Chapter 1

Introduction

The college experience is often regarded as a period of personal

growth, intellectual development, and the pursuit of academic and career

goals. However, it is also a time marked by various challenges and

difficulties that can significantly impact students' well-being and academic

success. Understanding and addressing the problems faced by college

students is crucial for educators, policymakers, and institutions in creating a

supportive and conducive learning environment. College students today

grapple with a complex set of issues that encompass academic, financial,

social, and emotional dimensions. These challenges are both multifaceted

and dynamic, evolving with changes in societal norms, technology, and

educational policies. To provide a comprehensive view of the problems

faced by college students, it is essential to explore the major areas of

concern. For many, the college experience represents a time of learning,

self-discovery, and the acquisition of knowledge and skills that will shape

their lives and careers.

College, often perceived as the most exciting phase in one’s life,

full of fresh experiences, learning, and personal growth, carries a multitude

1
of obstacles for students to overcome. Beneath the surface of this exciting

journey are various challenges, ranging from financial constraints to mental

health struggles, which can sometimes overshadow the transformative

potential of higher education. However, the path to a college degree is not

without its obstacles, and a significant portion of the student population

faces distinct challenges as they endeavor to balance the demands of

education with work and other life responsibilities.

Understanding the problems faced by college students can

contribute to the broader field of education research. It can provide insights

into the effectiveness of different support systems and interventions, as well

as contribute to the development of theories and frameworks related to

student success. Research on the problems faced by college students can

provide valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers in higher

education. This can help shape policies and initiatives that address the

specific needs of college students and promote their success. College can

be a stressful and challenging time for students, and mental health issues

are prevalent. Studying the problems faced by college students can help

identify the factors contributing to mental health concerns and develop

interventions to promote well-being and resilience. Identifying the

challenges that college students face can help educators and institutions

2
 develop strategies to improve academic performance. This can involve

implementing effective study habits, time management techniques, and

providing resources for academic success. By understanding the problems

faced by college students, institutions can develop targeted support

services and programs to address these issues. This can include mental

health resources, academic assistance, financial aid, and career guidance,

among others.

Significance of the study

The findings of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Students: The findings can directly benefit students by providing

insights into the specific challenges they face. It can help them better

understand their own experiences, identify strategies to overcome

problems, and seek appropriate support services. The findings can

empower students to make informed decisions, improve their academic

performance, and enhance their overall well-being.

Educators and Institutions: The findings can inform educators and

institutions about the common problems faced by students. This knowledge

can guide the development of targeted interventions, support services, and

policies to address these issues effectively. It can help educators better

3
understand student needs, tailor their teaching approaches, and create a

supportive learning environment.

Parents and Families: Parents and families of students can benefit

from the findings by gaining a deeper understanding of the challenges their

children face. This knowledge can help parents provide appropriate

support, guidance, and resources to help their children navigate through

their college experience successfully.

Counseling and Support Services: Findings on student problems

can inform counseling and support services provided by colleges and

universities. It can guide the development of programs, workshops, and

resources that specifically target the identified problems. This can enhance

the effectiveness of counseling services and ensure that they are tailored to

meet the needs of the students.

Policy Makers and Researchers: The findings can contribute to the

broader field of education and inform policy-making processes. Policy

makers can use the insights to develop evidence-based policies and

allocate resources to address the identified problems. Researchers can

build upon the findings to conduct further studies, expand knowledge, and

contribute to the development of effective interventions and strategies.

4
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter covers research on the variable under investigation

as well as related literature. Information was gathered from websites,

books, and journals.

A. School

Many students encounter specific problems that can hinder their

educational progress, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Researching and addressing these issues is essential for promoting

educational equity, ensuring that all students have a fair opportunity to

succeed.

According to Pascarella & Terenzini, (2005), college students may

experience stress, anxiety, and burnout as a result of this academic

pressure, which may have an adverse effect on both their academic

performance and mental health. Compared to high school, college students

have more demanding coursework. They frequently find it difficult to keep

5
up with the demanding reading assignments, demanding homework, and

difficult exams.

As students advance in their education, a variety of factors are

taken into account when calculating stress levels. These include difficult-to-

understand course material, demanding assignments with arbitrary

deadlines, housing issues for students moving from other cities, etc (Abbas

J. HEISQUAL 2020).

Bland et al. (2017) pusblished an article titled "Academic Stress

and Its Sources among University Students" that provides a comprehensive

overview of the topic, shedding light on the different sources of academic

stress and offering recommendations for interventions and support systems

to alleviate this stress among university students. The authors start out by

emphasizing how common academic stress is among college students and

how it affects their general and mental health and overall well-being. They

emphasize the importance of understanding the sources of this stress in

order to develop effective interventions and support systems. Bland et al.

further discuss the role of individual characteristics, such as perfectionism

and self-efficacy beliefs, in influencing the experience of academic stress.

They also explore the impact of contextual factors, such as family

6
expectations, financial concerns, and societal pressures, on students'

stress levels.

Steel and Ferrari's article "Procrastination and its Relationship

with Academic Performance among University Students" (2013) examines

the relationship between university students' procrastination and academic

success. The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationships

between several aspects of procrastination and academic outcomes,

including task aversiveness, delay, and lack of self-discipline. Potential

moderators and mediators of this link are also investigated by the

researchers. The paper offers insightful information about how

procrastination affects university students' academic performance and

emphasizes the need for interventions and techniques to support students

in overcoming their procrastination tendencies and achieving better

academic results.

According to Gomes et al. (2019), "The Impact of Sleep Quality on

Academic Performance among College Students" investigates the

relationship between college students' grades and the quality of their sleep.

The aim of the study is to gain insight into how academic performance is

impacted by sleep quality, which is determined by variables including sleep

duration, efficiency, and disruptions. Through the use of questionnaires and

7
self-reported data on sleep patterns and academic achievement, the

researchers gather information from a sample of college students. The

writers also go over possible ways that better sleep can affect academic

achievement, including enhanced cognitive function, memory consolidation,

and attention control.

Credé et al. (2016) authored "Motivation and Engagement in

College: The Mediating Role of Academic Self-Efficacy". examines the

relationships between academic self-efficacy, motivation, and engagement

in college students. The goal of the study is to find out how academic self-

efficacy functions as a mediator in the relationship between academic

performance, motivation, and engagement. Academic self-efficacy is the

belief that one can successfully accomplish academic tasks and attain

desired outcomes. The study's findings indicate that academic performance

is influenced by academic self-efficacy, which is positively impacted by

motivation and engagement. Put another way, motivated and involved

students typically have higher levels of academic self-efficacy, which

improves academic performance.

Whitley and Keith-Spiegel (2002) published "Academic

Dishonesty among College Students: A Systematic Review" Based on a

number of research findings, the article offers a thorough review of

8
academic dishonesty among college students. It emphasizes the

significance of creating plans to deal with this problem in educational

settings as well as the necessity for more research. The goal of the study is

to synthesize the body of knowledge regarding academic dishonesty,

including its causes, correlates, and possible remedies. The results of

various research in this field are analyzed and summarized by the authors

of a systematic review of pertinent literature. The review's conclusions

highlight a number of important variables linked to academic dishonesty

among college students. These factors include personal characteristics

(e.g., low moral development, low self-control), situational factors (e.g.,

high competition, lack of monitoring), and institutional factors (e.g., weak

policies, lack of consequences).

Wei et al.'s 2005 paper, "Perceived Social Support and Academic

Adjustment among College Students: A Meta-Analytic Review" gives a

thorough and quantitative summary of the connection between college

students' perceived social support and academic adjustment. It emphasizes

how critical social support is to promoting successful academic outcomes

and raises the possibility that treatments meant to strengthen social

support could also improve academic adjustment.

9
 According to Salmela-Aro et al. (2017), "Academic Burnout and

Engagement among College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-

Analysis" provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between

academic burnout, engagement, and outcomes among college students. It

emphasizes the importance of addressing and preventing academic

burnout to promote student engagement and well-being.The findings of the

review and meta-analysis reveal a negative association between academic

burnout and engagement. Higher levels of burnout are associated with

lower levels of engagement among college students. Furthermore, the

authors found that academic burnout is related to various negative

outcomes, such as decreased academic achievement, increased dropout

rates, and poorer mental health.

According to Richardson et al. (2012), "Academic

Underachievement among College Students: The Role of Self-Esteem and

Self-Efficacy" The paper sheds light on how college students' low academic

achievement is related to their sense of self-worth and self-efficacy. The

researchers discover that there is a correlation between higher levels of

academic underachievement among college students and lower levels of

self-efficacy and self-esteem. They come to the conclusion that raising

concerns related to self-efficacy and self-esteem may be crucial to raising

10
academic accomplishment and lowering underachievement. Two

psychological components—self-efficacy and self-esteem—are the main

subjects of the research. Self-efficacy is the conviction that one can carry

out particular actions or accomplish particular objectives, whereas self-

esteem is a person's overall assessment of their own value.

"Factors Influencing College Students' Satisfaction with Academic

Advising" by Drake et al. (2011) is a research study that explores the

various factors that influence college students' satisfaction with their

academic advising experiences. the article provides valuable insights into

the factors that contribute to college students' satisfaction with academic

advising. It emphasizes the importance of advisor qualities, the advising

process, and student characteristics in shaping students' perceptions of

their advising experiences. The findings can inform the development of

effective advising practices and support systems to enhance student

satisfaction and success.

Dizon and Reyes (2018) "Academic Stress and Its Sources

Among Filipino College Students" is a study that focuses at academic

stress experienced by college students in the Philippines and pinpoints its

causes. The study's conclusions offer information about the causes of

academic stress experienced by Filipino college students. The burden of

11
schoolwork and difficulties with time management are found by the authors

to be important causes of stress. Students' stress levels are also influenced

by peer competition, pressure to perform well, and fear of failing.

in Gonzales et al. (2017)'s study "Factors Affecting Academic

Performance of College Students in the Philippines"

A wide range of potential factors, including individual aspects like

motivation, self-efficacy, and study habits, are examined by the researchers

in relation to academic achievement. They also take into account outside

variables including peer pressure, financial limitations, parental support,

and the accessibility of academic resources. The study investigates how

campus environment, curriculum design, and teaching quality affect

students' academic success in institutions. The study's conclusions shed

light on the variables that have a major impact on Filipino college students'

academic achievement. The authors conclude that a person's motivation,

sense of self-worth, and study habits are all important determinants of

academic achievement. They also highlight the importance of family

support and the availability of academic resources in supporting students'

performance.

12
 The research paper "Time Management Skills and Academic

Performance among College Students in the Philippines" by Torres et al.

(2019) focuses at the relationship between time management abilities and

academic achievement among Filipino college students. The article

explains the crucial role of time management abilities in connection to

Filipino college students' academic achievement. It emphasizes how crucial

it is to define and prioritize goals wisely, plan ahead, and have self-

discipline and motivation in order to manage time well. The results can help

students and educational institutions create plans and programs that will

strengthen time management abilities and raise academic achievement.

The study "Perceived Social Support and Academic Adjustment

among Filipino College Students" (pP) investigates the connection between

academic adjustment and perceived social support among Filipino college

students. The study places a strong emphasis on the social support that

schools, friends, and family may give to adolescents. It implies that social

connection-building and supportive environment-fostering interventions and

support systems can improve students' academic adjustment. The

investigators investigate many aspects of perceived social support, such as

informational, instrumental, and emotional assistance. They also take into

account a number of other elements of academic adjustment, including

13
participation in academic activities, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction

with academic success.

The article by Alcantara et al. (2019) titled "Academic Dishonesty

among College Students in the Philippines: Prevalence, Factors, and

Consequences" examines the problem of academic dishonesty among

Philippine college students. The authors' goals are to determine the

frequency of academic dishonesty, identify the causes of it, and investigate

the fallout from such actions. The study also looks at the effects of

academic dishonesty. The negative impacts on pupils' learning and growth

as individuals are emphasized by the writers. Academic dishonesty

destroys one's trust of the educational process, minimizes the

accomplishments of truthful students, and impedes the growth of critical

thinking and moral judgment.

The goal of the Santos et al. (2017) study "College Students'

Perceptions of the Quality of Education in the Philippines" is to investigate

how college students view the standard of education in their home country.

The writers want to know how kids view the school system, how satisfied

they are with it, and whether there is anything that could be done better.

They stress how crucial it is for educators to pursue ongoing professional

development in order to improve their instructional strategies and stay

14
current with developments in their domains. Additionally, they advise

spending money on improved resources and facilities to enhance students'

overall educational experience. The writers also stress the necessity of

routinely reviewing and revising curricula to make sure they remain relevant

to the demands of the labor market.

The De Guzman et al. (2015) article "The Role of Academic

Advising in College Student Retention in the Philippines" investigates the

relationship between academic advice and college student retention in the

Philippines. The authors' goal is to comprehend how academic advice

helps students succeed academically and stick with their college studies.

The essay emphasizes how important academic advising is to helping

Filipino college students stay in school. The statement underscores the

importance of educational institutions making investments in efficient

advising services and cultivating a positive advising environment in order to

guarantee students' academic achievement and perseverance.

According to Macapagal et al. (2016), the study "Stressors and

Coping Strategies of Filipino College Students: A Qualitative Study" aims to

examine the stressors that Filipino college students face as well as the

coping mechanisms they use to deal with them. The survey found that

academic pressure, financial limitations, relationship problems, concern

15
about the future, and family expectations are among the many stressors

that Filipino college students frequently face. It was discovered that these

pressures had an effect on the pupils' physical, mental, and emotional

health. This study offers insightful information about the particular stressors

encountered by Filipino college students as well as the coping mechanisms

they use. The results can help educators, counselors, and legislators

create support networks and programs to meet the mental health needs of

Filipino college students.

The study titled "Challenges Faced by Filipino College Students in

Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic" by Reyes et al. (2021)

explores the specific challenges encountered by Filipino college students

during the transition to online learning in the context of the COVID-19

pandemic. The study identified several challenges faced by Filipino college

students in adapting to online learning. These challenges included limited

access to reliable internet connection and technology, difficulty in adjusting

to self-paced learning, lack of motivation and engagement, increased

workload, and difficulties in managing time and balancing responsibilities.

16
B. Money, Work and Future

Understanding and addressing the problems students face is

essential for enhancing their overall well-being and academic success. By

identifying and mitigating these challenges, the study can contribute to

improved educational outcomes, increased retention rates, and higher

graduation rates.

The study "Financial Stress and Its Impact on College Students: A

National Survey" by Yang et al. (2018) analyzes the relationship between

financial stress and its impact on college students. The study aims to

explore the level of financial stress experienced by college students and

how it impacts their academic performance and mental well-being. The

findings of the study found that a considerable proportion of college

students feel financial stress, with many citing concerns about their

capacity to meet basic demands. Financial stress was found to have a

significant impact on students' academic performance, leading to worse

grades and a higher risk of dropping out.

"Financial Capability and Well-Being of College Students" by

Lyons et al. (2006) emphasizes the significance of financial competence

and how it affects college students' overall wellbeing. The study gives

17
insights into the financial issues experienced by college students and

highlights the need for interventions and support to better their financial

understanding and actions. The study closes by underlining the need of

developing financial capacity among college students to increase their

overall well-being. It argues that educational institutions should provide

financial education programs and tools to help students obtain the required

information and skills to make informed financial decisions.

Chen and Volpe (2002) "The Role of Financial Education in

College Students' Financial Decision-Making" shows how important

financial education is in forming the financial knowledge, attitudes, and

behaviors of college students. The study highlights the necessity of

including financial education into college curricula and offers proof that it

can have a favorable effect on students' capacity for making financial

decisions. It also looks at how financial education affects college students'

capacity for making sound financial decisions. The purpose of the research

is to ascertain whether financial education courses and programs improve

students' financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Allen, J., and Van der Velden, R.'s study, "The Impact of Part-Time

Work on College Students' Academic Performance," (2001) investigates

how college students' academic performance is impacted by part-time

18
employment. The purpose of the study is to determine how students'

capacity to manage work and academic obligations is influenced by their

job type, number of hours worked, and other work-related characteristics.

This implies that working part-time can offer worthwhile experiences and

abilities that enhance learning outside of the classroom. The type of job

and other elements related to the workplace were discovered to have an

impact on students' academic achievement. Students were more likely to

have a better work-life balance and achieve academic success if their jobs

were more flexible and satisfied them more.

C. W. Chan (2019) write an article "The Influence of Part-Time

Work on Students' Satisfaction with University Experience" that provides

information on the connection between students' contentment with their

stay at university and part-time employment. The report highlights how

important it is for students to successfully balance their career and

academic obligations in order to guarantee success in a variety of areas of

their university experience. Additionally, the study showed that working

excessive hours (more than 15 hours a week) was linked to being less

satisfied with college. Extended work hours were associated with worse

academic outcomes and decreased social interaction among students.

19
 In 1985, Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. wrote an article "The

Impact of Work on College Students' Time Management Skills" that study

on how to provides insight into the possible effect of part-time employment

on college students' ability to manage their time. The study highlights how

important it is for students to learn efficient time management techniques,

particularly while balancing employment and school obligations. The

purpose of this study was to find out how students' capacity for efficient

time management is affected by their part-time employment. They

proposed that students' time management abilities can be impacted by the

obligations and demands of part-time employment. This may make it

difficult to set priorities, adhere to deadlines, and have a balanced

schedule.

Lapan, R. T., & Shaughnessy, P. (2011) "The Influence of Parental

Expectations on College Students' Career Decision-Making" this study

shows how important it is for parents' expectations to influence college

students' job decisions. In light of parental supervision, the study

underscores the significance of creating a safe, open, and encouraging

atmosphere in which students can explore their own interests, values, and

objectives. It implies that more contented and meaningful professional

decisions can result from a balanced approach that incorporates parental

20
support with students' autonomy. According to the study, students who had

a lot of parental expectations may find it difficult to grow a strong feeling of

autonomy and self-efficacy while making career decisions. They can

struggle to follow their own passions and make decisions on their own,

which could leave them unhappy or unfulfilled.

In 2005, racey, T. J., and Robbins, S. B., write an article "The

Influence of College Major and Career Choice on Students' Perception of

Future Job Prospects" that presents information on how a student's view of

their employment prospects can be influenced by their college degree and

career choice. The study highlights how important it is for students to take

demand and labor market changes into account when choosing their

educational and professional routes. The study's conclusions showed that

students' opinions of their chances of obtaining employment in the future

were highly influenced by their undergraduate major and career choice.

Students who majored in and pursued degrees in industries with high

demand, including technology or healthcare, tended to view their job

prospects more favorably. They believed that their chosen field offered

better employment opportunities and higher chances of finding fulfilling and

well-paying jobs.

21
 "Preparing College Students for a Successful Transition to the

Workforce: The Role of Career Development Interventions" by Duffy, R. D.,

& Sedlacek, W. E. (2007) emphasizes the value of career development

programs in assisting college students in choosing their professional

pathways and getting ready for the workforce. In order to improve students'

career-related outcomes and raise their level of preparedness for the labor

market, the study emphasizes the necessity for colleges to offer

comprehensive career assistance.

C. Pineda (2016) write an article "Managing Money: Financial

Management Practices of College Students in the Philippines" that shares

information about how Filipino college students handle their finances. The

study highlights the difficulties they encounter when handling their money

as well as the variables that affect their financial habits. In order to

encourage appropriate financial behaviors among college students, it

highlights the significance of financial knowledge and family support. The

goal of the study is to comprehend how Filipino college students handle

their debt, savings, and other financial obligations. It looks into the

variables that affect their financial habits and the methods they use to

manage their money wisely.

22
 Cruz. A. In 2017write an article about . “The Impact of Rising

Tuition Fees on Filipino College Students”. That studies the effects of

rising tuition costs on university students in the Philippines. The author

studies the difficulties that students are facing as a result of the growing

expense of education and looks at possible effects on their general well-

being, mental health, and academic performance. This study highlights how

important it is for decision-makers and academic institutions to deal with

the issue of growing tuition costs in the Philippines. According to the

findings, putting in place financial aid plans, scholarships, and other forms

of assistance can lessen students' financial burdens and enhance their

educational opportunities.

In numerous nations, including the Philippines, college students

frequently work part-time jobs. In addition to earning money to pay for their

school and living expenses, it enables students to obtain useful work

experience.

Santos, J., and Gonzales, M.'s article "Part-Time Work and

Financial Independence of College Students in the Philippines" (2019)

might go over how part-time employment and financial independence relate

to Filipino college students. It might look at what motivates students to work

23
part-time, what kinds of jobs they usually accept, and how part-time

employment affects their overall independence and financial status.

Lopez, R. (2019) conducted a study on "The Role of Financial

Education in Addressing Money Problems among Filipino College

Students." The study aimed to explore the impact of financial education on

addressing money problems faced by college students in the Philippines.

Lopez's study highlighted the role of financial education in addressing

money problems among Filipino college students. It emphasized the need

for increased financial literacy and the importance of integrating financial

education into the academic curriculum to empower students with essential

financial skills.

Garcia, L. "Job Search Strategies and Employment Outcomes

among Filipino College Graduates" was the subject of a study done in

2019. The goal of the study was to investigate the various job search

tactics employed by recent college graduates from the Philippines and how

they affected employment results. Garcia's research provided insight into

the job search tactics used by recent college graduates from the

Philippines and how they affected employment results. It highlighted how

graduates should approach their job search with a varied and proactive

mindset, including internet resources as well as career fairs and personal

24
networks. The report also emphasized how important career counseling

services are to helping Filipino college graduates land jobs that suit them.

Alba, E. (2020) conducted a study on "The Influence of Work

Experience on Employability Skills of Filipino College Students." The study

aimed to explore the impact of work experience on the development of

employability skills among college students in the Philippines. Alba's study

highlighted the positive influence of work experience on the development of

employability skills among Filipino college students. It emphasized the

need for educational institutions to provide opportunities for students to

engage in work-related activities to enhance their skills and improve their

prospects in the job market.

"The Challenges of Balancing Work and Study: A Case Study of

Filipino College Students" by Tan (2017) explores the difficulties faced by

Filipino college students in juggling their academic responsibilities with

part-time or full-time employment. The case study delves into the unique

challenges that these students encounter, such as managing their time

effectively, dealing with fatigue and burnout, and coping with financial

pressures. It discusses the factors that prompt students to take up work,

including financial constraints, the desire for independence, and the need

to gain work experience.

25
 According to Santos (2020), "Career Uncertainty and Future

Anxiety among Filipino College Students" explores the worries and

difficulties Filipino college students have with relation to their future

possibilities and professional paths. The study clarifies the elements

influencing this subset of students' career uncertainties and the anxiety that

follows. The study investigates the causes of career insecurity, focusing on

the Philippines' limited work possibilities, unstable economy, and

quickening pace of technology innovations. It also looks at how family and

society expectations affect choosing a career.

Reyes (2016)'s article "Barriers to Entrepreneurship among

Filipino College Students" explores the difficulties and roadblocks that

Filipino college students have when attempting to pursue business. The

purpose of the study is to determine and examine the barriers that prevent

students from pursuing entrepreneurial activities, even in the face of the

advantages and opportunities that may arise. The study examines a

number of obstacles to entrepreneurship, such as insufficient resources

and networks, fear of failure, lack of business expertise and experience,

cultural and societal expectations, and financial limitations.

26
C. Home and Family

"The Impact of Family Support on the Academic Performance of

College Students" is a research article written by J. Smith in 2020. The

article explores the relationship between family support and the academic

performance of college students. The purpose of the study is to understand

the ways in which a student's academic performance might be impacted by

various forms of family assistance, including financial, emotional, and

academic support. According to the author's hypothesis, college students

who experience greater levels of family support will perform better

academically.

R. Johnson in 2019 wrote a study paper titled "The Challenges of

Balancing Family Responsibilities and College Life among Students". The

article discusses the challenges that students have when juggling their

college studies with familial obligations. The essay underlines how critical it

is to recognize these issues and take appropriate action to make sure that

pupils get the help they need to thrive in the classroom. It recommends

putting tactics like flexible scheduling, financial aid programs, and

counseling services into practice to help students successfully balance their

obligations to their families and their studies.

27
 The article "The effects of family conflict on the psychological well-

being of college students" by Williams, A. (2018) studies the effect that

family conflict has on college students' psychological health. The essay

addresses how family conflict can cause stress, anxiety, despair, and

poorer academic performance, among other detrimental effects and mental

health problems for college students. The essay addresses the possible

moderating elements and pathways via which family conflict affects the

wellbeing of college students. It might examine how coping mechanisms,

societal support, and personal fortitude might lessen the damaging impacts

of family strife.

A research paper titled "The Challenges of Living Away from

Home: A Study of College Students' Adjustment to Campus Life" by

Thompson (2015) examines the challenges college students have when

making the move from living at home to living on campus. The study looks

at the several difficulties that students face at this time and tries to provide

them advice on how to handle these difficulties more effectively. The

study's content comprises an introduction to the subject, including

background knowledge on the growing number of students leaving their

homes to attend college and the possible effects this may have on their

general wellbeing.

28
 "The Effects of Divorce or Separation on College Students'

Academic Performance and Emotional Well-being" by Clark (2018) is a

research study that examines the impact of divorce or separation on

college students' academic performance and emotional well-being. The

study aims to understand the specific effects of parental divorce or

separation on college students and provides insights into the potential

strategies to mitigate these effects. It provides insightful information about

how divorce or separation affects college students and makes suggestions

for fostering their academic achievement and mental stability during this

time of change.

The research paper "The Impact of Cultural Differences on the

College Experience of International Students and their Families" by Lee

(2020) examines the impact of cultural differences on international

students' and families' college experiences. The study attempts to

comprehend the particular chances and challenges that result from

managing cultural differences in a college setting. It offers insightful

information about the potential and difficulties that result from cultural

differences in international students' college experiences. The study makes

suggestions for promoting intercultural understanding on college campuses

29
while assisting their academic performance, social integration, and general

well-being.

The research study "The Connection Between Family Problems

and School Difficulties: Examination Through the Lens of Resilience" by

Charlotte De Backer, et al. (2018) investigates the connection while

emphasizing resilience's function. The purpose of the study is to determine

how family issues, such as parental divorce, unstable finances, and

domestic disputes, affect students' wellbeing and academic achievement.

The researchers also investigate resilience's protective function in reducing

the detrimental impact of family issues on students' academic challenges.

In (2019) ,Maricar S. Prudente & Maria Teresa F. Calderon's write

an article "Family Factors and Academic Performance: A Study of College

Students in a Philippine University" that focuses on studying the

connection between family characteristics and college students' academic

achievement at a Philippine university. The purpose of the research is to

determine which family characteristics have a major impact on college

students' academic success. It looks into a number of family-related topics,

including communication within the family, parental involvement, family

structure, and socioeconomic position. The effect of these variables on

students' GPA is also investigated by the researchers.

30
 The research by Janine O. Serrano (2017) titled "Parental

Involvement and Its Impact on Students' Academic Achievement: A Study in

the Philippine Setting" studies the connection between Filipino students'

academic success and their parents' involvement in their education.The

purpose of the study is to find out how much parental participation there is

in their children's education and how that influences their academic

achievement. Additionally, it looks for the precise means by which parents

contribute to their kids' education as well as the variables affecting how

involved they are.

The article "Effects of Parental Separation on Filipino College

Students" by Jeanette M. Ong and Yolanda S. Quijano, published in 2018,

explores the impact of parental separation on college students in the

Philippines. The study seeks to look into how parental separation affects

Filipino college students academically, emotionally, and psychologically.

The writers acknowledge that for some people, particularly as they adjust to

college life, parental separation can be a difficult experience. The results of

the research show that the individuals suffered grave consequences from

their parents' breakup. The college students who experienced parental

separation reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress

compared to those who had not experienced separation.

31
 "Perceptions of Filipino College Students on Parental Academic

Involvement and Academic Performance" by Joyce R. Baluran (2017) study

at how much parental involvement college students perceive to have an

impact on their academic success. The purpose of the study is to ascertain

how involved parents are in their college students' academic lives and how

the students themselves see this engagement. It also looks at the

connection between parental engagement and academic achievement.

According to the students, the most common parental involvement activities

are talking about academic goals, assisting with homework, and offering

financial support.

A research study titled "Exploring the Relationship Between Home

Environment and Academic Motivation of Filipino College Students" (2020)

by Mary Grace M. Ceniza and Angelica L. Calapardo explores the

relationship between academic motivation and the home environment

among those attending Filipino colleges. The purpose of the study is to

investigate how different elements of the home environment, such as family

communication, parental support, and home resources, affect students'

motivation for their academic work.

A 2017 study by Rina B. Laxamana titled "The Influence of Home

Environment on the Well-Being of Filipino College Students" searches at

32
the effects that the home environment has on the wellbeing of Filipino

college students. The goal of the study is to comprehend the different

aspects of the home environment, such as family dynamics, parental

support, and the existence of stressors or conflicts, that affect students'

general well-being. In order to learn more about the opinions and

experiences of Filipino college students, the researcher conducted surveys

and interviews with them. The study's conclusions highlight the important

role that a college student's home environment plays in determining their

overall wellbeing and offer guidance for developing loving, supportive

homes that foster good mental health and general well-being.

Janine O. Serrano's article "Effects of Home Environment on the

Academic Performance of Filipino College Students" (2016) is a study that

looks into how Filipino college students' home environments affect their

academic performance. The purpose of the study is to determine how

different elements of the home environment, such as family support,

parental involvement, and home resources, affect students' academic

performance. In order to examine the connection between the home

environment and academic achievement, the researcher gathered

information from surveys and the academic records of Filipino college

students. The findings of the research provide light on the important

33
contribution that a stable and encouraging home environment makes to

improving students' academic achievement. They also have implications for

parents, teachers, and legislators who want to create environments that

support students' academic success.

Rosalito G. De Guzman's research study from 2019 titled "The

Role of Family Environment in the Adjustment of College Students in the

Philippines" examines how the family environment affects college students'

adjustment in the country. The goal of the study is to comprehend how

different facets of the family environment—such as communication,

support, and conflict—affect college students' overall adjustment. In order

to study the perceptions and experiences of Filipino college students, the

researcher gathered information through surveys and interviews. The

findings of the study provide insights into the important role of the family

environment in shaping students' adjustment to college life and offer

implications for families, educators, and support services in promoting

positive adjustment and well-being among college students in the

Philippines.

34
D. Health and Physical Development

The mental health of students is a growing concern, with rising rates

of stress, anxiety, and depression. This study can shed light on the mental

health challenges students face and inform strategies for promoting mental

well-being, reducing stigma, and enhancing access to mental health

support services.

Melissa A. Napolitano et al.'s paper "Physical Activity and

Sedentary Behavior Among College Students: A Systematic Review of

Correlates" (2008) is an analysis that looks at the factors related to college

students' sedentary habits and physical activity levels. The purpose of the

study is to determine and examine the different corresponds or factors that

affect the lack of movement and physical activity levels of college students.

The study identifies factors that are related to sedentary behavior and

physical activity in this population, including personal beliefs, social

support, environmental factors, and demographic characteristics.

In 2016, Amanda L. Pennington et al.'s published an article

"Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Quality Among College

Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" that looks into the connection between

college students' sedentary lifestyle, physical activity, and sleep quality. The

35
purpose of the study is to determine how these behaviors affect college

students' general well-being and how they are related to one another. The

study's conclusions shed light on the significance of preserving a balance

between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and sleep quality for college

students' general health and wellbeing. The study's conclusions emphasize

the necessity of programs and tactics that encourage college students to

lead healthy lifestyles in order to enhance their general quality of life.

Amal M. Alshwaiyat and Luay M. Naji (2016) published an article

"Dietary Habits and Nutrition Knowledge of College Students: A Cross-

Sectional Study" this research that looks at college students' eating habits

and nutrition knowledge. The purpose of the study is to evaluate college

students' nutritional knowledge and dietary patterns as well as to

investigate the variables influencing their eating habits. The study's

conclusions shed light on the common eating habits of college students,

such as their overindulgence in junk food and insufficient consumption of

fruits and vegetables.

The study "Sleep Quality and Its Relationship with Physical

Activity and Screen Time Among College Students" by Shuangshuang Hu

et al. (2020) looks into the connection between college students' screen

time, physical activity, and sleep quality. The purpose of the study is to

36
determine how these variables interact and affect college students' sleep

quality. The study's conclusions shed light on how crucial it is for college

students' general wellbeing to maintain a healthy balance between screen

time, physical activity, and sleep quality. The study's conclusions

emphasize the necessity of programs and tactics that encourage sound

sleeping practices and limit excessive screen time in order to enhance

college students' sleep and general well-being.

Xiaoxiao Zhang et al. published "Factors Affecting College

Students' Physical Activity: A Comparison Between International and

Domestic Students" in 2020 it is a study that compares domestic and

international college students to find out what factors affect their physical

activity levels. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential

causes of the variations in physical activity levels between these two

groups. To compare the levels of physical activity and determine the

potential contributing factors, they conducted an analysis of the data. The

study's conclusions shed light on the particular difficulties and possibilities

that overseas students may encounter in continuing a regular physical

activity regimen while attending college.

The research study "Mental Health Problems and Help-Seeking

Behavior Among College Students" by Auerbach et al. (2016) investigates

37
the incidence of mental health issues and the ways in which college

students seek assistance. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the

mental health issues that college students encounter and the variables that

impact their decision to seek assistance. The study's conclusions shed light

on the high rate of mental health issues among college students as well as

the difficulties they encounter in getting treatment. The results of the study

emphasize the necessity of expanding mental health services on college

campuses as well as the significance of lowering stigma and encouraging

college students to seek help when they need it in order to enhance their

mental health. The information was examined for correlations between

help-seeking behaviors and mental health issues as well as potential

influences on these behaviors, including perceived social support and

stigma.

Gress-Smith et al. (2015) conducted a study titled "Health

Behaviors and Health Status Among College Students: A Latent Class

Analysis" in which they applied latent class analysis to investigate the

health behaviors and status of college students. The study intends to

determine unique patterns or classes of health behaviors among college

students and evaluate the relationship between these patterns and their

current state of health. The study's conclusions shed light on the various

38
combinations of health-related behaviors that college students engage in

and how those behaviors affect their general health. The study's

implications emphasize how critical it is to encourage college students to

adopt healthy lifestyle practices like consistent exercise, a balanced diet,

and enough sleep in order to enhance their general health and wellbeing.

A study by Lund et al. (2010) titled "Sleep Problems and Their

Association with Psychological Distress Among College Students" looks

into the connection between sleep issues and psychological distress in

college students. The purpose of the study is to determine how common

sleep issues are among college students and to investigate the relationship

between these issues and psychological distress. The study's conclusions

shed light on the high frequency of sleep issues among college students

and how they affect their mental health. The research's implications

underscore the necessity of sleep-related interventions and strategies for

college students in order to improve their mental health and general well-

being.

The extensive literature review "Factors Influencing Health

Behaviors Among College Students: An Integrative Review" by Laska et al.

(2015) looks at the numerous factors influencing college students' health

behaviors. The goal of the study is to compile the body of research and

39
pinpoint the major factors influencing this population's health-related

behaviors. The review offers a thorough summary of the variables that

affect college students' health-related behaviors and highlights the

significance of taking into account a variety of determinants when

developing interventions and tactics to support healthy behaviors in this

population.

Mary Angela S. Reyes and Lourdes A. Carandang (2017)

conducted a study titled "Mental Health Problems and Help-Seeking

Behavior Among College Students in the Philippines" with the aim of

determining how common mental health issues are among college students

in the country. The main objective of the study is to better understand the

mental health issues that the nation's college students face and to pinpoint

the variables that affect their decision to seek assistance. A self-

administered questionnaire was used by the researchers to conduct a

survey among 1,200 college students from different Philippine universities.

In 2020, Alyssa Mae V. Cacho and Mary Grace M. Ceniza's study

"Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Factors Among Filipino College Students: A

Cross-Sectional Study” focuses on analyzing the lifestyle factors and health

behaviors of college students in the Philippines. The study aims to offer

insights into the health-related practices and behaviors of college-bound

40
Filipino students. This study emphasizes how critical it is to address

lifestyle choices and health-related behaviors among Filipino college

students. It emphasizes how important it is to provide this population with

focused interventions and support networks in order to encourage healthier

lifestyle choices and general well-being.

Angelica L. Calapardo and Mary Grace M. Ceniza's write an

article in 2020, titled "Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of College

Students in the Philippines" that investigates the eating patterns and

nutritional status of Filipino college students. The purpose of the study is to

evaluate the nutritional status and dietary habits of college students. The

study's conclusions shed light on the eating habits and nutritional status of

Filipino college students, emphasizing the need for interventions and

instructional initiatives that support a healthy diet and address any potential

dietary deficiencies in this population.

The study "Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among

Filipino College Students" (Capanzana et al., 2017) investigates the degree

of sedentary behavior and physical activity among Philippine college

students. The study's objectives were to ascertain the factors linked to

sedentary behavior and the prevalence of physical activity among Filipino

college students. A substantial percentage of Filipino college students were

41
not engaging in enough physical activity, according to the study's findings,

which were gathered from a sample of 1,200 students at different Philippine

universities. It was discovered that most of the participants spent more than

eight hours a day in sedentary activities, which is deemed excessive.

The 2017 study "Determinants of Physical Activity Among Filipino

College Students" by Guevarra et al. investigates the factors affecting the

degree of physical activity among Philippine college students. The study

suggests that interventions targeting self-efficacy, social support, and

addressing perceived barriers to physical activity may be effective in

promoting physical activity among Filipino college students. The research

aims to identify the determinants of physical activity in this specific

population and provide insights into potential strategies for promoting

physical activity among college students. The results of this study add to

the body of knowledge on the factors that influence physical activity and

can guide the development of future interventions and initiatives targeted at

raising physical activity levels in this population.

The article by Reyes et al. (2019) titled "Perceived Barriers to

Physical Activity Among Filipino College Students" examines the different

obstacles that prevent Filipino college students from engaging in physical

activity. The study intends to shed light on the obstacles encountered by

42
Filipino college students and offer suggestions for ways to encourage

physical activity in this demographic. The study offers suggestions for

encouraging physical activity in this population and clarifies the perceived

obstacles to physical activity among Filipino college students.

Policymakers, educators, and health professionals can use the findings to

help develop interventions that promote physical activity among Philippine

college students.

According to Dizon et al.'s 2019 study, "Physical Fitness and

Lifestyle Behavior Among College Students in the Philippines" focuses on

evaluating Filipino college students' lifestyle choices and level of physical

fitness. The purpose of the study is to offer important insights into the

health and well-being of this particular population. The study's findings

showed that a sizable percentage of Filipino college students were

physically unfit. The bulk of participants consumed an unhealthy diet,

exhibited prolonged sedentary behavior, and engaged in low levels of

physical activity. Inadequate sleep habits were also common among the

individuals.

43
E. Self-centered concerns

According to Smith, J., & Johnson, S. 2018 study "The Impact of

Self-Centered Concerns on College Students' Well-Being" focuses in

exploring relationship between self-centered concerns and college

students' well-being. Self-centered concerns refer to a preoccupation with

oneself and a lack of consideration for others. The aim of this research is to

understand how self-centered concerns may affect the overall well-being of

college students. The study also found that self-centered concerns were

associated with lower levels of social support and weaker interpersonal

relationships. Students with higher self-centered concerns reported feeling

less connected to others, which further contributed to their diminished well-

being.

The article by Brown, L., & Davis, M. (2019) titled "The Effects of

Self-Centered Concerns on College Students' Interpersonal Relationships"

This study looks at how interpersonal relationships among college students

are affected by self-centered concerns. Concerns about oneself at the

expense of others are referred to as self-centered concerns. The purpose

of this study is to investigate the potential effects of self-centered concerns

on the dynamics and quality of college students' interpersonal relationships.

The results of this investigation demonstrate the negative effects of self-

44
centered concerns on these relationships. In order to enhance relationship

dynamics, it highlights how crucial it is to promote empathy, perspective-

taking, and other prosocial behaviors. Interventions focused on improving

emotional intelligence, conflict resolution techniques, and communication

skills may also be helpful in lessening the damaging effects of self-

centeredness on relationships.

In 2020, Thompson, R., & Wilson, K. published an article titled

"The Role of Self-Centered Concerns in Academic Procrastination among

College Students" This study explores how college students' self-centered

worries contribute to their academic procrastination. Concerns about

oneself at the expense of others are referred to as self-centered concerns.

The purpose of this study is to comprehend the potential role that self-

centered worries may play in college students' propensity to put off doing

their homework. The study discovered a negative correlation between self-

regulation abilities and self-centered concerns. Lower levels of self-

regulation were shown by students who expressed more self-centered

concerns. These students also had trouble focusing on tasks, setting goals,

and controlling distractions. Higher academic procrastination was

associated with these deficiencies in self-regulation.

45
 According to Garcia, A., & Hernandez, M. (2017) study "The

Influence of Self-Centered Concerns on College Students' Career Decision-

Making" that looks into how self-centered worries affect college students'

decision-making about their careers. Concerns about oneself at the

expense of others are referred to as self-centered concerns. The purpose

of this study is to comprehend how college students' decision-making

processes and career choices may be impacted by self-centered concerns.

The findings showed a negative correlation between self-centered

concerns and self-efficacy in making career decisions. Learners at higher

levels.

"The Influence of Self-Centered Concerns on the Psychological

Well-being of Filipino College Students" by R. Santos. In 2019 this study

looks at how self-centered worries affect Filipino college students'

psychological health. Concerns about oneself at the expense of others are

referred to as self-centered concerns. The purpose of this study is to

determine how, in the context of the Philippines, self-centered worries may

affect college students' psychological health.

Reyes, M., and Cruz, J., "Self-Centered Concerns and Academic

Performance among College Students in the Philippines" (2020) The

research looks into the connection between academic achievement and

46
self-centered worries among Filipino college students. Concerns about

oneself at the expense of others are referred to as self-centered concerns.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential effects of self-

centeredness on college students' academic performance in the Philippine

setting. The findings showed a strong inverse relationship between

academic achievement and self-centered worries among Filipino college

students. Reduced academic performance, including lower GPAs and

academic achievement, was linked to higher levels of self-centered

concerns. According to this research, students who are self-centered may

find it difficult to focus on their academic work and Reyes, M., and Cruz, J.,

"Self-Centered Concerns and Academic Performance among College

Students in the Philippines" (2020) The research looks into the connection

between academic achievement and self-centered worries among Filipino

college students. Concerns about oneself at the expense of others are

referred to as self-centered concerns. The purpose of this study is to

investigate the potential effects of self-centeredness on college students'

academic performance in the Philippine setting. The findings showed a

strong inverse relationship between academic achievement and self-

centered worries among Filipino college students. Reduced academic

performance, including lower GPAs and academic achievement, was linked

47
to higher levels of self-centered concerns. According to this research,

students who are self-centered may find it difficult to focus on their

academic work and achieve their full potential.

"Self-Centered Concerns and Career Decision-Making of Filipino

College Students" by Garcia, A., & Hernandez, M. (2018) this study

investigates the connection between Filipino college students' career

decision-making and self-centered concerns. Concerns about oneself at

the expense of others are referred to as self-centered concerns. The

purpose of this study is to investigate how, in the context of the Philippines,

self-centered concerns may affect college students' decision-making

regarding their careers.

"Social Media Use, Self-Centered Concerns, and Psychological

Well-being among Filipino College Students" by Lim, J., et al. (2021) this

study looks at the connection between Filipino college students' use of

social media, self-centered worries, and psychological health. Social media

use is becoming more and more common in today's society, so it's critical

to comprehend how it might affect people's psychological health, especially

when it comes to self-centered worries. Higher usage of social media was

linked to more self-centered behaviors, such as comparing oneself to

others, seeking validation, and concentrating on how one presents oneself.

48
 Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between self-centered

worries and psychological well-being, which included decreased emotional,

self-esteem, and life satisfaction levels.

F. People in general

According to Johnson, S., et al. (2017), the study "Interpersonal

Challenges Faced by College Students: A Qualitative Study" attempts to

investigate the interpersonal difficulties that college students encounter.

Relationships, social support systems, and social dynamics all undergo

major changes when a person enters college. The specific interpersonal

challenges that college students face can be used to pinpoint areas that

may require further support and intervention. The research findings

identified a number of important themes regarding the interpersonal

challenges that college students face. Early in their college careers, the

participants said they had trouble establishing social connections and

making new friends. They also talked about disagreements and

misunderstandings with roommates or fellow students, which frequently

resulted from different lifestyle choices, values, or communication styles.

Participants discussed difficulties juggling their romantic relationships with

their academic obligations, navigating long-distance relationships, and

managing conflicts.

49
 In 2006, Heinrich and Gullone's write an article "Loneliness and

Social Support among College Students: A Meta-Analytic Review" that aim

to investigates the connection between college students' social support and

feelings of loneliness. A subjective sense of discontent with one's social

connections is known as loneliness, whereas the availability and perception

of support, understanding, and help from others is known as social support.

Gaining knowledge about the relationship between social support and

loneliness in the college setting can help identify the elements that support

students' social wellbeing. The meta-analysis's conclusions showed that

among college students, social support and loneliness were significantly

correlated negatively. Lower levels of loneliness were linked to higher

levels of social support, suggesting that having access to resources and

supportive relationships can help reduce feelings of loneliness.

By Smith, J., & Brown, L., "Understanding and Addressing

Difficulties in Interpersonal Relationships among College Students" The

goal of the 2019 study is to comprehend the interpersonal relationship

problems that college students face and investigate solutions. Students

frequently encounter new social settings, a variety of relationships, and

greater independence during their time in college, which is a period of

transition and personal development. Comprehending and resolving the

50
challenges posed by interpersonal relationships can enhance students'

general welfare and academic achievements.

The study "The Impact of Social Media on College Students'

Interpersonal Relationships" by Davis, M., et al. (2018) looks at how social

media affects interpersonal relationships among college students. Social

media platforms now play a crucial role in college students' daily lives,

impacting their interactions and communication with others. Gaining

knowledge about how social media affects relationships between people

can help one better understand the opportunities and problems that come

with living in the digital age.

Zhang, J., & Goodson, P. (2011) "Cultural Adjustment and Social

Integration Among International College Students" the study focuses on

investigating the experiences of international college students with social

integration and cultural adjustment. For international students, moving to a

new nation and cultural setting can be extremely difficult, which can have a

negative effect on both their general well-being and academic performance.

Support services and interventions for this population can be better

informed by having a better understanding of the variables that affect social

integration and cultural adjustment.

51
 Chapter 3

Methodology

This section presents the research design, Research Locale,

population and sampling, research instrument, and data collection.

Research design

The descriptive-quantitative survey design was be used in this

study. It is a method that attempts to collect quantifiable information for

statistical analysis of the population sample. The researchers utilized

research questions that is descriptive in nature in attempting to identify

responses associated, or in retate with a specific variable, regardless of

52
 whether that variable was dependent, independent, or moderating

(Creswell, 2014).

Quantitative research methods involve careful planning,

encompassing all aspects of the study inclusive of research questioning,

sampling, and data collection (Borrego, Douglas, & Amelink, 2009). Allison

(1998) and Creswell (2003) believed that quantitative research involves

collecting numerical information that can be quantified and statistically be

tested to either reject or not reject the hypothesis. Nonexperimental

Quantitative research is descriptive in nature and does not allow

manipulation of the independent variables (Christensen et al., 2011).

Research Locale

The research locale for studying the problem of college students

in the board courses of Marvelous Colleges of Technology Inc. would

specifically focus on the students enrolled in these board courses.

Board courses typically refer to specific programs or areas of

study within a college or university, often leading to professional licensure

or certification. In the case of Marvelous Colleges of Technology Inc., the

research locale would involve examining the challenges faced by college

students specifically within these board courses.

53
 The researcher would concentrate on gathering data and insights

from students enrolled in these particular programs, understanding the

unique issues they encounter, and exploring factors that may influence their

experiences. This could include examining areas such as academic

pressure, curriculum demands, career prospects, and access to resources

and support networks within the context of the board courses at Marvelous

Colleges of Technology Inc.

To study this problem, the researcher could employ various

research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or analysis of

academic performance and outcomes specific to the board courses. By

focusing on this research locale, the study can provide targeted insights

into the challenges and needs of college students within these specialized

programs, potentially leading to improvements and support measures

tailored to their specific circumstances.

Population and Sample

The target population for studying the problem of college students

in the board courses of Marvelous Colleges of Technology Inc. would be a

specific subset of the overall student population. It would include college

students who are currently enrolled in or have recently completed board

54
courses within Marvelous Colleges of Technology Inc. Specifically, this

would involve students who are pursuing or have pursued programs or

areas of study that lead to professional licensure or certification, typically

associated with board examinations.

sampling technique for studying the problem of college students in

the board courses of Marvelous Colleges of Technology Inc. is stratified

random sampling.

In this technique, the researcher would divide the population of

college students in board courses into different strata or subgroups based

on relevant characteristics, such as program of study, gender, academic

performance, or year of enrollment.

After stratifying the population, a random sample of students

would be selected from each stratum. This ensures that the sample

includes representation from each subgroup, allowing for a more

comprehensive understanding of the problem and its variations within

different student groups.

Stratified random sampling helps to ensure that the sample is

representative of the larger population, and that the findings can be

55
 generalized to the entire population of college students in board courses at

Marvelous Colleges of Technology Inc.

Research Instrument

Data Collection

56