oe sae Rs Se Mil seat ee re St, sel et og, a a Taegu sen rt oe a Pa Se een tn Se i Ce Bo a tora i ae eae tees ci ig nee Sree aS cto "te pa, a eaten at tea sia ot eae Scan tol loved nh geo gl development of i Vargas vs. Rilloraza, Phi 297 Feb 26, 188 CHAPTER1 Preliminary Considerations Nt» that is Wolpe eatin as nat ian nyse cio Ae em of nal ion camp fy burs, need on 1th only one wh ft ahd io he erat > ‘mapa, hs reson, tote ty andes ok i possi fr hin rtf capt the enone at Change Ad tha sof toons eet hed of rolton- ol Hole, ul entra elon Tel tat il squec fetal pets" = Jacob Bronowsth Theses Mo Philosophy and The Law “There isa natural payfnership between philosophy and the awe ESR ate intertwined with the Beer law's pateraa ‘makes for a veritable combination, — tii fom yrs Sgr tre "Throughout the years there has been an ini ltenipt to discover the tue nature of law using tools borrowed, from a véry inquisitive discipline, known to most as philosophy, ‘Though ab frst glance, philosophy may more often than not dalve into the mysteries of keowledge and its aequsiion and pplication, Tt has, at 0 many point of our Mistry, when © Peete atthe nature of aw is concep its application and ore Impotonaly— its compulsory power to make people oyromp bose Wa en set phy Will fee range ice igh processes aH SLES Ye = wine ways 80 E Cn gig " a beyond Tater OPS Philosophical inquiry: hey a sede ant bl y-asgime 0 9 Vehieh ra 2 ice ta va pris ovens a pam WA we el ier ina a on Ny bag, Ser er tied aw ads ie allo ey cee rane, ne, le han ontien, ae of sey Fishy by ts very nature is inquisitive, It constantly sseksanoer toguestnsyet more offen than not, the question ‘moe Inport thin the ansier, Inquiry Is the fc that ower phlneoy 1 the are ia which we prod thm 1 set hatte norma be ethan ous. Ne nl psp mek for wt lok father than Wha Sone tga mae aoe Keven ont ptt aw dog ts tebe in mind ha ao apn te hs pet should be exer 4 ine ih he kal tana, rene Sow nt eof all means afford him by a ae ecto aan haat then est themes meg Ton the gyn an eels of pup nthe alone do tot away aly Go emplo b he ecara nt ae an incom WHEN tft fav te sno a ple Sronch th goverment ke the, determi CSetrvenis cll othe pened pighine sd vc etc sig i pa a Stoning the ably et gevrpens ae tr srs ‘Topand upc RAY ROSEY ox be sa hatin tn cane ‘eer fhe law soe thing athe at ate ing {hers an hse the eter ote lw oe 1k Jpuir dhewbres simply 10 vente ily to m0 praca Mess apne unl domains fap Snes a a By eal A sto at eine sata caren t= aos abe aly sarod t Ey ayy os ie onc h mong tein ht nem of tg sl Be teers: he nt of he ter Unga he set woh te racks a ae jie seein ee nd tegen pr hat net, nf Eee yl oie elt or fo ay enzo erat pple Cou? jE tte tad ce ae Fir deemed pasos Oe of tem tarred ie Sera in sae crane fi TW Sie ented the sae wih a (Seer wath heen theson Ea Alot and AE Satiais somrencete owe on pa of the cient wie “hea the five ci ought ple th es Ae ete od hen pF we "Paci Som 2 Pt 48108) +19 ses, 1087 we dunt Cea id meen pai oe re gay ae eee a Rit 0 9 t? siete of such agreement the ettionen osuee. YO jo Arte oe Bld hg coma tenms no ag: Sy ae gh SEIN oe Sent Be A Sc Sis Ais ale bythe coe ata te ety eon ede nc apn ene Sent ace nate ati Be mE fA evshee ttn cs the Cot vt inthe Me OF enn ttt out ws ve and Dt of SSE NE wokin mse vee wal oe ml at sr amg ein ned rat ‘Cyd bpm eel dry oo Sot Se gta th ag De Sitar mops or whet cece SER EP aga nampa Tass oe ke ihodeeirilbenn: su gic mye ioe ae . fort thee sur nvrbes hve the Meet ‘lat een enc I dog See Al a he rece eect lv ke ir aye + tet Seng a "ein aha TallindHE We do not and must sa ape rt a Scott el ale seg Be eee Coe arm an ke cae ee cele a amt Sess ay tl ies i sn a i ARNE e interpret the Law in such a way ato rf let the wil at» Skane we myn nee a at tte mene cae i a peaeres Sma mae og at wag ht a ke fu i Tk arte yaaa He ow Ny ama one a ns ee 50 Sa 280, ay 8, 187 er eh Oh 4, Qo hes WHY om qe OF gntdiate yatel fn se racine ete tha eth a ‘heaves wile reunion Mt +m aageng rd be wed a reel ing 50 ye der na 1 te ‘hei theta ge cto enim str ate egnane es {iain al nt eu ae ‘eth hs Sao tm shi So i ‘hh tin deer te stat etint a ion ‘nee ae , recent enawe ne Papribee gor SORT on msrp rage on Se cri "eect, ee te ‘gee ye EN? er Sew te peace decane te At Gre Sie fafaiy Serer t's aren ashen car tceaer Tee poets Su tts Ae my tet = oot ‘Acar mar a, OA ay 7 SA ae magi cu nt am Siren Seicta cosh cori pone Siig oeetmctnecnacmaans oem #50 S684. Dsen 21.200 Ur. bd on em ad ed 01 Ulead grat oo oe Sra ae * en, emt nce son Sen 2 nay, jae lasers teens Seer Ss rr Sardi foe He hud stay, ven ant B sing o wt Sad ‘seine ABN 1 AE ay NST WH gM In Hanh 20 at ak ecto Jue 3 tip NS bie A NO A, Se ett ae poids tht Ta Be Ue recone yi Be es Seep Teg oa MEK Senna goa ae se re 0 2) oie tec secon aga Be ra Soe es NO ve, getenent preted in XS sao the 3 municipal whee, Shatin ee notated upon during dhe co ee tk Congres end without the Sie penea fe Reon No.2 Then eae the 198 Congress whlch se the ssc Rpsettes reapung HL Joint Reston RSSEN TE Reatutoa No 1 and forwarding it REivtearpoal ‘The Seat however gan fll to approve the fest spsatoe using the Senate sewn held 08 Ncvertre Sete Aguline Pimentel Je ase ut paning HReslon No T woud, In mt ffs, Sloe 2 wbsiule exemplon rom’ the income ‘een npn under Republic Act No 9008 on te ‘penspalte Forth renon he wget the ling Scie Represent pve ‘be vay for te mancpaliies obec ces and en gh the Seat popes ation Seti a peta Rt ear Ns re cage cts Bo eae rere ending the ads, sist 6) ted, ough er epee tom ‘phon Nik. Common to at ema join exempting te mumssity ceed Fiptotritionnctse gine ff ane 7,287 th Hones Congr agree fatvulcivbon a wk cre HL tennant, "P Exe! dite COMIC: win ary {Lem to pyle cc nde ‘nce apone he er ‘hs cates sae, the baton pttons sek to ec theo lm unital for fF see IN At X a Be Comton alaon ofthe ea ptm Gases hae overtone manic i ein the peste guar AO Kean el dce the sare exiting rtemal Revenue Alten! (RA, i moe iy il rake of the ira eee tet mse fel ner Se 285 ofthe LOC oe SL sth in — in hemi te oe ch thr ol el pt on wate te tek ef) 10 At of te Cotton and con cm “The High Court held that — legate net part and pre of the lie the olin cr Fertig tte In contving 9 tate pope furs tout allow th tr eto he {egy and to ape ti seme a et hres ‘eth cota and prmatn inte fst ma he Pally and atic the Tals. Te tact [Reretton trae courier the pie ct ttacrepate a nea As empsied at heo ° Se 25 ote 161 LOC owen Alsen Les Gore Un = ‘tr of. mt (0) ot ang nb ong ae Froante (ns Al oe Ce, Das ceamaguney gent a Cet EY deepmet Sce See eee ae = este 1 26 fe Mae snaps meapneceee meet estates ara Sr eteicy holies ee ogee Sitemeter ben Co eer ee Sop See wed eee formar oy Fen att pepe fee vita, 4208 tn ae Bat wea ape thn nes corporal gh" Gidhevrnum a be Bnd of Brecors sec ant I ci gun psoas for ea dB dig prasad meet A IDE po etl fo he BI Tees cmt an Ava Rele/Asmen Nees SESE eine py the etcey welding See ie rh yea 199 an 0 Seta, a ‘sumer, and thus no jt fo the 3 fl te ‘Abo "Punt to Arde XL Saton Be onsiation 38 and Ate 2 of Repti Aa No OS (RA eo) or the Cooperative Ca othe Fp. ope ey Pl etm ‘heir meme om the apLenon ef Sion Bite Nine 1s pti tate py the dicey ting forenoon ingens 205 perma? SP Per the High Court — peso i ot bleto Py See a ra a tay easier tee eect po alate epee meee fees oe es Seeeon swe Sroeseeesss Secacieemgoos segee arora ag Lom Under Artie 2 of Repuc Act No. #28, os dared ‘Sepetinn a 4 patil seh fr pomeng Sl Felner and harning people power towards the ‘inmntofeconomi deveopment and sacl pi “Tha to encsarage the frmaton of copeatves on ‘Geac an sanphare condocve to their growth ad ‘Seopmont the Sine extends al form of tice ©stuh w peing copes 4 sec os Gigs operat “The lane Te apparent in Aries 61 and e jean No 28, nee Beretta sent of Compras — ane ete rts Cale "Sel ae sal nt be ee ey gm es af 2 acral Rese es SEE copies ot fling wer Se eae fray the sceding ant, 2 Ten Or Exemptions, — ‘Sept treating business ith oth Sc nd ment al tb abet Dies tir Isctins 10 meters. ectnding We poison of en Ui oF elton te cna such compris [Bing th mower sal enjoy the floc compos #22. ‘Ths emplin extnds to members of ‘expeaties It mat be emphasized tht cooperates ‘tr th bene of th members Infact the primary ‘Spc of every coperative to provide gonde snd ‘ies tis mendes erable the fo tan increased Soave, sings invstrenty, and produce {Thro mig the pplaton ofthe tax exemption \wcupeives wold go api the very purpose of dcop Extending the exemption to memes «f cperves, on he the had, would be essen ‘th einen heen ‘The pt rte than the eter of statute determine Stein fees statute must be read according ts Saat wht within the spt ib te so Singh's ot within the eter heen, and that wh ® ‘ant Sell Bt nt seth the spt fs not within Be eel, thing which within the inet e the lawmaker sas much within the sata aif within he eter and a thing which is within the eter of the state snot within ‘he statute unless within th inet th Iawnkers Th hing tt fhe Si ad he apes ae pi pte gaat ech othr hs paces te Sates ee per ene ete ded pay of fot he ration oe grt of pets ame tp Heth on oes it of a aed trifle pres Dumaguete Cathedral Cit Cooperative DECOY Coniston of net Resnte™ Pestooer Dumagurte Cathedal Cit ‘coopers (DCCCD) oa ret coperne daly rept wth. and reutd by he Cooperate Development Auherty CDA) it wan seb Febusty 1, 108 th the fll siete and arp (i inaese te income and paring ore the members to po! the motes o the Pros by exourging wings ad promoting at etl cia formatin for development actos, {6} wo etn lame fo meno for point Sd produce perpen has he power (0) dea mae seep endo, Sen Toc Tote Fronary nt, vas of change deat wrane cee SO in Baa Etter of ts bance open 2)» tau Bonds, debentutey and ober shigaions to conrad indcleins Sh tse the ame ih mete Dumagiee tar Revo ot ScmA gear 22910 mero scnnose, sary 222010 ‘anos rest Cozens (0CCCO} ws. Conse otgat pledge olen many cede pene pope we 2,2, he DUR nn er 2 Gap DePly Cohe sen Oo Au Now an SSE He en me Rab a 5 ete Rene glen NO. 12 Bold et pons of 2c0UN ond oer beets mE intemal eveNUE Les for oy ct ta copy. tins pate Derandand AR) Howevet the later led 9 etal Boone psn 1S dy pee Sok pont ce had alone ieee Sore fed eta Gee = ncn tina ee a uaa a tae Re sno S SS Se aii ew td Seat tt Tce ee yee Secu aan abe Spat Paleo bon se SAA mare eet seca © mooie esr a he isu of wet nt ti ie ‘peg sing tes itot from se: ‘ef imesh abl yrs 1982 5 ee einen eet f 207 per amma et cote ht tg te ax ‘vents apres, this shuld he constr inde Script ee Rea eS mu pitemPtion extends to members of cooperatives, ELE exphasont that cooperatives. exist oe BE Scie mean cpg eee sere vie gn ond = renter to enable them 1 atin named nme Singlets and) reduce Teme, Ing te opcion ef “e tx Soong operate wo go apn the very pur et ‘edit copertve Ende he exempt mene ‘Tesopertines one oi hn mel be cert ‘tthe net fe leptin eae ‘Set ys pet he ‘Mar Rpasue naa om Th enone the formation of caret end rae an smasphre emacs thin goth ad delet the Sale ‘ues all ors of misance Bem, one of ich posing acpi a peentialtx tretment. — Under Ate 2 of Republic Act No 6838, a amended by Republe Ae No 9520 1 dedoed polio he State ester the eetion and roe ‘cooperatives a pracical vehicle for promoting sletinnce ant Iamening. poopie power towanls the ataioment of ‘sonomic development and social juice. Thu, oencorags the formation of ceoperstives and t0 crest an stmosphere conducive to ther growth and development, the Sate extends AIT forms of asitance to thom, ae of which is providing eoprativesa preteen tax eatent Bre sory of aw Considering. the American model and origin of the Pppine eoneton, if nt surprising tht Filpine fries and legal scholars define and explain the nature ofthe Philippine “canton. tn simile tee thalArericin ‘onetonal lay scolrs explain thir consttation Cet Jute eran, citing Lat, seat about the Bsc purpose af Shei saciety and government zs “The he pre of «Sst, realy 0 sue the haps and wire of is ese At oem in iT pra La 1 ot a din Hf at ‘nly sn a nd nus oping el ep cana ont Cpe OEE) Cormanss aig righ whic must be cp ee a ey sur ra ro Cee ers og at te ary eee entero tHe fe ay at prience. Thus the early oN shy mal al, hovever ec cee The coer ee en fe Ronn paan t i SA en vk Wane ere erie tad commen, ipods 1 send stot leaand prensa sada ces rade men eel euanee Sees ahd eos Ge ed by nae = a eng mtd UKs te soy, nd fs fp ly sw alee Yo ‘Soa pode se Fee eo lpn erty te at 1 etna fn pdt ee of leis fo tye opin eh teenage iments ow eh Setolte espera pte es eon pine] 'S 4 performative contradiction and thus s sy i Wed poi that wee eo Telpttcll totslon ators at se ih hati abhors as it stands on the jee? Sela det aschoa a lg! Bowel Pop eh toth and mailto defend the nats "S another judge will match his fervor in defending* ee a SEES Ot Oe ete sardgneayn SERN aang nae v0 * contrary philosophy he espouses However, hnvoking astral law because the history, talon and eral ler ef» people ‘pdubitaby show adherence to iis a allogther life try, for ultimately neu pli and legal raion, the people ae the source ofall goverment suthosty, and he court ar their creation Whi itmay be argued thatthe chic ofa schol of Tegal thought isa mater of opinion, history fe act against which one cannot argue — and ft would nat be tering Somersilt with history ta that the American Delran of Independence and the consequent adoption ef a constiston stood on 2 modern natural aw Ueory foundation a this ‘nivel taken or granted by writers on government Alton Filpns hae soo demacracy is a Fin, eis weno tat eur politic en eel iatatios ee Ameri ‘mong he scrment wa nly fats nt uty ba lf ‘Sls the ey igh 1 as etabishl10 prt i els utr to dan bene of th govern and ld be mpd {ith ont whch he pole onan ad sgh of rite the Flpino pple eee the EDSA Reaationof erry 186. “Two facts ae eanlydscemible fom our constitutional! history Fit the Filpinos are a feedoroving cae with high reg for thee fundamental and natural rights No amount of subjugation x suppression by rulers with the same esr a the Flin sino otherwise, could blest ther longing and aspiration to enjoy thes ight. Without the people's consent fo Submit their natural eights tothe rule these rights cannot forever be quale, for ke water seking is own couse ahd eel hey wl fin her plein thei of he individual on of the nation natural ight as prt of nature, wil ake is wn course. Thus, the Filipinos fought for and demanded these rights from the Spanish and American colonizers ond in fii seen history rom an suthotarian ruler. They woe these sighs in Stone in every consi they crated starting fom the 183 Malolos Cansttuton. Second, although Filipinos have given democracy i own Flipino foe, it undeniable that out peaeye mee errant cata 7 Semans a2 AEA IN oi, so os ean form OF EOVETDMEn th ott th OF BOVE tha i Pah Bil of RBM they exe Fed Pm at et a a amet a eT alt wilh the Fino whey je gj ln goverment and Vere jay toner nl ey ich into we sndent and equal individ, “ae ee ast {Sad es ramet the ttn oy bes ery and proper: THe tle prs ts Ho promote, priest and preserve Use igh, rene el ya fal welche 0 PL Hts vie tence ofthe OWE And oe iy wah be Poe consent. The pin ght of ightin he EDSA Revert Fun 886 Site of ut eal System “oben. the Pitppne politcal stuctue is comport ies coat bras of government, Tic ht greet oe ae pai -deseribed and refered to as follows: " 2) Theaesatie; The epstie and Mea, hates a ie a tons of gover ‘ee a Bike departments the Ie = Tee which are independent 1 SER Sg ‘ Fag” 9 One tpt Sandgate. 07" and coq with cach of them having exclusive copizance of pics eithin json, supreme within Hs on sphere, ‘Ra fae om interference inthe exercise of powers entrusted 10 subject tothe seme of checks and. olonees 0s eoetttonallyordlned? Ie likewise» tusm that on Whe TGgnlature bs vested “the authority to make the fas, en the Seve to eofrce them, and on “the judiciary to interpre thom In the course of deciding Jsticlable controversies of = ‘ate swells a public charac in he couse of which the Teblny ofthe acts ef theater to branches may be bested Putczer woutd thus logically conclude that the dispute ‘eave tnd the tee private respondents tuning 00 thet PSectve eights under the private peoson plan subsequently igpated In the socal security scheme, the courts, not ‘Spurn Commision conse the appropriate frum for its revolution? ‘This isto ignores, however that the principle of separation of powers ia elative theory of government not o be enforced (rth pean rigor Asa pincpe of statesmanship the protic omands of sttcraft would argue ayainst is theoretical = Lito sneig Copuaten wa. Stl Sooety Common, 3¢ SORA dy Bia iog Ana» Sosa Conmanon 3 Pi 100 i en yey al oe wae fay So'isme lary sue bom aor hs gone’ Sere Oe ‘Sun cisco porn fe at aso ‘sx est eparor, ep try owen be oon ‘i cna bt ra es crop Ba eer foros none can scrapes soe ny cre. ‘Stowe eds wow entg toes nee Mpa a Lunn sien Caper Sail Beast Conmaten, 3 SA 9 7 31,1970. ”oe van Wi A St SAE rag sion of governmental poters, me at sr § it ihe light of a st tel i a tli of See cic it Say gern re and sportin of eit in re fe ey dun “wih mathematic ae i ihe rmches ilo esp, Se a get onan fe rte ad at ai ep erase ine pounbra sting grivally from one tines Fe oer ote reel sour Bt itn sgl Ct im Sete Ee a hae ed bythe paseo ime" ‘As teat bythe lat Justice Jose Pe Laurel inthe 1936 landaack cae of Anant vs, Electoral Commission? “The initia forth in cei laguage the restrictions ant ities wp goornmetal powers and agencies. If thot * uso Sertsng Caption vs. Sol Secuty Commision, 94 SO ‘pushy 3t i erg Cr tarsonw Sui, eo HE 635 (28, ore et “The egnces f goverment rave at ¢ ‘riot my ore arcs» pce fo se Ec gy ate eraieapponnasn ae tha separ Peas SPIES Gr cg spp Senne 0m, 7 Se SORA TS wt, 1870 OP sum 2 restrictions en initatons are transcended i would be inconeioae f Ihe Contittion hd not proce foro chants by which ode the cure of goverment long constitutional channels, fr then the ebion of posers onl be mere erbing, the bl of gts mere ‘rpenians of sentiment, andthe prices of good grecrament mere Fattod eptiegns..Certainy, the iniations ad retritions tdi cer Constitution ae ral a hey should be i any ing Cotton.” Josie Lautel pointed out that in contrast to the ‘United Stetes Constitution, the Philippine Constitution 3+ “ “niin of the powers of greerament™ placed upon the judiciary Ate great Durden of “determining the nature, scope end extent of Shek powers” and stressed that "whe the judicary mediates fo Siocteconstitatonl bowndarie, does not asert any supeirty oer th ster dpariment xx ut only asserts the solemn end sared ipo ets fo it by the Constitution to determine confiing ‘iain of sutority wer the Canstituton and to establish forthe partes nan actual controversy fhe right which the irstuament ours nd gurantestthe ‘The Executive Refers tothe branch of government that applis the law. “This branch i headed by the President. Under the President is the VieePresident and) the Cabinet Secretaries. Under the Goctrne of qualified politcal agency, the President discharges fis functions as chief executive officer and commander in chief tf the country through his Secretaries who run thei respective Departments The President shall control of al the executive ‘departments, bureaus and offices He shall ensure tht the laws be athully executed, This i » principle in pola Lave that, since the mulifarious executive and administrative functions of the Chief Executive ae performed by and dhrough executive departments, its but necessary thatthe ats af the secretaries of ‘departments when performed and promulgated in the regular ‘course of business or unless disapproved or reprobate by the naga re, 89SORA 3, Cele 2, 1985ariy 88 eco" 6g, on pone ot oc ome oo se ding, al stectine ee ee ee seine SS eae A adnate poet ive are performed by and th ars fhe Chet Ess ough beac Departents™ Te tisaie she toch verona at make he ee ere Gb — the Seat or be Ten fae of eprsentatines o owe ne FO Be Stns ste Presiden whe aa ce pepsin he Speaker see eee sto opin ler, member td se mel torus the costson, The Scie tare power ins Hamer Congr So Puippas eng of 3 Soule and + Howse of Repose Tis be aubey ander te Canton cnet pel em Sa. ee, say; Ss one ear eee cer Power of Congress to enact legislative measures is plenary in ‘nature — meaning that it can legislate laws and even amend, Scotian Tei cmplty of our ey and. governs Basen ete eho Samet ae >a cemeteries te SIDE D6 Fagen 12 Engen ton SCRA [Zrrmemereso tess spp op 278 2 making laws — they can perform such eer functions. hich fe, sil speoking. not within the ambit of the Wadena legate powers {ts the penuian province ofthe legslaure to prsrte general rls forthe government of wacky, The eset a the {egulative function ithe determination ofthe leisltive picy {nd its formulation and promulgation a+ a defined and binding ule of conduct” 1 must be borne in ind that sabject to eanstatoral limitations, Congres fe empowered to define what ac of omissions shal constitutes cfene and to prescribe punishments erefore® The Juicary Refers othe branch of government tht interprets the ‘This is rapeenied by the Supreme Court The head of the Supreme Cour is alled a Chet Justice and fined by 1 other ‘Assos Jnticn, The Conattution i definiion ofthe powers ‘of government Whe 10 teri the mature, cape and eet of suc peers? The Consitution ie has provided forthe Insrumentaty ofthe Judiciary a8 the eatlona way. And when the jadiaary medates Yo alocatecanstttional boundaries 1 doo not ase any supeinty over the other department: ‘des not in realy nuit o invalidate an act ofthe Leite, but only anerts the solemn and sated obligation assigned ft by the Constitution to determine contin claims of auhonty Sorento Pact eng Pon tn 0 7 SORA “scan Seve CA 29481a and 1 eas forthe pun cs whi sen abc rath al ht 8 vcd in este Tey hich POPE 18 the pooh ed nde Constitutions a rhe pares a von which has been Intoduced by th pp A pro grin, fo he fist ime in our Fandenes eS ten ail pe” a such autor and day = pe acta controversies incloing righ, a edo do deeming ta on ecenete mone, ation es se cons ray prin opt fay Princ OF isiement ‘eonremet ‘sth consitaton vests judicial power in one Supreme out an in sch eer courts as may be established by ly pil poner y Hs matures the power to hear and dese ‘ass ping Betveen parties who have the right sem eso nthe cours of aw ae equity twa ong veer purte nor sword and © nel othe weet of the ‘thee departs [remo th day onthe vested wth he pore ‘ati aver the leptive oe he cx se Soha ora te fda Th TL wate ges cl tthe dot of ait oc eae prety sumer SESE Medco cpt of powers impor Peres maf the nature of ee ‘Ae aoe ng om ana te 88 8 10. ay 71098 Petts and oftheir respect forthe other departments, in thing down, thests of theegsative and theextutve a unconstitutional ‘The Constitution ig basically charter of limitations of governmental power and enshvines 2 system of Separation of Powers and chess and blancs under which no man the awe for above the law. It ordain the weakest department. the Supreme Court, asthe guardan. and final arbiter of the Constaton It postulates and requles 3 fee and independent Juclcion, sworn to defend and enforce the Cotton andthe lbw without far or favor Iemandates that vlan authority iat {i Unessopreme over the lita: Like His Holiness. the Pope, {he Supreme Court has no batalons, tanks or guns te enforce ts ‘decison strength les in that verdicts woul be obeyed ‘by the sheer moral fore and uth of ts judgments fora long 35 the Court hep the faith and confidence repose init By the [people through the Constitution to ender justice and sustained their moral conviction that through the Supreme Cour, justice find the voice of retzon and trth would preval in the end Under the Role of Law “Jui ects epi o interpreting thes oth Constinton shal frm apart of the lel sem ofthe Pilipinas" and the Executive ad al offices and agencies, ‘and patclarly the mitra elle upon to execute the as ‘so nerpreed and adjudged by the cours © Note, however, thatthe Court may exercise its power of fudicil review only the follwing requisites ae present (1) a cual and appropriate cose and. controversy existe (a Personal and substantial itest of the pany rating the Feonsttational question: (3) the exercise of judicial review is ipa ee hn 8 owcoee ‘tog ni, 19 SCRA, Osta, 185and (9) the constitution reuse ecse ses psi #18 GE ay Jats er Caan appropriate Feral proceing, 6 Sy erg sedi SSenSeon tert pone oe Soup ses een eg tree eon ach redentt emeanle it woul! e productive Setanta ma Wises cen of dos fhe pain at cnn et specie 51 fe ig nef So icy inthe mesnhe Sy, dc hag essere rl 1 men Cem cme ees ot th prwsmpton of wali yea Cpe oo Praer B me aod my pratt of stn we name naa pal ven there weELanacoman ibe cseot Pedentsl oc ee weContatonrscoalig tute Asie cntonenyivaves a deft and conte pate ching tela aione of the pares ving Stree ll mea As forthe thd result fr judd revne shui rt hen 16 mean tat the question ot ‘oso mat be ed immediately after the exeice ft he sine acon complained of — thal the question et ‘const bs oem aed befor ot val sce tora tow tia era e™| Content Commision, “ron n agaang 8A ‘nce eee Gn 2 SRA ‘trina Cane Samay Senki "ae aete nn Rae 2 SCRA » The 1887 Thitppine Corstiton cratat thee) ommisiens ~ the Coil Serves Commnnon (SC) the Commscion om Elections (COMELEC) and the Comission om Aut (COA). To ere thr independence, hee constitutional commissens enjoy fal storey meaning their approved anual” appopeions we utomatilyand egies ‘Ate Xo he Contin ss inno. uti ems that only the CSC the Commiowon en Eetons, and Be Commision on Aust call be tagged ss Conetabonl CCommisions withthe apparent right to fal automo ‘Thus Se 1 The Comttona! Commisin, which shall Be Inependent athe Cio Serie Commision the Cmmision ‘0 tons tnd the Cominwon on Aud 18 shoul be nat that the Consaton provides for stongent enone Monee to be member of sad Cenntional eminent Tt expla that no member ‘of consol oman hal ding he tenure ha any ther oie or employment Neher shall he engage i he ‘pastce of any prcenion or in the aeuve management et Een of any bins which in any way be alee By the anor of his lr, nor shall he be franc nkrated, iy ose any conta wl ein any anh lege rte by the Cavemen any fH sabavinens, Spence oF isirumeatie. ining government-owned ot ‘eotaled corporation or thew ubedres Momover tht ‘Stes ae fr! by nw and cane! be dense uring thar ‘Without diminishing, ncn or myn subsanive ‘hts tho contra commis ae awed Ey te ‘Conia promulgate own rls cnceming pigs fn pric before Hor belore any of he ole The ‘Conan ure prvi tht ach commit shal deeany case oF matter broughy a sme of 8 Sub msin op hs SO ot ese OF mar tele onion. Hea TP esoltion upon the Sling of td om ely any to menage Supee Coun Secs HT ay HY 76 am srt ot sesice Commission saps of yam The Ciel rh et sien ans, thison se it es apes ofthe Goverment, including aed of ened corporations wi eign pe Arce DB of he 1987 Contttion entrust to the Civil Semice Commission the administation of the evil service, Thich sempre of al rnc, sublisons instrumentals, td anes te Goneranent, ncng goverment or = ‘el corti aint." As cn be fered from its name — the Civil Service ‘Cammison (CSC) serves athe human resource agency’ of the ‘ee Thilppine bureaucracy tasked with the formulation, Ianiorig and inplmeniaton of quaty standards in public emi: boed on a merit stem. The civil service embraces all ‘ranches subvsons, instrumentals, and agences of the Gerermment, including governmentovened or controlled ‘orpratons with original cheers The Gil Service Commis vies Commission is one of the three Saat Coeittiona"Commiasons "invested wih Ns Powers to render final arbitration on disputes and "Coes ten can z Cte commen 8 sonal 17 personnel actions involving, matters elting. to the Civil Service Book V, Title Subtide A, Chapter 3 Section 12 thereof enumerates the specific powers and functions of the ‘Civil Service Commission wile recognizing its comprehensive authority overall Gil service matters" The Administatve ‘Cade of 1987 also gave the Civil Service Commision the power to “psrit, amend and enfree regulations an rls fr cary ‘fit the provision ofthe Ce Serece Law and ether pertinent tas." ‘The Supreme Court has ruled that the only function ofthe ivi Service Commission is merely to ascertain whether the appoint posseses the minimum raquizements under the law; Its $0, then the CSC has'no choice but to attest to such appointment* The Civil Service Commission is in any ease, ‘vested wit urisiction to review the decison ofthe appointing authority Although public servants are protected from removal ot ‘suspension without just cause they are, however, prohibited from engaging dietly or indivelly in any eletoneering ot partisan pola campaign. Since the Civil Service Commision Bs the central personnel agency of the goverment, the Constitution mandates that shall establish a aver service and ‘xlopt measures to promote morale, eficieney integrity, Responsiveness, progresivenesy and courtesy in the sui serve tis also mandated t strengthen the merit and rewards ‘system to integrate all human resources development programs "Petcare va. uproar Nana Ot, 44 SERA 1017) are Exes Bows Seren Commas 818 SRA eT * Our ve Conmasen on ust 614 SRA 722017, Cortes. On Serer Conmason 945 SRA 5207saionaize 8 manage ad to stain a scone iy ae public trust appOIntents in the sine tii 8 edn Me 3M Bey Me a er 0 Po, pana ender hihy har cr seice amination. how pub tehsil by competi emoval or suspension without jas ra ee ped Hom engaging, diel or Sheer ler Toe pon pl np Since the Gil Service Commission i6. the centr gay ofthe goverment, tbe Costittion mandates Ferma a creer service and adopt measures tp tie mural efieny, ints, rexponsivenes, Flopivenss and erurtesy in the civil service I is ao rel to svngen the merit and rewards system, to [tegate al human reouress development programs for all eye and aks and to istutonalize a management climate conduc topubc ecunabity “ia ta at te rmination of theif pointed eres mi fl eee ah he eptng erodt fe Gd Sone Commie Te Comma f Cn Src a ‘cyndn der eh att often eel he ‘spony str ihn te spe da theese Grmentar ft arb cb ate he pene aos c50* pencDOtieetspeamarest appuintment a6 Lerner tee Cy Mayer, Cab sew “topeay By the te tal ee Ta ts Go lan ped by tir the STUSE ha ptm ora ee etd wee get tine val beter ued on thereby revoang his TORN eS ats. ag » In seg side te dean ef the CX, he Supreme Court bl at = te sie Cre, Sot emponerel te deere the ind tae Srpiniment ener by the apps. ere ‘thant tingid approve meson es ‘conan wh be Cl Sevc as “Tie ruling ws ner on enforced in numberof ces more memorably in Lapin! ws CSC” where the High Court {hrough the Iya prow of fotice Cur decared tht — the determination of who among several candidates for © vacant poston hae the best qualifiatins is vested in the sound ‘Srcetion ofthe Department Head or appointing authority and ‘ot in the Civil Service Commision Every parca ob ia an ‘le ells for both formal and informal qualifications. Formal “qualiestions such a ge, number of academic units in 9 certain ‘oure seminas tend, etc, may be valuable buts ae such Intangibles as rsourculness team spt courtesy nine, loyally, ambition pronpece forthe future, and Best interest of the service Cven the demande of» certain ob, who can doit ‘bs should be lel to the Head of the Otis concerned the legal requirements for the office ae saiaied. The Civil ‘Service Commision cannot subsites plgment fr tha of regard on Eetons In the promt setup of the COMELEC, the Supreme ‘Court observe that — the present Constitution upgraded to 9 onvituonal satus the afownaid sattory authority to grant the Commision broader and more Resble powers to eflcivey Perform its duties and o isuat further fom legate Intrusions Double, if is rulemaking powers made to 09 Worn vay 4 00ses m8 HRN he anne: Cee tituton enviione™ 84, sept Set Oe DE estions committed yen! oe errr rele cections, ang ge SS “Seek ae Fa ot sae tan Bp SNE 9 PN gS con atuening ae PrOMOHNE Pola snus tation, ave regant (0 the 4 sa tn ot EBON, a8 onda Coan ‘dan ee oat he pes oF the Supe co Seen ha soul 28 ge pa! eee acim imarroprine cases . ernest all coi __ enteral sor STEELS hen ds ot oe gee Apes ert an pion wat sys Cea secre ae eng sca Se liter fom continuing with the judi Fame opening pee be ote [Sore ponte the argument thatthe sid FSS eves an alge lation ofthe ooo sdthe Onno Clete inion ve wh tr ewdovey vd he Conon Bec ronment fetter he Tigh Coa tht sine the ine eng tte he Rca i erm Imeacebe CONTEC and eT Te Commision Eston wed By the Comin wh eve cage He efor SoS a a fe i soon “Sumptn aan by toe Scien ners coe ing amemcre ‘Suton ae ba war hte la const ‘Scoumand implementing tyrone ad he SSE Spies ls se ‘The Comminion on Elton as an independent Constitutions Ceram, lth wth he trv powers of foreeament,— rasatie. or Adminitrative, legitive and Gustgutioal powers AC he Body mandated by. the Ecmtation toes ant ade ll ws lative fo the omc of elton the Bounder duty ofthe COMELEC to ‘hoe tat the wll he lsat preva ‘Tue Commision on And The Commision on Audit (COA) is the government's watchdog om the daburement ad use of puble funds The Consttaton speccaly vests inthe Commission on At the “huthoty to determine wheter Be goverment ets comply ‘eth nes and elton in disbursing goverment funds ‘Sopranos COMELEAASSERAGSine what SOFEETIEN enteg ons mee rang goer, a coe aoe a cag, Supe Coun cba PES Gece Aad COA ste oh 1a cael the at cme sort emang. secre orm, a Dpeman he Geert or pe Soom women Are NID Sr [Not ny he COA empowered by the constitution to condo a pntonde” bat take as the power to audit non- fermen eres rewsing subsidy fom or through the pene Recommend febciual Group Rede exd Reporting Te fling ipl erties. cary SCRA annotations, ew ‘tn tk foe vanous sours and internet sites may be wal a: 8 conte ‘ports andl deione whee fore 9 eno rp rr appreprate ce appcnee Trem 0 Sen 34 SCRA 275 fay wn: Freee o Nagmamalect ns me Mocaneneet eg mes Mengogeree Plipre AISSCRA. November £1 SN {ara x, Dest 383 SCRA. 452. March, 2.201, loess 2 Inermetite Appr Core GRNo. 7257. May 24 1 League of Cin of the Pegg ox Commision or Elctons GR No 13651 December 21, 200% anc DumapeteCatr! Crt Cope oo Conan of tema Reames? GR No 192722 Jamaary 22 2010P. curren? eee bo he « ton of wen ie, aig Soci mn ne fle al a te i resi a me eos, ci, ‘ray af te” Jon Locke oncom BEX tasice Theres ‘Acciing to Pr Lol Marivez — there are two thors what philnophy shuld under the erminal lw ‘yee th aca oe joni andthe posits or realise. To ‘Redan poy the mers ofthe Spanish Peal Code ‘11870 man evenly 9 moral creature with an absolutely ice wil ocho between good and evi They asser that man shoud only be ajdt scountble for wrong a + fg fe wl Spas unimpaired. tn working out hs thoy he eal Ce 17 pled mre stress upon the fle real f the frou attain upon the man — xii Jomo and endeavored to xblsh a mechanical and die parton betwen cand pny: However, eventual ‘tes mtd of cansiting he oender ua ata BB eal retain eh, thagh a sre of hardandetast UE {ra mati of pate with scat regard oe Hut steve found utbrn ad severe cites in the person of OF Cesare Lombroxo and Professors Rael Gatfalo and Enrico Ferri, who were the forerunners and founders ofthe pont schoo of eiminclogy ‘The positivist theory devises from the claws inthe conception of crime and ofthe criminal. To the posts tee will 2 myth, 2 Bgment of the imagination, oat leost © lebatable matter. The. posvist hold that man is subdued fccasionally by strange and morbid. phenomenon which fsirains him to do wrong. in spite of or contrary to his ‘oltion- Its for this reseon that he cena ides ofall potivs thinking the delense of the community from antisecia activites, whether actual or poten agaist the morbid ype of ‘an who iscalled a “soily dangerous person’ To forestall the Social danger and to achieve socal defen, the. posivat philosophy has thus chosen 3 cilferent path. Premised pon the Proposition that man is primary, while the deed i only Secondary, the new school takes the view that 8 crime & ‘ssenully 2 socal and natural phenomenon. and a such annot be treated and checked by the applieton of abstract Drineipls of law and jrspradence nor by the impenton of 3 punishment xed and determined » prio: but rather tough the enforcement of individual messores in each particular cone aller 0 thorough, personal and. individual. investigation Conducted by 2: competent body of poychiatists and sol sent? Natural Law Natural lw theory proposes that there fs 9 ink or relationship between concepts fw ad morality. As it stands ‘one can fully appreite the nature of lw trough 2 acesary reference io estabished precepts of morality " nas el son Raga Ur Pang 3 oe 385 OF a ‘vad Ppl Ce CAA Soy 218 "eat ae Aaa Raga Ure Pugh 3. ec 395 va rl Go 95 DNA ea 2h 0 cra pans Conmanon C1920ajo ctnten a ell be, 28 Oe bass of contracts is to nt i we of nat! il law or ee a = oe Se rend . something or to render some een muy vee eb ea ETE iene ppd “hick he in ome vis #8 ty the tow may go frter and rogue that certain fo a moctgage 10 be aly soma, abc te cen ah Se ity of Peper The saeco be a eeu nel: mora res hanes eas te ein of i geemmet and & cena is oi cin het al ‘01 Picco we. Daren 28 SORA, Sete 0, 18 ‘Srphowes an Resse ta nota 4 (880 detent tua Ce eect ten te tpn mn dene eas "gs er el fat ise caabane ‘Mim wt aye sng eer in ‘otha hat Woe fat ite igs ee ‘ia phen Gato’ Cote te elt ma r= pn seep SRE mate tll aan 9 Pn ‘eta of eign gene Tosa aad rn ete i ag eck ie pgm kh aad Spies eed Republic the Pipes Senigentnge™ ‘his ie etn fcr acing tet ide he Rests of the Seniptyo ded Netter 1,191 ‘td Mach 2199 wih daniel e en one ‘Srp end deed erred of ecole ‘eponit Eath Donon ie Oe we Rei {ru pettus Moti fr een President Corzse Aquino iewedistely ypon ‘suming ole in Nalaarang sau Exesne NOT (EO No i eresing he Predera Commision ox Gao ‘Goverance(PCGL} The Commissar’ priary it to recover al ile goten wath of Fomer Psdent Fesdnand Stirs, ha lates sbosinns aed ne assecat. The PCGG hal ie power conde, Investigton a may be eer neo scp {dear out th purposes of ode and he pore PromulgatesuGh mis and reulstons Sv ay be "Sapte Open, uen Pe Rpt Sanaarya 47 SERA. ore) monn oietthe oder, Three rsp er eer il et 2 rs sae Pa wv ae fe oo re hae eet ie fhe tit ou van Face Semel OO ie members of the nse, i tet ita Ty sty ee Rum The Board then oa — "of Dimsano, during ee ecard that time Dimsane wm Td faces which belongs sihccheni pre ate pest nee Cogan a epe shat aig a fe doy afer he sone wntstbe Coot ake te nace "duced he search and sae, et ESA reson The i AF be panne hat 2 revolonary en leptin and sch the Serre te er Comaon which goaransed Trapt ccna itis Wiel. se eo ced he have of Dimas eng er it opin! wena Sch th cn yh am wai, The sed i it to te specie es ‘Sera ithe wart bt ot ith the OEY ned wished inthe eh wat ten he eter ae aed by the Cour Sra tahev amen ears ‘rena are ad by no cnsiton NO ‘ge rd te ere ern a vlatve of the a ed Caton angst Spee Opn of sce Pano — We 17-day ‘not ink the ight pst unnmsnae seach nt Stir ard th exninary gt use Pa wes ‘aural la point of view in expan hs potion the Sid mater He sates that atl ow Bry. te {imphan wan placed on mor! Ges mantles Sd subject eter anon mgs of tena cae, ths developed hry ges parte phn to he Indias and etre then natn Bat he Tip be ule and promt prt te trl ght ha pos, Thos Dano can fvoke the pop Slwatonale sch and sire ther ara ih ‘Human beings how mtu ght to ey bry and Property whi cin execse pales of esting rar~ Biking lve and npc fe wil orc wi of Thepover mente ‘Thus, the High Court observed that — with the ‘establishment of civil goverment and 2 constitution, there Srives a concepual distinction between nara! rghs and Fights, ifcl though to define thei cope and delineation his boon propowed that astral rights are those rights that “appeain io man in rght of he exsence” These were fundamental rights endowed by God upon human beings, "all those righ of ating 26 ini! for is cu comfort and ppv, wich ve ot njerius the natural igh of ther.” On the other hand, cial gs are those that apperainfo man ight of hs bing a monbr of sckty.” These rights, however re evved! om the natural rights of individuals since "Mam did a enter ink sacl Yo Become wos of tha he ws Wr, no 10 aw ee igh tha he ad before Bat have those rights Deter ‘secuned isnaurlrights are the foundation of al is vighs” Civil Fights in this sense, were those maura rights — particularly Fights to security and. prtecion — which by themscves, Individuals could not safeguard, eather reqlrng the ealecive support of iil society and government Thus is Sld: “Every a ight has for its fudation some natural ight pre-existing the nda, ut the enjoment of which his indo pve st inal sfiely competent” rept Sananeayen 7 SORA 0.23, 209tes Aaa ens {pst stot “pea — orp me ovr uct roughly consti by sn eS eth aye sol FT sta ani psec ofa sovereign WHO rath et capone see eis ernie pew § and nly Ris eer an en Sarai A ccs ate funtion (eyTe Coverall Thesis ~ Ib proposes hat tsa concept truth about law that legal valid can ultimately be explained intermscf eter that are authoritative it vie af sme Kind of social convention. ‘Thus for example, HLA. Hart (1996) belenes the erteriaof legal validity are ‘ontined ina rule of recognition that sets forth rules for ceting, changing, and —— by Chase 8. Wen, Te irerat EOE a ‘Pres BENGE. ipo Aecessed | MA nae or Tae : 2 ‘yoru 8 wen, rh erat Ene thmiep med Aaersd NO jutting ta On Hants ve, the ele ‘recognition fs authori in vive of 8 convention among alas t ed is teria as andar that gover ie behavior as fii. While Joseph Raz oes not appeat to endorse Hae’ view shout a mister rule of eeogriion onan the eters af vl, he ano believes the validity cite ame authoiatve only im virtue of 8 convertion among ial and (2 The Squabity Ths — This i more commonly interpret ss making only a bjctlvel alm about the existence fondtons for legal validity, As Hart escrito it the Separaility Thess i m0 sor than he “snp anetion ht i in sosensewncsay ta tht ws reproduce or sty ean demons of moray thug In fac hy he on doe 50. Unsor 8 the abjectlevel_inerpretation of the ‘Scpaablty Thess denies tsa neessry teh that there ane morl eorsains legal validity implies the existence of 2 possible legal system in which thee are fhomoral constants on ig wality “The Sol Fat Ths (hich is also known athe atime ‘Thess) ast that ts aes tut that legal validity imately & function of cerain kinds of sodal facts. The CConsentonaity Thess emphasizes law's conventional nature ‘Sumsue Eps by Che 8 Yer, Ts mere Enya ‘pons Soto plea a Ad e288 aH atop 882 enous sera” Cnt 8 ier Te ane Enaese PRAT e ee hnwsp inated Tw 8 *