‘A TEXT suMMARY ‘When the Roman empire fell in the 400s, Italy split into many kingdoms, In the 1800s, Napoleon of France combined some of the kingdoms. Italians began to team of one free land. After the reign of Napoleon, pee eT italy was stil divided Nationalists wanted unity, but regional differences worked against them. Mighty Austria ruled in northern Italy. The Roman Catholic Church con- trolled central Italy. Skilled leaders fought for unification. (See diagram below.) In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a rebel group called Young Italy. In the kingdom of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II made plans to rule all of Italy. In 1852, he ‘named Camillo Cavour as prime minister. 6 GRAPHIC SUMMAR' “Gluseppe Mazzini = 1905-1872 © Arobel » Found Young Italy, secret national society © Spends many yeas in ele 1807-1882 © Asolder Giuseppe Garibaldi * Member of Young aly «Leads volunteer amy know asthe Red Shits {Spends many yeas in exile UNIFYING ITALY Sardinia became the center ofthe fight for ‘unity. Cavour joined with France in a war against Austria. As he gained lands and respect, more northern states united with Sardinia. Giuseppe Garibaldi led a force that won Sicily and then moved north. Meanwhile, Cavour sent troops south. The two armies overran all Italian states but Venetia and Rome. As of 1861, Victor Emmanuel ruled ‘the united lands. By 1871, all foreign con- ‘trol had ended. The pope could not fight off Italian troops. Rome became the capi- tal of the unified nation. ‘The new Italy faced conflicts. The urban North quarreled with the rural South, The Catholic Church resisted new leaders. Unrest grew as groups called for social change and the right to vote for all, men. The Unification Movement in Italy Camillo Cavour = 1810-1861 « Astatesman « Prime minister of Sar ‘Strengthens Sardinian economy, farms foreign alliances «Launches Wars to gala lands and bud power During the 18005, nationalist leaders worked to unite Italy. €Directions: Write a brief and simple statement that summarizes the reading. _ Factors Preventing Italian Unification | Factors Promoting Italian Unification Political Divisions: Austrian Opposition: Nationalism: Spposition of the Papacy (Pope): Disagreement Among Nationalists: Patriotic Societies: (The Carbonari) | Young Italy:G TexT suMniaRy ‘When the Roman empire fell in the 400s, Italy split into many kingdoms. In the 1800s, Napoleon of France combined some of the kingdoms. Italians begin to dream of one free land, CUTS ASERD. _ After the swign_of Napoleon, ULL Lt PB) aly was _ ‘Nationalists wanted unity, but regional differences worked 2gainst_them. Mighty Austria Tuled in northern Italy. The Roman Catholic Church con- trolled central Italy. Skilled leaders fought for unification. Gee diagram below.) In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a rebel group called Young Italy. In the kingdom of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel Il made plans to-rule all of Ttaly. In 1852, he named Camillo Cavour as prime minister UNIFYING ITALY Sardinia became the center of the fight for “unity. Cavour joined with France in a war against Austria, As he gained lands and Tespect, more northem states united with Sardinia, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a force that won SiGily and then moved north. Meanwhile, Cavour sent troops south. The two armies overran all Italian states but Venetia and Rome. As of 1861, Victor Emmanuel ruled. the united lands, By 1871, all foreign con- tol had ended, “fie pope could not age Off fralian troops. Rome became the capi- tal of the unified nation. The new Italy fated conflicts. The, urban North quarreled with the fural ‘South. The Catholic Church resisted new Jeaders, Unrest grew as groups called for ‘social change and the right to vote for all men. G GRAPHIC SUMIBRARY: The Unification Movement in Italy Giuseppe Mazzini= Soo imeien Areal + Funds Young fay see natonalst soy «Spends mary yeasin exe Dspires People + Gans toc verve Asalaer Giuseppe Garibaldi Sete «© Member of Young Italy. «Leads volunteer amy known asthe Red Shits + Spends many years exe ‘P1a10-1861 + Astatesnan «© Prime minister of Sarnia * Strengthens Sasiian economy, forms foreign alfances (Bunches was to gain ands and build power Sword During the 1800s, nationalist landers worked to unite Italy, = Bosnan Empire “i nia owe gece ARES, SERCO eran Lv0Ul. G8 BA. 24 Survey Edi Ease ePPa MALU OF Notes RPe-urisiedt é Ai n CHAPTER 23/Modiern Era Edition CHAPTER 19 Guide to the Essentials © Prentice-Hall, Ino+ eeones regs Zactors Preventing Italian Unification Factors Promoting Italian Unification >olitical Divisions: Nationalism: Geographic, Divisions Beginning uot te Napoleonic Era. the “CHANANS becate. ICES Ale $ of a's consciovs © Meie wom onal ne: They recall the PASH Glory of Taig doring He, Reman 2 Ore and He Renoissance, resencedt tei Present Suljogetion to RUSH tdesived Uy + Greatness \ustrian Opposition: they sought te discourage. All Na homelisny + thew did net, rk te Lembardy ¢ Venehay nt Ctatian umificasion bic lose. tHe territories: Ipposition of the Papacy (Pope): he Roman Coste Chucciy Hire See $ chy, Bic Yu Seemed los Hei Ruther hy bo role oveR Ape! Sones ber. Patriotic Societies: (The Carbonari) wm secret society of limited Membersh. p, Conseired to Establish © Gacked THalincs Repobhc. = Began verisings 191880, Ika] +183) --- AN Surpressed bY Austria ” ‘isagreement Among Nationalists: wNer Treaty‘s ou fepublic oR Comstitorenal Monarcay "i or Linni-teot Honacchy Young Italy: Seonctesl by Guiseppe Marzzini icv 183) = Non -Secre+ Secrets . TH openly $i vccess£ully Propagand ted dermoceR NG + RAOMAN Sb ideaS Amory the Peoole-NAME, COMMACK HIGH SCHOOL - SOCIAL STUDIES TOPIC: UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AIM: WAS BISMARCK A GOOD LEADER.FOR GERMANY? The chief architect of German unification was conservative, Otto van Bismarck. He was a conservative, landholding aristocrat who opposed new ideas, and was a strong supporter of Prussia and its king. He said For German patriotism to be effective, it needs to hang its of the Fatherland on a prince to whom it can give all its attachment. If there was no strong German dynasty, than the German national sentiment could not hold Germany together. In 1862, Bismarck was appointed Chancellor of Prussia. For four years, Bismarck ruled Prussia without the assistance of Parliament. He prepared to build « powerful united Germany by relying on the use of force. He declared: Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to her power. Since the treaties of the Congress of Vienna, our frontiers have not been designed for a healthy, unified political body. The great questions of the not be decided by speeches and votes of the majority, but by iron and blood. As a result of his belief in “iron and blood,” Bismarck was able to achieve his goal of a unified Germany through three separate wars. In the first. war with Denmark in 1864, Prussia and Austria were allies in their dispute with Denmark over the two border territories of Schleswig and Holstein, The allies won and split the territories between themselves. Then, in 1866, Bismarck maneuvered a dispute with Austria, and defeated Austria in a brief seven weeks. Knowing that he would need Austria in the event of future conflicts, he imposed a relatively generous peace treaty of Austria, Austria yielded Venetia to Italy, gave up its claims to Schleswig and Holstein, and agreed not to interfere with the internal affairs of German politics. All that remained to complete German unification were the South German states who still distrusted Prussian leadership. To solve this problem Bismarck intercepted a telegram to the French ambassador and changed the wording to make it seem insulting to both the ‘German and the French ‘governments. Nationalistic pride and war fever ran high. To save face Napoleon II declared war on Prussia. Unlike Prussia, however, France was not prepared for war, and France was easily defeated in 1870, Thus, Bismarck’s triumph was complete when the South German state joined the remaining German Empire. In 1871, in the Palace of Versailles, King William of Prussia was crowned Kaiser William 1, German Emperor.Germany, like Italy to the south, was slow to develop into a unified nation-state. In the mid-1800's it was made up of 39 individual states, each having its own ruler and its own government. There was no constitution and no guarantee of civil liberties. Kings and princes ruled with a tight hand. Efforts by liberals and fationalists to unite the country prior to the 1860's had ended in failure. But in the 10 year period between 186] and 1871, unification was finally achieved, The statements below summarize important steps in the movement that brought German unity. A. William I became King of Prussia in 1861 and made German unification one of his goals, Prussia was the leading German state. B. __ King William appointed Otto von Bismarck prime minister and secretary of foreign affairs for Prussia. C. Bismarck was convinced that the German states could only be united through the use of military power. D. Prussia and Austria (both members of the German Confederation) declared war on Denmark in a dispute over who should rule Schleswig and Holstein, two provinces with mostly German populations. E. Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, but then fought another war -- this one with each other -- to settle differences over what should be done with Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia surprisingly won the Seven Weeks’ War and annexed the two provinces. F, Austria, which had previously blocked attempts to unify Germany, was ousted from the German Confederation, Austria was no longer involved in German affairs and could no longer ( oppose unification of the 39 German states. Austria knew that unity would mean the creation of a powerful German nation-state G. _ Bismarck organized the North German Confederation which included Prussia and 21 other German states. Bismarck had invited the states to join Prussia in a new German union. H. Prussia dominated internal and foreign affairs of the North German Confederation. But other states did not resent Prussia’s leadership. They knew that German unification would only be realized if Prussia and Bismarck were allowed to lead. I Only Catholic states in southern Germany remained outside the Confederation. They feared a union with Protestant Prussia might threaten German religious freedom. But in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the Catholic states came to Prussia’s aid in a show of German nationalism. After helping to defeat the French armies of Napoleon III, the Catholic states joined with Prussia and the other states to form. the German Empire. William I became “kaiser”, or emperor. German unification was complete.