vK bN d bN u
(V2 = IT x R2) WOU WUIL vK bN u
wUU VT =V1 + V2 + V3
(V3 = IT x R3) WU WUIL vK bN u

UL bN dH d uLLK U U(VT) bBL bN uJ
IT RT = IT R1 + IT R2 + IT R3
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
VOd w WKb UUILK d' uL* U wu b WUJ* WUI* WLO 5 cJ

qJA k b c
wu vK UUI* qOu qJA
bK
(RT)
WUJ* WUI* (VT)bB* bN vK wu w wzUdNJ UO WLO bLF

wU uM vK uU vK UM (IT) b UO V
WUJ* WUI* bB* bN UO

IT =
VT
RT
U????????????
V qJA w 5 UL wu vK (30) (20) (10) UUI* XK
WOKJ WUI*
q????????????????(
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= 10 + 20 + 30
= 60
U????????????
(6) UNLO WU (4) UNLO WOU (2) UNLO v_ UUI XK
Xu (6) UbN WUD wD sO wu vK
WOKJ WUI* V
WOzUdNJ b r
wKJ UO V
WUJL b r
q????????????????(
12
6V
6V
qJA
12 = 6 + 4 + 2 WOKJ WUI*
w jI b WUI0 UUI* bU WOzUdNJ b j W

UJ* b
WD* b c vL qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI*

dO 0.5 = 12
6 WOKJ WUI*
wKJ bN' (IT) wKJUO
U????????????
Xu (220) dIL UNKOGA bN (100) UNM q b WNUA U{ ÒUB WL
UB q vK bN u V Xu(220) bB wd sO wu vK XK
q????????????????(
UU UNOK u u bBL bN S wu vK Wuu WNUA ÒUBL UL
Xu 44 = 5220 UB q vK bN u
dIL UNKOGA bN vK qB r UN_ b WCH M uJ u ÒUBL c U{ b
Xu (220)
u vK qOu
UL u b U w lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU WOzUdNJ UL_ WcG

WUDK wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ UL_ qu YO qJA w `{u
UF* j) UH j UL 5D WUu bB*U wzUdN qL q qu Xu
(220)
WOzUdNJ
Xu (220) fOzd bB* bN vK wzUdN qL q qB cN duOM
lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU UL_ WcG qJA
(V T) WOzUdNJ WUDK wOz bB wd 5 u vK Wuu UUI W qJA 5
uJO bB* bN vK WUI q qB% cJ

WU WUIL bN WOU WUIL bN v_ WUIL bN bBL bN
qJA
UNLO V wJ VUM bK WuJ* UUI* vK u w bB* UO u UL

uJ uU b U qJA w UL
v_ WUI* wKJ bN' (I1) _ WUI* UO
I1 =
VT
R1
WOU WUI* wKJ bN' (I2) WOU WUI* UO

I2 =
VT
R2
WU WUI* wKJ bN' (I3) WU WUI* UO

I3 =
VT
R3
WFd WUI* wKJ bN' (I4) WFd WUI* UO

I4 =
WOKJ WUJ* WUI*
(VT)
VT
R4
bB* bN vK u w wKJ bB* UO WLO bLF

WOdH UO uL U (IT) bB* UO bK
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
VT
V
V
V
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
RT
R1
R2
R3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ...
RT
R1
R2
R3
UUI* UuJF lL qU l u b WUJ* WUI* uKI WLO U d vMF0

UUI* c s _ WLO dG s u b WUJ* WUI* WLO qI p s ZM Wuu*
5U 5U UM
S (R) b q WUI u vK (N) Ub WNUA* UUI* s WuL qOu bM
RT =
WUJ* WUI*
R
N
UU UNOK bB* UO u
S qJA w UL u vK 5UI qOu bM
qU 5UI* rO d{ qU WUJ* WUI*
qJA
R1 x R2
RT =
R1 + R2
5UI* rO lL
U????????????
WOzUdNJ WUI* V u vK (40) (60) 5UI* XK
q????????????????(
WUF* b sJ1 jI 5UI vK u% b U0
RT =
R1 x R2
60 x 40
= 24
=
R1 + R2
60 + 40
U????????????
w UL u vK 60 (R3) 200 (R2) 300 (R1) UUI* XK
V qJA
WOKJ WUI*
Xu (20) bN bB wd 5 WuL* XK WUI q d UO wKJ UO
40
20V
300
200
60
20V
qJA
q????????????????(
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
WOKJ WUIL
RT
R1
R2
R3
300 200
60
WU( c w dG_ dA* nUC* UNUUI bOu uJ c lL WOKL VKD

S (600) U
1
2
3
10
15
+
+
RT
600 600 600 600
vK qB WUFL c wI VKI
RT =
IT =
600
= 40
15
wKJ UO
WOdH UO
VT
220
= 5.5A
=
RT
40
I1 =
VT
220
= 0.73A
=
R1
300
I2 =
VT
220
= 1.1A
=
R2
200
I3 =
VT
220
= 3.67A
=
R3
60
U????????????
WOKJWUIL V u vK Wuu (200) UNM q bI WU UUI l
q????????????????(
WUF* b sJ1 WU UUI* U0
RT =
R
200
=
= 50
N
4
V d* qOu
UUI* tO qJA w `{u UL u vK qOu wu vK qOu 5 lL' sJ1
WU w (R1) WUI* l wu vK Wuu WuL* c u vK Wuu (R4) (R3) (R2)
Vd* qOuU dF p S U w u wu qOu 5 e*
WLO dO_ dI V WUI* h bM qJA

UNL vK WK* WLOIK U dI WU
VdL qOu qJA
UUI* UD
U U
UNd W UH v R U2 t uL* b( s Ud U* UO U WO U WUI* qDF

WUI* qDF s ZM WOudJ WUI* XH WOJK WUILK uJ* pK tF lDIM c b( v
WcG bB qB bF dO_ b U UNLO UOI WUI* qD UA r UNUJ w WuH
YO dJ* ULF WO WLOI dOG vL d qD UM WUI* d b qB b s
WLOI YO s UHu* fH UN dQ WHU WUI* b Vd% WUI* WLO lHd
uU uB_ bI _U
U??????????
qJA w WMOL WOzUdNJ bK WOKJ WUIL V
6
4
2.4
7.4
qJA
q????????????????(
qd vK qLF b cN WOKJ WUIL U VKD
WUI w ULN sJL u vK Uuu R3 R2 sOUIL UL v_ uD
(RT1) WUJ
RT1 =
R1 x R2
=
R1 + R2
6x4
6+4
= 2.4
w UFL sJL wu vK Uuu R1 RT1 sOUUIL UL WOU uD

(RT) WUJ WUI
RT = R1 + RT1
= 5 + 2.4
= 7.4
b WK
...................... bu UI ...................................................................... w WOzUdNJ WUI*
..................................................................................w qu WF vK U qu WUI bLF
....................................................................................................................w ULK WOuM WUI*
........................................................................................................... bu WOuM WUI* UI
................................. w tU u UF Wb qu* WUI U w b w WF
XU pK WUI V d (0.0178) UMK WOuM WUI* d (80) tu UM s pK
23 (2,5) tFDI WU
23 (1,5) tFDI WU
pUE V 5U U
................................................................................................................ tQ dF d( qUF*
V UN_ UNO ud dO WOzUdNJ _ WUI
....................................................................
....................................................................
.................................................... v R p S dI* UO s d UO qu w d

:w WU UUI* u
........................................ ?
........................................
........................................
WOU UUI* u VOd r

dOG* ?
WOJK
WOudJ
:WOU UBU wMF U
.................................................................................. (PTC)
.................................................................................. (NTC)
.................................................................................. (VDR) ?
: WOU UUI* Ub d
.................................................................................. (PTC)
.................................................................................. (NTC)
.................................................................................. (VDR) ?
...................................................... dNBL WOudJ WUI*
(1000) v dH s dOG WUI vK uBK UNKOu WOHO r 1000 dOG WUI
U* WOdH WOzd uD) w WOzUdNJ bbL w pL d b s
WLO U wC dL wHM dH VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI
UNO UL WLO U WUI* c

c WLO U w w dL dL VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI
UNO UL WLO U WUI*

bK WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r wu vK (35) (25) (20) UUI* XK
uKD* R3=15 R2=18 R1=12
Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK XK UU W
WOKJ WUJ* WUI* V
WOzUdNJ b r
b w U* UO V
WUJ* b r ?
U q vK bN' u V ?
WCH M UNU{ b uJ Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK Wuu* ÒUB* qK
wu vK XK (484) UNM q WUI 100Xu220 WNUA U{ ÒUB WF
uKD* Xu (220) bB wd 5

WUJ* WUI* V
WOzUdNJ b r
UB q vK bN' u
ÒUB* d U* UO V ?
UB* vK bN' u UB* w U* UO UB qJ WOIOI( bI ?

WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (120)(60)(30) UUI* XK
WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (8) (12) 5UI* XK
uKD* (100) UNM q WUI WNUA uK UB sdA vK u WM q
WUJ* WUI* V
Xu (220) bB* bN U UB q w U* UO WLO wKJ UO WLO V
wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ eN_ qu lUB* UM* w qK
WUJ* WUI* V qJA w WMO* b w
WUI (120) UNM q WLO UUI WuL du (50) UNLO WUI eN& nO
25
50
50
qJA
(10) UNLO d
b???????????????
uU
c uUI u uU iF UNCF vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL UO bN rO bLF
v W r cN wL bI ucL W WOzUdNJ bu jd w WF `{u
w UL UO b VUM wK U vK hM WF c nA c u wUL_ rUF
tUI l U OJ quL wd sO bN d l U d U UM qu
UO Ud V w uI u bN WOzUdNJ b w bN bB u buL WUD
WU WUIL WLO dH UO q bN q ULK UO bN ULK tOK UM wzUdNJ
WUI u S fJFU iHM UO d v R WOU WUI u S XU bN dS
lHd UO d v R WCHM
uU U
w uUI WOU UJ W UM
UO
I
V
R
WUIL bN UO
UO WLO vK WF c hM WUIL bN Wb UO WLO U WF c b

WUIL WLO vK WuI bN WLO U
R
V
I
WUI*
UO bN WUIL
WLO vK WF c hM UO bN Wb WUIL WLO U WF c b

UO WLO vK WuI bN WLO U WUIL
bN'
V=RI
UO WUIL bN
wd sO bN WLO vK hM WUIL UO Wb bN WLO U WF c b

WUIL WLO w WUIL d UL UO WLO d{ qU U WUI
uU dz
UO bN sO WF dc WId qN

w WMOL uU dz b w WUIL
qJA
WLO pF j uU dz b
U WuKDL WF dNE WuNL bu
qJA w `{u u UL WuNL WLOI
uU qJA
U
(6)UBL WUI XU S Xu (12) WOzUdNJ WFb UNu WUD qLF UO UB
UBL c w UL UO b V

q
UNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd
R=6
I=?
12V
(V=12)
Xu (12) bN
(R= 6)
( 6 ) WUIL
(I = ?)
dO ( ) U?O
e uU dzb WUFU WuKDL WF VJ

I
I
12
6
V
R
2A
U
dO (3) bI UO V Xu(220) bN bB s qLF ZK W U
U WUI b
q
I=3A
V=220V
UNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd
R=?
(V=220)
Xu (220) bN
(I = 3 A)
d?O(3) U?O
(R = ?)
( ) WUIL
e uU dz WUFU WuKDL WF VJ

R
V
I
220
3 = 73
ld b WK
uU h d
UL dIL bN s vK bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U
UL dIL bN s q bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U
b V WOzUdNJ b r Xu (12) WUD s qLF
(4)tUI UO UB
UBL w UL UO

WOzUdNJ b r Xu (220) d bN bB s qLF (80) tUI ZK W U
U w UL UO b V
bN d V WOzUdNJ b r dO tb UO Ud d (6) UNLO WUI
WUIL wd sO
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ bI WUD
s u UL b vMH WUD S dF u UL WUD UJ b w UdNJ

WOzuC WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WUD UJ nK qu WOzUdNJ WUD U sJL d v qJ
s d UJ v WOzUdNJ WUD qu WOzUdNJ eN_ b UL WOzUdN WU v Wd
WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WOzuC Wd WUD q bOHL WUD
WOzUdNJ WUD bOu
WUD U??B? r?? s?? WOzUdNJ b??u??L? dF

d??O? Q??? d?? U?? v??K? U??N? K? L? w?? b??L? ? F? W??O? zU??d??N? J?
buL UHK uL b YO wOUMGdNJ
WOzUdN WF u dOQU UNO buO wOUMG U q
qJA w `{u UL
b Wd WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD w
WOzUdNJ WUD UB s bB WOOUMGdNJ qJA
U U WOLA WuM WUD d rH

U c??w??U?? j??G?{ U??
WU UMOu qOGA w qLF
bu qOGA Ub uI WL{
b??u??L? b?? U??L? WOzUdN
W??U??u?? W??D? u??? L? d??O? G? B?
UD w U eb Ud
WOd WOzUdNJ W?? U??D? bOu
UL uN b
WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD; WOU_ e_qJA
WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI
oKD u uD WUu pKNL v WOzUdNJ WUD bOu WD s WOzUdNJ WUD qIM
b w UJA c b U duB U L qJA sO WOzUdNJ lu qIM UJ UNOK
pKNLU wNM WOzUdNJ bI bOu WD s
vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI UJ u%
qOGA vK qLF WU WOzU UMOu
bu*
5?? d b??N Z??M W?OzUdN bu
Xu uKO 10-6
Xu uKO 33 v bN' ld u ?
l rd Xu uKO 132
WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI qJA
bI iOH p UO iH bN'

od s WHKJ qOKI _ w bN' u qOKI v WU{U qIM uD w uIH*
dG lDI WU b
ed* b* v WOHd oUM* d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM w WOzuN wUF jGC uD
WOUMB
Xu uKO 15-6 s d ju bN v lHd* bN' iH u vK u% WOd UD ?
WOUMB ed* b* u d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM ju bN uD
Xu 380 Xu 220 v iHM bN v ju* bN' iH u
iHM* bN'U pKN* e WOzu WO{ O ?
Electical Power)
WOzUdNJ bI
w qG qIM e d cqJA w
j b vK d?? v WDI s bMB qI
r pd w cL qGA WLO vDF qIM
dsuOM bu qGA UI WOU WFU U
WbL bu fH w u U C vL
W UD
bI
se
WUD UOI
qGA
bI
qJA
se
bu WOU w cL qGA bI qGA c t r c bFL wN bI U

d fLO rUFK U LdJ u U C vL WOU w u w bI UO b
(W) dU uK ed WU W
G bN bB c WOzUdNJ b w

UdJ pd w WU
UO l w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD bF vL b e d UO
UI P dU UN edWOzUdNJ bI b?? e d wzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ bI Q Wd qL UO uI qL bN ULu bu
bNU UO d{ qU U
bN'
UO bI
P=Ix V
qJA
YO
uU bI
:P
dO_U UO b
:I
XuHU bN'
:V
WOKL bu uKOJ b pc WOKLF UIOD WU rz UNS dOG b u U0

(KW) 5d(U t ed 1000 U u bI UOI
U
uU sL b V dO 5 bI UO V Xu 220 bN wzUdN s
uKOJ
q
bN UO bI
1100 = 220 5 = uU bI
uKO 1.1 = 1000 1100 = uKOJU bI
s uJ b UN dI* qOGA bN bI WOzUdNJ eN_ UHu Wu vK U q

qOu UI dbI U* qO vK UM vMO UN' t c UO WLO WdF tO ud*
bN' bI Wb UO WLO U sJ1 UN' c WUL( wzUIK lUI dNBM* UO
WOU WFU WOzUdNJ UUU WO_ UL
bI
UO
bN
U
dH t c UO b V Xu 220 bN qLF uKO 5 tb wzUdN d
q
Xu 220 bN
5000 uKO 5 bI
UO
bN bI UO
dO 22.7 = 220 5000 UO
iF w d_ WOdJ dUMF UUI* u* w d qJA WOzUdNJ bI b

s bbF w bOH dO uJ b UNMJ WOzUdNJ d_ UM* w UL bOH d( c uJ UO_
WOdJ dUMF u; Ud; u* w UL U{ uJ U0 q d_ eN_
w b* bI s dF W U P = IVwU_ bI uU V = IR uU Z sJ1
UL WF cN 5KJ UM dU qJA WUI*
WUI* UO Wb bI
WUI* UO ld bI
2
P=I V
WUI* bN' Wb bI

WUI* bN' ld bI
2
WUI* w b* bI qJA

P
V
R
U
tb V Xu 220 bN 484 tUI wzUdN UB
484 WUI* q(
Xu 220 bN'
bI
WUI* bN' ld bI
100 = 484 (220 220) bI
(Horse Power) UB(
bI
UF w wJOUJO* UB( bu UO_ iF w WOzUdNJ UC* Ud; b vDF

c fLO q s bI UOI bu c XF{ bHP 5d(U UN ed 746
U Lz UWU Ud; lOMB U w qLF U
dOJ tU WOd; c TUJ UB r Q
qI ld u i UB( UNO ZM w
746 UbI b s eM U bFLse s WUM b*
4\3 U bu UB( Q dc VUM* s

U dI uKO
(Electical Energy)
WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD
YO UNb s WOzUdNJ eN_ b WdF0 WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD V%

se bI WUD
WUU se uKOJU bI (KWh) WU uKOJU WUD bI YO
UOI b vK lUB* UM* w WOzd lu Wu u%
kpKN* UNOK UM VU w WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD
w WOzUdNJ WUD N
d_ WOzUdNJ eN_qJA
uN nOJ Wb 5 eN q WOUF bI eN_
UO( w b WFzUA eN_ iF b `{u wU b'
WOKLF
WOzUdNJ WUD UO UN qJA
bI
UN
100 v 10s d WHK bI du
U{ ÒUB
2000-1000
WOzUdNJ UJL
300
WOeML W
2200
WOzUdNJ WbL
3000
WOzUdNJ d_
80
ueHK UN
U
w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD V UU (8) bL qLF uKO (2) UNb WOzUdN Qb
U K (30)WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ dH c
q
uKO
(2) QbL b
UU(8) qLF s
U K (30) WU uKOJ dF
WU uKO WJKNL WUD
U K N nOUJ
se bI WUuKO WJKNL WUD
WU uKO 16 = 8 2 = WU uKO WJKNL WUD
WUuKOJ dF WJKNL WUD WJKNL WUD nOUJ
U K 480 =16 30 WJKNL WUD nOUJ
b WK
WUML UF WLKJU dH
w WOzUdNJ bI
w bI UO b
vK uU bI bI rI uKO v uU bI qu ?
? uKOJU bI bI dC v uKOJU bI qu

UF wJOUJO* UB( ?
? UB(U bI bI dC v UB(U bI qu
wU_ bI uUI mOB V

(220) bN U S dO (3) bI UO V WOeM W `D s bOK W s
uU tb V Xu
uU QbL b V dO (11)bI UO V Xu (220) bN qLF WOzUdN Qb

uKOJ
c t c UO b V Xu(220) bN qLF uKO (4) tb wzUdN U
qL
WUIL UO Wb bI wDF w WF V
uU sL b V dO(5) bI UO tO d (50) tUI wzUdN s
uKOJ
WUIL bN Wb bI wDF w WF V
UBL b V Xu (220) bN (806) tUI wzUdN UB
WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD wDF w WF V
Ue WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD UOI WOKLF bu d
WOzUdNJ WUD V U Ou WU (12 bL qLF uKO
(1,5)
UNb WU W
U K (30) WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ WJKNL
b???????????????
udO uU
b bN UO UqOK w uU b sJL t oU b w XE bI

UM sJu wu vK Wuu U UI b b W UI vK u w WDO WOzUdNJ
dHL uU bU UNKOK sJL w bIFL WOzUdNJ b s dOJ
U uO Ud
qFbIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK WOKL dO w dD sOuI s bbF UM
bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK udO
wuU
uU rU _ uUI dF bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK ULN UuU udO
Uu rUF l{
qOBH s wA sOuUI sc dAM bNK udO
uU wU uUI vL ULMOUOK udO
UOK _ udO uU
w qOu dH WDI bI w WOzUdNJ UOK d uLL vK uUI c hM

d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL dH U WOzUdNJ b
bIF fH s WU UO uL U bI WMOF WDI v W UI UOK
wuU w u?? d `KDB tuM V
_ UO
UN lL w WODI uM U WOL v dOA udO
WUML U UNzUDS pwzUdN

bN UO q
WU uJ Wu uJ U UN
wU UO
YU UO
kqJA v dE _ udO
uU rNH
W pUM ULMO bIF v tL bOu u 1 UO UM
bIF fH UG 4UO 3 UO 2 UO UO
d od t bu tS bIF v 1 UO qb U bM t
ld UO
d_ UH od s UGL u u
_ udO
uU qJA
wK UL
UUMJ WUF v c UMLd u
4UO 3UO 2UO 1UO
I1 = I2+ I3 + I4
I1
I2 _ I3_ I4 = 0
VU bIFK UGL UO Vu bIF v qb UO Ud UM UM k
U??????????????
qJA w I3UO U WLO b
I2 = 3A
q????????????????(
I1 = 6A
(I3) (I1)
I3 = ?
v UN
UO dH
I4 = 5A
uL UOK udO
uU UMI
bIF UG I4 I2 UO ULMObIF
U bI WMOF WDI v W UI UO

qJA
bIF fH s WU UO uL

I1 + I3 = I2 + I4
6 + I3 = 3 + 5
I3 = 8 - 6 = 2A
bNK wU udO uU
WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK vK wzUdNJ bN rO lOL d uLL vK uUI c hM

dH U
U UIL d{ qU d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL
UNO WOzUdNJ WFb uIK d uLL U WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK w WU UO
b VOd w uQ
V1
R1
emf =
R 2 V2
E1
IxR
bFuUI c oOD UM Wd U v U V

VDI v VU VDI s WUDK WOzUdNJ WFb uI U
d U U WUD w UO U s dEM iG UN VuL
E2
UNO UO U fH uN W UIL wd sO bN
wU udO
uU qJA
wzUdN
UO WOzUdN
WF u q
S Vu* wb U& uWU UI U& Uc S
U U uJ p nU U q
U u uJ WU UI U& w
qJA w WMO* WIK( vK bNK udO
uU oD UM
E1 - E2 = V1+ V2
E1 - E2 = I (R1 + R2)
U????????????
qJA w WMO* b w W UI q
w U* UO WLO V
bIF
R1
I3
68
12V
E1
I2
I1
R3
R2
33
E2
22
9V
I3
qJA
q????????????????(
bIF vK UOK udO
uU oOD
I1 + I2 = I3
dHBdO WIK( vK bNK udO

uU oOD
E1 = I1 x R1+ I3 x R3
E1 = I1 x R1+ (I1 + I2) x R3
12 =68 I1 + 22 (I1 + I2)
12 =90 I1 + 22 I2
........ (1)
dC)dHBWOU) dJ WIK( vK bNK udO

uU oOD
12 - 9 = 68 I1 - 33 I2
3 = 68 I1 - 33 I2
........ (2)
d{3 ? v_ WUF* dC uIM2 1 5O 5UF* q UMOK V

vK qBM 2 ? WOU WUF*
36 = 270 I1 + 66 I2
6 = 136 - 6 I2
vK qBM 5UF* 5U lL$ r

42 = 406 I1
I1 = 0.103A
v_ WUF* w (I1) WLO s uF r

12 = 90 x 0.103 + 22 I2
I2 = 0.124A
I3 = I1 + I2 = 0.103 + 0.124 = 0.227A
WK
I2 = 2A
I1 = 4A
UOK _ udO uU h d

qJA w ld UO U& WLO V
I3 = 3A
bNK wU udO uU h d

I4 = ?
qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V
qJA
qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V
R1
8
12V
R1
R2
R3
6V
12V
R2
9V
qJA
qJA
b?????????????????????
UFu*
b dUM b UNHu WOzUdNJ WUI* oU w X
WOzUdNJ b dUM s d dBM vK dF WOzUdNJ
uI wzUdN dBM u lu*U
(Capacitor).
wzUdNJ lu* u
wzUdN U qJ vK sA WOKL UM w WOzUdNJ WUD eU

UFu* dAM b c w mdH WOKL UM w UN
WHK* UNBzUB UNu
UFu qJ
lu* VOd
uN q WU U ULNMO qBH 5u 5ObF 5u s tUJ j w lu* uJ

lu* wu s u qJ qu pOdO s u UJO* pO s u XeU lA* u
tUJ j w lu* VOd WId qJA 5 qOu d
lu* VOd qJA
lu* qL WO
qJA w WMOL WOO{u udU WUFU luL mdH s WOJOUJO dIH c w gUMM
UdJ s qUL b bu c luL vK oD dO bN k qJA wH
luL wu sO bN d bu wUU u q vK d
w sOL S UHL bMF

V WUD uI qJA
uK vK uuL d UdJ
UL VuL UND UU luLK uKF
s UdJ s WU WOL lb uI
luLK wKH uK u VU UND
tLO b b w UO dL pc WO
bI R WOU WUIL WUu
WM tODF d UdJ uKF uK
vK d UdJ U UL Wu
lu* mdH s WOKL qJA
c R WU WM tODF wKH uK

luL wu sO bN d bOu v
qJA V WUD wD sO bNK U U tOu sO bN d `B v luL s dL
bN `B UbM Xu 10 luL wd vK bN `B v b w UO d dL
WUD bN luL bN sO d bu bF r t_ UO d nu WUD bN U U luL
luL kUO UHL ` sJL U uA luL tO `B c Xu w t ? qJA sO
uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJA uJ w luL wu sO uuL tM vK p bF
r bNK bBL dOB dH tb sJL b s luL qB bM VU uK v VuL
sA UO pc k d d UF v tu uF YO wzUdN qL tK bM tM mdH
luL wu sO WUF UL uu dE tH luL d dL WOU b w dL mdH
WOzUdNJ WF b
tOK 5F bN oOD bM lu UNe lOD w WMA bI* UO w (Capacitance) WF
bI (F) d(U UHK ed U rUF v W UH vL bu UI (C) d(U UN ed
:WOU WFU lu* WF
uuJ We* WMA
= UH WF
XuH u_ 5 bN' d

C=
nF UuUM F UdJO* b qLF c b U L{ uJ U (1) tF U Fu

U LK WOKLF UIOD w pF UuJO
U1 10-6 F UdJO*
U 1 10-9 nF UuUM
U 1 10-12 pF UuJO
lu* w We* WUD
uK v Vu* uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJ vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu* e

5 bN' d WLO ld WF WLO d{ qU l U d lu* w We* WUD VUMVU
WOU WUF*U vDFlu* wd
E = 0.5 CV2
YO
u'U WUI WUD WLO =E
UHU WUI WF =C
lu* wd 5 bN'= V
UFu* u
5OU 5L v UFu* rOI sJ1

WLOI WU UFu*
WLOI dOG UFu*
WLOI WU UFu*
WdA q s WF b; lu* u WLOI XU lu*

d bI tF bI tL vK q YO WFUB
iF qJA 5 tOd vK oD uL* bN'
b w Wb* WLOI WU UFuLK WFzUA UJ_
WOdJ
WUF U* uM U F WLOI WU UFu* u s
uOMu_ s 5I s uJ wu lu*
WO UFu qJA
XeU lLAU lA* u s WIO WI ULNMO

kH% WOzUOLO U0 nKG r U F WuL* nK
WOU U q s p XeU uK2 wbF U w rJ dOG wbF U w

WOu UFu* WF d bze Wu s lu* kH vK bU* u w eF
UFu* bXu 600 bF U U UNKOGA Uu UdJO 4 UuJO 3000 5
lu* Ud; w qOGA UFuL WOu
U s WOA u_ c b WOJO UFu*
u* u iF s u `zUH s U {u WOJO
dOu sdOu WFzUA WUF WOJO
5KdOu UudJOu
U ju UJO* s WIO `zd s uJ UJO* lu
WIO WID UN UJO* `zd vKD b WObF u 5
WOJO UFu qJ
w lu* vL WObF* u_ q q WCH s

UNM d WU WID nKG wCH UJO* lu WU( c
qOu Ud
Uu UL UObF UI tON wDG pOdO s u s uM c uJ pOdO lu

lu*
dOGB UNL dOJ UNF UFu* c eO2 s WOOdJ WOzUOLOJ UFu*
uOMu_ s u w UI b s Vd UFu* s uM c Q qJA 5
uK q WUM WOzUOLO U0 WFA u s WI uOMu_ bO s WU WI wKH
uK qJA dL WcG bN l lu* qOu bMF uK uOMu_ s u uOu_
U tu UF ju u tOK Vd* uOM*_ bO `B luLK Vu* VDI wKH
luLK VU VDI uKF uK u WI qJA ULMO bO

s uM c q bMF wzUOLOJ luLK Vu* VDI vK b WOHO qJA 5
d db' WOU d_ bN' WDI l Vu* dD qu WOdJ b w UFu*
WDI* WOzUOLOJ UFu* b sJ1 UL tHK UH v R wzUOLOJ lu* WOD fJ
d* UO w
sJ1 lu* wu wD u bO_ UI VOd WDI* dO WOzUOLOJ UFu* lMB
d* bN' dL* bN' UB l UFu* c b
WO WKu dH UNMe bM UNHK UNOD 5 U d u WOzUOLOJ UFu* U s
tHK UF UH'
VU VD
Vu VD
U
wbF u
uOM* U
wJO
wzUOLOJ lu* VOd qJA
b uOUM b sJ1 WOOdJ uOUM UFu

w lu* vL uOMu_ s
U9 UN WOOdJ uOMu_ UFu s WHKJ d w uOUM lu WU( c
d( W dOG l UNF U UNL dGB uOMu_ UFu s UNdOE vK
se bM UNO d u
:(Variable capacitors)
WLOI dOG* UFu*
dz qJ vK UM uOMu_ s Wu `zUH s UFu* s uM c uJ

`zUH s WuL l qbU `zUHB cN `L WIdD bK qU u vK WUCO
qJA w 5 UL uN w UFu* s uM c w WUF U* uJ WU* w UN WU d
l{ V UNM WHK UF vK uB( sJ1 ud eN w U U UFu* c b
lu* WF uJ WU `zUHB l U OK b
`zUHB qb UbMF iF l UNCF UNKb u_
dGB UNLO bM WF uJ U OK uH* l{u v `zUHB b UbM U vLEF UNLO bM
Ue dOG UFu qJA
b (Trimmer Capacitor) oOb jC lu rU dF dOG* UFu* s U u UM
od s U p rWuKD* WLOI j{ dG WF w WHOH dOOG b w WU( uJ UbM

jC wd WDu 5uK 5 WU* dOG
UFuLK WOMH UH u*
hzUB) c r uKD* ULF rz* lu* UO UNu0 r WMOF WOM hzUB UFuLK
WF
r vK WuJ UuJO UuUM UdJO*U UNM dF* luLK WOL WLOI w

lu*
dI* WOKOGA WOuH
WID UON v R WLOI c U& lu* vK dLU UNDOK uL* uBI WOuH w

r UF WI pL l U d WLOI c VUM tHK v R U2 lu* wu 5 uu* WUF
lu* r vK UNLO qO s d* dL* bNK WMU dI* WOKOGA WOuH s dOF
Wb UH
Wu* WMU tM dF WOL WLOI s t uL* vB_ d u
d( W qUF
b Wu W d( W dOG l lu* WF bI dOG u
d* UO
W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ UF w U dL* UO u

WMOF d
eF WUI
WMOF d W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ eF WUI w
dI
se s WMOF b vK b d w qB c Wu* WMUlu* WF WLO dOG u
UFu* qO u
wK UL u vK wu vK UUI* UL UFu* qu

c UF WUL WHUC TUJ wu vK 5Fu q wu vK UFu* qOu
uL TUJ UF WUL tO b luL LF wu vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF
5uK 5 WKUH WU* l U OJ U UM VUM WF U0 5Fu* w UF wUL
WOKJ WF WLO iOH v R UF WUL U S
wu vK UFu* qOu qJA
5Fu* vK WOzUdNJ WMA uJqJA w 5 u UL wu vK UFu q

5HJ* wu 5 bN' d uL UO (VT)wKJ bN' d UWU
VT = V1 + V2
Q
CT
Q
C1
Q
C2
1
CT
1
C1
1
C2
uKI U W&UM WUJ* WF uKI SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
WuL* w lu dG WF s q WUJ* WF uJdHM* UFuLK WHK* UF s q
WOU WFU vDF WUJ* WF WLO uKI Swu vK UFu* s n b q
1
CT
1
C1
1
+
C2
1
+ ...... +
C3
1
Cn
u vK UUI* U WUF* U c t qJA WUF* cN k
U??????????????
uKD* wu vK Wuu (C3 = 2
F) (C2=3 F) (C1=4 F) UFu W
WuL* cN WOKJ WF U

q????????????????(
1
CT
1
C1
1
+
C2
1
C3
1
CT
1
4
1
+
3
1
=
2
13
= 0.92 F
12
lu* u WU WHUC TUJ u vK 5Fu qOu u vK UFu* qOu

uL TUJ Wu WU tO b luL LF u vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF c
U S lu* u WU l U d U UM VUM WF U0 5Fu* wu wU
WOKJ WF U v R lu* u WU
u vK UFu* qJA
q wd 5 bN' d uJ WU( c wqJA w 5 u UL u vK UFu q

5Fu* wM uL* WU uJ WOKJ WOzUdNJ WMA U(VT) bB* bN' U U ULNM
QT =Q1 + Q2
CTVT =C1VT + C2VT
CT =C1+ C2
uL* U W&UM WUJ* WF SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
vDF WUJ* WF WLO Su vK UFu* s n b q dH* UFu* UF d'
WFU
CT = C1+ C2 + C3 + ...... + Cn
vK Wuu* UUI* rO lL q lL& u vK Wuu* UFu* UF rO k

WH bN' WLO UNOK oD u vK Wuu* UFu* UL wu
U????????????
WOKJ WF V u vK Wuu UdJO UNM q WF UFu W
WuLLK
q????????????????(
CT = C1+ C2 + C3
CT = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15F
sAK wMe XU
U_ RC rU dF w UUI UFu s WuJ* WOzUdNJ b q9 U tu

Ucc* WOdJ Uu* U UCM qOJA XOu s bbFK WMU
WUI lu mdH s WOKL wQ ULO UMM
sA WOKL
b UH* bMF qJA w UL WUI wzUdN bB WUu U lu* sA

U dI dH `B v hUM YK U O dO UO b w d1 wzUdNJ bB* s sA lu*
`B v U Ob be r dH sA b bM lu* wd 5 bN' d uJ sA UN bM
sA WUN bM wzUdNJ bB* bN' U dI U U
bN vMM
W
sA
Vs -Vc
Vs
UO vMM
1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
se
Vc
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
sAK wMe XU
bB* WOu WLO s 63.2% v WOd 5 bN' d qB v lu* sA se dF
WO WUF*U tLO vDF lu* sA wMe XUU

= RC
YO
WOUU wMe XU
_U WUI*
UHU lu* WF
WLO s 63.2% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB YOlu* s vMM qJA 5

wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU WOM d w bB* WOu
v qB WM lu* wd 5 WOuH WLO be u (2RC) U iIM s bF
U lu* s r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e'
(5) U WOM d d bF sJb
s
63.2%
U2bB* WOu WLO s 99.3% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB(5RC) sAK wMe XU UF{
tKLQ U uA lu* U s UMMJ1
v U Ob hUMU cQ r sA WOKL b bM U O dO uJO lu* s UO WMU U
WOM d w wzb* UO s 37% v qB WM UO qI usA UN bM U dI dH `B
U iIM s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU
cJ wI* e' s d 37% v qB WM UO qI u (2RC)
U????????????
uKO(200) WUI* WLO UdJO lu* WF d qJA w
WKU uB lu* sA se lu* sA wMe XU V
q????????????????(
= RC
= 200 x 10+3 x 2 x 10-6
= 0.4 S
WOU wKO 2 5 0.4 5 wMe XU sA s
mdH WOKL
o lu s WMA mdH bM b U vK dFMUFu* s WOHO vK UMdF bF
5 sA U lu qOu r UbM tM

R
W
mdH
C
bN vMM
1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
se
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
tM mdH lu* b WUI wd

lu* wd 5 bN' d cQ WUI*
5 u UL w vMM o U Ob hUMU
wd 5 WOuH qB YOqJA w
WLO s37% U dI 36.8% v lu*
XU WLOI WU WOM d w wzb* bN'
5 bN' WLO qI u 2RC U s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN wwMe
U qJA lu* mdH r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e' s 37% v qB WM lu* wd
lu* wd 5 bN' qB 5RCsAK wMe XU UF{ 5 U WOM d d bF sJb
U qJA U dH lu* U s UMMJ1 U2 wzb* bN' WLO s 1% v

UFu* eOd
WbtF w UL WLO qOGA bN WF q t WOMH UHu* lu* r vK lD

UHu* c WUJ d b U r uBI qOGA d W
UNM d( U_ tO b wL u U UNM lu* r vK
wu u U
qLA rOI c tOK WuD tUuKF uJ UFu* rEF
WF W pc lu* bM qLF c bN' WF
cN ned b UdJO*U U Lz WF uJ WF
UuUMU WF wMF
UFu* eOd qJA
VJ UO_ s dO w V d( tF rd vDF bN'

V d(
b' w WMO* d( WUu lu* WF w UHWb WLO bb% r Wb
wU qJAU W{u d U vK WK_
p bF d r U W s uJ ed 5LO v UO s U uu uJ lu* k
w u ud c dOH W 5L
pc 2 U S dC qUF u YU rd UuJOU WF w UO s 5L
cJ 1000 w WdC WF wMFO 3 U 100 w WdC WF wMF
d( U 10% wMF K d(U Wb b U_ l c d(
d(
UH
1%
2%
5%
bM qLF c bN' b% d( l w U W ULd
10%
lu*
20%
30%
20%wMFO M
U????????????
p wMF UL 474K63 wU edU dR lu
q????????????????(
w lu* WF 10000 dC qUF uJO 4 u YU rd UM
UdJO 0.47 U c UuJO 47 x 10000 = 470000
10 % w WF W K u W U_ bF c d(
63 bN' U* c w bN' b K d( bF 63 ULd
UuJO 47 47 UO s 5L b$ Xu
UFu* UD
WO UD_ U/ b v WOdJ WOzUdNJ b w Wb* UFu* dF b
u dBI
lu* idF s b ZM b c UF UON WO U F lu* wu UB s qDF c ZM

c t uL* b( s td W UNO lHd d w tKOGA t UON WOu s vK WOuH
qB b b WCHM WUI tUI UO bM lu* wDF YO U uO UFu* UD d s qDF
dH v
WUI tQ dB lu*
tBzUB) UF ju bIH UbM U qDF c ZM tUI UO bM WU WUI wDF
WUI tQ dBO
WuH
wzUOLOJ luLK b UL UH td b UBH s U qDF c ZM
WF dOG
s d WF WU( c w lu* wDF

s p ZM uK qJA q dI* tF
WOB dE s qOGA d
lu* WUI UOI qDF c UA sJ1
WF UO UN b s WU( c w b
WLOIU UN' d WUI lu* WF UOI
eN d db' lu* r vK WK*
u_ w du X WOLd WF UO
qJA lu* hH dO_ b sJ1
WUI 1Fs UNF be w UFuLK wzb
qJA UHU UNLO b r Wb w WCHM
"U p b WOU WLO bM X v wb
dO_ UN WUD s lu* s WOKL s
WODIU dO_ UN lu* qu U V
wLd WF UO UN qJA
WOB ZzUM vK uBK WOB
WK
WOU qL' qL
................................................................ UNb WOzUdN dUM UFu*
.............................................................. s tUJ j w lu* uJ
w UFu* w wzUdN UF Wb* WUF u* ?
................
................
................
................
...............
................
................................................................................. WOzUdNJ WF
pc b dO b UNMJ ........................... w WOzUdNJ WF UO b ?
WOU WF UO b WOKLF UIOD w b
............................ Ue ............................
............................ Ue ............................
............................ Ue ............................
................ .................. .................. w qu W lu WF 5F

............. ................ l U d ................. l U OJ VUM lu* WF
.................................................................... s wu lu* uJ
............................................. ? se u lu* sA wMe XU
luLK UF VOd `{u U ODOD U L r
wOdJ lu* VOd `{u U ODOD U L r
dOG lu VDI* wOdJ lu* U e lu WOU UFu* u r
U e
d luLK WOMH UHu* r d
UNM
(6)
wU WF UdJO
(4)
_ WF 5Fu q s W&UM WOKJ WF V

u vK r s wu vK UdJO
V (2000) WUI d sA UdJO (7.4) tF lu sA wMe XU V

WKU uB tMA se
WOU UFu* WUI UO bM UNOK uB( lu* dO_ UN d d
................................................ UdJO (40) tLO UD_ s U lu
UdJO (6) tLO UD_ s U w wOdJ lu
tOu UB UF UON v U2 t UON WOu s vK WOuH dF lu ?

lu* r q lu* u s uBH td b UdJO tLO w lu
WOU UFuLK UH W WF WLO V
............................................................... (2n2k) tL vK uJ lu
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dGB
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(N)wULA
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c vK UL U dI _ u U&U U uM
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Tesla
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(B)
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B=
U dF ld dd w WOOUMG* WUJ b
U??????????????
iOH WLO b 2r 20 WU wDG wK 2.5 tU dH w wOUMG U
wKJ wOUMG*
q????????????????(
2.510-3 wK 2.5 = B
A = 20cm2 =
20
10000
=2010-4m
?=
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= 2.5 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-4
= 50 x 10-7 = 5 x 10-6
= 5Wb
(Permeability) WOOUMG* WUH
uI uD eOd dd9 vK U* b s dF w

WUH qUF uH bb(U WOOUMG* uLK WOOUMG*
u* U WCHM WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF lHd
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WOOUMG* uI uD d9 qJA
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qUF ULMO ddM 12.57 10-7 U WUH qUF
d ddM 2400 u; bb WUH
bb WFD XF{ S UN qN_ U* w d* qCH UN WOOUMG* uI uD hzUB s

d t lL WOOUMG* uI uD S qJA w 5 u UL fOUMG* wOUMG* qI( w
uN s qN d2 UN qJA bb( _ bb( WFD
qUF UddM12.5710-7 4 10-7 tLO 0 edU UH eO( WUH qUF* ed
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r)wOUMG* juK
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qUF UNK WOOUMG* u* U dH WUH qUF U dI UF WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*
w b' w 5 u UL lHd WUH
WO OUMG* ULK WO M WUH qUF

0.002W/m2 U U WU bM
WO OUMG* U*
200
wOUMG* bb(
100
qJOM
8000
20000
78.5%s WuJ WJO
bb +21.5%qJO
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WJO
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WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM
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Wd( U&
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s p dO dDK t{dF bM WOOUMG* tuI rzb
s q vK WdEM c hM WOOUMG* duE
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qu u U* uD qJA
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U) UOK ed UL U UNKb dOG b dUM s
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qJA qu* c UNd udJ s WFD vK bb( d
qJA w 5 u UL uL
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WFU
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rOI qu U* wzUdNJ
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2r
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dO 20
q????????????????(
12.5 x 10-7 x20
B=
2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10-3
B = 800 x 10-6 = 800T
vMLO bO bU
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c qJA `{u rOI qu u bu*
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qu* u wOUMG* U* U& v lU_
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qu* c u bu qJA w 5 u UL weK
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fOUMG* tM c wOUMG* U* tA U OOUMG
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wOUMG* U* b U qJA
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wOUMG* U*
WO WFU qu weK nK ed bM (B)wOUMG* U* WU vDF

UO d qJ UHK b nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH (B)wOUMG* U* WU
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xNxI
L
YO
nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH
nKLK wKJ UHK b N
d*U nK* u L
dO_U nK* UO I
U????????????
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79.577
q????????????????(
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L
xNxI
B= r 0
L
79.577x12.57 x 10-7 x 100 x 1
B=
0.1
B = 0.1 T
B=
nKLK dO bO bU
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qJA `{u nKLK dO bO bUI dF wzUdN
vK dO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI c
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VDI vK
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wzUdN UO tO d1
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u d qu* pd% v R 5U* 5 qUH qB d wOUMG U w qu* c
s bOF U&U wzUdN UO qu* w d qJA w `{u u UL 5OOUMG 5D 5 l{

U t% WOOUMG* uI uD nUJ U WO vK_ v d qu* S qb v dUM
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tu WOOUMG* uI uD
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`{u dLK dO bO bUI dF wOUMG U
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wKU vK wOUMG U w UO qL qu vK dR* uI WLO bLF
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Bqu* tO uu* wOUMG* U* WU
Lqu* u
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suOMU dR* uI
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ed w (Electro Motive Force) WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b (1831) U U rUF nA
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Bqr tO d c wOUMG* U* WU
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L qu u
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wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu*
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dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U&
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WOM Wd( U& vK bLF UNM "UM UO U& wUU
t lDI c U& wOUMG* U* uD qu* 5
buLK dO vMLO bO bU qJA
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l U w vK hM w buLK vMLO bO bU oD WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& 5OF

Q wOUMG* U* U& v dOA UN vK bUF* WU l qu* Wd U& v dOA UN
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qJA w `{u u
b WK
WOOUMG* w WOU_ U*
WOU UdH qL
............................................................................................................u*wWOOUMG*u*
...................................................................................................WOOUMG*u*dNs
.....................................................................................................u*wWOOUMG*dOu*
.................................................................................WOOUMG*dOu*vKWK_s
.........................................................................................................buwFODfOUMG*
w d W WOOUMG* u* WDMG r
............................. ? ............................. .............................
.........................................................................................................srzbfOUMG*lMB
UL 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ
............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
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..................................................................................WIDM*uwOUMG*qI(U*
..............................................................................................wWOOUMG*uIuD ?
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r
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.......................................................................................WUHqUFUNWOOUMG*dOu*
rz fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r
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............................. ? ............................. .............................
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RS =
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ld* d*U nK* WU
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RF Wud d WOdJ b w qLF dH XOUJ s WuD vK
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VK vK uHK* nK* b bbK WNUA WOOUMG u WAWOe U XdOH

sJ1 YO WDu* d WKd w ued ud UN' wKb wzuN lM w XdOH
q WOOUMG dO U s uMB pH WDu nK* q XdOH VKI pd wc t dOOG
pO
d vK UL d WIdD UHK* nOMB sJ1 WE
WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO

s "UM wOUMG* U* b w dOG v R seK WMU nK* w U* UO b w dOG
bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG UO c
nK* w U* wK_UO b w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUO
d
WOU WFU nK w dOQU bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vDF
emf = -N
dt
U* b w dOG YO dt WOMe dH iOH ob w dOG bI q9 d YO

l Ud VUM se wzUdNJ UO b w dOG U sJLO di UO b w dOG s "U
emf
di
WOU WFU p s dF bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI
dt
di
wU qJAU UNU U sJ1 w
emf = -L
dt
nK* WO q1 L XU YO
U????????????????
dO dH v 2 s b w U* UO UN dM 4 UbI WO WOzUdN
WOJF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5 bI s w
b w bu*
q????????????????(
emf = -L
emf = - 4
di
dt
2-0
0.0005
= -1600 V
u bOu v R b U FHd U dOQ bN ZM UHK* w U OzU UO UON Q U* c dNE

nK d v quD b* vK UN{dF WOOUMG* luI ÒUH* w qOu UI 5 wzUdN
qO vKF WLOI lHd wzUdN bN U WOzUdNJ eN_ s bbF w dUE c b
wUF bN' U UF nK w UO lODI UO w UF UE w u* uI U*
d UFL w dA bOu
wu vK UHK* qO u
uUI s V% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL wu vK UHK* qOu bM
L1
L2
L3
Lt = L1 + L2 + L3
wu vK UHKL qOu qJ
u vK UHK* qO u
uUI s V% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL u vK UHK* qOu bM
w
Lt
L1
L2
1
1
1
1

L t L1 L 2 L 3
u vK UHKL qOu qJ
L3
dL* UO w nK*

w qJA V WOU b b u dL* UO w nK* uK vK dFK
RL vL
WUI nK qJ
w UNKOK% UN w Vd U bu
UH* bM v WU(
b vK WUD bN oOD vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM
vLEF WLOI t WLO vK v uF dHB WLO s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b
WO WUI* s q WLO vK bLF b WOM d uU s V% UOK
nK*
dHB WLO s uF tb dOG wOUMG U bOu vK nK* qLF WKd* c
UNLO w UI WOJ WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG
uU V WUI* vK oD* bN' U dH wzb UO ubB* bN bI WOzb
dH U
w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUO bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI c
nK* w U* wK_UO b
bN' hUMU nK* vK oD* bN' b b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b U l
WUI* vK oD* bN' bB* bN nK* vK oD*
wd vK oD* bN' `B WLO vK v b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b qB UbM
dH nK*
nKLK wMe XU vL WOzUNM tLO s 63.2% v b w U* UO uu se

= L/R
WF s vDF
WOUU UUI nKLK wMe XU
YO
dMNU UUI nK* Y
U WUI dzbK WO WUI*
UO WLO dI bM WOU WU(

b nK* S pc WOM U& bI* w WU nK* u bu* wOUMG* U* b vI
UO d* WFU2 W
UH* bM WU WU(
b vK dB b vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM
dHB WLO v Uu vLEF WLOI s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b
Uu wOUMG* U* b dOG WKd* c
WOJ WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG
nK* w U* wK_UO b
dHB WLO v u wK UO b hUM dOQ v RO c
nK* w We* WUD

WOU WFU nK* w We* WUD vDF
E=
1
L I
2
nJ* nK* 5 WUI

nK*
nK*U se l dOG WLOI XU tO U* UO U dH U nK* vK bN'
(DC) dU* UOK WMU dB
nK* w UNMe sJ1 WUD s b WOL
dH bI s w nK* w U* UO dOOG sJL* dO s

dHB U tUI wU nK* d vK c UNe tMJ WUD b nK*
nJ* UOU
nJ*U se l dOG WLOI XU WOK bN' d U dHB U nJ* w U* UO
(DC) dU* UOK WMU WuH
nJ* w UNMe sJ1 WUD s b WOL
dH bI s w nJ* vK bN' dOOG sJL* dO s
b WOU tUI wU nJ* d vK UNe tMJ WUD b nJ*
WK
eMO uU hM U vK
nK* WO WLO w dR* quF b
w dO dH v 1 s b w U* UO UN dM 2 UbI WO WOzUdN
w bu* WOJF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V WOU 0.01 WOU wKO 10 bI s
b
pU qK WU nK* b q
b?????????????????????
UM* UOK WOU_ U*
UM* UO dAM b c w (DC) dL* UO l wOz qJA UMKUF WIU b w

UM* UO bu s WOOz uB tOK qB clUB* uO w ULF lzUA
(AC)
tBzUB UdL* UO s UO c eO1 c ULUdNJ Wd WDK bzUF

gUMUM* UO bOu WOHO eO2 hzUB 5M U c vK b c w VO$
uD d d q t WIKF* WOU_ rOUH*
dL* UO s UM* UO eO1 c U

WOU UIM w dL* UO s UM* UO nK
dLL bN bB WOD U V p se dL U WLOI XU dLL UO
qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U U XU dLL UO qJA
jI b U& w d dL* UO qJA
fJFM UML bN bB wd WOD qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U
dLU dOG UML bN UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU VuL sO qJA
d sOL tUd U fJF UdNJ Wd WDK t Ue c UML UO se l
bu WOU w
qJA tUd U& fJF UM* UO qJA
uI w WOdJ bOu dLL UO bu UUD s dLL UO vK qB

bu s WOOz uB tOK qBM UML UO U dL UO v UF UML UO qu
UML UO bOu WOHO UI dAM UdNJ Wd WDK bzUF UML UO
b WuN p UML bN iH ld WOOUMGdNJ uL b sJL
v dF d v u s dLL UO qu eN bF U bI w dzU
U WLE w UML UO UL v c wOzd V u c UHJ WCHM bIF
rUF U lOL w WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI
( Waveforms )
WOu* UJ_
wu* qJA se d0 UO bN' WLO w dOG j/ 5 wUO r s U wu* qJA
b WDu dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA UM sJ1 rOI j s U dL* bN' UOK
bM Wd d UNH rOI bM bN' UO UUO qO UML S qJA w WMO* WDO
qJA w 5 u UL rOI j vK qB u se l bN' UO 5 WF vMM r
dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA qJA
wC dL UO
WUI* d UO lODI UH UMb U

dL UO Wu vK qB u rEM qJA
qJA w 5 u UL WOC
se
w Ub$ w Uu* UJ s bbF UM

wCM dL* UO qJA
Wu* u_ pK 5 sWOzUdNJ b
s uJ w bIF* Uu* UC UM UCM UAM* s Wu WK* Wu* WFd* Wu*WOO'
WHK d bM UuJ* s bbF
UuLK WFzUA UJ_ qJA
UM* UO bOu
bOu dU vK tKL b w UM* UO bu bLF

w d qu w W&UM WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
w 5* jO UM* UO bu uJ wOUMG U
5D 5 u u WU Wd b nK s qJA
ULNOK 5OU e wIK tOUN XK 5OOUMG
U YO 5IK( 5U vK UIeM udJ s UUd
qL 5UdH l WOU WUI XK ULbK WU
jO UM* UO bu qJA
tHB d WU UI U&U U b UbMF bK

ULMO wuM' VDI s dIU U* w qH_ v _
5HBM b w dOQU bu* bN' S cN wULA VDI s dIU vK_ v d tHB d

v R bN' c wu vK 5UD XK u UL U U9 d nBM w dOQU bu* bN' rb
WOudJ dH e wIK d qL( WUI w wzUdN UO ob
tU{ w WKU eM u U nK* Wd lU pOK bN' c bOu r nO d wJ

WHK*
90-0 l{u
U* uD nK* u 5 dH We uJ UbM
wOUMG* U* uD) Wu nK* d Wd uJ
WEK c w dOQ bN UM uJ UNFDI
wOUMG* U* uD lDI b v nK* b U
v qB v UHU bN' c b dOQ bN tO buO
s b d nK* lDI YO W (90) We bM vLEF tLO
qJA
qJA w `{u u UL uL qJA U* uD
180 - 90 l{u
bN' b W
(90)s
b W be UbM
UbM U* uD s q b lDI nK* _ UHU
qJA
d dH bu* dOQ bN' `B W (180) We qB

5 UL wOUMG* U* uD) U u d nK* _ WOU
qJA w
270-180 l{u ?
bN' b W(180) s b W be UbM
c w sJ WOU d U* uD lDI t_ UHU
WMU tOd U& UJF V nK* tOD fJFM WEK
qJA
bM rE_ VU bN' qJA wOUMG* U* uD)

U* uD lDI WDIM c w nK* _ W (270) We
uL qJA
360 - 270 l{u ?

b b UNO b w WDIM u nK* t UbM
5* bN' vMM vb dHB u WOU UHU bN'
WOO Wu qJA YO WOO Wu rU (36) qJA w
qJA
nKLK WKU q bM b
bOu uI dOG UO u UdNJ Wd s lUB* U?M* qB c UF wzUdNJ UO

WOU q w WOO Wu (50) bu wUU bu WOU w d (50) bF0 b dO WOzUdN bu
WMe U W bu WDu WOzUdNJ WUD UD w UM* UO bOu r
td - U2 bOIF d WIOI( w bu* c uJ
Generator Three-Phase Synchronous
w 5D s d b UL wzUdN fOUMG0 rzb fOUMG* b UHK* s d b b

WOO Wu qJ UNK b UM* UO bu bB* ed db c d; Wd V bu*
UOE( dOG tOD WOD t b% Ud UNM d
Frequency
d
U dOG qLA UO bNK WKUJ Wu*

mK v dHB s beU b YO WOEK UNLOI
mK v fUF* U& w beU b p bF dHB v uF v hUM r Vu* vK_ b(
d l WLEM uB jLM c dJ d d dHB v qB v hUM r VU vK_ Ub
UI(f) d(U dK ed( Frequency ) d b WOU w bu* Uu* b vL se
( Hz) .d(U UN ed edO vL bu
90
WOO WuL
nB w 25 qLJ qJA w WMO* WOO' Wu*
WKU b
U Ud S wUU bu WOU w 50 WOU
180
270
360
rEF U w qLF* UM* UO d edO 50

d qLF b* Uu U edO 50 U rUF
tU t q UOzuA d c q UO sJ r edO
WOO' Wu* qJA
uI dO d bF t b; WLOI s d UH
UbM 5FK WuK uB U FDI u{ wDF wKOH UB*
UO qI w Wb* _ WUI UH v R d UH UL edO 40 v d iHM

UM*
Wu 25
WOU nB
qJA
edON UHUC b c b WOU d b UB ueHK ud U w

WO
edO 1000 (KHz) edO uKO
edO 1000,000 = (MHz) edO UGO
edO 1000,000,000 (GHz) edO UO
d(U UN ed b se r UM* UOK bu b UNdG w WOMe dH vK oKD
(f)d uKI U T
T=
1
f
WF cN d_ qJA

f=
1
T
b se qJA
U????????????????
Wu* b se V edO U UdNJ Wd t Ue c UM* UO d

UO c
q????????????????(
T=
1
f
T=
1
50
= 0.02 S
U????????????????
Ud V WOU 0.0166 WOU wKO 16.6 U b UNM WOO Wu
q????????????????(
f=
T=
1
T
1
0.0166
= 60 HZ
UO bNK WOO' Wu* UUO
r cN wL b wO UM bN u UdNJ Wd bu t Ue c wzUdNJ bN'

VO vMM qJA YO s l seK WMU bN' dOG
W Wb WE( bM WOuH WLO s dOF sJ1 c We
vLEF WLOI
WOEK rOI
V() = Vm SinWO WFU b
YO
0
90
180
270
360
b W bM bNK WOEK WLOI V()

bN' Wu* vLEF WLOI Vm
b W VO Sin
w bN UNGK WLO vB UM s WF s
WOO' Wu* qJA
uJ b U U U uJ UbM UNO qBVm
dH U UbM dH U uJ UbM dHB mK bN WLO S pc (90 ) WU
qB UbM (1-) U U UbM uJ bNK WU vLEF WLOI U (180 ) (
0
(270 )v
t se We Wd Wb WOM WE bM bN WLO s dOF sJL pc
V(t) = Vm Sint
WO WFU
WFU vDFbu WOU w Wu* UNKLJ w WKUJ b b w We Wd
= 2F
edONU d F YO
bNK WUML WOO WuL

wJ WLOI w dLU dOG UO
dC sL dQ WOO Wu UI
d bu WU rOI iF dF
Amplitude U bb bb WHK
qJA sO WOO WuL

U uO d_ W dD
UO bNK WOO' Wu* UUO qJA

(Maximum Value)
WU w
(Vm )d_U
vLEF WLOI
bN' WU w UN ed UO bN' UNGK w uBI WLOI w
vL (Im ) UO
WOO Wu* vLEF WLOI qJA 5 (Peak Value) c WLOI UC
UdNJ Wd t Ue c UM* bNK vLEF WLOI WU Wu* WLOI v dHB j s UI
Xu 311 mK
(Peak to Peak Value)
WLI v WLI
d_U bN' WU w UN ed WU WLI v Wu* WLI s WOO' Wu* U s dF w
v WLI s WLOI S dHB j) WMU dUM WUM* WOO' Wu* U0 (IP-P) UO WU w (VP-P)
vLEF WLOI nF{ U WLI
vLEF WLI 2 WLI v WLI WLO
(Average Value)
WDu* WLOI
nB b vK WOEK rOI s WuL cQ WKUL* UB_ UuLK WLOI c U(

Wu* wHBM rOI c U b w V UMOF b vK UNLI rOI c lL$ jI Wu
uL U Wu* rOI uL dH U WU( c w WOEK rOIK d' uL* u
WO WFU vLEF UNLO Wb WOO' WuLK WDu* WLOI V% WU rOI
x 0.637 WDu* WLOI

2
V(av) =
x Vm = 0.637 x Vm
vLEF WLOI
(Iav) d_U UOK WDu* WLOIK ed UL (Vav) d_U bN' WDu* WLOIK ed
(Effective Value)
WUFH WLOI
5 b w dL* bN' UO s UNH WLOI qUI UN_ r cN WUFH WLOI XOL bI

bN' Ubu w Wd( bI U Wd b WUI w bu c dL* bN' UO WLO UN
UO cQ s tOK qB c UM* bNK vLEF WLOI uI p vK UL UM* UO
UNODF w Wd( bI s tH bI* jCU wDF bN' c Xu (311) U eM* w UF
eM* w UM* bNK WUFH WLOI S wUU Wd d fH X%dL* bN' s Xu(220)
Xu (220) U
WO WFU WOO' WuLK WUFH WLOI vDF
vLEF WLOI x 0.707
vLEF WLOI
WUFH WLOI
Wu w WOEK rOI ld ju* wFOd c' WId bU U O{U
0.707
qUF 5F
(Root Mean Square Value :RMS). UFd* ju c WLO r WUFH WLOI vK oKD cWKU
WUF* b V p bM vLEF WLOI v WUFH WLOI qu% UMeK U UU

WUFH WLOI x 1.414 WUFH WLOI x
vLEF WLOI
U????????????????
WLO XO eM* w UF UO cQ s UNOK qB w UM XuH (220) WLO
bN' cN vLEF WLOI V WUFH bN'
q????????????????(
WUFH WLOI x1.414 vLEF WLOI
220 x 1.414 =
Xu
311 =
WLOI(IRMS ) d_U UN edO UOK WUFH WLOI U ( VRMS) d_U bNK WUFH WLOIK ed
WLOI c fOI UO bNK UOI eN rEF UL WOKLF UO( w Ub d_
(Phase Angle)
E1
E2
uD W
bNK WOO' Uu* w W rOI

d U w UdOG sJ1 w UM* UO
90
w WOzUdNJ Ub b u uDU uD

0
90
180
270
360
d Wu vK Wu UN dQ bI
sbu UMb dHM uD uNH Ò{u
buLU UML bN bOu UUL sOKUL
qJA
buL S Ub UM qJA w sOL

dHM 1 buL UN U w Wd fHM (2) buL S Ub se s d d bF (1)
sO b W w d UM uJO (2) buL U UbM (90) UbI W d d 1 buL
1 buL UNM w WOO WuL uI sJL pc WOM WE w (90) UbI sbuL
2(E2 ) buL Wu (90) UbI We buL UNM w WOO WuL vK (Leads) bI
W sbuLK bN wu (19)qJA w sO 90 UbI We (E1) buL Wu vK ( Lags)dQ

U WOO Uu l (16) qJA w 5 d uD d W uNH Ò{u ULNMO uD d
UNMO ULO nK ULMO b d
uDU
ldL Wu* UMb
S d_ Uu* UNF UIM
w UU9 UNF WIH uJ Wu*

j lDI UNS ? Wu* U uD
(90)bI0
Wu* s dQ dHB
s dQ ? Wu* UI cJ
(90) UbI We Wu*
j lDI Wu* S dO
?
UbI We Wu* bF dHB
dQ Wu* UI c (180)
(180)UbI We Wu* s
Wu* uI sJ1 UL

Wu* l uD w U U9 fUF
qJA
WK
WOU rOI V qJA w WMOL WOO WuL v udU
vLEF WLOI
WDuL WLOI
WUFH WLOI
WLI v WLI WLO
vLEF UNLO V Xu (240) U WUFH UNLO WOO bN Wu

WLOI V Xu (311) U UdNJ Wd t Ue c UML bNK vLEF WLOI
bN cN WUFH
WuL b se V edO U UdNJ Wd t Ue c UML UO

UO c
WuL cN b se V edO Ud Wu
WuL cd V WOU [U b UNM Wu
b?????????????????????
UM* UO
WO( WuF WFUL*
rEFL lUB* UM* w WOuO UMUO w WOzUdNJ bIK bOKI bB* u d* bN' bB
t W b t (AC) d bN bB vK qLFK WLLB WOzUdNJ UL_
w bbU UMA se vK bLF UNCF WOOUMG* vK tKL w bLF UL_ c s dO
UNCF nK* WFO t UNCF q WUI* WFO UN WOzUdNJ UL_ lOL XO qLK lU nJ
nJ* WFO t d
WHK WOzUdN UL qJA

(Re- WKUH*U vL?? UF 5M nJ nK vK u% dz w wzUdNJ UO Ud?? W{UF
vL?? WUI vK u% UO dz w wzUdNJ UO Ud?? WOKJ W{UF* _ UNb actance)
UNb (Impedance) tFUL*U
(Inductive Reactance) WO( WKUH*

UF WOJ WF u nK* ZMO UO c dOG UbM jI wzUdNJ UO Ud vK nK* dR
w nK* dL pc XU qJA dLU wzUdNJ UO dOG dOG* UO dz w UO w dOOG
XL edU UN ed WO( WKUH*U vL W{UF* c tUd UF WOJ WF u U
vK WO( WKUH* bLF
dMNU nK* WLO
WOU WFU vDF d
XL = 2
fL
XL = 2
3.14
d nK* WLO
nKLK WO( WKUH* d ULKJ
U????????????????
UO bI V 50Hz d 10Vp-p bI bN bB l q 10 mH tO nK

tO U* UFH
iL
V= 10VP-P
f= 50Hz
q????????????????(
XL = 2
L=mH
fL
= 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10 x 10 -3
= 3.14
qJA
nK* w U* UO WLO U uU b r WO( WKUH* WLO WdF bF

I=
Vrms
XL
V rms =
I=
V p-p
2
3.536
3.14
10
2
= 3.536 v
= 1.13 A
WO( dzb w UO bN' 5 WF

w WU; WLO V p dQ sJ WO( dzb w bN' tO dOG c Xu fHM UO dOG
WE( uBI tLOI UO qB bN' tO dOG c Xu fHM UO dOG jI WUI vK u% dz
Imax =
Vmax
R
uBI tLOI bB* bN u

bN' d
UO
R
se
qJA
uD UNK/ lOD UMMJ tOO tu WOUO UNUOMM0 UO uN' qOL UML v
UN*U vL WLOI* uD) c UJOUJO* w uI q9 UL UU9 WOKJ WLOI V WLOI
t WOLJ c bI t* u q1 YO u WOL qOL b rOI j tU t* dF
rOI j) WMU tu* c t bI q9
V
wK UL UN*U UO bN' 5 WF qO9 sJ1
w UL W UbI We bN' s UO dQ jI UHK vK u% w WO( dzb w

qJA
VL , iL
90 V
L
iL
iL
L
0
t
180
360
qJA
V
90
wK UL UN*U nK* UO bN' 5 WF qO9 sJ1
s dG dH s d We bN' s UO dQ pc UUI vK u% UHK* lOL

Ub w qB YO WO( WKUH* ULK We c be WUI* ULK We c qI YO
dH WUI* WLO uJ UbM v vK_
(Phase Shift) t We We c vL
45
bN' d
XL=10
UO vMM
V
R=10
qJA
WUI* l WO( WKUH* U p W W uJ dzb w

p uUO WdE vK ULU p r nK WUI WO( dzbK WOKJ WFUL* U(
XL
Z=
R2 + XL2
WO( WKUH* WUI* 5 uu
5 t W dzb w U* UFH UO WLO b WIU dzb w UDF* rOI vK ULU

UO bB* WN
dzbK WOKJ WFUL* WLO U r
Z = R2 + XL2 =
200 = 14.1421
wKJ UO WLO U uU b r

V=ZxI
I=
I=
V
Z
10
= 0.71 Amp
14.1421
(Phase shift) t We ULNMO We vL bN' s UO dQ WO( dzb w
= tan-1
XL
R
= tan-1
10
= 45
10
WuF WKUH*
q
v
d bN d vK u{u nJ 5 wU rd
bB* bN WLO l ULz VUM nJ* d vK WMA

qJA
q = Cv
UM nJLK dzb w s UO d1 YO bB* bN w rzb dOG l nJ* WM WLO dOG

bB* bN hUM UM nJLK dzb w mdH UO d1 bB* bN be
WLOI w dOG rz d* bB* bN U0

bB* bN l VUM nJ* WM U0 U&
V
Vm
sA UOKL wu V dzb w d UO d1

V(t)
UNKu mdH
q = Cv
dq
dt
cdv
i =
dt
i =
qJA
bN' qO9 sJ1 se l bN' WLO dOG YO WOO tu s U u dOG* UO U UIU UMLKF
VO' Wb
V(t) = Vm sin t
d v(t)
= Vm cos t
dt
d v(t)
i(t) = c
dt
i(t) = c Vm cos t
Im = c vm
Vm
Xc=
Im
U UI nJLK WuF WKUH* s U w Xc

Xc =
2fc
ULKJ d vK WuF WKUH* bLF pc WuF WKUH* XK nJ* WF ULK tQ k
WuF WKUH* XK d
WuF dzb w UO bN' 5 t* WF

bN' UO o YO UU9 WO( dzb fJF w WuF dzb w UO bN' 5 W W
UbI We
90
IC
I
V
90
V
90
270
qJA
u% dz 5 d We bN' UO o pc (R) WUI* s qOK b UM WuF dzb w

. 90 UbI t We jI nJ vK u% dz dH U W W jI WUIvK
0
45 UbI We bN' UO o WuF WKUH* l WUI* U UbM

45
v
R=10
XC=10
qJA
WUI* 5 UbI W uu uUO WdE vK ULU p r WOKJ WFUL* U(

WuF WKUH*
Z=
R 2 + X C2
XC
U????????????????
10V U bB* bN U WIU dzb w
dzb w U* wKJ UO WLO b
UO bN' 5 W W b
q????????????????(
dzbK WOKJ WFUL* U r
Z=
R2 + XC2 =
200 = 14.142
uU vK ULU
V=ZI
I=
V
Z
10
14.142
= 0.71 Amp
UbI We bN' o UO U WuF dzb U0

= tan-1
XC
R
= tan-1
10
= 45
10
XL
Z=
R2 + (XL - XC)2
XC
dOG* UO dz w bI

uC d( q WUD UJ s d qJ v u WU WUI w tJKN* bI
bF s U w (P) edU UN ed (True/ Active
power)
WOIOI( bIU wL bBLK ld
U nK w wOUMG U qJ vK We* WUD qL v d bN bB s WUD UI

tUFH dO WUDU WUD c vL tU& UO dOG UbM bBLK uF nJ `zUH vK wzUdN
(Q) edU UN ed (Reactive/ Imaginary power) WOUO)
WdUE bIU vL (Q) tUFH dO (P) WUFH bIK t lL s U wN WOKJ bI U
(S) edU UN ed (Apparent power)
WOIOI( bI
t v WOzUdNJ WUD c u qL v d bN bB s WOzUdNJ WUD UI bF w
WOzUdNJ bI u wzUdNJ U p vK UL wJOUJO wzu{ d WUDK d
d v UU9
+
I
0
Time
PP =VP x IP
Pav =Veff x Ieff
qJA
WOEK bIK wMe bF* U U w d v Wu* WJKN* WOIOI( bI

P=VI
bBLK UFH bN' V

qL( w U* UOK WUFH WLOI I
wJOUJO* UB( bu pc UI (Watt) u UNUO b
U????????????????
10A bI UO d1 220 v vK qLF U w WJKN* WOIOI( bI b
q????????????????(
P=VI
= 220 x 10
= 2200 watt
WOUO) WUFH dO bI

bB l UNKOu bM nK* nJ*U WUD se se WOU UN WOzUdNJ dUMF iF
s d tu UNKu% U U Wd w qL( bB* 5 WOzUdNJ WUD qIM d bN
dBMF dFO F pKN bI sJ wzUdN bN UM uJ qL( bB* 5 UO d1 WUD
WOUO b WU( c w UOK WKUH WLOIU bNK WKUH WLOI d{ qU dF UOL L
(Q) edU UN ed WOIOI XO
(VAR) UFH dO dO XuH UNUO b
Q=V
bBLK UFH bN' V

nJ* nK* w U* UOK WKUH WLOI I
WdUE bI
IT
IR
IC
w WOIOI( bI U bU sJ1 WUF WU( w

bN d{ qU U qL( c UNu UNJKN
VT
nJ vK qL( c u bI qL( UO bB*

vL pc WU e WKO UF 5M nK
WdUE bIU WUF WU( w S = VT IT dC qU
qJA
dO XuH w UNUO b

P=V
IR U Vd* qL( v bB* s tKIM* WOIOI( bI UC `{u s
r bB* s WU tOL cU nJ* wHJ ULMO dzb w bIK pKN* dBMF w WUI* uJ
tKIM* bI q1 rd c S = VT IT U dzb w WdUE bI WUI*U dJ qJA UNU
sLC IT UO p IR WUI* w U* UO s d bB* w U* IT UO lu vK WIOI
nJLK dJ mdH sA UO WUI* UO WU{U
IC
UO bB* bN 5 WOOU& WF 5 wU rd

IT
dzb w U* wKJ UO nJ* UO WUI*

IT =
IR
qJA
VT
IR2 + IC2
=tan-1
XC
R
`{u s uUO WdE vK ULU

IR = IT Cos
IC= IT Sin
b$ iuFU
:WOIOI( bI
P = VT IR
= VT IT Cos
:WOUO) bI
Q = VT IC
= VT IT Sin
:WdUE bI
S = VT IT
bI qUF0 We c U9 VO vL dzbK wKJ UO bB* bN 5 We w
We
WU wH WOzUdNJ dzb UuJ vK bI qUF wUU We c WLO bLF (PF=Cos
P = V I WUFH bI uJ 1=
U U dH
YO WU* WUI*
nJ* WU w dH tUFH bI uJ dH U W90 YO nK* WU w

dH tUFH bI uJ dH U W 90
dzb XU UbI t UI Ò bu dHB 5 Wd* dzb w bI qUF WLO d
p `{u wU rd WO dzb XU dU WuF
IL= I sin
S=
IR= I cos
QL= V I sin
P= V I cos
IC= I sin
QC= V I sin
S=
IR= I cos
WO dz UbI We bN' s dQ UO qJA
nK* w tUFH dO bI fUF nJ* w tUFH dO bI U WOU& WF k

U c UN nJ WU{U dzb w nKLK tUFH dO bI s hK WuN sJ1 tU ZM p s
Ò bu s t d bI qUF 5 vL
Series RLC circuit wu vK nJ nK WUI qO u

bN' s dQ UO WO( dzb w nJ nK WUI vK VUG w u% dOG* UO dz
0
WKUH* 5 We U tOK 90 UbI We bN' UO o ZuF dzb w UbI We
wGK 5KUH* s U pc 180 w tuF WKUH* WO(

XL
UNM e d
90
90
dOG* dU dz w
XL = XC XU WUI dz
XC
XL > XC
XU WO dz
XC > XL XU WuF dz
qJA
UNb w WFULLK WOzUNM WKB; w WOzUdNJ b WFU2

(Z)
XC
XL
edU UN ed UN wzUdNJ UO d* b pK dUM
sJ1 tU uUO WdE vK ULU _ bu UI

WUF* V tOKJ tFUL* U
Z=
R2 + (XL - XC)2
qJA
uU V UO WLO wDF

V=ZI
I=
V
Z
UO bNK UFH rOI w V, I YO
U????????????????
dzb w U*UO WLO WOKJ WFUL* b
q????????????????(
2F
WuF WO( 5KUH* U r WOKJ tFUL* U

5mH
IK
XL = 2
=2x
FL
x 50 x 5 x 10-3
= 1.571
qJA
XC =
=
1
2 FC
2x
x 50 x 2 x 10-6
= 1591.55
Z =
R2 + (XL - XC)2
(1000)2 + (1.571 - 1591.55)2
(1000)2 + (-1589.98)2
1000000 + 2528033.22
Z =
3528033.22 = 1878.31
XL=1.571
90
90
XC > XL p bN' o UO WuF dzb
dzb w U* UFH UO WLO U r uU bU
R = 1000
I=
XC=1591.55
V
220
=
= 0.117 A
Z
1878.31
qJA
(Electrical resonance)
5d
UU UU WUD UI WKL lu w wMF u vK 5uu nJ nK 5 5d dU

ULNMO
IL
XL
Vf
IC
XC
V
IL
qJA
IC
IL
UO U nJL dBK dzb c qO9
IC
nK* UO s d UNO nJ*

IT
V
IL
s d UNO nK* UO uJ UbM nKL dBK qO9

qJA
nJ* UO
IC
UbM WOzUN WUIL WOU* WU( w dBK qO9
UOzUN bB* w UO d1 YO nJ* nK* UO U

(Resonance) 5dU WU( c vL WuH dz
IT
IC
c nK* UO nJ* UO U WU w 5d WU
IL
sJ1 UNM nJ* WFU2 nK* WFU2 U wUU wMF
qJA
5d d WLO U
XL = 2
fL
XL = XC
4
f=
XC =
1
2
fL=
fC
1
2
fC
2 2
f LC=1
1
LC
UO U bM UM 5d WU b% qJA w UL nJ* nK* l u vK WUI qOu bM

U w UNO WUILK jI WUJ dzb uJ iF ULNCF UC* ULNUU& dE nJ* UO nK*
.ZT = R 5d
IC
Vf
XC
XL
IR
IL
qJA
IR2 + (IL - IC)2
IT =
uUO WdE vK ULU

V
V
V
, IL =
, IC=
R
XL
XC
IR
IT2
= IR2 + (IL IC )2
IT2
IT2
V2
I2
V
I
ZT
V2
V
1 2
+(
)
2
XL
XC
R
1
1
1 2
+(
))
2
R
XL
XC
1
=
1
1 2
1
+(
)
2
XL XC
R
= V2 (
1
1 ( 1 - 1 )2
R2
XL XC
1
1
1
+(
-2
2 FL
R2
FC)2
wU rdU 5 u UL Ub$ bB* d WMU WFUL* dOOG b bM
ZT=R
f
qJA
f (Hz)
5d d bM R w UN WLO vB_ qB b ULz WFUL* U k

f=
1
2
LC
b U b qUF bM 5d uJ YO bI qUF 5% dz 5d dz vK WK_ s

bB* d sJ2 UO q d1 dzb w WOIOI( WUILK jI WU WOKJ WFUL* uJ Ò
bI qUF 5%
QC(VAR)
WOU UE* d c s b Wb
90
90
WUFH dO bI fUF nJLK WUFH dO bI

P(w)
d_ wGK 5bI s U pc nKLK
QL(VAR)
UNM e
qJA
wU uM vK bI UF WU sJ1 tU V = IR uU vK ULU

P = I2 R ,
P=
V2
(Watt)
R
Q = I2 X ,
Q=
V2
(VAR)
X
S = I2 Z ,
S=
V2
(VA)
Z
nK WUI0 UNKO9 sJ1 Ud; UuB WO UL WOzUdNJ UL_ rEF
qL
wKJ UO wKJ bN' 5 We U9 VO WLO V p 0.1 5 bI qUF WLO d
vMF0 nK* w WFzUC bI WLO XK Ò 1 s bI qUF d ULKJ WO( dzbK
%85 U b qUF WOKJ bI s %40 WFzU{ b wDF %60 U bI qUF
qC ULN WOKJ bI s %15 WFzU{ b wDF

u lUB* w WFzUC WOzUdNJ WUDK dOu p bI qUF 5 WU( d UM s
WOuO UMUO w Wb* WO( UL_ s p dO v
WU{ od s r bI qUF 5%
sJ w( qL( l u vK nJ
L=160mH
220V
50Hz C
tU{ Vu nJ* c WF w U

qLK
RL=60
U* bM R c vK WU
wU
qJA
0.95 v tF bI qUF 5 dzbK tU{ Vu nJ* tF b
S1
RL2 + XL2
ZT =
QL
XL = 2
x 50 x 160 x 103 = 50.27
(60)2 + (50.27)2 = 78.28
ZT =
qJA
FL = 2
VT
220
=
= 2.81 Amp
ZT
78.28
IT =
S1 = VT IT = 220 x 2.81 = 618.2 (VA)

QL = I2 XL = (2.81)2 x 50.27 = 396.94 (VAR)
P1 = I2 R = (2.81)2 x 60 = 473.77 W
5 q bK bI qUF U r UNO

Cos
P
473.77
=
= 0.77
S
618.2
QT=QL- QC
QL
S1
QL QC
qJA
Cos
= 0.95
5 bF dOG r WOIOI( bI U0

P2 = P1 = 473.77 w
P2
S2
Cos
=
2
S2 =
P2
Cos
Z2 =
473.77
= 498.71 (VA)
0.95
=
2
P22 + QT2
QT = QL - QC
498.71 =
QT =
(473.772 + QT2
(473.77)2 + (473.77)2 = 155.74 (VAR)
QT = QL - QC
155.74 = 396.94 - QC
QC = 396.94 155.74 = 241.2 (VAR)
220 V U bB* bN U nJ* bN U
V2
QC =
XC
V2
XC =
QC
(220)2
= 200.66
XC =
241.2
=
2x
bB* l u vK uu nJ* U0
1
x 50 x 200.66
XC =
1
2 FC
= 1.586 x 10-5 F = 15.86 F
b?????????????????????
UFu*
b dUM b UNHu WOzUdNJ WUI* oU w X
WOzUdNJ b dUM s d dBM vK dF WOzUdNJ
uI wzUdN dBM u lu*U
(Capacitor).
wzUdNJ lu* u
wzUdN U qJ vK sA WOKL UM w WOzUdNJ WUD eU

UFu* dAM b c w mdH WOKL UM w UN
WHK* UNBzUB UNu
UFu qJ
lu* VOd
uN q WU U ULNMO qBH 5u 5ObF 5u s tUJ j w lu* uJ

lu* wu s u qJ qu pOdO s u UJO* pO s u XeU lA* u
tUJ j w lu* VOd WId qJA 5 qOu d
lu* VOd qJA
lu* qL WO
qJA w WMOL WOO{u udU WUFU luL mdH s WOJOUJO dIH c w gUMM
UdJ s qUL b bu c luL vK oD dO bN k qJA wH
luL wu sO bN d bu wUU u q vK d
w sOL S UHL bMF

V WUD uI qJA
uK vK uuL d UdJ
UL VuL UND UU luLK uKF
s UdJ s WU WOL lb uI
luLK wKH uK u VU UND
tLO b b w UO dL pc WO
bI R WOU WUIL WUu
WM tODF d UdJ uKF uK
vK d UdJ U UL Wu
lu* mdH s WOKL qJA
c R WU WM tODF wKH uK

luL wu sO bN d bOu v
qJA V WUD wD sO bNK U U tOu sO bN d `B v luL s dL
bN `B UbM Xu 10 luL wd vK bN `B v b w UO d dL
WUD bN luL bN sO d bu bF r t_ UO d nu WUD bN U U luL
luL kUO UHL ` sJL U uA luL tO `B c Xu w t ? qJA sO
uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJA uJ w luL wu sO uuL tM vK p bF
r bNK bBL dOB dH tb sJL b s luL qB bM VU uK v VuL
sA UO pc k d d UF v tu uF YO wzUdN qL tK bM tM mdH
luL wu sO WUF UL uu dE tH luL d dL WOU b w dL mdH
WOzUdNJ WF b
tOK 5F bN oOD bM lu UNe lOD w WMA bI* UO w (Capacitance) WF
bI (F) d(U UHK ed U rUF v W UH vL bu UI (C) d(U UN ed
:WOU WFU lu* WF
uuJ We* WMA
= UH WF
XuH u_ 5 bN' d

C=
nF UuUM F UdJO* b qLF c b U L{ uJ U (1) tF U Fu

U LK WOKLF UIOD w pF UuJO
U1 10-6 F UdJO*
U 1 10-9 nF UuUM
U 1 10-12 pF UuJO
lu* w We* WUD
uK v Vu* uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJ vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu* e

5 bN' d WLO ld WF WLO d{ qU l U d lu* w We* WUD VUMVU
WOU WUF*U vDFlu* wd
E = 0.5 CV2
YO
u'U WUI WUD WLO =E
UHU WUI WF =C
lu* wd 5 bN'= V
UFu* u
5OU 5L v UFu* rOI sJ1

WLOI WU UFu*
WLOI dOG UFu*
WLOI WU UFu*
WdA q s WF b; lu* u WLOI XU lu*

d bI tF bI tL vK q YO WFUB
iF qJA 5 tOd vK oD uL* bN'
b w Wb* WLOI WU UFuLK WFzUA UJ_
WOdJ
WUF U* uM U F WLOI WU UFu* u s
uOMu_ s 5I s uJ wu lu*
WO UFu qJA
XeU lLAU lA* u s WIO WI ULNMO

kH% WOzUOLO U0 nKG r U F WuL* nK
WOU U q s p XeU uK2 wbF U w rJ dOG wbF U w

WOu UFu* WF d bze Wu s lu* kH vK bU* u w eF
UFu* bXu 600 bF U U UNKOGA Uu UdJO 4 UuJO 3000 5
lu* Ud; w qOGA UFuL WOu
U s WOA u_ c b WOJO UFu*
u* u iF s u `zUH s U {u WOJO
dOu sdOu WFzUA WUF WOJO
5KdOu UudJOu
U ju UJO* s WIO `zd s uJ UJO* lu
WIO WID UN UJO* `zd vKD b WObF u 5
WOJO UFu qJ
w lu* vL WObF* u_ q q WCH s

UNM d WU WID nKG wCH UJO* lu WU( c
qOu Ud
Uu UL UObF UI tON wDG pOdO s u s uM c uJ pOdO lu

lu*
dOGB UNL dOJ UNF UFu* c eO2 s WOOdJ WOzUOLOJ UFu*
uOMu_ s u w UI b s Vd UFu* s uM c Q qJA 5
uK q WUM WOzUOLO U0 WFA u s WI uOMu_ bO s WU WI wKH
uK qJA dL WcG bN l lu* qOu bMF uK uOMu_ s u uOu_
U tu UF ju u tOK Vd* uOM*_ bO `B luLK Vu* VDI wKH
luLK VU VDI uKF uK u WI qJA ULMO bO

s uM c q bMF wzUOLOJ luLK Vu* VDI vK b WOHO qJA 5
d db' WOU d_ bN' WDI l Vu* dD qu WOdJ b w UFu*
WDI* WOzUOLOJ UFu* b sJ1 UL tHK UH v R wzUOLOJ lu* WOD fJ
d* UO w
sJ1 lu* wu wD u bO_ UI VOd WDI* dO WOzUOLOJ UFu* lMB
d* bN' dL* bN' UB l UFu* c b
WO WKu dH UNMe bM UNHK UNOD 5 U d u WOzUOLOJ UFu* U s
tHK UF UH'
VU VD
Vu VD
U
wbF u
uOM* U
wJO
wzUOLOJ lu* VOd qJA
b uOUM b sJ1 WOOdJ uOUM UFu

w lu* vL uOMu_ s
U9 UN WOOdJ uOMu_ UFu s WHKJ d w uOUM lu WU( c
d( W dOG l UNF U UNL dGB uOMu_ UFu s UNdOE vK
se bM UNO d u
:(Variable capacitors)
WLOI dOG* UFu*
dz qJ vK UM uOMu_ s Wu `zUH s UFu* s uM c uJ

`zUH s WuL l qbU `zUHB cN `L WIdD bK qU u vK WUCO
qJA w 5 UL uN w UFu* s uM c w WUF U* uJ WU* w UN WU d
l{ V UNM WHK UF vK uB( sJ1 ud eN w U U UFu* c b
lu* WF uJ WU `zUHB l U OK b
`zUHB qb UbMF iF l UNCF UNKb u_
dGB UNLO bM WF uJ U OK uH* l{u v `zUHB b UbM U vLEF UNLO bM
Ue dOG UFu qJA
b (Trimmer Capacitor) oOb jC lu rU dF dOG* UFu* s U u UM
od s U p rWuKD* WLOI j{ dG WF w WHOH dOOG b w WU( uJ UbM

jC wd WDu 5uK 5 WU* dOG
UFuLK WOMH UH u*
hzUB) c r uKD* ULF rz* lu* UO UNu0 r WMOF WOM hzUB UFuLK
WF
r vK WuJ UuJO UuUM UdJO*U UNM dF* luLK WOL WLOI w

lu*
dI* WOKOGA WOuH
WID UON v R WLOI c U& lu* vK dLU UNDOK uL* uBI WOuH w

r UF WI pL l U d WLOI c VUM tHK v R U2 lu* wu 5 uu* WUF
lu* r vK UNLO qO s d* dL* bNK WMU dI* WOKOGA WOuH s dOF
Wb UH
Wu* WMU tM dF WOL WLOI s t uL* vB_ d u
d( W qUF
b Wu W d( W dOG l lu* WF bI dOG u
d* UO
W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ UF w U dL* UO u

WMOF d
eF WUI
WMOF d W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ eF WUI w
dI
se s WMOF b vK b d w qB c Wu* WMUlu* WF WLO dOG u
UFu* qO u
wK UL u vK wu vK UUI* UL UFu* qu

c UF WUL WHUC TUJ wu vK 5Fu q wu vK UFu* qOu
uL TUJ UF WUL tO b luL LF wu vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF
5uK 5 WKUH WU* l U OJ U UM VUM WF U0 5Fu* w UF wUL
WOKJ WF WLO iOH v R UF WUL U S
wu vK UFu* qOu qJA
5Fu* vK WOzUdNJ WMA uJqJA w 5 u UL wu vK UFu q

5HJ* wu 5 bN' d uL UO (VT)wKJ bN' d UWU
VT = V1 + V2
Q
CT
Q
C1
Q
C2
1
CT
1
C1
1
C2
uKI U W&UM WUJ* WF uKI SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
WuL* w lu dG WF s q WUJ* WF uJdHM* UFuLK WHK* UF s q
WOU WFU vDF WUJ* WF WLO uKI Swu vK UFu* s n b q
1
CT
1
C1
1
+
C2
1
+ ...... +
C3
1
Cn
u vK UUI* U WUF* U c t qJA WUF* cN k
U??????????????
uKD* wu vK Wuu (C3 = 2
F) (C2=3 F) (C1=4 F) UFu W
WuL* cN WOKJ WF U

q????????????????(
1
CT
1
C1
1
+
C2
1
C3
1
CT
1
4
1
+
3
1
=
2
13
= 0.92 F
12
lu* u WU WHUC TUJ u vK 5Fu qOu u vK UFu* qOu

uL TUJ Wu WU tO b luL LF u vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF c
U S lu* u WU l U d U UM VUM WF U0 5Fu* wu wU
WOKJ WF U v R lu* u WU
u vK UFu* qJA
q wd 5 bN' d uJ WU( c wqJA w 5 u UL u vK UFu q

5Fu* wM uL* WU uJ WOKJ WOzUdNJ WMA U(VT) bB* bN' U U ULNM
QT =Q1 + Q2
CTVT =C1VT + C2VT
CT =C1+ C2
uL* U W&UM WUJ* WF SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
vDF WUJ* WF WLO Su vK UFu* s n b q dH* UFu* UF d'
WFU
CT = C1+ C2 + C3 + ...... + Cn
vK Wuu* UUI* rO lL q lL& u vK Wuu* UFu* UF rO k

WH bN' WLO UNOK oD u vK Wuu* UFu* UL wu
U????????????
WOKJ WF V u vK Wuu UdJO UNM q WF UFu W
WuLLK
q????????????????(
CT = C1+ C2 + C3
CT = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15F
sAK wMe XU
U_ RC rU dF w UUI UFu s WuJ* WOzUdNJ b q9 U tu

Ucc* WOdJ Uu* U UCM qOJA XOu s bbFK WMU
WUI lu mdH s WOKL wQ ULO UMM
sA WOKL
b UH* bMF qJA w UL WUI wzUdN bB WUu U lu* sA

U dI dH `B v hUM YK U O dO UO b w d1 wzUdNJ bB* s sA lu*
`B v U Ob be r dH sA b bM lu* wd 5 bN' d uJ sA UN bM
sA WUN bM wzUdNJ bB* bN' U dI U U
bN vMM
W
sA
Vs -Vc
Vs
UO vMM
1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
se
Vc
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
sAK wMe XU
bB* WOu WLO s 63.2% v WOd 5 bN' d qB v lu* sA se dF
WO WUF*U tLO vDF lu* sA wMe XUU

= RC
YO
WOUU wMe XU
_U WUI*
UHU lu* WF
WLO s 63.2% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB YOlu* s vMM qJA 5

wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU WOM d w bB* WOu
v qB WM lu* wd 5 WOuH WLO be u (2RC) U iIM s bF
U lu* s r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e'
(5) U WOM d d bF sJb
s
63.2%
U2bB* WOu WLO s 99.3% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB(5RC) sAK wMe XU UF{
tKLQ U uA lu* U s UMMJ1
v U Ob hUMU cQ r sA WOKL b bM U O dO uJO lu* s UO WMU U
WOM d w wzb* UO s 37% v qB WM UO qI usA UN bM U dI dH `B
U iIM s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU
cJ wI* e' s d 37% v qB WM UO qI u (2RC)
U????????????
uKO(200) WUI* WLO UdJO lu* WF d qJA w
WKU uB lu* sA se lu* sA wMe XU V
q????????????????(
= RC
= 200 x 10+3 x 2 x 10-6
= 0.4 S
WOU wKO 2 5 0.4 5 wMe XU sA s
mdH WOKL
o lu s WMA mdH bM b U vK dFMUFu* s WOHO vK UMdF bF
5 sA U lu qOu r UbM tM

R
W
mdH
C
bN vMM
1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
se
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
tM mdH lu* b WUI wd

lu* wd 5 bN' d cQ WUI*
5 u UL w vMM o U Ob hUMU
wd 5 WOuH qB YOqJA w
WLO s37% U dI 36.8% v lu*
XU WLOI WU WOM d w wzb* bN'
5 bN' WLO qI u 2RC U s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN wwMe
U qJA lu* mdH r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e' s 37% v qB WM lu* wd
lu* wd 5 bN' qB 5RCsAK wMe XU UF{ 5 U WOM d d bF sJb
U qJA U dH lu* U s UMMJ1 U2 wzb* bN' WLO s 1% v

UFu* eOd
WbtF w UL WLO qOGA bN WF q t WOMH UHu* lu* r vK lD

UHu* c WUJ d b U r uBI qOGA d W
UNM d( U_ tO b wL u U UNM lu* r vK
wu u U
qLA rOI c tOK WuD tUuKF uJ UFu* rEF
WF W pc lu* bM qLF c bN' WF
cN ned b UdJO*U U Lz WF uJ WF
UuUMU WF wMF
UFu* eOd qJA
VJ UO_ s dO w V d( tF rd vDF bN'

V d(
b' w WMO* d( WUu lu* WF w UHWb WLO bb% r Wb
wU qJAU W{u d U vK WK_
p bF d r U W s uJ ed 5LO v UO s U uu uJ lu* k
w u ud c dOH W 5L
pc 2 U S dC qUF u YU rd UuJOU WF w UO s 5L
cJ 1000 w WdC WF wMFO 3 U 100 w WdC WF wMF
d( U 10% wMF K d(U Wb b U_ l c d(
d(
UH
1%
2%
5%
bM qLF c bN' b% d( l w U W ULd
10%
lu*
20%
30%
20%wMFO M
U????????????
p wMF UL 474K63 wU edU dR lu
q????????????????(
w lu* WF 10000 dC qUF uJO 4 u YU rd UM
UdJO 0.47 U c UuJO 47 x 10000 = 470000
10 % w WF W K u W U_ bF c d(
63 bN' U* c w bN' b K d( bF 63 ULd
UuJO 47 47 UO s 5L b$ Xu
UFu* UD
WO UD_ U/ b v WOdJ WOzUdNJ b w Wb* UFu* dF b
u dBI
lu* idF s b ZM b c UF UON WO U F lu* wu UB s qDF c ZM

c t uL* b( s td W UNO lHd d w tKOGA t UON WOu s vK WOuH
qB b b WCHM WUI tUI UO bM lu* wDF YO U uO UFu* UD d s qDF
dH v
WUI tQ dB lu*
tBzUB) UF ju bIH UbM U qDF c ZM tUI UO bM WU WUI wDF
WUI tQ dBO
WuH
wzUOLOJ luLK b UL UH td b UBH s U qDF c ZM
WF dOG
s d WF WU( c w lu* wDF

s p ZM uK qJA q dI* tF
WOB dE s qOGA d
lu* WUI UOI qDF c UA sJ1
WF UO UN b s WU( c w b
WLOIU UN' d WUI lu* WF UOI
eN d db' lu* r vK WK*
u_ w du X WOLd WF UO
qJA lu* hH dO_ b sJ1
WUI 1Fs UNF be w UFuLK wzb
qJA UHU UNLO b r Wb w WCHM
"U p b WOU WLO bM X v wb
dO_ UN WUD s lu* s WOKL s
WODIU dO_ UN lu* qu U V
wLd WF UO UN qJA
WOB ZzUM vK uBK WOB
WK
WOU qL' qL
................................................................ UNb WOzUdN dUM UFu*
.............................................................. s tUJ j w lu* uJ
w UFu* w wzUdN UF Wb* WUF u* ?
................
................
................
................
...............
................
................................................................................. WOzUdNJ WF
pc b dO b UNMJ ........................... w WOzUdNJ WF UO b ?
WOU WF UO b WOKLF UIOD w b
............................ Ue ............................
............................ Ue ............................
............................ Ue ............................
................ .................. .................. w qu W lu WF 5F

............. ................ l U d ................. l U OJ VUM lu* WF
.................................................................... s wu lu* uJ
............................................. ? se u lu* sA wMe XU
luLK UF VOd `{u U ODOD U L r
wOdJ lu* VOd `{u U ODOD U L r
dOG lu VDI* wOdJ lu* U e lu WOU UFu* u r
U e
d luLK WOMH UHu* r d
UNM
(6)
wU WF UdJO
(4)
_ WF 5Fu q s W&UM WOKJ WF V

u vK r s wu vK UdJO
V (2000) WUI d sA UdJO (7.4) tF lu sA wMe XU V

WKU uB tMA se
WOU UFu* WUI UO bM UNOK uB( lu* dO_ UN d d
................................................ UdJO (40) tLO UD_ s U lu
UdJO (6) tLO UD_ s U w wOdJ lu
tOu UB UF UON v U2 t UON WOu s vK WOuH dF lu ?

lu* r q lu* u s uBH td b UdJO tLO w lu
WOU UFuLK UH W WF WLO V
............................................................... (2n2k) tL vK uJ lu
.......................................................... (22M1KV) tL vK uJ lu
................................................................. (104) tL vK uJ lu ?
b???????????????u
UM* UO
b?????????????????????
WOOUMGdNJ
UNu wzUdNJ UO s W&UM WOOUMG* uI U* w WOOUMGdNJ u{u Y

WOOUMGdNJ WdEM qLF U Ou b w _ eN_ s dOJ YO UNULF
WOOUMGLK WOU_ U* dc s b u; bu* Ud;U
WOOUMGLK WOU_ U*
WOOUMG* u*
UNM WuJ* pzU XUuJ qJOM uH bb( q fOUMG* c uI dQ w u* w
WOOUMG* dO u*
Ue VA) uOM*_ UM q fOUMG* c uI dQ w u* w
wFOD fOUMG*
qJA w 5* u WFOD w uu* bb( UU b u

UO w UOOMG WMb s dIU fOUMG* UbI od nA b
dGB
wFOD fOUMG* qJA
wUMB fOUMG*
WO dD bQ WDMG* WOKL UNOK d& UNJzU s WdF* WOOUMG* u* b s lMB
pbU WDMG*
d fOUMG0 WOOUMG U s VOC pb
dOQU WDMG*
d fOUMG s dIU WOOUMG* U* l{u
UdNJU WDMG*
U uO d_ w WIdD c WOOUMG U s VK u uHK qu w wzUdN UO ddL
WOKLF UO( w
U rzb fOUMG* WUM w XUuJ qJOM s W? vK u?% w uH pzU b
U C WuN UbIH tMJ WuN tDMG sJLO UF bb(
fOUMG* UD
d(U t ed wuM VD (N) d(U t ed wUL VD 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ
WOKLF U X btHBM u XN& ULK nFC tOD bM fOUMG* u edL (S)
U WHK* UD_ dUM WNUA* UD_
WO{_ WOOUMG*
vK u qO1 r{ fOUMG s U w WO{_ dJ

(N)wULA
tD lI
11
UbI We _ u
lI ULWO{_ dJK wdG' wuM' VDI s dIU

dJK wdG' wULA VDI s dIU
(S)
wuM' tD
U* ULKF uI qJA w `{u u UL WO{_

Ud UNH u _ v uF wOUMG*
dNBM* wbF* _ VK w WOzUdN UO
WO{_ WOOUMG* qJA
WK u
t tS U OI dO d wOUMG VOC oK

UL
c vK UL U dI _ u U&U U uM
UU& 5F w WKu XKLF WIOI(
uH s WFO WFD s U w Wb( WKu
Wd( d uJ YO dOG u vK edL jMGL*
WOOUMG* WO{_ UD_ v U dOA w U OI
WKu qJA
wOUMG* U*
WOOUMG* U UNO dNE w fOUMG*U WDO; WIDM* u wOUMG* qI( U*
WOOUMG* uI uD
w WOOUMG* uI uD wOUMG* U* qL

u ULO dOG wUL VD c c U* 5 WOL uD
wOUMG* U* qJA
fOUMGLK wOUMG* qI( WIDM w Wd( d d

l{ - sJ UN sJ1 wOUMG* qI( U* qJA w WOOUMG* uI uD
tu qJA w `{u u UL UNu bb d d Ue udJ s WFD X% fOUMG
WOOUMG* uI uD d pMJ1 p bM WOOUMG* uI uD V bb( d
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2
r s WU) WOOUMG* uI uD t

wuM' VDI v wULA VDI s wOUMG
VDI s UNU qLJ wOUMG* r' q U
qJA w 5 u UL wULA VDI v wuM'
jMG2 VOCI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA
w WOOUMG* uI uD Q wMF c

qHI U t UNO j q WKB uD
5 u UL U IKD lUI WOOUMG* uI uD

fOUMG* r XOH - u v qJA w
lUI UH bN tKJ tuA
lUI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA
WOOUMG* UD_ 5 dUM U u ZM

WOOUMG* UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH s
qJA w `{u u UL
UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH qJA
WOOUMG* WUJ
b wwOUMG U w U WDI bM wOUMG* U* u b s dF WOOUMG* WUJ

vL bu UI (B) d(U UN edld* d* WU* b d WIb* WOOUMG* uI uD
Tesla
WDMG2 bb WFD w wOUMG* U* uD) wKJ uL* U
wOUMG* iOH vL
(B)
WOOUMG* WUJ d{ qU u(Weber) du bu UI d(U t ed (FLUX)

UNOK uL qJA wOUMG* iOH UNODG c (A) `D WU0
=BXA
U* WU vK wKJ wOUMG* iOH WL qU UFWOOUMG* WUJ U

B=
U dF ld dd w WOOUMG* WUJ b
U??????????????
iOH WLO b 2r 20 WU wDG wK 2.5 tU dH w wOUMG U
wKJ wOUMG*
q????????????????(
2.510-3 wK 2.5 = B
A = 20cm2 =
20
10000
=2010-4m
?=
=BA
= 2.5 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-4
= 50 x 10-7 = 5 x 10-6
= 5Wb
(Permeability) WOOUMG* WUH
uI uD eOd dd9 vK U* b s dF w

WUH qUF uH bb(U WOOUMG* uLK WOOUMG*
u* U WCHM WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF lHd
WOOUMG WUH qUF UNK pO uNU WOOUMG* dO
WOOUMG* uI uD d9 qJA
UN qN_ dL* w
uNKK lHd WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF iHM

qUF ULMO ddM 12.57 10-7 U WUH qUF
d ddM 2400 u; bb WUH
bb WFD XF{ S UN qN_ U* w d* qCH UN WOOUMG* uI uD hzUB s

d t lL WOOUMG* uI uD S qJA w 5 u UL fOUMG* wOUMG* qI( w
uN s qN d2 UN qJA bb( _ bb( WFD
qUF UddM12.5710-7 4 10-7 tLO 0 edU UH eO( WUH qUF* ed
WOM WUH qUF 0 UH eO( WUH qUF d{ qU WDMGL* ULK WIKD* WUH
r)wOUMG* juK
=r0
qUF UNK WOOUMG* u* U dH WUH qUF U dI UF WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*
w b' w 5 u UL lHd WUH
WO OUMG* ULK WO M WUH qUF

0.002W/m2 U U WU bM
WO OUMG* U*
200
wOUMG* bb(
100
qJOM
8000
20000
78.5%s WuJ WJO
bb +21.5%qJO
+2%qJO 75%s WuJ
WJO
bb +18% U +5% d
WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM
fOUMG
duE dOH WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM b

Wd( U&
fOUMG* bI pbU WDMG* q WHK* WOOUMG*

s p dO dDK t{dF bM WOOUMG* tuI rzb
s q vK WdEM c hM WOOUMG* duE
U* w t b dOG fOUMG w WOOUMG* U*
jMG2 dO VOC
uJ qJA w `{u UL WDMGL* dO WOOUMG*

UF YO UNMO ULO WU wzuA qJA WN c
WDMG bM U OU U OOUMG d UN dNE U OOUMG
Ud o w dD bS WOOUMG U s VOC
jMG2 VOC
w UL tOd w WOOUMG* UNKB dNE t Vd

WOOUMG* U* VOd qJA
WDMGL* dO WDMGL*
qJA
WOOUMGdNJ
nA WOOUMG* UdNJ 5 bO W bu

UO d UbM t U w bO wU*_ rUF
U qu* c u bu qu w wzUdN
U OOUMG
TUM ULK U O{u wK ULO qu* p qJ U ULN
u* w wzUdNJ UO d s
rOI q u w wzUdNJ UO d
u bu rOI qu w wzUdN UO d UbM

U qu* c
tH qu* Ued dz qJA U OOUMG
uL u w uu uJ qu* c u vK b9
UbF ULK bUqu* s UMd ULK UI qu* vK
U* uD U& Q U LK qJA w 5 u ULtM
qON q squ* w U* UO U& vK bLF qu* u
qu u U* uD qJA
wzUdN UO tO d1
bOF U&U qu w qb UOK ed `KD rd WOKL

U) UOK ed UL U UNKb dOG b dUM s
U UNKb dOG b dUM U&U qu* s
dM qu w U* UOK wOUMG* U* jOD sJ1

qJA qu* c UNd udJ s WFD vK bb( d
qJA w 5 u UL uL
VUM qu* s dIU U WDI bM (B) U* WU
WU* l U OJqu* c w U* (I) U?O b l U d
u ju UM{d (r)qu* 5 UNMO WuLF
qu* s dIU U WDI bM WOOUMG* WUJ vDFdH
WFU
UOK wOUMG* U* jOD qJA
rOI qu U* wzUdNJ
B=
0I
2r
U????????????
tb UO t d1 rOI pK s 350 Ub WU vK "UM wOUMG* U* WU b

dO 20
q????????????????(
12.5 x 10-7 x20
B=
2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10-3
B = 800 x 10-6 = 800T
vMLO bO bU
WOOUMG* uI uD U& bb WdF bUI c

c qJA `{u rOI qu u bu*
b9 qu* vK vMLO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI
WOI U& pbO qu* w U* UO d U&U pUN l
U& bb vMLO bO bU qJA
rOI qu u wOUMG* U*
qu* u wOUMG* U* U& v lU_
weK nK s "UM wOUMG* U*
nK qJ vK qu w wzUdN UO d UbM

qu* c u bu qJA w 5 u UL weK
U
fOUMG* tM c wOUMG* U* tA U OOUMG
wOUMG* U* qJA
weK nK s "UM
U* UHK UNM w U* uD b YO rzb

U uJ
s "UM wOUMG* U* tu w tA bu
rzb fOUMG*
nK u wOUMG* U* u Ue d UM
UO Ue r v_ WIdD
UHK b U WOU WIdD
ed w bb VOC US r WU WIdD
v R U2 qJA w 5 u UL nK*
WUHM V dO qJA wOUMG* U* u U
wOUMG* U* b U qJA
nK* ed w bb VK UU
uD eOd v UD* bbK WFHd* WOOUMG*

wOUMG* U*
WO WFU qu weK nK ed bM (B)wOUMG* U* WU vDF

UO d qJ UHK b nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH (B)wOUMG* U* WU
B=
xNxI
L
YO
nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH
nKLK wKJ UHK b N
d*U nK* u L
dO_U nK* UO I
U????????????
WU bdO1 nK* w U* UO WLOWH 100 tUH b d 0.1 tu weK nK
U nK* VK U* wM WUH qUF rK nK* ed bM wOUMG* U*
79.577
q????????????????(
xNxI
L
xNxI
B= r 0
L
79.577x12.57 x 10-7 x 100 x 1
B=
0.1
B = 0.1 T
B=
nKLK dO bO bU
UO tO d nK WOD 5OF WdF bU UM

qJA `{u nKLK dO bO bUI dF wzUdN
vK dO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI c
U* UO Ud U&U b lU t YO nK* u
UN l b uJ czbM nK* w
VDI vK
wuM' VDI u d dD uJ wULA
nK WOD 5OF vMLO bO bU qJA

wzUdN UO tO d1
wOUMG U w q u vK dR* uI
l{ sJ wOUMG U qu* c u QAM qu w wzUdN UO d t pF d

u d qu* pd% v R 5U* 5 qUH qB d wOUMG U w qu* c
s bOF U&U wzUdN UO qu* w d qJA w `{u u UL 5OOUMG 5D 5 l{

U t% WOOUMG* uI uD nUJ U WO vK_ v d qu* S qb v dUM
nUJ U WO qH_ v qu* c d U) v dUM U&U qu* w UO U& fJ
tu WOOUMG* uI uD
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI qJA
dLK vMLO dO bO bU
w qu vK dR* uI U& bb WdF bU UM

`{u dLK dO bO bUI dF wOUMG U
U& v vDu l dOA YO bUI c qJA
v vDu vK bUF WU l dOA qu* w UO
WU vDu vK bUF UN l U* uD U&
qu* vK dR* uI U& v
U& bb dO bO bU qJA
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI
q u* vK dR* uI WLO

wKU vK wOUMG U w UO qL qu vK dR* uI WLO bLF
Iqu* w U* UO WLO

Bqu* tO uu* wOUMG* U* WU
Lqu* u
wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We
WOU WFU qu vK dR* uI WLO vDF

suOMU dR* uI
wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu* uUwOUMG* U* WUdO_U UO
F= I x B x L x Sin
dHB UNLO U900U* vK uL qu* U UN WLO vB mK uI k

00wOUMG* U* uD) U u qu* uJ UbM
U????????????
tU wOUMG U w qu* l{dO 15 bI UO qL d 0.2 tu qu
U* uD qu* s We XU qu* vK dR* uI V
0.8
300wOUMG*
q????????????????(
F = I x B x L x Sin
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x Sin30
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x 0.5
F = 1.2 suO
wOUMGdNJ dOQ
ed w (Electro Motive Force) WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b (1831) U U rUF nA
UO UOI dOuUHK UN qB nK qJ vK qu0 rUF c UF bI (EMF) d_U UNO
qJA w `{u UL rz fOUMG s "U wOUMG U w nK* c d wzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b qJA
dOuUHK' dR d wOUMG* U* uD lDI qu* d UbM t U rUF k

dR uF nK* Wd nu UbM dOQU "U qu* c w WOE( WOzUdN WF u bOu vK
dHB WDI v dOuUHK'
fOUMG b WOM fH vK uB( sJ1 uI c vK
fOUMG* pd% qu* XO sJ1 UL qJA w 5 u UL rzb fOUMG* s b wzUdN
d wOUMG U vK uBK UH WDu wzUdNJ fOUMG* nK w U* UO lODI
qu* w wzUdN bN bOu wOUMGdNJ id Y( dOQU dUE c dF
5F wOUMG U 5 UNMO WO Wd u s "U
dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vK dR* quF
WO quF vKqu w dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO bLF

Bqr tO d c wOUMG* U* WU
vwOm* U* uD qu* UN lDI w Wd
L qu u
q wOsG* U* uD qu* UN lDI w We
uUwOUMG* U* WU WOUd*UWdXuHUWdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu*
E= V x L x B x Sin
dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U&
dOQU qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD

WOM Wd( U& vK bLF UNM "UM UO U& wUU
t lDI c U& wOUMG* U* uD qu* 5
buLK dO vMLO bO bU qJA
WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& bb
wOUMG* U* uD qu*
l U w vK hM w buLK vMLO bO bU oD WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& 5OF

Q wOUMG* U* U& v dOA UN vK bUF* WU l qu* Wd U& v dOA UN
UL qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& v dOAO WU UN vK bUF j_ l
qJA w `{u u
b WK
WOOUMG* w WOU_ U*
WOU UdH qL
............................................................................................................u*wWOOUMG*u*
...................................................................................................WOOUMG*u*dNs
.....................................................................................................u*wWOOUMG*dOu*
.................................................................................WOOUMG*dOu*vKWK_s
.........................................................................................................buwFODfOUMG*
w d W WOOUMG* u* WDMG r
............................. ? ............................. .............................
.........................................................................................................srzbfOUMG*lMB
UL 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ
............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
...................................WHK*UD_................................WNUA*UD_
..................................................................................WIDM*uwOUMG*qI(U*
..............................................................................................wWOOUMG*uIuD ?
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r
............................................................... ...............................................................
..................................buUI.....................................................wWOOUMG*WUJ
...............................................................................vKu*bsdFWOOUMG*WUHM
..............................................................................................WUHqUFUNWOOUMG*u*
.......................................................................................WUHqUFUNWOOUMG*dOu*
rz fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r
WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM rd l d
WOOUMGdNJ UOU

WOU UdH qL
.................................................................................buquwwzUdNUOdUbM
.......................................qJvKrOIquubu*wOUMG*U*qJuJ
....................................................................................tAnK*tMcwOUMG*U*
w W nK* tM c wOUMG* U* b U sJ1
............................. ? ............................. .............................
WOU u* u wOUMG* U* uD r
wzUdNJ fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r
WOU u* vK dR* uI U& b dLK vMLO bO bU bU
wOUMGdNJ qd* VOd 5 U D U OO{u U L r
wOUMGdNJ dOQ UU

WOU UdH qL
........................................................................................................uwOUMGdNJdOQ
WOU quF vK dOQ bN' WLO bLF
............................. ? ............................. .............................
.............................................................vMMldOG*UObutMcUObN'
WKU r UbM U qJA w 5* dOG* UO bu nK UNM w bN' Wu vMM r
......................................................................................................................uU*dOQ
WOKLF UIOD w U* dOQ Ub d
......................................................................................................................uwcdOQ
....................................................YOuJUnKwbu*wJFdOQbN'WOD
....................................................................................................................................wWO(
UNUe Ue WO( UO b d
nK* WO WLO b% w quF d
............................. ? ............................. .............................
............................. ............................. ? .............................
WOzUdN UHK d U* wzUdNJ UO lD bM bu* wJF dOQ bN' UC d
wJF dOQ bN' Ub b d
bI s w dO 0 v 10 s nK* c w U* UO UN dM 3 tO mK nK
nK* w bu* dOQ bN' WLO V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5
b?????????????????????
UHK*
UN UNM uK UJ b dO WOzUdNJ WOdJ b dUM b w UHKL

WU wzUdN UN UIM XU nUN UN qL ud UHK duOLJU wdJ
b u U nKL uU UNUJ UNU UHKL Ub bF WUG WdL
tKL
wc Y( nK*
eF wzUdN pK n bM
bb VK wzu VK vK
bb( d XdO VK
vL U vK qB d U
wzUdN UO d UbM nK*U
U bu nK* pK w
VUM nK* u wOUMG
U* wzUdNJ UO b l tb
nKL u wOUMGL UL uD qJ
qJA w UL nK* w
wOUMG* U* q UNe WOOUMG WU v WOzUdNJ WUD qu% vK qLF nK* U cJ

w U* wzUdNJ UO b w UBI U dOOG b bM VKI w eOd sJ1 c t jO;
nK* w U* UO b e UbMF nK* c u dAM* wOUMG* U* b vK p fJFM nK
U* b w dOG wOUMG* U* b qI UO b iHM UbM wOUMG* U* b e
V tH nK* UH lDI Wd wOUMG U uD u qJ vK tKO sJ1 wOUMG*
U& wzUdNUO bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R c U U uU
vK hM c eMO uU V vDF UO c U& nK* w U* wK_UO b w dOG fUF
wOUMG* U* dOQ fUF wOUMG U bOu vK qLF UO bu WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
UO c bOu v c
fHM UO bOu vK WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD qLF wK_ UO b XBUM L
WOD qLF wK_ UO b be wK_ UO hUM lM WU wUU wK_ UO U&
UO be lM WU wUU wK_ UO U& fJF UO bOu vK WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
wK_
nKLK wc Y(U vL nK* w U* wzUdNJ UO b w dOG lM vK qLF w dUE
U* b dOG UbM tQ d WIdD wc Y( ndF sJ1 c L edU wc Y( qUF* ed
ob dOG bF l UbI VUM WdOQ WOzUdN Wd u UNO bu tU WOzUdN dz wOUMG*
seK WMU
(Joseph Henry) wJd rUF v W (Henry) dM wL UO bu nKLK wc Y( UI
UO b dOG UbM Xu UbI WdOQ WOzUdN Wd u tO bu nK* wc Y( tQ dMN dF
UHKLK dMdJO s WOdJ b w Y( WLOI b* b* nK WOUdO bF0 tO U*
w Wb* UHKLK dMN b s U b v WOUF d UB eN w Wb*
dMN e b UMU cN WOdJ bK WMU dO b dMN U tOK uI UJ
w
dM 10-3 U (mH) dM wKO*
dM 10-6 U (
H) dM dJO*
nK* WO WLO w dR* quF

c bLF c UNUO sJ1 UNM l W&UM WO( bI b% UHK* WOd w WOOz qu b UM
w wzUdNJ UO s b bI s "UM wOUMG* ob bI vK WF quF
q WU
d WU
nK* UH b
nK* UH b ULK

tu bu* wOUMG* U* b
nK* c WO w U wUU
q WU
d WU
nK* lDI WU
nK* lDI WU ULK

tu bu* wOUMG* U* b
nK* c WO w U wUU
q WU
d WU
nK* u
U* b XK nK* u ULK

w UBI wUU tu bu* wOUMG*
nK* c WO
q WU
d WU
VKI U
UNOK n w U* WUH XU ULK

uJ p d WOU( XU vK nK*
WUHM VKIK d wOUMG* ob
vK
u VK
bb VK
UL nK* WO( WLO vK dR ULNUO sJ1 d U UM

nK* tOK uHK* VUI qJ
nK* UNM uJ w UID b nK* n WId
WOU WF s wdI qJA nK* WO( WLO U sJ1

RS =
N2
YO
dMNU WUI nK* WO
rOI* pKK nK* UH b
VKI U* WUHM qUF

ld* d*U nK* WU
d*U UI nK* u ju
R???????????????
r uD r dD nB ju0 bb VK vK uHK WH tUH b nK WO V
UNUb UHK* u
w u_ c Uu UHK* u iF qJA 5
VK nK
VK nK
VK nK
dOG nK
wzu
bb
XdO
XdO VK
UHKLK WHKL u_ u qJ
wzu VK nK
uHK dOG WUI u gOuU eF* UM s pK s U u wzuN VKI nK*

RF Wud d WOdJ b w qLF dH XOUJ s WuD vK
bb VK nK
qLF dK oU b eF* bb( `zd s VK u uHK nK* pK uJ

UB dz w dL bN v dOG* bN' qu% w bOu WOKL bF `d* dz w
XMuKH
XdO VK nK
VK vK uHK* nK* b bbK WNUA WOOUMG u WAWOe U XdOH

sJ1 YO WDu* d WKd w ued ud UN' wKb wzuN lM w XdOH
q WOOUMG dO U s uMB pH WDu nK* q XdOH VKI pd wc t dOOG
pO
d vK UL d WIdD UHK* nOMB sJ1 WE
WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO

s "UM wOUMG* U* b w dOG v R seK WMU nK* w U* UO b w dOG
bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG UO c
nK* w U* wK_UO b w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUO
d
WOU WFU nK w dOQU bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vDF
emf = -N
dt
U* b w dOG YO dt WOMe dH iOH ob w dOG bI q9 d YO

l Ud VUM se wzUdNJ UO b w dOG U sJLO di UO b w dOG s "U
emf
di
WOU WFU p s dF bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI
dt
di
wU qJAU UNU U sJ1 w
emf = -L
dt
nK* WO q1 L XU YO
U????????????????
dO dH v 2 s b w U* UO UN dM 4 UbI WO WOzUdN
WOJF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5 bI s w
b w bu*
q????????????????(
emf = -L
emf = - 4
di
dt
2-0
0.0005
= -1600 V
u bOu v R b U FHd U dOQ bN ZM UHK* w U OzU UO UON Q U* c dNE

nK d v quD b* vK UN{dF WOOUMG* luI ÒUH* w qOu UI 5 wzUdN
qO vKF WLOI lHd wzUdN bN U WOzUdNJ eN_ s bbF w dUE c b
wUF bN' U UF nK w UO lODI UO w UF UE w u* uI U*
d UFL w dA bOu
wu vK UHK* qO u
uUI s V% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL wu vK UHK* qOu bM
L1
L2
L3
Lt = L1 + L2 + L3
wu vK UHKL qOu qJ
u vK UHK* qO u
uUI s V% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL u vK UHK* qOu bM
w
Lt
L1
L2
1
1
1
1

L t L1 L 2 L 3
u vK UHKL qOu qJ
L3
dL* UO w nK*

w qJA V WOU b b u dL* UO w nK* uK vK dFK
RL vL
WUI nK qJ
w UNKOK% UN w Vd U bu
UH* bM v WU(
b vK WUD bN oOD vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM
vLEF WLOI t WLO vK v uF dHB WLO s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b
WO WUI* s q WLO vK bLF b WOM d uU s V% UOK
nK*
dHB WLO s uF tb dOG wOUMG U bOu vK nK* qLF WKd* c
UNLO w UI WOJ WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG
uU V WUI* vK oD* bN' U dH wzb UO ubB* bN bI WOzb
dH U
nK* w U* wK_UO b
bN' hUMU nK* vK oD* bN' b b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b U l
WUI* vK oD* bN' bB* bN nK* vK oD*
wd vK oD* bN' `B WLO vK v b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b qB UbM
dH nK*
nKLK wMe XU vL WOzUNM tLO s 63.2% v b w U* UO uu se

= L/R
WF s vDF
WOUU UUI nKLK wMe XU
YO
dMNU UUI nK* Y
U WUI dzbK WO WUI*
UO WLO dI bM WOU WU(

b nK* S pc WOM U& bI* w WU nK* u bu* wOUMG* U* b vI
UO d* WFU2 W
UH* bM WU WU(
b vK dB b vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM
dHB WLO v Uu vLEF WLOI s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b
Uu wOUMG* U* b dOG WKd* c
WOJ WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG
nK* w U* wK_UO b
dHB WLO v u wK UO b hUM dOQ v RO c
nK* w We* WUD

WOU WFU nK* w We* WUD vDF
E=
1
L I
2
nJ* nK* 5 WUI

nK*
nK*U se l dOG WLOI XU tO U* UO U dH U nK* vK bN'
(DC) dU* UOK WMU dB
nK* w UNMe sJ1 WUD s b WOL
dH bI s w nK* w U* UO dOOG sJL* dO s

dHB U tUI wU nK* d vK c UNe tMJ WUD b nK*
nJ* UOU
nJ*U se l dOG WLOI XU WOK bN' d U dHB U nJ* w U* UO
(DC) dU* UOK WMU WuH
nJ* w UNMe sJ1 WUD s b WOL
dH bI s w nJ* vK bN' dOOG sJL* dO s
b WOU tUI wU nJ* d vK UNe tMJ WUD b nJ*
WK
eMO uU hM U vK
nK* WO WLO w dR* quF b
w dO dH v 1 s b w U* UO UN dM 2 UbI WO WOzUdN
w bu* WOJF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V WOU 0.01 WOU wKO 10 bI s
b
pU qK WU nK* b q
b?????????????????????
UM* UOK WOU_ U*
UM* UO dAM b c w (DC) dL* UO l wOz qJA UMKUF WIU b w

UM* UO bu s WOOz uB tOK qB clUB* uO w ULF lzUA
(AC)
tBzUB UdL* UO s UO c eO1 c ULUdNJ Wd WDK bzUF

gUMUM* UO bOu WOHO eO2 hzUB 5M U c vK b c w VO$
uD d d q t WIKF* WOU_ rOUH*
dL* UO s UM* UO eO1 c U

WOU UIM w dL* UO s UM* UO nK
dLL bN bB WOD U V p se dL U WLOI XU dLL UO
qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U U XU dLL UO qJA
jI b U& w d dL* UO qJA
fJFM UML bN bB wd WOD qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U
dLU dOG UML bN UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU VuL sO qJA
d sOL tUd U fJF UdNJ Wd WDK t Ue c UML UO se l
bu WOU w
qJA tUd U& fJF UM* UO qJA
uI w WOdJ bOu dLL UO bu UUD s dLL UO vK qB

bu s WOOz uB tOK qBM UML UO U dL UO v UF UML UO qu
UML UO bOu WOHO UI dAM UdNJ Wd WDK bzUF UML UO
b WuN p UML bN iH ld WOOUMGdNJ uL b sJL
v dF d v u s dLL UO qu eN bF U bI w dzU
U WLE w UML UO UL v c wOzd V u c UHJ WCHM bIF
rUF U lOL w WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI
( Waveforms )
WOu* UJ_
wu* qJA se d0 UO bN' WLO w dOG j/ 5 wUO r s U wu* qJA
b WDu dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA UM sJ1 rOI j s U dL* bN' UOK
bM Wd d UNH rOI bM bN' UO UUO qO UML S qJA w WMO* WDO
qJA w 5 u UL rOI j vK qB u se l bN' UO 5 WF vMM r
dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA qJA
wC dL UO
WUI* d UO lODI UH UMb U

dL UO Wu vK qB u rEM qJA
qJA w 5 u UL WOC
se
w Ub$ w Uu* UJ s bbF UM

wCM dL* UO qJA
Wu* u_ pK 5 sWOzUdNJ b
s uJ w bIF* Uu* UC UM UCM UAM* s Wu WK* Wu* WFd* Wu*WOO'
WHK d bM UuJ* s bbF
UuLK WFzUA UJ_ qJA
UM* UO bOu
bOu dU vK tKL b w UM* UO bu bLF

w d qu w W&UM WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
w 5* jO UM* UO bu uJ wOUMG U
5D 5 u u WU Wd b nK s qJA
ULNOK 5OU e wIK tOUN XK 5OOUMG
U YO 5IK( 5U vK UIeM udJ s UUd
qL 5UdH l WOU WUI XK ULbK WU
jO UM* UO bu qJA
tHB d WU UI U&U U b UbMF bK

ULMO wuM' VDI s dIU U* w qH_ v _
5HBM b w dOQU bu* bN' S cN wULA VDI s dIU vK_ v d tHB d

v R bN' c wu vK 5UD XK u UL U U9 d nBM w dOQU bu* bN' rb
WOudJ dH e wIK d qL( WUI w wzUdN UO ob
tU{ w WKU eM u U nK* Wd lU pOK bN' c bOu r nO d wJ

WHK*
90-0 l{u
U* uD nK* u 5 dH We uJ UbM
wOUMG* U* uD) Wu nK* d Wd uJ
WEK c w dOQ bN UM uJ UNFDI
wOUMG* U* uD lDI b v nK* b U
v qB v UHU bN' c b dOQ bN tO buO
s b d nK* lDI YO W (90) We bM vLEF tLO
qJA
qJA w `{u u UL uL qJA U* uD
180 - 90 l{u
bN' b W
(90)s
b W be UbM
UbM U* uD s q b lDI nK* _ UHU
qJA
d dH bu* dOQ bN' `B W (180) We qB

5 UL wOUMG* U* uD) U u d nK* _ WOU
qJA w
270-180 l{u ?
bN' b W(180) s b W be UbM
c w sJ WOU d U* uD lDI t_ UHU
WMU tOd U& UJF V nK* tOD fJFM WEK
qJA
bM rE_ VU bN' qJA wOUMG* U* uD)

U* uD lDI WDIM c w nK* _ W (270) We
uL qJA
360 - 270 l{u ?

b b UNO b w WDIM u nK* t UbM
5* bN' vMM vb dHB u WOU UHU bN'
WOO Wu qJA YO WOO Wu rU (36) qJA w
qJA
nKLK WKU q bM b
bOu uI dOG UO u UdNJ Wd s lUB* U?M* qB c UF wzUdNJ UO

WOU q w WOO Wu (50) bu wUU bu WOU w d (50) bF0 b dO WOzUdN bu
WMe U W bu WDu WOzUdNJ WUD UD w UM* UO bOu r
td - U2 bOIF d WIOI( w bu* c uJ
Generator Three-Phase Synchronous
w 5D s d b UL wzUdN fOUMG0 rzb fOUMG* b UHK* s d b b

WOO Wu qJ UNK b UM* UO bu bB* ed db c d; Wd V bu*
UOE( dOG tOD WOD t b% Ud UNM d
Frequency
d
U dOG qLA UO bNK WKUJ Wu*

mK v dHB s beU b YO WOEK UNLOI
mK v fUF* U& w beU b p bF dHB v uF v hUM r Vu* vK_ b(
d l WLEM uB jLM c dJ d d dHB v qB v hUM r VU vK_ Ub
UI(f) d(U dK ed( Frequency ) d b WOU w bu* Uu* b vL se
( Hz) .d(U UN ed edO vL bu
90
WOO WuL
nB w 25 qLJ qJA w WMO* WOO' Wu*
WKU b
U Ud S wUU bu WOU w 50 WOU
180
270
360
rEF U w qLF* UM* UO d edO 50

d qLF b* Uu U edO 50 U rUF
tU t q UOzuA d c q UO sJ r edO
WOO' Wu* qJA
uI dO d bF t b; WLOI s d UH
UbM 5FK WuK uB U FDI u{ wDF wKOH UB*
UO qI w Wb* _ WUI UH v R d UH UL edO 40 v d iHM

UM*
Wu 25
WOU nB
qJA
edON UHUC b c b WOU d b UB ueHK ud U w

WO
edO 1000 (KHz) edO uKO
edO 1000,000 = (MHz) edO UGO
edO 1000,000,000 (GHz) edO UO
d(U UN ed b se r UM* UOK bu b UNdG w WOMe dH vK oKD
(f)d uKI U T
T=
1
f
WF cN d_ qJA

f=
1
T
b se qJA
U????????????????
Wu* b se V edO U UdNJ Wd t Ue c UM* UO d

UO c
q????????????????(
T=
1
f
T=
1
50
= 0.02 S
U????????????????
Ud V WOU 0.0166 WOU wKO 16.6 U b UNM WOO Wu
q????????????????(
f=
T=
1
T
1
0.0166
= 60 HZ
UO bNK WOO' Wu* UUO
r cN wL b wO UM bN u UdNJ Wd bu t Ue c wzUdNJ bN'

VO vMM qJA YO s l seK WMU bN' dOG
W Wb WE( bM WOuH WLO s dOF sJ1 c We
vLEF WLOI
WOEK rOI
V() = Vm SinWO WFU b
YO
0
90
180
270
360
b W bM bNK WOEK WLOI V()

bN' Wu* vLEF WLOI Vm
b W VO Sin
w bN UNGK WLO vB UM s WF s
WOO' Wu* qJA
uJ b U U U uJ UbM UNO qBVm
dH U UbM dH U uJ UbM dHB mK bN WLO S pc (90 ) WU
qB UbM (1-) U U UbM uJ bNK WU vLEF WLOI U (180 ) (
0
(270 )v
t se We Wd Wb WOM WE bM bN WLO s dOF sJL pc
V(t) = Vm Sint
WO WFU
WFU vDFbu WOU w Wu* UNKLJ w WKUJ b b w We Wd
= 2F
edONU d F YO
bNK WUML WOO WuL

wJ WLOI w dLU dOG UO
dC sL dQ WOO Wu UI
d bu WU rOI iF dF
Amplitude U bb bb WHK
qJA sO WOO WuL

U uO d_ W dD
UO bNK WOO' Wu* UUO qJA

(Maximum Value)
WU w
(Vm )d_U
vLEF WLOI
bN' WU w UN ed UO bN' UNGK w uBI WLOI w
vL (Im ) UO
WOO Wu* vLEF WLOI qJA 5 (Peak Value) c WLOI UC
UdNJ Wd t Ue c UM* bNK vLEF WLOI WU Wu* WLOI v dHB j s UI
Xu 311 mK
(Peak to Peak Value)
WLI v WLI
d_U bN' WU w UN ed WU WLI v Wu* WLI s WOO' Wu* U s dF w
v WLI s WLOI S dHB j) WMU dUM WUM* WOO' Wu* U0 (IP-P) UO WU w (VP-P)
vLEF WLOI nF{ U WLI
vLEF WLI 2 WLI v WLI WLO
(Average Value)
WDu* WLOI
nB b vK WOEK rOI s WuL cQ WKUL* UB_ UuLK WLOI c U(

Wu* wHBM rOI c U b w V UMOF b vK UNLI rOI c lL$ jI Wu
uL U Wu* rOI uL dH U WU( c w WOEK rOIK d' uL* u
WO WFU vLEF UNLO Wb WOO' WuLK WDu* WLOI V% WU rOI
x 0.637 WDu* WLOI

2
V(av) =
x Vm = 0.637 x Vm
vLEF WLOI
(Iav) d_U UOK WDu* WLOIK ed UL (Vav) d_U bN' WDu* WLOIK ed
(Effective Value)
WUFH WLOI
5 b w dL* bN' UO s UNH WLOI qUI UN_ r cN WUFH WLOI XOL bI

bN' Ubu w Wd( bI U Wd b WUI w bu c dL* bN' UO WLO UN
UO cQ s tOK qB c UM* bNK vLEF WLOI uI p vK UL UM* UO
UNODF w Wd( bI s tH bI* jCU wDF bN' c Xu (311) U eM* w UF
eM* w UM* bNK WUFH WLOI S wUU Wd d fH X%dL* bN' s Xu(220)
Xu (220) U
WO WFU WOO' WuLK WUFH WLOI vDF
vLEF WLOI x 0.707
vLEF WLOI
WUFH WLOI
Wu w WOEK rOI ld ju* wFOd c' WId bU U O{U
0.707
qUF 5F
(Root Mean Square Value :RMS). UFd* ju c WLO r WUFH WLOI vK oKD cWKU
WUF* b V p bM vLEF WLOI v WUFH WLOI qu% UMeK U UU

WUFH WLOI x 1.414 WUFH WLOI x
vLEF WLOI
U????????????????
WLO XO eM* w UF UO cQ s UNOK qB w UM XuH (220) WLO
bN' cN vLEF WLOI V WUFH bN'
q????????????????(
WUFH WLOI x1.414 vLEF WLOI
220 x 1.414 =
Xu
311 =
WLOI(IRMS ) d_U UN edO UOK WUFH WLOI U ( VRMS) d_U bNK WUFH WLOIK ed
WLOI c fOI UO bNK UOI eN rEF UL WOKLF UO( w Ub d_
(Phase Angle)
E1
E2
uD W
bNK WOO' Uu* w W rOI

d U w UdOG sJ1 w UM* UO
90
w WOzUdNJ Ub b u uDU uD

0
90
180
270
360
d Wu vK Wu UN dQ bI
sbu UMb dHM uD uNH Ò{u
buLU UML bN bOu UUL sOKUL
qJA
buL S Ub UM qJA w sOL

dHM 1 buL UN U w Wd fHM (2) buL S Ub se s d d bF (1)
sO b W w d UM uJO (2) buL U UbM (90) UbI W d d 1 buL
1 buL UNM w WOO WuL uI sJL pc WOM WE w (90) UbI sbuL
2(E2 ) buL Wu (90) UbI We buL UNM w WOO WuL vK (Leads) bI
W sbuLK bN wu (19)qJA w sO 90 UbI We (E1) buL Wu vK ( Lags)dQ

U WOO Uu l (16) qJA w 5 d uD d W uNH Ò{u ULNMO uD d
UNMO ULO nK ULMO b d
uDU
ldL Wu* UMb
S d_ Uu* UNF UIM
w UU9 UNF WIH uJ Wu*

j lDI UNS ? Wu* U uD
(90)bI0
Wu* s dQ dHB
s dQ ? Wu* UI cJ
(90) UbI We Wu*
j lDI Wu* S dO
?
UbI We Wu* bF dHB
dQ Wu* UI c (180)
(180)UbI We Wu* s
Wu* uI sJ1 UL

Wu* l uD w U U9 fUF
qJA
WK
WOU rOI V qJA w WMOL WOO WuL v udU
vLEF WLOI
WDuL WLOI
WUFH WLOI
WLI v WLI WLO
vLEF UNLO V Xu (240) U WUFH UNLO WOO bN Wu

WLOI V Xu (311) U UdNJ Wd t Ue c UML bNK vLEF WLOI
bN cN WUFH
WuL b se V edO U UdNJ Wd t Ue c UML UO

UO c
WuL cN b se V edO Ud Wu
WuL cd V WOU [U b UNM Wu
b?????????????????????
UM* UO
WO( WuF WFUL*
rEFL lUB* UM* w WOuO UMUO w WOzUdNJ bIK bOKI bB* u d* bN' bB
t W b t (AC) d bN bB vK qLFK WLLB WOzUdNJ UL_
w bbU UMA se vK bLF UNCF WOOUMG* vK tKL w bLF UL_ c s dO
UNCF nK* WFO t UNCF q WUI* WFO UN WOzUdNJ UL_ lOL XO qLK lU nJ
nJ* WFO t d
WHK WOzUdN UL qJA

(Re- WKUH*U vL?? UF 5M nJ nK vK u% dz w wzUdNJ UO Ud?? W{UF
vL?? WUI vK u% UO dz w wzUdNJ UO Ud?? WOKJ W{UF* _ UNb actance)
UNb (Impedance) tFUL*U
(Inductive Reactance) WO( WKUH*

UF WOJ WF u nK* ZMO UO c dOG UbM jI wzUdNJ UO Ud vK nK* dR
w nK* dL pc XU qJA dLU wzUdNJ UO dOG dOG* UO dz w UO w dOOG
XL edU UN ed WO( WKUH*U vL W{UF* c tUd UF WOJ WF u U
vK WO( WKUH* bLF
dMNU nK* WLO
WOU WFU vDF d
XL = 2
fL
XL = 2
3.14
d nK* WLO
nKLK WO( WKUH* d ULKJ
U????????????????
UO bI V 50Hz d 10Vp-p bI bN bB l q 10 mH tO nK

tO U* UFH
iL
V= 10VP-P
f= 50Hz
q????????????????(
XL = 2
L=mH
fL
= 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10 x 10 -3
= 3.14
qJA
nK* w U* UO WLO U uU b r WO( WKUH* WLO WdF bF

I=
Vrms
XL
V rms =
I=
V p-p
2
3.536
3.14
10
2
= 3.536 v
= 1.13 A
WO( dzb w UO bN' 5 WF

w WU; WLO V p dQ sJ WO( dzb w bN' tO dOG c Xu fHM UO dOG
WE( uBI tLOI UO qB bN' tO dOG c Xu fHM UO dOG jI WUI vK u% dz
Imax =
Vmax
R
uBI tLOI bB* bN u

bN' d
UO
R
se
qJA
uD UNK/ lOD UMMJ tOO tu WOUO UNUOMM0 UO uN' qOL UML v
UN*U vL WLOI* uD) c UJOUJO* w uI q9 UL UU9 WOKJ WLOI V WLOI
t WOLJ c bI t* u q1 YO u WOL qOL b rOI j tU t* dF
rOI j) WMU tu* c t bI q9
V
wK UL UN*U UO bN' 5 WF qO9 sJ1
w UL W UbI We bN' s UO dQ jI UHK vK u% w WO( dzb w

qJA
VL , iL
90 V
L
iL
iL
L
0
t
180
360
qJA
V
90
wK UL UN*U nK* UO bN' 5 WF qO9 sJ1
s dG dH s d We bN' s UO dQ pc UUI vK u% UHK* lOL

Ub w qB YO WO( WKUH* ULK We c be WUI* ULK We c qI YO
dH WUI* WLO uJ UbM v vK_
(Phase Shift) t We We c vL
45
bN' d
XL=10
UO vMM
V
R=10
qJA
WUI* l WO( WKUH* U p W W uJ dzb w

p uUO WdE vK ULU p r nK WUI WO( dzbK WOKJ WFUL* U(
XL
Z=
R2 + XL2
WO( WKUH* WUI* 5 uu
5 t W dzb w U* UFH UO WLO b WIU dzb w UDF* rOI vK ULU

UO bB* WN
dzbK WOKJ WFUL* WLO U r
Z = R2 + XL2 =
200 = 14.1421
wKJ UO WLO U uU b r

V=ZxI
I=
I=
V
Z
10
= 0.71 Amp
14.1421
(Phase shift) t We ULNMO We vL bN' s UO dQ WO( dzb w
= tan-1
XL
R
= tan-1
10
= 45
10
WuF WKUH*
q
v
d bN d vK u{u nJ 5 wU rd
bB* bN WLO l ULz VUM nJ* d vK WMA

qJA
q = Cv
UM nJLK dzb w s UO d1 YO bB* bN w rzb dOG l nJ* WM WLO dOG

bB* bN hUM UM nJLK dzb w mdH UO d1 bB* bN be
WLOI w dOG rz d* bB* bN U0

bB* bN l VUM nJ* WM U0 U&
V
Vm
sA UOKL wu V dzb w d UO d1

V(t)
UNKu mdH
q = Cv
dq
dt
cdv
i =
dt
i =
qJA
bN' qO9 sJ1 se l bN' WLO dOG YO WOO tu s U u dOG* UO U UIU UMLKF
VO' Wb
V(t) = Vm sin t
d v(t)
= Vm cos t
dt
d v(t)
i(t) = c
dt
i(t) = c Vm cos t
Im = c vm
Vm
Xc=
Im
U UI nJLK WuF WKUH* s U w Xc

Xc =
2fc
ULKJ d vK WuF WKUH* bLF pc WuF WKUH* XK nJ* WF ULK tQ k
WuF WKUH* XK d
WuF dzb w UO bN' 5 t* WF

bN' UO o YO UU9 WO( dzb fJF w WuF dzb w UO bN' 5 W W
UbI We
90
IC
I
V
90
V
90
270
qJA
u% dz 5 d We bN' UO o pc (R) WUI* s qOK b UM WuF dzb w

. 90 UbI t We jI nJ vK u% dz dH U W W jI WUIvK
0
45 UbI We bN' UO o WuF WKUH* l WUI* U UbM

45
v
R=10
XC=10
qJA
WUI* 5 UbI W uu uUO WdE vK ULU p r WOKJ WFUL* U(

WuF WKUH*
Z=
R 2 + X C2
XC
U????????????????
10V U bB* bN U WIU dzb w
dzb w U* wKJ UO WLO b
UO bN' 5 W W b
q????????????????(
dzbK WOKJ WFUL* U r
Z=
R2 + XC2 =
200 = 14.142
uU vK ULU
V=ZI
I=
V
Z
10
14.142
= 0.71 Amp
UbI We bN' o UO U WuF dzb U0

= tan-1
XC
R
= tan-1
10
= 45
10
XL
Z=
R2 + (XL - XC)2
XC
dOG* UO dz w bI

uC d( q WUD UJ s d qJ v u WU WUI w tJKN* bI
bF s U w (P) edU UN ed (True/ Active
power)
WOIOI( bIU wL bBLK ld
U nK w wOUMG U qJ vK We* WUD qL v d bN bB s WUD UI

tUFH dO WUDU WUD c vL tU& UO dOG UbM bBLK uF nJ `zUH vK wzUdN
(Q) edU UN ed (Reactive/ Imaginary power) WOUO)
WdUE bIU vL (Q) tUFH dO (P) WUFH bIK t lL s U wN WOKJ bI U
(S) edU UN ed (Apparent power)
WOIOI( bI
t v WOzUdNJ WUD c u qL v d bN bB s WOzUdNJ WUD UI bF w
WOzUdNJ bI u wzUdNJ U p vK UL wJOUJO wzu{ d WUDK d
d v UU9
+
I
0
Time
PP =VP x IP
Pav =Veff x Ieff
qJA
WOEK bIK wMe bF* U U w d v Wu* WJKN* WOIOI( bI

P=VI
bBLK UFH bN' V

qL( w U* UOK WUFH WLOI I
wJOUJO* UB( bu pc UI (Watt) u UNUO b
U????????????????
10A bI UO d1 220 v vK qLF U w WJKN* WOIOI( bI b
q????????????????(
P=VI
= 220 x 10
= 2200 watt
WOUO) WUFH dO bI

bB l UNKOu bM nK* nJ*U WUD se se WOU UN WOzUdNJ dUMF iF
s d tu UNKu% U U Wd w qL( bB* 5 WOzUdNJ WUD qIM d bN
dBMF dFO F pKN bI sJ wzUdN bN UM uJ qL( bB* 5 UO d1 WUD
WOUO b WU( c w UOK WKUH WLOIU bNK WKUH WLOI d{ qU dF UOL L
(Q) edU UN ed WOIOI XO
(VAR) UFH dO dO XuH UNUO b
Q=V
bBLK UFH bN' V

nJ* nK* w U* UOK WKUH WLOI I
WdUE bI
IT
IR
IC
w WOIOI( bI U bU sJ1 WUF WU( w

bN d{ qU U qL( c UNu UNJKN
VT
nJ vK qL( c u bI qL( UO bB*

vL pc WU e WKO UF 5M nK
WdUE bIU WUF WU( w S = VT IT dC qU
qJA
dO XuH w UNUO b

P=V
IR U Vd* qL( v bB* s tKIM* WOIOI( bI UC `{u s
r bB* s WU tOL cU nJ* wHJ ULMO dzb w bIK pKN* dBMF w WUI* uJ
tKIM* bI q1 rd c S = VT IT U dzb w WdUE bI WUI*U dJ qJA UNU
sLC IT UO p IR WUI* w U* UO s d bB* w U* IT UO lu vK WIOI
nJLK dJ mdH sA UO WUI* UO WU{U
IC
UO bB* bN 5 WOOU& WF 5 wU rd

IT
dzb w U* wKJ UO nJ* UO WUI*

IT =
IR
qJA
VT
IR2 + IC2
=tan-1
XC
R
`{u s uUO WdE vK ULU

IR = IT Cos
IC= IT Sin
b$ iuFU
:WOIOI( bI
P = VT IR
= VT IT Cos
:WOUO) bI
Q = VT IC
= VT IT Sin
:WdUE bI
S = VT IT
bI qUF0 We c U9 VO vL dzbK wKJ UO bB* bN 5 We w
We
WU wH WOzUdNJ dzb UuJ vK bI qUF wUU We c WLO bLF (PF=Cos
P = V I WUFH bI uJ 1=
U U dH
YO WU* WUI*
nJ* WU w dH tUFH bI uJ dH U W90 YO nK* WU w

dH tUFH bI uJ dH U W 90
dzb XU UbI t UI Ò bu dHB 5 Wd* dzb w bI qUF WLO d
p `{u wU rd WO dzb XU dU WuF
IL= I sin
S=
IR= I cos
QL= V I sin
P= V I cos
IC= I sin
QC= V I sin
S=
IR= I cos
WO dz UbI We bN' s dQ UO qJA
nK* w tUFH dO bI fUF nJ* w tUFH dO bI U WOU& WF k

U c UN nJ WU{U dzb w nKLK tUFH dO bI s hK WuN sJ1 tU ZM p s
Ò bu s t d bI qUF 5 vL
Series RLC circuit wu vK nJ nK WUI qO u

bN' s dQ UO WO( dzb w nJ nK WUI vK VUG w u% dOG* UO dz
0
WKUH* 5 We U tOK 90 UbI We bN' UO o ZuF dzb w UbI We
wGK 5KUH* s U pc 180 w tuF WKUH* WO(

XL
UNM e d
90
90
dOG* dU dz w
XL = XC XU WUI dz
XC
XL > XC
XU WO dz
XC > XL XU WuF dz
qJA
UNb w WFULLK WOzUNM WKB; w WOzUdNJ b WFU2

(Z)
XC
XL
edU UN ed UN wzUdNJ UO d* b pK dUM
sJ1 tU uUO WdE vK ULU _ bu UI

WUF* V tOKJ tFUL* U
Z=
R2 + (XL - XC)2
qJA
uU V UO WLO wDF

V=ZI
I=
V
Z
UO bNK UFH rOI w V, I YO
U????????????????
dzb w U*UO WLO WOKJ WFUL* b
q????????????????(
2F
WuF WO( 5KUH* U r WOKJ tFUL* U

5mH
IK
XL = 2
=2x
FL
x 50 x 5 x 10-3
= 1.571
qJA
XC =
=
1
2 FC
2x
x 50 x 2 x 10-6
= 1591.55
Z =
R2 + (XL - XC)2
(1000)2 + (1.571 - 1591.55)2
(1000)2 + (-1589.98)2
1000000 + 2528033.22
Z =
3528033.22 = 1878.31
XL=1.571
90
90
XC > XL p bN' o UO WuF dzb
dzb w U* UFH UO WLO U r uU bU
R = 1000
I=
XC=1591.55
V
220
=
= 0.117 A
Z
1878.31
qJA
(Electrical resonance)
5d
UU UU WUD UI WKL lu w wMF u vK 5uu nJ nK 5 5d dU

ULNMO
IL
XL
Vf
IC
XC
V
IL
qJA
IC
IL
UO U nJL dBK dzb c qO9
IC
nK* UO s d UNO nJ*

IT
V
IL
s d UNO nK* UO uJ UbM nKL dBK qO9

qJA
nJ* UO
IC
UbM WOzUN WUIL WOU* WU( w dBK qO9
UOzUN bB* w UO d1 YO nJ* nK* UO U

(Resonance) 5dU WU( c vL WuH dz
IT
IC
c nK* UO nJ* UO U WU w 5d WU
IL
sJ1 UNM nJ* WFU2 nK* WFU2 U wUU wMF
qJA
5d d WLO U
XL = 2
fL
XL = XC
4
f=
XC =
1
2
fL=
fC
1
2
fC
2 2
f LC=1
1
LC
UO U bM UM 5d WU b% qJA w UL nJ* nK* l u vK WUI qOu bM

U w UNO WUILK jI WUJ dzb uJ iF ULNCF UC* ULNUU& dE nJ* UO nK*
.ZT = R 5d
IC
Vf
XC
XL
IR
IL
qJA
IR2 + (IL - IC)2
IT =
uUO WdE vK ULU

V
V
V
, IL =
, IC=
R
XL
XC
IR
IT2
= IR2 + (IL IC )2
IT2
IT2
V2
I2
V
I
ZT
V2
V
1 2
+(
)
2
XL
XC
R
1
1
1 2
+(
))
2
R
XL
XC
1
=
1
1 2
1
+(
)
2
XL XC
R
= V2 (
1
1 ( 1 - 1 )2
R2
XL XC
1
1
1
+(
-2
2 FL
R2
FC)2
wU rdU 5 u UL Ub$ bB* d WMU WFUL* dOOG b bM
ZT=R
f
qJA
f (Hz)
5d d bM R w UN WLO vB_ qB b ULz WFUL* U k

f=
1
2
LC
b U b qUF bM 5d uJ YO bI qUF 5% dz 5d dz vK WK_ s

bB* d sJ2 UO q d1 dzb w WOIOI( WUILK jI WU WOKJ WFUL* uJ Ò
bI qUF 5%
QC(VAR)
WOU UE* d c s b Wb
90
90
WUFH dO bI fUF nJLK WUFH dO bI

P(w)
d_ wGK 5bI s U pc nKLK
QL(VAR)
UNM e
qJA
wU uM vK bI UF WU sJ1 tU V = IR uU vK ULU

P = I2 R ,
P=
V2
(Watt)
R
Q = I2 X ,
Q=
V2
(VAR)
X
S = I2 Z ,
S=
V2
(VA)
Z
nK WUI0 UNKO9 sJ1 Ud; UuB WO UL WOzUdNJ UL_ rEF
qL
wKJ UO wKJ bN' 5 We U9 VO WLO V p 0.1 5 bI qUF WLO d
vMF0 nK* w WFzUC bI WLO XK Ò 1 s bI qUF d ULKJ WO( dzbK
%85 U b qUF WOKJ bI s %40 WFzU{ b wDF %60 U bI qUF
qC ULN WOKJ bI s %15 WFzU{ b wDF

u lUB* w WFzUC WOzUdNJ WUDK dOu p bI qUF 5 WU( d UM s
WOuO UMUO w Wb* WO( UL_ s p dO v
WU{ od s r bI qUF 5%
sJ w( qL( l u vK nJ
L=160mH
220V
50Hz C
tU{ Vu nJ* c WF w U

qLK
RL=60
U* bM R c vK WU
wU
qJA
0.95 v tF bI qUF 5 dzbK tU{ Vu nJ* tF b
S1
RL2 + XL2
ZT =
QL
XL = 2
x 50 x 160 x 103 = 50.27
(60)2 + (50.27)2 = 78.28
ZT =
qJA
FL = 2
VT
220
=
= 2.81 Amp
ZT
78.28
IT =
S1 = VT IT = 220 x 2.81 = 618.2 (VA)

QL = I2 XL = (2.81)2 x 50.27 = 396.94 (VAR)
P1 = I2 R = (2.81)2 x 60 = 473.77 W
5 q bK bI qUF U r UNO

Cos
P
473.77
=
= 0.77
S
618.2
QT=QL- QC
QL
S1
QL QC
qJA
Cos
= 0.95
5 bF dOG r WOIOI( bI U0

P2 = P1 = 473.77 w
P2
S2
Cos
=
2
S2 =
P2
Cos
Z2 =
473.77
= 498.71 (VA)
0.95
=
2
P22 + QT2
QT = QL - QC
498.71 =
QT =
(473.772 + QT2
(473.77)2 + (473.77)2 = 155.74 (VAR)
QT = QL - QC
155.74 = 396.94 - QC
QC = 396.94 155.74 = 241.2 (VAR)
220 V U bB* bN U nJ* bN U
V2
QC =
XC
V2
XC =
QC
(220)2
= 200.66
XC =
241.2
=
2x
bB* l u vK uu nJ* U0
1
x 50 x 200.66
XC =
1
2 FC
= 1.586 x 10-5 F = 15.86 F
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ u;
v s (AC) dOGL WOzUdNJ bI qIM UNUu w WOzUdNJ eN_ s uL bF

w UO bN iH l WOUJ l sOHK sO UL wOUMGdNJ dOQ od s d
vK WOU b w bN l vK qLF sJLbI w U W bI uL ULWOU b
lDU Ò fJFtF ouL b w UO UH U
WOL
YO s uL nK UL UHKLK UL dOQ b vK uL qL bLF
Wb L WL C uL sO d d v s UNUu UNKI sJL w WOzUdNJ bI
b dOGB uL (MW) UGOLU UI b qIM w WOzUdNJ W UD lu qI UJ w
iF qJA sO (mW) wKOLU UI dOG b qIM w UB eN w Wb L
uLK WFzUA UJ
uLK WFzUA UJ qJA
dI b UN w WOzUdNJ eN_ w Wb L uL sO UL dOQ b c UM

u s U lC v bu u sO U d
(Mutual Inductance)
U* dOQ
w sO u UL
t U d nK w dOQ?U bN bu nK w wOUMGL UL dOG UbM
dOG UO bBL (L1) wzb nKL q S UL dOQ rU dF dUE c qJA
w UL UO b dOG V h UM uLM YO U C dOG wOUMG U nKL c u bu
qOGA w tM UH dOQU bN tO bu (L2) uU nKL dU dOGL UL c uI nKL
wzUdN
qL
wzb nK*
uU nK*
L1
L2
wzUdN
qL
50 Hz
wOUMG* U* uD
U* dOQ qJA
(L2) uU nK* v (L1)
wzb nK* s XKI WOzUdNJ W UD uI sJ1 pc
wOUMG UBU p s iOF YO rNMO dU wzUdN

UB
dOQ uJO dMN wc dOQU WU) bu fHM 5HK 5 U* dOQ bI UI
nK* wd 5 Xu 1 b bN bu b dM qJA w 5*(L2) (L1) 5HK* 5 U*
.(L1) wzb nK* w WOU w b dO
UF UO WLO dOG WO (L2) uU
WO dDU 5HK 5 U* dOQ U sJ1

ULNMO WKUH WU* qOKI
YO 5u ULu uJ YO 5HK* l{
tO bUF c l{u w UL dOQ bFM
d UbM dUE c s UHsOHKL u
d nKL wOUMGL UL dOQ s nK WUL
qJA tM Vd
R sOHKL sO WKUH WUL qOKI qJA
UL dOQ U v
bN e YO ULNM qJ UHK b U

wOUMG U l nKL lUI WO buL
sOF
U dOQ bu sbUF 5HK* u :qJA
dOQ e?? YO5HK* 5 qUH ju u??

WOOUMG WUI j b bM UL
U?? W??I?d?? q??J? A? s??O?? b??b???U??
W??O?U??
U qJA bb VK WDu UL dOQ
UO Ud s ZUM wOUMGL ULK qB
.(L1)wzb nKL w wzUdNJ
j b bM U* dOQ e :qJA
bb(U
WOU WOOUMG WUH
(Coupling Coeffcient)
jd qUF
q
UM{d S d nKLK wOUMG* U*U 5HK* b UH dQ b v jd qUF dOA
U bu U jd qUF UI tS d_ UH q
l lUI 5HK* b_ wOUMG* U* uD
WU( w d nK*U WU) UHK q
l wOUMG* U* uD lOL UNO lUI w WU( w
WUF*U WU( c w U* dOQ vDF ÒB bu s q jd qUF uJ WUF
M=K
K=
L1L2
M
L1L2
YO
dMNU 5HK* 5 U* dOQ =M
dMNU _ nKLK wc dOQ L1
dMNU wU nKLK wc dOQ L2
ÒB bu s qI dA d
u wOUMG* jd qUF K
qI U vbb VK b w bI u iF w 0.99 0.98 jd qUF WLO d
wzu VK b w Wud u; iF w 0.01 0.05s
u; VOd
nK (AC)dOGL UO bBL qu (Primary Winding)wzb nK s wzUdNJ uL uJ
vK sOHKL n r qJA w sO u UL
wzUdNJ qLU qu (Secondary Winding)uU
bN WLO iH l w uL b ULNMO UL dOQ s beO (Iron Core)bb VK
WUK U F buL wzUdNJ
u; VO
d qJA
bb( VKI
rK 0,35 UNM q
pL mK d WU U gOuU UNzD eF bb ozU s uJ
ULK xB U qJA UNMO WOzuN uH s bK u qJA UF ozU d c lL UdI
Wbb uKI rOI sJL uLK wzb nKL w wzUdNJ UO Ud s ZUM wOUMGL
w WOU u W v
(Closed Core)
oKG* bb( VKI
ULK U IKG U qJA wuJOK bb `zUH s lMB qJA WKOD WIK s U
nK sOU sOHB v wzb nKL rI uL wHK sO wOUMGL jd Ue wOUMGL
U pc
d_ wU c vK wU nBM nK _ wU c vK _ nBM
uU nKLK WMU
(Shell Core) dAI bb( VKI
c vK UHKL nK YO qJA s `C UL
We WOOUMG uM c b

VOd rUHKL cN U DO bb VKI uJ WODu
vK uU wzb sOHKL s
wzb nKL sO wOUMGL jd be dAI VKI bO qJA UNCF s WeF W UF UI qJ
uL UH
U v R UL uU nKL
dAI bb( VKI qJA
wIK( VKI ?
YO uL UHK UNu nK db WIK qJ vK uJ
v uU d??D? U??H? q??b?? v?? w??zb??? d??D? UH uJ
wIK uL X qJA `{u UL
UN WDO U?? ?
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Transformer)
wIK uL u qJA sO wd

wIK( u; qJA
u; WUF
bB0 wzb nK* wd q S sU 5HK 5 U* dOQ dU vK u; qL bLF

nK*U dOG* UO d s "UM dOG* wOUMG* U* U qJA w dNE UL
VPWUM* WOuHK
UbI uU nK* wd 5 WUM WOu bOu w V U2 uU nK* POze POK
lDIO wzb
uU nK* wd 5 uu* wzUdNJ qL(U wzUdN
UO Ud v R (VS)
wUU WLOI XU dL* UO _ dL* UO vK qLF wzUdNJ u; d
cU db'
U ZM
W
d( u dOQU wzUdNJ UO bOu U OU U d bIH tMJ U C U U U OOUMG
WOM
nK* UH b 5 WM dOOGWUK PF UM* bN' u iH ld Q
u; b
iH sJ1 uB cN uU nK* w dOQU bu* bN' bI dOOG sJ1 uU nK* wzb
b W UNQ UHK b W ndF sJ1 WLz UH b W b U UM* bN' bI l
(NP)wzb nK* UH b v NS uU nK* UH
NS
NP
UHK b W
qb bN d) bN 5 WM bN' W U UHK b W U sJ1

= NS
VS
VP
NP
YO
VP
wzb nK* WOu bN
VS
uU nK* WOu bN
NP
wzb nK* UH b
NS
uU nK* UH b
U bu s d
UHK W wzb nK* UH b s d
uU nK* UH b uJ UbM
bN' l u0 u; dF UHK b W WUM uB bN' ld uI u;
u;
bN Q WH (1000) s uU nK* uJ ULMO WH (100) s wzb nK* uJ qJA w 5*
.(1000\100=10) wzb nK* bN UF{ dA uJO uU nK*

nK* UH b?? U??

wzb UH b?? s q?? uU
Q b??? s?? q?? U??H?K? W
u??B? b??N? ' iH u??I? u?? ;
dF UHK b W WUM
bN' iH u0 u;
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qJA w?? 5???* u?? ;
s w?? zb?? ? ? n??K? * u??J? ?
uU nK* uJ ULMO WH100
nK* bN U jI UH 10 s
n??K?* b??N? d??A? u??J? O? u??U???
.(100\ 10 =0,1) wzb
qu W YO s u; qJA
WUFL uU nKL w bIK WU wzb nKL w bI uJ wUL uL w
w wUL uL w uU nKL b wzb nKL b sO jd w
PP PS
S UOU bN d{ qU WU bI UL

VP IP VS IS
b W F c s
VS
VP
IP
IS
YO
wzb nKL UO IP
uU nKL UO IS
uLK WUF WUFL vK qB WIU UFL jd
NS
NP
VS
VP
IP
IS
bI WU d b vI YO UO iH wGM bN ld c uL d

cU db
UHK b WM bN WM W
UF uJ UO W Q cqb
U??????????????
nKL bN WH 40 uU nKL UH b WH 400 wzb nKL UH b iH u
uU nKL bN V Xu 220 wzb
NS
V
= S
NP
VP
NS
VS =
x VP
NP
40
VS =
x 220
400
VS = 22V
q????????????????(
WH NP= 400
WH NS= 40
Xu VP=220
VS = ?
U????????????
wzb nKL UO V dO 2 uU nKL UO Xu 12220 iH u
VS
=
VP
IS
IP
V
IP = IS x S
VP
12
IP = 2 x
220
IP = 0.11A
q????????????????(
Xu VP=220
Xu VS= 12
dO IS= 2
IP= ?
u; UH
V wUL uL w wzb nKL w bI U uU nKL w bI U IU Ud
V cN Wd W U v WOzUdNJ W UD s e t u c uL w bIH UL u p

bI v uL s WU bI sO WM tO WKb bI s q uL d vK bI uJ
WO W FU UHJ vDF UHJ vb tO WKb
100% x
WU) bI
UHJ
WKb bI
98%v 95% s UNUH

d YO WOUF UHJ WOzUdNJ s uL dF
wQ UL
uL w bIH bb sJL
bb( bIH
UO w WUB UO s uIHL vK qLA bb VKI w QAM c bIH u

UO iOH sJL uL VK d W UH v R bb VKI w dOQU bu WOzUdN
bb WUI l R UL UNCF s WeF WIO Wu `zUH s uL VK qOJA WUB
qJA w `{u u UL
UB UO Ud
VK VK
`zUH s uJ VK
WOU WUB UO
q WUB UO
WUB UO qJA
d WOU WOuH u s dO
w WOOUMG uKI
(Ferrites ) UdHU dF u UC b
WO{d WOUM s u dF UNMJ bbK WNUA WOOUMG u UN WOe u w UdH
WCH M UB UO WLO YO dOG XdH s uMBL VKI w uIHL bI `B wUU
wu dO ULFU WuN dJK qU g UL s uM c
wUM bIH
WOzb uL UHK _ WUL WUIL V uLK WOUM UHKL w QAM c bIH u
qJA k UO b ld l U d VUM bIH c WuU
u; _ WU* WUI* V uIH* bIqJA
u; u
bI u
uJ WOdJ eN_ w WcG b qb w b

(220V/UF bN iH tM bN bb VKI uM s
sJL wdJ UN WU V p WUM WLO vAC)

uLK uU dD s d YO uU nK s d
b
qJA k WHK UOu
UHK* bF u;qJA
220V
110V
T1
e d bF bI u iF
WcG vK UGU UL U??O?z b??? UHKL
sO qJA Xu 220 Xu 110
220V
SA
0V
110V
WOM WOuLF WcG WOu V ML WOuL

SA WOd wzUM VDI wzUM UH U?? vK
U UHL TU b tuM V
220V
110V
nKL d v UFU R WOuLF WcG WOu
SB
110V
110V
Common
0V
WOuLF WcG V M* WOu/ qJA
WcG b uLK wzb
(Auto-Transformer)
wc u;
_ WOL
du UL uU wzb sOU sO dA b nK s wc uL uJ
tHK
t tL iH WKLFL WOUM
uL VO
d () qJA `??{u??
IP
nKL e qLO iU wc
uU nKL ? e wzb
IS
e qL YO wc uL rLB

qL (IP)bBL UO ? dAL dO
bBL UO sO dH ? dAL e

wc u; qJA
IP-IS qL UO
UNd o w WUF uL WUF dO
c V ld wc uL VO
d qJA `{u UL
WuKDL qu W uJ UbM WOuH iH ld wc uL b wc uL vK U C oDM
d{ dO uU wzb UHKL sO wzUdNJ eF uJ UbM WFHd dO
UO u
UO eN l UO u b
iH bN dOL_ UML UO
WLO v?? tUO dL UML UO WLO
eF b UL
UNUO qN WUM
WOUF WOuH s UOI UN
s qJA w UL
UO u uJ
OK tUH b uJ wzb nK
WU
vK nKL c?? q??u?? d??O??
tJK lDI
UO u qJA
nKL U UO UO dL qL j wu

lDI WU dO
tUH b uJO uU
UO UO UN qu dOG tJK
(Isolation Transformer) eF u
WOuLF WOzUdNJ WJA s bFL eN_ iF eF WUOB U w uL c b

wzb nKL WOuH WU uU nKL WOu uJ qLF UM w WOzUdNJ UbB UH
buK WU WOuH qu W
(Matching Transformer) oOu u
v_ bK d WUI WFUL sO oOu vK qLF YO U F sOOzU dN

sO jd qLF
dHM W UD s b vB qI ULC WOU bK qb WFUL
u r C UMb bu t
u b V p bM 8 UNFUL WUL l tK bd 4300 U td WFUL
sOFULL sOU oOu WUM UH W
dJ
WUL
u??J? U??b??M? b?? ? v?? B? ? q??I? ? M?

bB* WUI* WU qL( WUI
WLzu u
oOu uqJA
WOU WUFLU b vBI qIM W uL UH W vDF

NP
NS
ZP
ZS
YO
wzb nKLU uuL UN d WFUL
uU nKLU uuL UN q WFUL
wK UL
b vBI qIM W uL UH W U sJL dA w u ULK WMU
NP
NS
4300
8
NP
23
1
NS
WOCM u;
edOuKO
100 v 1 d s id UD vK UCM vK qLF WLLB u w
XdH VK uM s uJ
uLK WOMH UH u*
iF oKF d u s eO9 w u) pK UNQ uLK WOMH UHu* ndF sJ1

wzu bb VK u; uJ Q
dEMU UNdF sJ1 tO
d u; qJA UHu* c
c r tH u; vK lD WFUB W
dA q s vDF d_ UHu* U XdH s
wQ U UHu*
d{ b wzb nK*U UNKOu sJ1 w WOuH w wzb dD WOu
d( UF nK
nK* pc
uLK WuU d_ dD vK dNE w UOuH WOuH w uU dD WOu
dI* WOuHU wzb nK* WcG bM
t uU nK* s qL( t sJ1 UO vB u vB
_ uU UO
c uU fO VA dO XuH bu bI u; dI* bI vDF u; b

qL( b qUF s dEM iG u; s t sJ1 c UO WLO vB b% WIdD
bM dO 5 uBI tLO UO wDF sJ1 Xu 10 uU bN' WLO VA50 4I* u;
(I=50/10=5A) b qUF
uLK WOMH ud
u; u nK * WOMH ud qJA 5 tu V uLK wMH ed nK
wzu VK u
Xd VK u
bb VK u
UHK* bF u
WOuHK iU u
WOuHK l u
j WDIM u
w u
UO u
uLK WOMH ud qJA
u; UD
U WUOB wM uJ V WOzUdNJ eN_ UJA WOU_ UuJ* s u; dF

UL 5 v u; UD rOI sJ1 UHJ UNUD bb% UNB vK
WOKJ UD_
U_ dI* WcG WOuH wzb tHK be r UOzUN

u; UNO qLF w UD_ w
w WF u*
uLK dI* pK s bB* WOu UH WO wzb nK* d
qL( w u dB u V dI* s vK UO qL( V WO uU nK* d
uLK dI* qL( s d
qL q
WCH M u; d W vI uU nK* WOu bFM u; UHK b w lD u WU w qJA
WOU uD) UQ WU( c w u; h sJ1

AC WUML WOuH UOI Multimeter UOI UN TO
uL s qL qB
WcG bBL uL q
bBL WOu wzb nKL wd sO WOuH h
uU nKL wd sO WOuH h
sJL uL wHK b w lD u vK b cN dHB WU uU nKL WOu XU

S
WOU uD V UHKL WUI UOI nU nKL U
1000 bL WUIL UOI UOI UN TO
WcG bB s uL qB
wzb nKL WUI h
nU uJ b WOU WUI wDF c nKL uU nKL WUI h
WOze' UD_
dD V uU dD Wu vb Q

uKDL qJAU tKL uL R WU c w
w WF uL U_ uK qJA uL d W lHd dIL s vK UO wzb
WOu UH v R c UL
uL wHK b w wze u dB b
uJ s uU nKL WUI UO WU c w uL d W UH uU nKL
uL b qCH nKL WUI w nOHD UH WE VFB YO U b
bb uL W d
u; d W lHd uU nK* WOu iH M u; UHK b w u u WU w qJA
iQ v R c tK uL wHK b UH iF sO wze u dB b

sJL uL d W w uLK UH uU dD WOu w uLK UH nKL
dOL UN ULFU uL VK uU nKL d sO WUIL UOI qDF c h
.(Megger)
eF WUI UO UN bOKI
lHd uU dD WOu bF WU c w UL

uL wHK b w wK
u dB b
U dI dH b WCH M WUI dNE uU nKL WUI UO uK qJA uL d W
u; d W lHd uU nK* WOu iH M bb( tK u; UHK b 5 u u WU w qJA
b WK
wzUdNJ uL VO
d rdU `{
wzUdNJ uL qL b UBU d
wzUdNJ uLK uU nKL w buL WOuH UNOK bLF w dOGL d

uU nKL UH b V WH 200 wzb nKL UH b Xu 30/220 iU u
uU nKL UO V dO 0.5 wzb nKL UO Xu 25\220 iU u
dO
0.4 wzb tHK UO 1
11
tUH b W Xu 220 bN bB s qLF u

UO uU tHK WOu b
uU UOK uBI WLOI b Xu 12 uU tHK WOu VA dOXu 24 tb u

bb uL w UNdA w WOMH UHuL r w U bb dP nU u qb bd UbM
WOU uLK WOMH ud r
ld wc u; ?
iU) wc u;
bI u
ju WDI u; ?
XdH VK u;
WOB WU u l{
WOU vK uL qL b bLF

5HK 5 U* dOQ
wc dOQ
d
U lOL
wOUMGdNJ dOQ ?
w WOU_ uL VK WHO
uLK wU) qJON qJA
u; UHK qL
uU nK* v UNKIM wzb nK* UNM w wOUMG* U* uD e

d ?
wzb nKL v UNKIM uU nKL UNM w wOUMGL UL uD e
d
vK uL VK U u bLF
wzb UO
bB* WOu WLO
WOuH d
qL( UO ?
bM XdH VK uL b
WDu* d
edO 50 WOeML WOuH d

WCH ML d
d
U lOL
WOUF Wud d ?
e uL
wc uL ULF sJL
QD
`
V u; v WKb bI U u; s WU) bI

wUM bIH
bb( bIH
WOuHK WCH UH W b ?
bN vDQ Xu 400 b wzb bN WOK oD u w UHK b W w U

Xu 100 b uU
2
4
1 ?
3
1
5
1
4
uU tHK UO WF u* WLOI dO 2 wzb tHK UO WOuHK iU u

dO 2 s vK
dO 2 s q
RM VFB
dO 2 U ?
v R uL VK uU nKL UH iF sO wze u dB b

u; d W UH uU dD WOu UH
5U
U OzUN qLF u; ?
b WH 400 wzb nKL UH b Xu 110/220 WOuHK iU u

uU nKL UH
WH 220
WH110 ?
WH 200
WH 800
b?????u
WOeM*
dO G*WOzUdNJ
UO bbL
U
WOeM* WOzUdNJ bbL WFd b?u?
b
WUL eN iQ
WOb WOMdNJ WMK s UB WeKL ULOKF s b_ VOBM tUJKL U W XOD

qu r s WHKL b w WOMH UON (International Electro technical commission: IEC)
dD pKNL VM bO iQ UE u WOzUdNJ eN_ UJA w Udu V w W
b dB dD s WOzUdNJ WJA WUu WUL eN s WuEM du V UL WOzUdNJ WbB
WOzUdNJ WbB b UNHK UH bBL s UNKBH p dIL b bM qL UO UH
ozd uA
d UNu UNUH
u iU UD tb tOL iQ uNH b c UM
UNKL YO s WUL eN b c UM UL tUb tKL w{_ d lU UNKO
u
UNUb UNUH
u UNu
iQ
Q WOL
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u WObFL W UN r q
u iQ
nOH U??? s WOzUdNJ WbB lM bN bO

qJ bO w{ UE u dC s S cN UdD
lMB eM q WJA XU u WOzUdN WJ
UAML s p dO
WObF UdN Wu r qJA
U_ lOL s b Q c s WU q w dA

UMU UdNJ WJA WKBL eON WUJ WObFL
UB WKB UNH UO
u
WOD_U _U bO
s UdO U?? b??u?? WObFL q UON U??? _
wN U uD s s ULK W{dFL eN_
_U bO qO
u v U
wbF qJO U b qJA
w{ j UM sJ r qLK wbFL r U j sO qB b U OzUdN U UL UM{d u

j bN U bN dNJ qLK wbFL r `B WU c w qL r u
u
WOL bOB WUL qL `B cJ WUL qOGA vK qLF UO Ud v R s c Xu
wzUdN UO d r s WOzUdNJ b qLJ YO qLK wbFL r fLK h _
tUO R b WOzUdN WbB t{dF UL _ v tL
iQ UE UuJ
WO WOOzd e_ s iQ UE uJ
wKOLJ q
u
bN U jd
s WObF e
wzUdNJ UN
iQ
WUu
u
iQ d
iQ dJ
wOz q
u
bN U jd
WObF VOU
wOzd iQ q
u
UU_ bb WJ
iQ UEM WOOzd e_ qJA
_
iQ dJ
wOzd iQ q
u
iQ d
WUu
u
bN' U jd WOOzd
u*
bN' U jd WOKOLJ
u*
wK UL qOBH s wA iQ UE d
UM UM sJL
b w{_ WUI vK dO dOQ UN iQ dJQ WDOL Wd _U wMF _
d U tFK{ u Wd s VFJ WUI w WOuM UNUI WdK WzUeOdNJ u
d UNb b
WOuM WUI* rO v WdK wzUeOH VO d R VO d YO s Wd WFO
L UN
WOKd WdK WOuM WUI* s q WOMOD WdK WOuM WUI*
UNOK
u be _ w Wud WdK WOuM WUI* qI Wud
WOI w U( u UL Wd w WOuM WUI* U v R d( W UH d( W ?
U vK qLF bOL v R c d( W w dOJ UH S pc u*
WOuM WUI*
qLF wUU UNOK
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One Way Switch
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Two Circuit Switch
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Telephone Outlet
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jU{U
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Satelite Outlet
dKu UH
Double Pole Switch With
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r d WDI
Intercom Outlet
uUjzU u U b
Wall Mount Lamp
duOL d
Computer Outlet
WOHI U b
Ceiling fitting
nI uK UL b{ U b
Cieling Lamp Water Proof
ed u d
Power Socket-Single Phase
UL b{ ed
Power Socket-Water Proof
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Electricity Use Theory G11

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Electricity Use Theory G11

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