Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Node! Answers Sumame Forename(s) Candidate signature } AS CHEMISTRY Unit 2 Chemistry in Action Friday 10 June 2016 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: « the Periodic Table/Data Sheet, provided as an insert (enclosed) © aruler with millimetre measurements » acaloulator Instructions + Use black ink or black ball-point pen. + Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. * Answer ail questions. + You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around each page or on blank pages. ‘* All working must be shown. ‘© Doall rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information ‘+ The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 100. You are expected fo use a calculator, where appropriate, The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided as an insert. Your answers to the questions in Section B should be written in continuous prose, where appropriate. You will be marked on your ability to: use good English ~ organise information clearly —use scientific terminology accurately. Advice A weve CHEM1 {b) Section A ‘Answer all questions in the spaces provided. This question is about the Group 2 metals and their compounds. Explain why the first ionisation energy of barium is less than the first ionisation energy of calcium. [2 marks] As bacivm has mote orbitals anh the ote stellis thercfore Fiurtler away Fron the nuclens. Ahismeras thece ic lect qHtrectios etween He nucleus ng outer elects . Magnesium reacts readily with steam. State two observations you would make when magnesium reacts with steam. Write an equation for the reaction, [3 marks] oosenatont White oid. observation? _Bcighé white ig he - Donat we WwuPramcHEN1 (c) Explain why different observations are made when aqueous barium chloride is added ‘separately to aqueous magnesium sulfate and to aqueous magnesium nitrate. ‘Write the simplest ionic equation, including state symbols, for any reaction that occurs. [2 marks] QD « Explanation ba Sc _ owe ¢ yuu Wold ge baSty, Q tr c Equation__a (aq) + SOx? tag) —> HaSCe cs) Batt niyh + hrs soy —» Basoe + Wf + 260 Pgh sod ZU cent Turn over for the next question | | Turn over > PrunisicHEMe2 Standard enthalpy of combustion data can be used to calculate enthalpies of formation. 2 (a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion. [3 marks] fhe enthaley change when Imol of a whee is feacks com lebely In oengen When all reactant 5 and prducts arein heir shader) stakes 2 (b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-olis shown. 3C(s) + 4H2(9) + 402g) —> CHgCH,CH,OH()) ‘Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data. | Table 1 es) Ha) ‘CH3CH,CH;OH(I) | SHEIK mot -394 | 286 2010 i Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation of. propan-t-ol. Show your working. [3 marks] ons AC + 4W2 4 02 —=> CHaclrc oH oC + 4t — Chg tieon ——————E _ 274132 > fete Yy a IY - 2326 4 (ror) = = BIE Kmoi! | ‘naPtms8icHEN2 usare 2(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown. CH3CH,CH;OH(g) + 430,(9) — > 300,(9) + 4H,0(g)_ AH= ~1893kJ mot Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data. Table 2 c=0 O=0 805 | «(496 Use data from Table 2 and the enthalpy change for this reaction to calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of a C-C bond in propan-1-ol. [3 marks] AH = Sreatuats — & prods - , sa, 20 oe ae fe é-o-n + grt u® fe e-f-Gon + $2f < ys hh & : noon a Soy y sx >| 2xC-C2? / gna x & ve |/ a} 4x C-H=2864 9 4hx 370¢ SN See / ix C-O7360 2232, Ne wx Jf [xo-Hs 443 - $534 x // Sag 1993 =((ze-0) + sq3t) _ 9534 oo © =(txe-c) ~ 2545 + 1843 | ». eae Sena emeeten G = (axc-c FO2= 1«c-C 402. . = Co cre a+ Sf apr immu Turn over > WPKunteicnen3 Haloalkanes are used as refrigerants, solvents and anaesthetics. 3 (a) __Trichloromethane (CHCl) is a haloalkane that can be formed by heating a mixture of chloromethane (CHCl) and chlorine 3 (a) (i) Write an overall equation for the formation of trichloromethane by the reaction of chloromethane with chlorine. [1 mark] CH3CL + 2CCo CHCls + ZHU 3 (a) (ii) Name the mechanism for this formation of trichloromethane, [1 mark gree _ratical SubSti ME on 3 (a) (il) Dichloromethane (CH,Cly) is an intermediate in this formation of trichloromethane, ‘Write an equation for each of the following steps in the mechanism for the reaction of dichloromethane with chiorine. [4 marks} tion step Ce —> 20 First propagation step CU + CHCl, = “CHEL, + HU Second propagation step CHUe + Cle A termination step leading to the formation of a compound with formula CaCl. ‘CHU, + "CHCle Cote Cly Wwe unt GiChEN23 (b) 3 (b) (i) 3 (b) (il) wa Chlorotriftuoromethane (CCIFs) is used as a refrigerant, but is being phased out due to concerns about ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere. In the upper atmosphere, CCIF3 decomposes in the presence of UV light forming a reactive intermediate that catalyses the decomposition of ozone. Write an equation to show how CCIF; decomposes to form the reactive intermediate. Oints ow wight is just [mark] CCtr, — CH 4 tU Write two equations to show how this reactive intermediate is involved in catalysing the decomposition of ozone. [2 marks] 1_Cu + Os —> CLO" + C2 2 ClO’ + Cs — Cl’ 4 202 they bore ti a ete aibich He rsdicsls Turn over for the next question ‘Turn over > Wwe unt@chEn2| 4 Compounds A, B, € and D are isomers with the molecular formula C4100 They all have a broad absorption in their infrared spectra in the range 3230-3650 cm“. 4 (a) Use Table A on the data sheet to identify the bond and the functional group present responsible for this absorption. OH (oleche) 4 (b) Compounds A and B are both straight-chain compounds. A can be oxidised to form P. B can be oxidised to form Q. P and Q are isomers with molecular formula C4HsO be specs be cy flere is shoe Et mark onGacid)! Toliens' reagent and Fehling’s solution can be used to distinguish between isomers P and Q. The results shown in Table 3 are obtained. Table 3 - — Observation with | Observation with i | Compound Tollens’ reagent | Fehling’s solution | | | No visible change No visible change | | oT ot | a | Siner mirrorformed | Brick-ed precipitate formed ee ey Use the information about compounds P and Q to identify compounds A and B. Explain your answer with reference to the functional groups in P and Q. [3 marks] identity ora Gutan-2-0) identity of B _(utan- tol Explanation Ais a 22 alcohol ond tleechre is onidire fo_a ketone (ButswneP)uhich camot be fwtter oxided, ny tolleas or feblngs, B is a |? clohol which 1g on:dsed te cn aldehyde (Brteral, @) which ic hitler Oxide to Botanic ceid ond Give 4 posite nile with folleny / febvag wht wwennigcHENe4 (c) _ lsomer Cis resistant to oxidation. | Isomer € reacts to form compound R that has an absorption in its infrared spectrum in the range 1620-1680 om", State the bond that causes the absorption in the range 1620-1680 cm“. | Give the displayed formula of isomer C. Identify the reagent and give one reaction condition needed to convert G into R. [4 marks] Bond __C = C — Displayed formula of C “4 » Pe he c Cc | \ 7 \ aan ca p n Reagent __HzSO4 - Concent ted condition Ze f lor Question 4 continues on the next page | Turn over > im soe4 (a) 4 (ay (i) WN ° cee = Compound D is a branched-chain isomer that can be oxidised to form ‘compounds: SandT. Compound S is obtained by distiling it off as it forms. during the oxidation. Compound T is formed when the oxidation takes: place under reflux. Identify the functional groups in $ and T. Explain, with reference to intermolecular forces, why itis possible to obtain compound 'S but not T from the reaction mixture by distilling off $ as soon as it forms. [3 marks] \ J, ‘ ~ . Sz alice Te Cothecyiic acid | A has G higher bojhng point due te hydmen | Ae ~ J “ - bo ating, which ae stemger _Intemoteutes dq eee Foras “than those inthe aldende Avr x arama" eattt co 4 (A) (ii) A student claims to have oxidised compound D. Figure 1 shows the infrared spectrum of the product obtained by the student. Figure 4 100 ~ Transmittance/% 50- 0O T T T T T, T. T 4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumber/cm~* ‘Suggest two ways in which the spectrum shows that compound D has not been oxidised. [2 marks] ete _shws an O-H (sleet) pee ke Gad also has ny C=O peal Showing, this is Neither an ald thyde oF carboxglic cick 3 Turn over > ‘WPranieiCHEM2® cae = | 5 Methanol, for use as a fuel, can be produced by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen. CO(g) + 2H-(g) == CH;OH(g) AH=—90kJ mot" | The reaction is typically carried out at 300 °C and 3 x 10" Pa, in the presence of a catalyst. 5 (a) Figure 2 shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 300 °C. Figure 2 Number of molecules energy Ey 5 (a) (I) Sketch a second curve on Figure 2 to show the distribution of molecular energies in this | mixture at a higher temperature. [1 mark] 5 (a) (ii). Explain with reference to both curves in Figure 2 how a small change in temperature leads to a large change in the rate of reaction. [2 marks} Ahe geaph shows Hed more molcter have subficitn energy tv reac, the Cay vbich wad incense He. numbus of Successhul collisions per Second nari cercnene13 5 (b) Both the rate of production and equilibrium yield of methanol are considered when choosing the most appropriate conditions for the operation of this process on an industrial scale. 5 (b) (i) State and explain the effect of a higher pressure on the equilibrium yield of methanol. [3 marks} A bighee pasture cod increase the gield as thee ate less moes on th sight co as pressure inrtiles eqeiiibtin position will ft right 40 Curterct the change. 5 (b) (li) By considering both rate and yield, state why the reaction is carried out at a temperature ‘of 300 °C rather than at a higher temperature. ' [2 marks] Ah fluesd reaction is exctlermic So an increase io temperctue wld lower the gictd However «high Hg will Steed up He tite ther fo resth tavilibvivm so 4 Conprohiise betvegn fate Gnd wild ic thon. ie ‘Turn over for the next question Turn over > Wweuunteronene14 6 The halogens are the elements in Group 7. 6 (a) The electronegativties of the halogens are shown in Table 4, Table 4 | Halogen _| Fluorine | Chlorine | | Bromine lodine | |Electonegatvly | 40~=~|~~<30 ~*~ SC 25 | Explain the trend in electronegativities shown by the halogens. [2 marks] As you go coun the groyo crtomic radix jncreales tnewvring More electron Stes. Ae ater tlectans nd _ hence bending geil Of electent are not as attrecded to_+e dos ive Aces. 6 (b) The halogens can all behave as oxidising agents in reactions. 6 (b) (i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, the meaning of the term oxidising agent. [1 mark] An electron aceptoc | | 6 (b) (i) An equation for the reaction that takes place when chlorine gas is bubbled through ‘aqueous potassium bromide is shown. : a ° ae Cla(g) + 2KBr(aq) ——> Brp(aq) + 2KCl(aq) Explain, with reference to the oxidation states, why this is a redox reaction, [1 mark] ox steleet Cl goes fam OG — = oxststeet & goes fam “1—> © 4 wopaumtercneve15 age oar 6 (c) ‘Solid sodium halides react with concentrated sulfuric acid, 6 (c) (i) A.sample of solid sodium iodide is reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid. A black solid forms and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced. ite a hl-equation fr the rection of sue ald to ferm hydrogen sue (uid top From Eiest prinigest + STE 6 BE (1 mark] H2SO4 + GH* + Se" —> Les + 4H2O 6 (c) (li) Write @ half-equation for the formation of the black solid. [1 mark] 21"— Ty + 2c" 6 (c) (iil) Use your answers to parts (c) (i) and (c) (ii) to write an overall equation for the reaction ‘of sodium iodide with concentrated sulfuric acid. Lervemabor Fh cletas tov then [1 mark] WSdy + SHY ST —= HS + 4NOe4T, 8 (6) Give he rol of suture ed ins eacton wih source Tick (7) one box. [1 marky Acid {] Oxidising agent _[ v7] Reducing agent | | Electrophile | | 6 (c) (v)_ Write an equation for the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with solid sodium fluoride. it mart HeS0q4 + 2Nof —> NooSoe +ZHF 6 (c) (vi) Suggest one reason why the reaction of sodium fluoride with concentrated sulfuric acid is different from the reaction with sodium iodide. [1 mark} joride_i \ iS tle de_is a _less Power! 1 cedu ng ag enk. Turn over > worPuumercneme16 6 (d) Chlorine reacts with water to form an equilibrium mixture containing hydrochloric acid | and chioric(l) acid, 6 (4) (i) Write an equation for the formation of this equilibrium mixture. [1 mark] Cle + Heo = HCL+ HOCL 6 (d) {li) Household bleach contains sodium chlorate(!) and sodium chloride. State and explain, with reference to your equation in part (d)(i). why itis dangerous to acidify an aqueous mixture of sodium chlorate(!) and sodium chloride. {2 marks] fhe equilibrium wo ht le wha acid ded wuPsntsionen2 Donate7 (a) Ta 7 (a) (il) 7 (bo) 7 (b) (i) 7 (b) Gi) T(e) 7) 7 ovate ‘The ores used for the extraction of many metals contain metal sulfides or metal oxides. Various methods are used to extract metals from these ores. Sulfide ores such as zinc blende (ZnS) are crushed and then roasted in a stream of air to convert them into the metal oxide. Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when ZnS is roasted in air. [1 mark] LZnS + 302 —> 2200 + 2502 reaction. H2S0u. (Sotfer c acid) Zine oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide in the extraction of zinc. The carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of methane. State a useful substance that can be manufactured from the. genous product of this A xe [1 mark] \Write an equation for the production of carbon monoxide by the incomplete combustion. ‘of methane. Tr eat! comer up the peat 11 mark] Ice +402 —> (CO +fH20 ay silt ‘Write an equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and carbon monoxide. Za + CO + 2a + CO2 Most copper is produced by reduction of copper(I!) oxide with carbon. The copper(|l) oxide is produced by roasting chalcopyrite (CuFeS,) in alr. [1 mark] Copper can also be obtained from other low-grade ores. When these low-grade ores. are processed, aqueous solutions containing low concentrations of Cu?* ions are produced. Scrap iron is used to recover copper from these solutions. Give the ionic equation for the reaction involved in the recovery of solid copper from an. ‘aqueous solution using scrap iron. Include state o — [1 mark] + Co*teq) + FeO > WO + fe Cag) Turn over > vrPaumeronene18 7 (6) ii) Suggest two environmental reasons and one economic reason why the extraction of ‘copper from solutions containing Cu2* ions, using iron, is preferable to the reduction of copper(II) oxide made by roasting chalcopyrite, {3 marks] Emvironmeniatreesoni No cfeenhase gases pated fom the pmess (cov) Envionmentaireason2 No SO, pitixed So no acid rain Economic reason _less-enerqu uj refre Cheaper 3 7 (d) Titanium can be extracted from its ore, rutile (TiO), in a two-step process using carbon, chlorine and magnesium. Extraction of titanium is not possible by direct reduction of TiO, with carbon. 7 (){i) Give equations for the two-step process using carbon, chlorine and magnesium. [2 marks} step _(iO2 + C+ 2Cli Tilly + COZ | step2 (1iCly + 2Mqg—> 2M Cla +Th 7 (d) (ii) State why direct reduction of TiO, with carbon cannot be used. [1 mark] forms Litany Cotbide which mates it batt, ‘penn stcnene19 not we cat Turn over for the next question DO NOT WRITE/ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE/SPACES PROVIDED Turn over > ‘WivPuuntsicHeMeae Done te 20 Section B Answer all questions in the spaces provided. ‘Two reactions of 2-bromopentane, (CH3CH,CH,CHBrCHs) are shown. ws leaky CoH <2 cH sch,cH,cHarcH, action? cas,on The CsH;¢ formed in reaction 1 exists as a mixture of three isomers, one of which is pent-1-ene. Two of the isomers are a pair of stereoisomers, All three isomers decolourise bromine. The same reagent is used in both reactions. The product is determined by the choice of conditions. State the reagent and the conditions for each of reaction 4 and reaction 2. State the role of the reagdhtin each react Name and outline the mechanisin of reaction 4 forthe formation of Pent-t-ene. <==" [8 marks] Reagent use = NaoH Reaction L conditions : ‘cbburok cr Reagent role’ nt cole: Bale, Reaction 2 conditions + Aqueay, Reagent role: Nudagh be Mecherism For QxL > Etmingh'en. _| 7 oP Pe res He =C-C HC ROH re HC 0-0 + H20 ror te Re rosy oe 4 S60 7 now Be Cow comers Peat HOne wromes (Le 07 Wop uni stcHEne22 oe 8 (b) _Allthree isomers of CsHro contain the same functional group. | Draw the displayed formula of pent-1-ene. / = Draw the structures of the pair of stereoisomers and give their full IUPAC names. Explain the origin of the stereoisomerism shown. [5 marks] How wow Beans ' ‘ 4 1 vl H-C - C-c-c=C. 1 1 H woe 4 ' Pent -l-ere ee H H suec-C-C. d N 7 ene eN ap eae wa Woac # wf - \ wee -e-€ cH H ca had H 4 Z-pent-B- ene : E-pent-2-ere [on tee tame rid a Ane sterecsemes Ocwe Us there is limeted rotedion avond th CHC sable bend oe If Hee are tre GiFfeant gropr 0 end oF C=C bend then Z, & isomers Gli se | ‘Turn over > mun ‘wnat sCHEM22 8 (c) The rates of hydrolysis of two chloroalkanes can be investigated by adding aqueous | silver nitrate to the chloroalkanes. During the hydrolysis reactions, chloride ions are liberated slowly. Precipitates of silver chloride are formed. Outline a method to compare the rate of hydrolysis of 1-chlorobutane with that of 2-chlorobutane. State how the method would ensure a fair test. [4 marks] Add AgNox Solution fo to samiles of Ichlorchotane an) Z-chloowtne is a beaker ensuring thet tHe nine volume of ewhis ond. Alo enwe as Many varcb are _antalbd a posible Sah af tense de and Concentebion S, (eccord te tim telen for a cross (onder beglur) to he ohtund Fates for ecch. the less Hoy taken tHe. higher the rete WPinGcHEND23 ‘Turn over for the next question DO NOT WRITE/ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE, ‘SPACES PROVIDED Turn over > ‘woPuunisionene24 9 Alcohols can be prepared from alkenes in various ways. 92) Ona laboratory scale, a mixture of propan-1-ol and propan-2-l can be prepared from propene in two steps, In step 1, propene reacts with cold, concentrated sulfuric acid to form intermediate ‘compounds, mn step 2, the intermediate compounds react with water to form the mixture of alcohols. Name and outline the mechaitism for the reaction between propene and concentrated Sulfur acid to form the intermediate compound which gives propan-2olin step 2, Explain why propan-2-ol is the major product of this preparation, Electrophitic Aoitin a 4 4 PoP oe =C-H > H-C—G-S ‘ H a H Cy y- so? o” Xo Leequn=2-o\ is the moje aadvot a5 the coebeaton ferme) above is 2° which is mow Seb then th |° altemnetve WPiniscHEue9 (b) we 2 E a 25 On an industrial scale ethanol can be produced from ethene by direct hydration or from glucose by fermentation. State the conditions for the direct hydration reaction. State two advantages and two disadvantages of the fermentation method compared with the direct hydration method. [6 marks] Direct hudretion equines & high temper tere cad igh Mesyore_ with best hae quid _Gtelyst a feromen te dyon caventages | Much Lower teanp Gnd Qressuts Ebene fure Cheaper and alte ules fencnable and susteinshe vesomes Fecmenke bon suhtnbages ~ Mudh Slower ont plates on mye paovek Past wil ther ree to be puri Bek - a END OF QUESTIONS werner26 ‘There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED ny evPisenicnewea7 There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE /ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE/SPACES PROVIDED 2 Nt ‘wenn 8/CHEM228 There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE/ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED ‘Copyright information Pettio to reproduce al copy mater hes Boe appl some cases, ett cots! eppighhaters may have been uuecesh and | Roget anny rety ary master of eicontesporiens, you a ay Sst uate conan Copa Tear, mo eigen, Galore, GU2 Tk. In Wri sicren2