Cholestric Liquid Crystal:

They are the derivative of cholesterol.

Molecules are chiral.
They are also called as chiral twisted nematic liquid crystal.
Molecules lie in a plane and each plane is slightly twisted wrt the plane below
and above. These liquid crystal can sense the minute temperature 0.001C.Due
to twisted structure they are used in display devices.

Pitch:The distance over which a full rotation of 360 is completed that is called
the pitch. This pitch determine the wavelength of the light which is deflected.
Discotic liquid crystal: The molecule which from discotic liquid crystal are disc
like or flat plate like molecules.
Thses are of two types:
1.Nematic discotic liquid crystal:

2.Columnon or Smetic discotic liquid crystal:

Molecules are arranged in column, this columns are arranged in hexagonal
manner. They show orientational and positional.Limited mobility.
Hyotropic Liquid crystal:liquid crystal which are formed by change in
concentration of solvent.
They are typically amphibialic molecules having lyophobboc i.e, solvent
repelling and lyophilic i.e, solvent attracting nature.
1.Laminar phase or layer phase:

The molecules which form this liquid crystal are arranged in layer having
solvent between them.
2.Hexagonal phase:In such phase amphiphilic molecules are arranged in
hexagonal manner forming cylindrical structure with polar head forming the
outer part and non polar part are in centre.

3.Cube phase:
The molecules are arranged themselves into spherical pattern and each sphere
then arrange into simple cubic structure.

Nematic Phase:This is similar to thermotropic liquid crystal. The molecules

which form this liquid crystal are not single molecules. They arrange
themselves in cluster form or aggregation of molecules.
Applications:They are used in various sensor devices like colour sensor,
temperature sensor. They are used in laser board writing. They are used in
medical field for detecting tumor in body method called thermography.
Cholesteric liquid crystal:They are used for making digital or numeric display in
calculator, mobile, watches. They are used for making signal display. They are
used for making large capacity memory unit to be used in space shuttle.
NANOMATERIAL AND NANOTECHNOLOGY:
SPION:Super para magnetic iron oxide nanomaterial
Materials which have structural constituents one dimension less than 100
nanometers. We have two methods:
1.Top down approach(Physcial process)
2.Bottom up approach(Chemical process)
*Top down approach:

*Bottom up approach:

SPION are used in MRI of those body parts which contain large amount of fluid
and internal injury.
CNT:Carbon Nano tube are used for making plate panel display devices like TV
and computer monitor etc.
Edge dislocation: When extra row or line or atom are created at one edge in a
crystal move to another edge in subsequent plane in a crystal called as edge
dislocation.
Screw dislocation:When extra row of atom is generated in a crystal move in
upward direction in helical manner is called screw dislocation.