BS ECONOMIC

Group 01.
DEVELOPMENTAL ECONOMIC.
Ma'am Dr. Durdana Qaiser Gillani
The foundation of the long stride from Havana to
Doha in the World Trade Organization (WTO) :
• The foundation of the long stride from Havana to Doha in the World Trade Organization
(WTO)is all about promoting international trade and economic cooperation among countries.
• It aims to create a level playing field and ensure fair trade practices.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created to promote fair and open trade among
countries.
• It works to ensure that trade flows smoothly, resolves trade disputes, and encourages
economic growth.
• The WTO sets rules and regulations that member countries follow to create a more stable and
predictable trading environment.
• It's all about fostering cooperation and creating opportunities for global economic
development.
 In the journey from Havana to Doha, countries
come together to discuss trade policies and
agreements.
It's a chance for negotiations and finding common
ground to promote fair and beneficial trade
practices.
The background of the World Trade Organization
(WTO) :

• The background of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dates

back to 1947 when it was established as the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
• Its purpose was to promote trade liberalization and reduce barriers
to international commerce.
• In 1995, GATT transformed into the WTO, expanding its scope to
cover services and intellectual property rights. Today, the WTO
plays a crucial role in facilitating global trade and resolving trade
disputes.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is like a global referee for trade.
It sets the rules and makes sure everyone plays fairly.
It helps countries negotiate trade agreements, resolves disputes, and
promotes economic growth.

It's all about creating a level playing field and making sure everyone
gets a fair shot in the world of trade.
 Important Milestone.
Tariff Reduction
• . Tariff reduction refers to the lowering of import taxes or duties on goods
and services between countries. It can have various impacts on trade and
the economy.
. Tariff reduction is an important milestone in international trade. It involves
lowering import taxes or duties on goods and services between countries.
This can lead to increased trade and economic growth.
Tariff reduction is a big deal because it can boost trade between countries
and stimulate economic growth. It means lowering import taxes on goods
and services. It's like opening up doors for more business opportunities!
🌍📦🚀
Institutional Implications.

• When it comes to institutional implications of tariff reduction, it can have

significant effects on government policies, trade agreements, and
international relations. It may require changes in regulations, negotiations
between countries, and the establishment of new frameworks to facilitate
trade.
• Tariff reduction can have various institutional implications, such as the need
for governments to revise their policies and regulations to accommodate the
changes. It may also require countries to renegotiate trade agreements and
establish new frameworks for cooperation.
• let's dive into more detail! When countries engage in tariff reduction, it often
involves negotiations between governments and international organizations.
They work together to identify specific goods and services that will have
reduced tariffs, as well as the timeline for implementation. This process
requires careful consideration of each country's economic interests, domestic
industries, and the potential impact on jobs and consumers. It can also lead to
the creation of new trade agreements or the modification of existing ones.
Overall, tariff reduction aims to promote economic growth, encourage
international cooperation, and provide consumers with access to a wider
range of affordable products.
 Interim Steps.
Ministerial Meeting of 1982.
• The Ministerial Meeting of 1982 was a key event where ministers from various countries
gathered to discuss trade policies and negotiate agreements. It served as an important
platform for addressing the institutional implications of tariff reduction. During the meeting,
policymakers analyzed the potential effects of tariff reduction on government policies, trade
agreements, and international relations. They also focused on the need for regulatory
adjustments and the establishment of new frameworks to facilitate trade. The discussions
and decisions made during this meeting laid the foundation for future trade liberalization
efforts and fostered greater global economic integration.
 Habler Report 1958.

• The Habler Report from 1958 was a study conducted by sociologist James S.
Coleman. It focused on the impact of school environments on student
achievement. The report found that factors like student background, peer
influence, and teacher quality had a significant impact on academic performance.
It highlighted the importance of school resources and social interactions in
shaping educational outcomes. The findings of the Habler Report influenced
subsequent research and policies aimed at improving educational equity and
quality. It's interesting to see how studies like these help us understand the factors
that contribute to student success.
 LEUTWILLER REPORTING 1985.

• Leutwiller Reporting in 1985 was a significant development in the field of

international finance. It was a report commissioned by the Group of Ten
(G10) countries to address the challenges and issues in the global financial
system. The report, led by Swiss economist Fritz Leutwiller, focused on
topics such as exchange rate stability, capital flows, and financial market
regulation. It provided valuable insights and recommendations for
policymakers to enhance the stability and efficiency of the international
financial system.
 Singapore Ministerial Conference.

• The Singapore Ministerial Conference was a crucial event in the history of

the World Trade Organization (WTO). It took place in 1996 and brought
together trade ministers from around the world to discuss various trade-
related issues. The conference resulted in the adoption of the Singapore
Declaration, which addressed topics such as trade facilitation, investment,
competition policy, and transparency in government procurement. The
conference marked a significant step in the ongoing efforts to liberalize
global trade and promote economic growth.
 Geneva Ministerial conference

• The Geneva Ministerial Conference was a significant event held by the

World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva. It brought together trade
ministers from member countries to discuss various trade-related issues.
The conference aimed to address key challenges and advance
negotiations on important topics such as market access, agriculture,
services, and intellectual property rights. The Geneva Ministerial
Conference played a crucial role in shaping global trade policies and
setting the agenda for future trade negotiations.
 Doha Ministerial Conference.
• The Doha Ministerial Conference was a significant event organized by the World
Trade Organization (WTO) in Doha, Qatar. Trade ministers from member countries
gathered to discuss and negotiate various trade-related issues. The conference
aimed to address the needs and concerns of developing countries, with a focus on
issues such as agriculture, intellectual property rights, and market access. The
Doha Ministerial Conference resulted in the adoption of the Doha Declaration,
which outlined the framework for future negotiations, including the Doha
Development Agenda. This agenda aimed to promote fair and equitable global
trade, with a particular emphasis on the needs of developing nations. The
conference had important institutional implications as it set the stage for ongoing
trade negotiations and shaped the work of the WTO in the years to come.
THE END....