Topic 10 Paper 2 Part 2 [98 marks]

1a. [1 mark]
Ethyne, C2H2, reacts with oxygen in welding torches.
Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.

Markscheme
C2H2 (g) + 2.5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
OR
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) [✔]
1b. [1 mark]
Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethyne.

Markscheme

[✔]

Note: Accept any valid combination of lines, dots and crosses.

1c. [1 mark]
Compare, giving a reason, the length of the bond between the carbon atoms in ethyne with
that in ethane, C2H6.
Markscheme
«ethyne» shorter AND a greater number of shared/bonding electrons
OR
«ethyne» shorter AND stronger bond [✔]
1d. [1 mark]
Identify the type of interaction that must be overcome when liquid ethyne vaporizes.

Markscheme
London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces [✔]

Note: Do not accept just “intermolecular forces” or “van der Waals’ forces”.
1e. [1 mark]
Ethyne reacts with steam.
C2H2 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H4O (g)
Two possible products are:
Product A contains a carbon–carbon double bond. State the type of reactions that
compounds containing this bond are likely to undergo.

Markscheme
«electrophilic» addition/A«E» [✔]

Note: Accept “polymerization”.

1f. [1 mark]
State the name of product B, applying IUPAC rules.

Markscheme
ethanal [✔]
1g. [3 marks]
Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce A using section 11 of the
data booklet.
Markscheme
«sum of bond enthalpies of reactants =» 2(C–H) + C≡C + 2(O–H)
OR
2 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 839 «kJ mol–1» + 2 × 463 «kJ mol–1»
OR
2593 «kJ» [✔]
«sum of bond enthalpies of A =» 3(C–H) + C=C + C–O + O–H
OR
3 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 614 «kJ mol–1» + 358 «kJ mol–1» + 463 «kJ mol–1»
OR
2677 «kJ» [✔]
«enthalpy of reaction = 2593 kJ – 2677 kJ» = –84 «kJ» [✔]

Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.

1h. [1 mark]
The enthalpy change for the reaction to produce B is −213 kJ. Predict, giving a reason,
which product is the most stable.

Markscheme
B AND it has a more negative/lower enthalpy/«potential» energy
OR
B AND more exothermic «enthalpy of reaction from same starting point» [✔]
1i. [2 marks]
The IR spectrum and low resolution 1H NMR spectrum of the actual product formed are
shown.
Deduce whether the product is A or B, using evidence from these spectra together with
sections 26 and 27 of the data booklet.

Identity of product:
One piece of evidence from IR:
One piece of evidence from 1H NMR:
Markscheme
Identity of product: «B»
IR spectrum:
1700–1750 «cm–1 band» AND carbonyl/CO group present
OR
no «band at» 1620–1680 «cm–1» AND absence of double bond/C=C
OR
no «broad band at» 3200–3600 «cm–1» AND absence of hydroxyl/OH group [✔]
Note: Accept a specific value or range of wavenumbers and chemical shifts.
1
H NMR spectrum:
«only» two signals AND A would have three
OR
«signal at» 9.4–10.0 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» aldehyde/–CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of alkyl/CH next to» aldehyde/CHO
present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» RCOCH2- present
OR
no «signal at» 4.5–6.0 «ppm» AND absence of «H-atom/proton next to» double bond/C=C
[✔]
Note: Accept “two signals with areas 1:3”.
1j. [2 marks]
Product B, CH3CHO, can also be synthesized from ethanol.
Suggest the reagents and conditions required to ensure a good yield of product B.

Reagents:
Conditions:

Markscheme
Reagents:
acidified/H+ AND «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/K2Cr2O7/Cr2O72– [✔]
Conditions:
distil «the product before further oxidation» [✔]

Note: Accept “«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/KMnO4/MnO4–/permanganate”.

Accept “H2SO4” or “H3PO4” for “H+”.
Accept “more dilute dichromate(VI)/manganate(VII)” or “excess ethanol”.
Award M1 if correct reagents given under “Conditions”.
1k. [1 mark]
Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in product B.

Markscheme
–1 [✔]
1l. [3 marks]
Explain why product B is water soluble.
Markscheme
Any three of:
has an oxygen/O atom with a lone pair [✔]
that can form hydrogen bonds/H-bonds «with water molecules» [✔]
hydrocarbon chain is short «so does not disrupt many H-bonds with water molecules» [ ✔]
«large permanent» dipole-dipole interactions with water [✔]
2a. [1 mark]
Propan-2-ol is a useful organic solvent.
Draw the structural formula of propan-2-ol.

Markscheme
CH3CH(OH)CH3

Accept the full or condensed structural formula.

2b. [2 marks]
Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 1.00 g of propan-2-ol.

Markscheme
1.00 g
« =¿ » 0.0166 «mol CH3CH(OH)CH3» ✔
( 12.01× 3+1.01× 8+16.00 ) g mol −1
«0.0166 mol × 6.02 × 1023 molecules mol−1 × 8 atoms molecule−1 =» 8.01 × 1022 «atoms of
hydrogen» ✔

Accept answers in the range 7.99 × 1022 to 8.19 × 1022.

Award [2] for correct final answer.
2c. [1 mark]
Classify propan-2-ol as a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol, giving a reason.

Markscheme
secondary AND OH/hydroxyl is attached to a carbon bonded to one hydrogen
OR
secondary AND OH/hydroxyl is attached to a carbon bonded to two C/R/alkyl/CH 3
«groups» ✔
Accept “secondary AND OH is attached to the second carbon in the chain”.
2d. [1 mark]
State a suitable oxidizing agent for the oxidation of propan-2-ol in an acidified aqueous
solution.

Markscheme
«potassium/sodium» manganate(VII)/permanganate/KMnO4/NaMnO4/MnO4−
OR
«potassium/sodium» dichromate(VI)/K2Cr2O7/Na2Cr2O7/Cr2O72− ✔
2e. [1 mark]
Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in propan-2-ol.

Markscheme
−2 ✔
2f. [1 mark]
Deduce the product of the oxidation of propan-2-ol with the oxidizing agent in (d)(i).
Markscheme
propanone/propan-2-one/CH3COCH3 ✔
3a. [1 mark]
Consider the following Hess’s law cycle:

Identify the type of reaction in step 1.

Markscheme
«electrophilic» addition/AE
OR
reduction ✔
Accept “hydrogenation”.
3b. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, of step 2 using section 13 of the data booklet.
Markscheme
«(−286 kJ) + (−1411 kJ) =» −1697 «kJ» ✔
3c. [1 mark]
Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, of step 1.

Markscheme
«−1697 kJ + 1561 kJ =» −136 «kJ»
OR

«ΔHΘ = Δ H θf (products) − Δ H θf (reactants) = −84 kJ − 52 kJ =» −136 «kJ» ✔

3d. [2 marks]
Suggest one reason why the calculated value of ΔHΘ using Hess’s Law in part (c) can be
considered accurate and one reason why it can be considered approximate.

Markscheme
Accurate:
no approximations were made in the cycle
OR
values are specific to the compounds
OR
Hess’s law is a statement of conservation of energy
OR
method is based on a law
OR
data in table has small uncertainties ✔

Approximate:
values were experimentally determined/had uncertainties
OR
each value has been determined to only three/four significant figures
OR
different sources have «slightly» different values for enthalpy of combustion
OR
law is valid until disproved
OR
law of conservation of energy is now conservation of mass–energy
OR
small difference between two quite large terms «leads to high percentage uncertainty» ✔
4a. [2 marks]
This question is about ethene, C2H4, and ethyne, C2H2.
Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions
required.

Markscheme
nickel/Ni «catalyst»

high pressure
OR
heat

Accept these other catalysts: Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Co, Ti.
Accept “high temperature” or a stated temperature such as “150 °C”.
[2 marks]
4b. [1 mark]
Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the
polymer.

Markscheme

Ignore square brackets and “n”.

Connecting line at end of carbons must be shown.
[1 mark]
4c. [2 marks]
Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene.
Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHϴ, for the reaction stated, using section 11 of
the data booklet.
3C2H2(g) → C6H6(g)
Markscheme
ΔHϴ = bonds broken – bonds formed
«ΔHϴ = 3(C≡C) – 6(C=C)benzene/3 × 839 – 6 × 507 / 2517 – 3042 =»
–525 «kJ»

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [1 max] for +525 «kJ»
Award [1 max] for:
«ΔHϴ = 3(C≡C) – 3(C–C) – 3(C=C) / 3 × 839 – 3 × 346 – 3 × 614 / 2517 – 2880 =» –363
«kJ».
[2 marks]
4d. [2 marks]
Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔHf
values in section 12 of the data booklet.
3C2H2(g) → C6H6(l)
Markscheme
ΔHΘ = ΣΔHf(products) – ΣΔHf(reactants)
«ΔHΘ = 49 kJ – 3 × 228 kJ =» –635 «kJ»

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [1 max] for “+635 «kJ»”.
[2 marks]
4e. [2 marks]
Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (b)(i) and (ii). If you did not
obtain answers, use −475 kJ for (i) and −600 kJ for (ii).

Markscheme
ΔHf values are specific to the compound
OR
bond enthalpy values are averages «from many different compounds»

condensation from gas to liquid is exothermic

Accept “benzene is in two different states «one liquid the other gas»“ for M2.
[2 marks]
4f. [1 mark]
One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown.

State one piece of physical evidence that this structure is incorrect.

Markscheme
equal C–C bond «lengths/strengths»
OR
regular hexagon
OR
«all» C–C have» bond order of 1.5
OR
«all» C–C intermediate between single and double bonds

Accept “all C–C–C bond angles are equal”.

[1 mark]
4g. [1 mark]
State the characteristic reaction mechanism of benzene.

Markscheme
electrophilic substitution
OR
SE
[1 mark]
5a. [2 marks]
The structure of an organic molecule can help predict the type of reaction it can undergo.
The Kekulé structure of benzene suggests it should readily undergo addition reactions.

Discuss two pieces of evidence, one physical and one chemical, which suggest this is not
the structure of benzene.
Markscheme
Physical evidence:
equal C–C bond «lengths/strengths»
OR
regular hexagon
OR
«all» C–C have bond order of 1.5
OR
«all» C–C intermediate between single and double bonds

Chemical evidence:
undergoes substitution reaction «more readily than addition»
OR
does not discolour/react with bromine water
OR
substitution forms only one isomer for 1,2-disubstitution «presence of alternate double
bonds would form two isomers»
OR
more stable than expected «compared to hypothetical molecule cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene»
OR
enthalpy change of hydrogenation/combustion is less exothermic than predicted «for
cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene»

M1:
Accept “all C–C–C bond angles are equal”.
[2 marks]
5b. [2 marks]
Formulate the ionic equation for the oxidation of propan-1-ol to the
corresponding aldehyde by acidified dichromate(VI) ions. Use section 24 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
3CH3CH2CH2OH(l) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 3CH3CH2CHO(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
correct reactants and products
balanced equation
[2 marks]
5c. [2 marks]
The aldehyde can be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
Outline how the experimental procedures differ for the synthesis of the aldehyde and the
carboxylic acid.

Markscheme
Aldehyde:
by distillation «removed from reaction mixture as soon as formed»
Carboxylic acid:
«heat mixture under» reflux «to achieve complete oxidation to –COOH»

Accept clear diagrams or descriptions of the processes.

[2 marks]
5d. [1 mark]
Improvements in instrumentation have made identification of organic compounds routine.
The empirical formula of an unknown compound containing a phenyl group was found to
be C4H4O. The molecular ion peak in its mass spectrum appears at m/z = 136.
Deduce the molecular formula of the compound.

Markscheme
136
« =2»
48+ 4+16
C8H8O2
[1 mark]
5e. [1 mark]
Identify the bonds causing peaks A and B in the IR spectrum of the unknown compound
using section 26 of the data booklet.
Markscheme
A: C–H «in alkanes, alkenes, arenes»
AND
B: C=O «in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters»
[1 mark]
5f. [2 marks]
Deduce full structural formulas of two possible isomers of the unknown compound, both of
which are esters.
Markscheme
Any two of:

OR C6H5COOCH3

OR CH3COOC6H5

OR HCOOCH2C6H5
Do not penalize use of Kekule structures for the phenyl group.
Accept the following structures:

Award [1 max] for two correct aliphatic/linear esters with the molecular formula C8H8O2.
[2 marks]
5g. [1 mark]
Deduce the formula of the unknown compound based on its 1H NMR spectrum using
section 27 of the data booklet.
Markscheme
C6H5COOCH3 «signal at 4 ppm (3.7 – 4.8 range in data table) due to alkyl group on ester
[1 mark]
6a. [1 mark]
The reactivity of organic compounds depends on the nature and positions of their
functional groups.
The structural formulas of two organic compounds are shown below.
Deduce the type of chemical reaction and the reagents used to distinguish between these
compounds.

Markscheme
oxidation/redox AND acidified «potassium» dichromate(VI)
OR
oxidation/redox AND «acidified potassium» manganate(VII)
Accept “acidified «potassium» dichromate” OR “«acidified potassium» permanganate”.
Accept name or formula of the reagent(s).
6b. [2 marks]
State the observation expected for each reaction giving your reasons.
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1 using K2Cr2O7:
Compound A: orange to green AND secondary hydroxyl
OR
Compound A: orange to green AND hydroxyl oxidized «by chromium(VI) ions»
Compound B: no change AND tertiary hydroxyl «not oxidized by chromium(VI) ions»
Award [1] for “A: orange to green AND B: no change”.
Award [1] for “A: secondary hydroxyl AND B: tertiary hydroxyl”.
ALTERNATIVE 2 using KMnO4:
Compound A: purple to colourless AND secondary hydroxyl
OR
Compound A: purple to colourless AND hydroxyl oxidized «by manganese(VII) ions»
Compound B: no change AND tertiary hydroxyl «not oxidized by manganese(VII) ions»
Accept “alcohol” for “hydroxyl”.
Award [1] for “A: purple to colourless AND B: no change”
Award [1] for “A: secondary hydroxyl AND B: tertiary hydroxyl”.
Accept “purple to brown” for A.
6c. [4 marks]
Deduce the number of signals and the ratio of areas under the signals in the 1H NMR
spectra of the two compounds.

Markscheme
Accept ratio of areas in any order.
Do not apply ECF for ratios.
6d. [4 marks]
Explain, with the help of equations, the mechanism of the free-radical substitution reaction
of ethane with bromine in presence of sunlight.

Markscheme
Initiation:

Br2 2Br•
Propagation:
Br• + C2H6 → C2H5• + HBr
C2H5• + Br2 → C2H5Br + Br•
Termination:
Br• + Br• → Br2
OR
C2H5• + Br• → C2H5Br
OR
C2H5• + C2H5• → C4H10
Reference to UV/hν/heat not required.
Accept representation of radical without • (eg, Br, C2H5) if consistent throughout mechanism.
Accept further bromination.
Award [3 max] if initiation, propagation and termination are not stated or are incorrectly
labelled for equations.
Award [3 max] if methane is used instead of ethane, and/or chlorine is used instead of
bromine.
7a. [1 mark]
This question is about carbon and chlorine compounds.
Ethane, C2H6, reacts with chlorine in sunlight. State the type of this reaction and the name of
the mechanism by which it occurs.

Markscheme
substitution AND «free-»radical
OR
substitution AND chain

Award [1] for “«free-»radical substitution” or “SR” written anywhere in the answer.
[1 mark]
7b. [3 marks]
Formulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in
the formation of chloroethane from ethane.
Markscheme
Two propagation steps:
C2H6 + •Cl → C2H5• + HCl
C2H5• + Cl2 → C2H5Cl + •Cl
One termination step:
C2H5• + C2H5• → C4H10
OR
C2H5• + •Cl → C2H5Cl
OR
•Cl + •Cl → Cl2

Accept radical without • if consistent throughout.

Allow ECF from incorrect radicals produced in propagation step for M3.
[3 marks]
7c. [2 marks]
One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the
following composition by mass:
carbon: 24.27%, hydrogen: 4.08%, chlorine: 71.65%
Determine the empirical formula of the product.

Markscheme
24.27 4.08 71.65
C= = 2.021 AND H= = 4.04 AND Cl= =2.021
12.01 1.01 35.45
«hence» CH2Cl

24.27 4.08 71.65

Accept : : .
12.01 1.01 35.45
Do not accept C2H4Cl2.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
[2 marks]
7d. [3 marks]
The mass and 1HNMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons,
its structural formula and hence the name of the compound.
Markscheme
molecular ion peak(s) «about» m/z 100 AND «so» C2H4Cl2 «isotopes of Cl»
two signals «in 1HNMR spectrum» AND «so» CH3CHCl2
OR
«signals in» 3:1 ratio «in 1HNMR spectrum» AND «so» CH3CHCl2
OR
one doublet and one quartet «in 1H NMR spectrum» AND «so» CH3CHCl2
1,1-dichloroethane

Accept “peaks” for “signals”.

Allow ECF for a correct name for M3 if an incorrect chlorohydrocarbon is identified
[3 marks]
7e. [1 mark]
Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of the polymer
with three repeating units.
Markscheme

Continuation bonds must be shown.

Ignore square brackets and “n”.

Accept .
Accept other versions of the polymer, such as head to head and head to tail.
Accept condensed structure provided all C to C bonds are shown (as single).
[1 mark]
8a. [2 marks]
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon.
Discuss the physical evidence for the structure of benzene.
Markscheme
Any two of:
planar «X-ray»
C to C bond lengths all equal
OR
C to C bonds intermediate in length between C–C and C=C
all C–C–C bond angles equal

Accept all C to C bonds have same bond strength/bond energy.

[2 marks]
8b. [1 mark]
State the typical reactions that benzene and cyclohexene undergo with bromine.

Markscheme
benzene: «electrophilic» substitution/SE
AND
cyclohexene: «electrophilic» addition/AE

Accept correct equations.

[1 mark]
9a. [3 marks]
The photochemical chlorination of methane can occur at low temperature.
Using relevant equations, show the initiation and the propagation steps for this reaction.

Markscheme
Initiation:
Cl–Cl → Cl• + Cl•

Propagation:
Cl• + CH4 → Cl–H + •CH3
Cl–Cl + •CH3 → Cl–CH3 + Cl•

Do not penalize missing electron dot on radicals if consistent throughout.

Accept Cl2, HCl and CH3Cl without showing bonds.
Do not accept hydrogen radical, H• or H, but apply ECF to other propagation steps.
[3 marks]
9b. [1 mark]
Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which
will react with bromine in a well-lit laboratory.
Markscheme
hexane AND hex-1-ene

Accept “benzene AND hexane AND hex-1-ene”.

[1 mark]
9c. [1 mark]
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer with the following structure.

State the structural formula for the monomer of PVC.

Markscheme

OR
Accept “CH2CHCl” or “CHClCH2”.
Do not accept “C2H3Cl”.
[1 mark]
10a. [7 marks]
Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH2CH2OH, has a wide variety of uses including the removal of ice from
aircraft and heat transfer in a solar cell.
Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.
2CO (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ HOCH2CH2OH (g)
(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction.

(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will
affect the position of equilibrium and the value of Kc.
Position of equilibrium:
Kc:

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔHθ, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data
booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077kJmol -1.

(iv) The enthalpy change, ΔHθ, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.
2CO(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ HOCH2CH2OH (l)
Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii).
Markscheme
(i)
[ HOC H 2 C H 2 OH ]
≪ K C =≫ 2 3
[ CO ] × [ H 2 ]

(ii)
Position of equilibrium: moves to right OR favours product
Kc: no change OR is a constant at constant temperature

(iii)
Bonds broken: 2C≡O + 3(H-H) / 2(1077kJmol-1) + 3(436kJmol-1) / 3462 «kJ»
Bonds formed: 2(C-O) + 2(O-H) + 4(C-H) + (C-C) / 2(358kJmol-1) + 2(463kJmol-1) +
4(414kJmol-1) + 346kJmol-1 / 3644 «kJ»
«Enthalpy change = bonds broken - bonds formed = 3462 kJ - 3644 kJ =» -182 «kJ»
Award [3] for correct final answer.
Award [2 max] for «+»182 «kJ».

(iv)
in (a)(iii) gas is formed and in (a)(iv) liquid is formed
OR
products are in different states
OR
conversion of gas to liquid is exothermic
OR
conversion of liquid to gas is endothermic
OR
enthalpy of vapourisation needs to be taken into account
Accept product is «now» a liquid.
Accept answers referring to bond enthalpies being means/averages.
10b. [2 marks]
Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in ethane-1,2-diol.
Ethene:
Ethane-1,2-diol:

Markscheme
Ethene: –2
Ethane-1,2-diol: –1
Do not accept 2–, 1– respectively.

10c. [2 marks]
Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.
Markscheme
ethane-1,2-diol can hydrogen bond to other molecules «and ethene cannot»
OR
ethane-1,2-diol has «significantly» greater van der Waals forces
Accept converse arguments.
Award [0] if answer implies covalent bonds are broken
hydrogen bonding is «significantly» stronger than other intermolecular forces
10d. [1 mark]
Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH) 2, and then to carbon
dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol.

Markscheme
acidified «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/H+ AND K2Cr2O7/H+ AND Cr2O72-
OR
«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/ «H+» KMnO4 /«H+» MnO4-
Accept Accept H2SO4 or H3PO4 for H+.
Accept “permanganate” for “manganate(VII)”.
11a. [1 mark]
Propane and propene are members of different homologous series.
Draw the full structural formulas of propane and propene.
Markscheme
Propane:

AND
Propene:

11b. [4 marks]
Both propane and propene react with bromine.
(i) State an equation and the condition required for the reaction of 1 mol of propane with 1
mol of bromine.
(ii) State an equation for the reaction of 1 mol of propene with 1 mol of bromine.
(iii) State the type of each reaction with bromine.
Propane:
Propene:

Markscheme
i
C3H8 + Br2 → C3H7Br + HBr

«sun»light/UV/hv
OR
high temperature
Do not accept “reflux” for M2.

ii
C3H6 + Br2 → C3H6Br2

iii
Propane: «free radical» substitution / SR
AND
Propene: «electrophilic» addition / AE
Award mark even if incorrect type of substitution/ addition given.

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