‫التعداد‬

Q/List the five keys with an example of each

Synthesis /mehyldopa-1

storage /Reserpine -2

Guanthidine ‫ مثل‬release/ -3

Epinephrine ‫ مثل‬activation of receptor. -4

physistigmine ‫مثل‬termination of action. -5

:Q/In order for a drug to react chemically with the receptor, it must have the following

appropriate size -1

electrical charge-2

shape and atomic compossmition -3

Q/ type of drug receptor intraction with example

benzodiazepine ‫ مثل‬Agonist. -1
flumazenil ‫مثل‬Antagonist -2
carboline ‫مثل‬Partial agonists -3
penaxocine ‫ مثل‬Inverse agonists. -4
adrenaline ‫ مثل‬Physilogical antagonism. -5
Q/ clinical uses of alpha blocker
pheonochromocytoma -1
hypertensive emergencies -2
chronic hypertension-3
periphelar vascular disease-4
local vasoconstrictor excess-5
urinary obstruction-6
erectile dysfunction-7

prazosin, terazosin ‫امثلة عن االلفا بلوكر هي‬

Q/clinical uses of beta blocker with example

hypertension _1

ischemic heart disease -2

cardiac arrhythmias -3

glaucoma -4

hyperthyroidism-5

Neurologic desease-6

propranolol,atenolol ‫مثال على البيتا بلوكر‬

Q/ clinical uses of sedative hypnotic drugs

Relief of anxiety and insomnia _1

Sedation and amnesia before*and during surgical procedures2_

Diagnostic aids or for treatmem in psychiatry -3

Treatment of epilepsy and seizure state-4

Component of balanced anesthesia (intravenous administration)-5

 Control of ethanol or other sedative-hypnotic withdrawal states-6

-7Muscle relaxation in specific neuromuscular disorders

Q/clinical uses or pharmacology of antidepressants

depressinos _1

Anxiety disorders,panic generalized anxiety social phobia-2

chronic pain-3

Enuresis-4

Eating disorder-5

smoking cessation-6

Delay orgasm an3 ejaculation (in borh sexes)_7

PMS ,PMDD-8

Q/classfition of anti depressants with example for both

TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCAS) -1

Imipramine_

selective serotonin reuptake-2

Fluoxetine_

Mono amine oxidase inhibitor-3

Phenelzine_

Q/TYPES OF PAIN

:According to severity

)Mild pain ,Moderate pain ,Severe pain, Over whelming acute pain (

According to type : Acute pain Transient pain Neuropathic pain Chronic pain

Q/What are the PRINCIPAL USES OF MORPHINE AND ITS ANALOGUES

Relief of moderate to severe acute pain •

Premedication ,postoperative analgesia for surgery •

Symptomatic control of acute diarrhea, e.g. travelers'' diarrhea •

)codeine(

Suppression of cough (codeine) •

Production of euphoria as well as pain relief in the dying •

Q/ what is it ADJUFANT TO ANESTHESIA

Several non anesthetic drugs are used as adjuncts to anesthetic drugs. _

Include antianxiety , sedative-hypnotics , anticholinergics, and

Opioid analgesics, neuromuscular blocking agent

Q/ what is it Clinical Effect and uses of Lidocaine

Local anesthetic effect 1_

Cardiovascular effect lidocaine decrease electrical excitability of the .2

Myocardium, decrease conduction rate and decrease force of

Contraction which useful in hyperexitable myocardium in which

 Lidocaine used in the management of ventricular tachycardia

Central Nervous System effect .3

A: Anticonvulsant effect which decrease the excitability of

Hyperexcitable cortical neurons which rise the seizure threshold

B: increase pain threshold and may produce degree of analgesia

Q/What are the reasons for adding vasoconstrictors to local anesthetic agents?

.Vasoconstriction which reduced blood flow to site of injection .1

.Decrease rate of absorption of local anesthetic into circulation.2

Decrease plasma level of local anesthetic and decreasing the risk of .3

.Systemic toxicity of local anesthetics

Higher volume of local anesthetic remains in and around the nerve for .4

Longer periods, thereby increasing the duration of action of most local

.Anesthetics

It decreases bleeding at the site of injection because of decreased .5

Perfusion

‫متفرقات‬
Q/Describe the mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

inhibitor enzym COX_

Q/Mention the mechanism of action Local Anesthesia

The primary mechanism of action of local anesthetic is blockade

Voltage gated sodium channels. The excitable membrane of nerve axons

Maintains a resting transmembrane potential at -90 to -60mv; while

During excitation, the sodium channels open and fast inward of sodium

Current quickly depolarized the membrane toward the sodium

Equilibrium potential +40mv. As result of this depolarization process

The sodium channels closed and the potassium channels opened and the

Entrance of potassium repolarized the membrane to ward -95mv

Repolarization returns

Q/Answer with an appropriate example for each of the following cases

Local Anesthesia _1

lidocaine_

Inhalation anaesthetics_2

Halothane_

Intravenous anaesthetics_3
 Propofol_

classic major drugs for partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures_4

Carbamazepine,Phenytoin_

newer major drugs for partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures-5

Gabapentin,Lamotrigine_

Q/drug used to treat xerostomia ( dry mouth) and its side effect is dry mouth

pilocarpine _

Q/drug used

.Synergistically with pilocarpine to reduce intraocular pressure

_physostigmine

Q/drug principallyused in myastheniagravis

Neostigmine_

Q/what is it MOA of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Newer Hypnotics

bind to_

Molecular components of the GABA receptor in neuronal

Membranes in the CNS

Benzodiazepines potentiate GABAergic inhibition at all levels of the

,Neuron axis

The components of the GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel