ASSIGNMENT

ON
GENERAL ENGLISH
SESSION AUGUST 2023

Program: - BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM)

Submitted by: Vidya Thakur

Roll no:
Semester: First

Table of Context

 Acknowledgment.
 Assignment Set-I

 Definition of Utility and Law of Diminishing

marginal utility.
  Factor affecting supply along with suitable
examples.
 Elucidate the concept of isoquants and their

types.
 Assignment Set-II

 Monopolistic competition and price

determination under it.
 Theory of wage determination.

 Concept of “Paradox of thrift”.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am grateful for the opportunity of

this assignment. I would like to sincerely thank
my university for providing all the necessary resources and
facilities online, without those resources this assignment
would not have been completed.
Secondly, I would like to thank my
parents, family members, and friends, who have always
been there whenever needed.
Lastly, I thank them all from my heart
and wish that they will continue to support me like this.
 The journey of making this assignment has
been beautiful, as well as knowledgeable for me and I have
learned a lot from it.

Assignment Set-1
Q1. Illustrate all the different types of tenses. Give Examples.
Aaj maine time waste karungi

Q2. Define the following and also give examples for each.
 Noun: - Nouns are a part of speech that comprise words that are used to name
people, places, animals, objects, and ideas. Almost every sentence will have a noun, and
they perform different roles in a sentence. Nouns can act as the subject, an indirect
object, a direct object, a subject complement, and an object complement. Nouns can
also function as adjectives and verbs.
Examples of Nouns:
 People – Ram, Sita, Man, Person, Tommy, Women, Girl, The Prime Minister.
  Places – Bangalore, India, Mexico, North Pole, South Africa, The Nile River,
Classroom, Bedroom, Basketball Court, Cricket Ground, Swimming Pool.
 Animals/Birds/Aquatic Animals/Reptiles – Lion, Zebra, Snake, Ostrich, Flamingo,
Bear, Cat, Fish, Shark.
 Ideas – Evolution, Invention, Extinction, Argument, Destruction.
 Objects/Things – Bat, Cycle, Curtains, Paper, Bag, Blackboard, Cupboard.

 Pronoun: - A pronoun is defined as ‘a word that is used instead of a noun or

a noun phrase’, according to the Cambridge Dictionary. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary
defines pronouns as ‘any of a small set of words (such as I, she, he, you, it, we, or they) in
a language that are used as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and whose referents
are named or understood in the context’. According to the Collins Dictionary, ‘A pronoun
is a word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a
noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier. Examples are ‘it’,
‘she’, ‘something’, and ‘myself’.’
Types of Pronouns with Examples
 Pronouns can be classified into different types based on their functions. Given below
are the various types of pronouns. Go through the examples carefully to have a clear
understanding of each type of pronoun and its function.
 Relative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to relate one part of the sentence to
another. Some examples of relative pronouns are that, which, where, when, why, what,
whom, and whose.
 Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that are used to show possession. Some
examples of possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, and its.
 Reflexive Pronouns are pronouns that are used to refer back to the subject in the
sentence. Some examples of reflexive pronouns are me, yourself, herself, himself,
oneself, itself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves.
 Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to point to specific objects.
Some examples of demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.
 Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to ask questions. Some
examples of interrogative pronouns are who, what, when, why, and where.
 Indefinite Pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any particular person, place
or thing. Some examples of indefinite pronouns are someone, somebody, somewhere,
something, anyone, anybody, anywhere, anything, no one, nobody, nowhere, everyone,
everybody, everywhere, everything, each, none, few, and many.
 Personal Pronouns are simple pronouns that are used to substitute proper names.
Some examples of personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, we, they, him, her, he, she, us
and them.
 Subject Pronouns are pronouns that act in a sentence. Some examples of subject
pronouns are I, you, we, he, she, it, they, and one.
 Object Pronouns are pronouns that receive the action in a sentence. Some examples
of object pronouns are me, us, him, her, and them.
 Reciprocal Pronouns are pronouns that are used to express a mutual relationship.
Some examples of reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.
 Intensive Pronouns are the same as reflexive pronouns, with the only difference
being that you can remove the intensive pronoun from the sentence, and the sentence
would still make sense.
 Conjunction: -Conjunctions are used to combine two or
more objects, phrases or clauses. It can also be termed as connectors as they are
employed in sentences to make connections. Conjunctions can normally be found in the
latter part of a sentence if they are used to connect clauses. If conjunctions are used to
 connect objects or phrases, they can appear in the beginning, middle, or end of the
sentence according to the position of the objects or phrases. A conjunction is a “word
that joins words, phrases or sentences, for example, and, but or so”, according to the
Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. The Collins Dictionary gives a slightly different definition.
According to it, a conjunction is “any word or group of words, other than a relative
pronoun, that connects words, phrases, or clauses.”
Types of Conjunctions
Conjunctions are mainly used to join actions, ideas, and thoughts. They are categorized
into three main types:
 Coordinating conjunctions – used to combine two independent clauses. Examples of
coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
 Subordinating conjunctions – used to combine an independent clause and
a dependent clause. Examples of subordinating conjunctions are if, although, though,
after, before, because, as if, unless, until, when, while, etc.
 Correlative conjunctions – used to combine two phrases or parts of the sentence
that have equal importance within a sentence. Examples of correlative conjunctions are
not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, rather…or, if…then, etc.
Examples of Conjunctions

 Sruthi and I visited Shimla last weekend.

 Do you have a rough notebook or at least a rough sheet of paper?
 I did not go to work today because I was not keeping well.
 She did not like the food, yet she ate it.
 I will be leaving tomorrow so I am trying to finish all the pending assignments.

 Preposition: - preposition is defined as “a word that connects a noun, a noun

phrase, or a pronoun to another word, esp. to a verb, another noun, or an adjective”,
according to the Cambridge Dictionary. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary says that a
preposition is “a word or group of words, such as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of,
used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.”
Uses of Prepositions
 They are used to show the direction of something.
 They can refer to the time of something happening.
 They can be used to denote the position or location of an object in the sentence.
 They are also used to represent spatial relationships.
 Prepositional phrases, in particular, can be used to do all of these when used in
sentences.
Examples of Prepositions Used in Sentences
 I will be going to church in the morning.
 She placed the plates on the dining table.
 Baskar found the cat hiding under the bed.
 Will you be with Raimy or Mazeeka?
 I love sitting on the beach at night.
 Rachel met Phoebe by the lake.
 Finn stood opposite Lisa.
 The grocery store is right in front of the bus stop.
 My brother climbed onto the roof.
 It feels great to sit beneath the trees and read.

 Interjection: - According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a short

sound, word or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion.” The Cambridge
 Dictionary defines an interjection as “a word that is used to show a short sudden
expression of emotion.” According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, an interjection is
defined as “a word or phrase used in exclamation” and according to the Macmillan
Dictionary, an interjection is “a word or phrase used for expressing a strong emotion
such as surprise or anger.” The Collins Dictionary defines an interjection as “a word or
expression which you use to express a strong feeling such as surprise, pain, or horror.”
Examples of Interjections
 Hurray! We won the match.
 Ouch! That really hurt badly.
 Wow! That is a beautiful dress indeed.
 Oh my God! That was unexpected.
 Whoa! That guy is unbelievably huge.

Q3. Explain the meaning of the following using examples.

 Jargons: - Jargon refers to the specialized language of a professional or occupational
group. While this language is often useful or necessary for those within the group, it is
usually meaningless to outsiders. Some professions have so much jargon of their own
that it has its own name; for example, lawyers use legalese, while academics use
academese.
 Metaphor: -A metaphor is a figure of speech that is used to make a comparison, but
in a way different from a simile. It makes the comparison as if it was literally true. In
other words, it can be said that a metaphor is an implied comparison.
Examples of Metaphors
 My mom has a heart of gold.
 My friend’s sister, Sharon, is a night owl.
 My hands were icicles because of the cold weather.
 You just have to consider the world a stage and act accordingly.
 Dileep has a stone heart.
 You have ideas flowing one after the other. Your mind is an ocean.
 She was an autumn leaf.
 He is a lion when he comes to the field.
 Phoebe is a nightingale. Everyone waited eagerly for her to come up on stage.
 She is such a firecracker.

 Slangs: -Every generation has its own slang — very informal language or specific
words used by a particular group of people. You'll usually hear slang spoken more often
than you'll see it put in writing, though emails and texts often contain many
conversational slang words. Slang sometimes gets a bad rap for being inappropriate or
incorrect, but aside from being highly creative, it shows that the English language is
constantly evolving.
Examples of Modern Slang: Slang changes all the time, so it’s good to understand the
basics. But a list of modern slang terms (courtesy of Millennials and Gen Z) can get
you started.
 BAE: - It is a term of endearment, meaning "before anyone else.” It’s commonly
used between romantic partners, but can also be used between close friends.
 Example: Bae, you're the best.:58
 Basic: - When someone is basic, you’re describing them with a put-down for a
conformist (or normie), or something so common that it’s boring. Example: People who
only drink pumpkin spice lattes are so basic.
  Dying: - Sometimes something is so funny that you may die laughing. Not literally, of
course, and the slang dying isn’t literal either. It just means that you’re laughing a lot.
Example: OMG, this standup is hilarious! I'm dying.
 Epic: - If something was epic, it was highly enjoyable. Example: That skateboard trick
was epic!
 Extra: - If someone's extra, it means they're way too dramatic. They may dress a
little extra or act a little extra, but either way, they’re just a bit much. Example: My
boyfriend is so extra that he got me flowers, stuffed animals, candy, cards, and jewelry
— and it wasn’t even a holiday.

 Cliches: - A cliché is a phrase that, due to overuse, is seen as lacking in substance or

originality. For example, telling a heartbroken friend that there are "Plenty of fish in the
sea" is such a cliché that it would probably not be all that comforting for them to hear,
even though the saying is meant to be a reassurance. While "cliché" is most often used
to describe expressions or phrases, it can be used to label nearly anything related to
literature as being boring, tired, or uncreative, including settings, character traits,
actions, ideas, images, and plot events or even entire storylines.
Examples of Cliches:
 Tomorrow is another day
 Love is blind
 Sharp as a tack
 Another day, another dollar
 Dumb as a doorknob
 Sitting like a bump on a log

 Prewriting phase: - the term prewriting refers to any activity that helps a writer
think about a topic, determine a purpose, analyze an audience, and prepare to write.
Prewriting is closely related to the art of invention in classical rhetoric. "The objective
of prewriting," according to Roger Caswell and Brenda Mahler, "is to prepare students
for writing by allowing them to discover what they know and what else they need to
know. Because various kinds of writing (such as note-taking, listing, and freewriting)
usually occur during this stage of the writing process, the term prewriting is somewhat
misleading. A number of teachers and researchers prefer the term exploratory writing.
 Assignment Set-2
Q1. Convert the below given sentence from Active Voice to Passive
Voice:

S.N. Active Voice Passive Voice

1 Have you finished the report?
2 She has written a novel.
3 The police have caught the thief.
4 The tiger was chasing the deer.
5 She has learned her lessons.
Has the report been finished by you?
A novel has been written by her.
The thief has been caught by the police
The deer was being chased by the tiger.
A lesson was learned by her

Q2. Illustrate the steps of making a flash card choosing any word of your
choice. You may use diagrams.

Q3. Explain the following (You may use examples and diagrams wherever
applicable):
 Homonyms: -The word ‘homonym’ was derived from the Greek word “homonyms”, which
means having the same name. In simple terms, homonyms are those words that have the
same spelling or pronunciation but completely different meanings and functions.
Homonyms, therefore, can be said to include both homophones and homographs. According
to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a homonym is defined as “a word that is spelt like
another word (or pronounced like it), but that has a different meaning.” For example, “The
children played with a bat.” Here, ‘bat’ refers to the sports equipment used to play cricket.
Whereas “The bats feast on the nectar of flowers.” Here, ‘bats’ refers to a type of animal
that generally comes out at night.
 Idioms: - An idiom is a group of words, or in other words, a phrase that has a meaning
different from the literal meaning of the words in it. According to the Oxford Learner’s
Dictionary, an idiom is defined as “a group of words whose meaning is different from the
meanings of the individual words”, and according to the Cambridge Dictionary, an idiom is
defined as “a group of words in a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different
from the meanings of each word on its own”.
 Under the weather Feeling ill / Getting a cold: My mom was feeling a bit under the
weather.
 Cold feet: Becoming nervous It was her chance to speak and she was getting cold
feet.
 Apple of my eye: Used to refer to someone whom you are very fond of or like. My
younger brother is the apple of my eye.
 Set the record straight: To reveal the truth / To clarify in order to set the record
straight, the umpires checked the camera to review the previous shot.
 Kill two birds with a stone; Achieve two results by doing one thing. None of us
understood that he was trying to kill two birds with a stone when he joined the military
forces.
 Dictionary: -
 Thesaurus: - A thesaurus is a book or program that lists synonyms and antonyms of words.
A thesaurus can be a book you can find in a library, a website (such as Thesaurus.com), or a
database stored in a word processor (such as the one you can find in Microsoft Word). The
plural of thesaurus is thesauruses or thesauri. A synonym is a word that has the same
meaning as another word. For example, huge, gigantic, massive, and large are synonyms of
the word big. An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another
word. Small, tiny, and little are antonyms of the word big. Thesauri are useful when you
want to avoid using the same word over and over or need a fancy word to describe
something as being “not good” or “not fun.”
 Rote Learning: -