Where do English words oC 2 2 ESS falas vary tom tO wo come from? SS « Sita faa epee eet eve 2 Sao Sea eB vx chapter overview 21 teers 2.1 The origin of English Morte Ed Th or ong of he wad can vp no st 909 ewan peo iss inlaw ed 220d ange bgt oer » {Si gunman, Gor of hve fain tr Indo Sarepesn Indes Suegnepres uch 1) ‘sa te angng of Bap, the Notas snd Nitra Ome Sacer ho teh lhe de ope lyn led il, ows wich Lt, Elyebgbs (30 {hd lor hy Romance Ingug evelpe. Ante lad Gar hese pedo pet ‘Sts whe hs tose ors Conan Ea Gomanis. a | aanedgtgtieser ” Frat Gault ctl, hove wheter Ne a so ‘ives or ‘Wa aol caoeponded ttl oagen thoes fa Noth Cone Wace gsc mcr of modes samen lives = Scans angegn ie Duc Swell Nang, ene shennan {indo The tt Gomsaic branch developed ito Cl, tut Soom eee ‘rently ed ou The Won Geman ita vlog i cote ‘Solr Conan Dut, Psa ad Sgn Pia, in ie faba ‘SctrvetNends nd th lnd sey Kron iin ‘Slee Sos the com tino English larga de fo croc te on oh ‘Solna gh nd Low Canaan de is Cra aoe 2.1.1 How Englh came to Erglond ascmny wegen a “Ths ts people known o hae inbsbied te land tat wae aro Toa ‘can Eglnd were Cl They a panned to bre can oe cece 1nd woth te le fo i lana tT gages coun ‘Sent caer ane brea ung ly 4 Hc warty il tmp a rand | sect act ttey 2 tothe oman pin SE-B ety ay ee oe | Gateenoy Sans by ema apr Rasen. Ms ln of Bala Meee donned Ahonen Ss ccaptd ty te Ran tpn goverment cil od it Syarteaor Tchad ten soca ttl 00 Whe the Ep pa fo ‘rumble, the miliary and goverment officals wits | tikinaany stdemonts bat around the Instone of mltaryWer arn Vay ovement, These bore nae such s8 Donate, Gloucester Lan ‘Er end Woresor "all daived in pat om the Lan word costo a withdrwalof he Roman woop veal invited the ini sion ofthe ck lowland by th Pitan Sct two tbr inthe och ‘nn tat th Romana bed mover canqered. The Cs apeded to ‘nds of Germans ware fom ass the Nows Seo fo ad in ‘ion tht ind Soom the Garman tbe ~ called Angi, Sax (Fins and w= ch a over fcraring subs. Tho ols ‘od ts at it al a cae temo, ‘Alou ws of sisans continged for he next 200 fs fme ‘he Cle wars psd teil t th lage of thy county fo Wale, (Conml Cuntia and te Seats highlands. Othe owed the ‘gis Chanuel ttn Unc lative in Prone etn. Thaso who [edained wer subjred inthe gprerament of he seme nd {Site sintd othe by intermanap. Afar fom pnortons, thar dent was lat within Anglo Saxon sc) 212 the ome oh oie The Caml tt el entre Ca Wels Te Soa Se Saeed thocae ss Seer eee Mae gedit plc i sn Sc aoe iy Beran By eo a a ee rere vel hepa rene a cm tea hat eel sages ae tered Tn ee ee nies Sgro gic, SETA ie re ote ae cee rt mp Gd CUOE RY tee Engn, ie pom il be ging ‘Me «Sgn ftp wong ali Then cy “ert ih Ut ven to Koy 0 veces a toe ee Wad fh end cn fon 2.2 Historical development of English vocabulary ‘Wo shall acu in tum the Old Mil, Katy Modern, and Moda English patods, with spel anpbass on Wer epee chu {ses a he lesicl lve We sal highligh he msjo conta ths of cach peed othe development of Eng ose ta whl 22.1 The OU English pviod 450-1088) “he fot Old Bago (OE) manwserpts were simply afew scared ‘mrerplons wats aud the Gh and sch caus fn te rane sat boaght in by the Anglo Sansa toed ieriptons {see ey ite norman nthe Inga. Te teary oe bean only {horton arial the Chetan metas em Rema 19387. Th fe OF mancsarip dating fom around 70, ae glume of Lan Srordetenaed foto Old Engh and fo erly iaciptone and ‘Unletustly ery ile atria emaie erm ts peo ‘To moat important literary work, which sueived in sngl copy, ‘rede toe poo Eoowa won around 1000, Bu te were loo ‘umber f shower pone sonmed with Civitan sje ot fencing Gonnens tion ea ling wa topes euch we vita. aeling and easton. is gneralyscnohldgad that mst OF wets were wet i ‘he paetod flowing te rela of King Aled (64-095) who aned ‘er tho many Latin works tobe sled, Inching Bod’ Belo etal History (Doe 72%), Bt the ttl copa lel ener {atiely sal Crt (2905: 10) polis ut that te amber of words the cerpor of Old Engle compled athe Univerity of Torn, ‘thick contin ll he texts, oaly 33 olin ~ the egulelat of ‘out 30 madtaled nove ‘Soe wo ar dealing with writen rcods,mportant oy a ‘disci fenture, Putheomee, ow laters bal dittrect shape, il some odes fats wore sete. ff. and Nuss ‘rem writen ony in Roman symbols Svar of he tas were vod {in combination (igapbs) to Tepeseat single sound wnt, st ike ‘oir Eopsh thd eas nt and moat Thar war gest ‘ia arto in apling to uch exten ht evn wih a le ‘be in sing pce angle ine, Uhr could be variation. The ame word could be spl ile on these a. nt general ees, lor forte antl speling snd pared infections, wo al ntlce 4 mashed Grenork Mango Yair nto the word dn roe ad thee stn post tents Wile {Serj endnote [i pont tee fer, For oxanpl, ost ofthe prepostons ‘ranoune a iene! in oom Oooh nota ang: for, Frm, n he, him hi, Mon Engle senha ean esl rcogoe Singur‘ soda onaepn qatecoatoaslep and |feorode to leumed Onin the ge: pro kes tod to ike ‘Sted ech like es ond shred ik “bard Oa to eter band ‘Ste othe words lock very stage, boos they have since di fppeced fom to language line, sutblesefo,dee ‘Bodo, entrsted and sue pnt mode sich a “Tuo OF Testoxs i carci by fr vdino to bul up ‘yo ons suber par tre hat ae ted with Eglsh (Ge Chop a At we might expec ome weds uy Tok fami, {irae eet owing in Mem glo tte to en ‘om acid or noe sono meant ‘madly rts thn tnt Ile wil a fa at meant "em eros than ‘ply "Then ee false Sends’ whan Uansating from Old into, Modern ngs (ld agli i chactrond by the foqunt se of coinager now hentig tm om Old Nome poo uote eon to ivi Spite doriptons ats ivlving campounds.Sometinee {be intspretaon tr seaighrard, seine 1 obcare and 8 ease of el etn Fanoonhannings Incas romed. whale ond for these, banhus"bo-hows fora peons by. Of, ‘nse an vamotnd wend rnd od, ampli described ‘S'heeonsinces ard, gunn of ava’ ago. nd mor ‘mes woar, gonna af mankind” ‘ening to soretines a peblam to ntapetbeaaze the quency of eons in OF al ie to digas bade of ‘Boning, For example thre ae som twety tome forma in he Tele po Seow incading is, oma sng and oar: and at alay say to ss why one ieee Lntad of ant Natural ‘ton tsa wot te sed in compu, the camplstions terse. ‘war ofschovea to satty the nue eters in ne, tr to help metal owes. In tle compound fms, ty alsa ‘Mowe comeierlecompresion of meanings. allssgh many of hose words and othe sluts hay contain ae ot own otto Perils dacsson ofthe OE pci shows that tr re many di yonymous, of neanly 2, fa excode that odin Moder Engh, {2d thal ingenuity is the esnstrcton of capone. Secon tis sioence of wioanging versal of lonwords aaa fee tit tvly more on word famntin povsrs barod on ave cle Tes Ar consoquencs, OF plays uch rg ali’ a= ial ened words (13) than te piel of mador Engl. Fy the ler prod of Of was charctad bythe nrducton i nue of loss enastion (or agus), Calgoe else ea tht es uated party-part ito peter Iganga Tends Bom Cenman Obormensch Cagurt ve ermine Of aan sea allowing rane lain ta li ModeenBaglh eno ‘cee reposion ‘ios ‘hom ties sre osegdan ‘rile Fouthly, pammaticl retin In OF wre expe sinly by {hos of inctionalsodigs in Mile gla Uy cane to ‘pgrostd, thay ae today, unl by word dr. This uate ‘tgs in th tract of i lglg oa plac inthe leven ed felt conte The mom piusie eiplanaton for te de- ‘pearance of OF inacson that it bcs nceningly ell Ih them, because ofthe way that words had came fo bests ‘ring te evolution af Cenante langage By pscing the an ses a the binning of word beame df t hear the diffrent angs, especially when they ware phonetaly sma, a {Sha a fare, frm, oan aly, the GE corpus I lve to cata aout 24,000 at {arent lexical ions, However, this lncon fundamentally afer ‘oth ne that wend in Madera Engh About 85 per cat of OF ‘otds ac na Teagr In yx Fartnemore, only about er eat of ‘won OF ae oa ords, compared with var por cnt Modes Figich, GE vocablary was pedoaununly Comic: which i no length cas for Madsen Eph Before we clase ths ston, mist men the Viking ive sons af the sigith tad ints cantare. These invsios hed i ‘bent impact on the developeeat ef e Bagot Ycsblary (se 24a blow2.2.2 The Mid Engh prod (1066-1800) “To Middle Hnglish peed bar 2 much tebe documenttion han ‘ine gis nu Cort os) explains, tii aly doe ‘Sifs tet be ney coalzd monarchy exmsonad atonal {SP al meeye whlch smd ine mashed cone in the ube: ‘STOEL SE Run dacament, However be ety matali of Hdd value, feces ween in Latin ce Pech, nthe ‘yg ds that can tw exacted ele wpa ed pero sae Stain Eni bg spp nts titeste ont, ‘UEP Gucn the forest contr hoe was emankd creas fhe aaa eet wings fm Loins fenced of tx or Temp thes language Ths otpt ince onal up othe Fale Bnglish pouty sea iuonod by French literary tad sion, bein eotet and pe Much ofthe eer Mile Bagh ‘dati eof known ttbesip, ty the nd of Ue pao the ‘on bud changed, Asnong th prmieat mune heme i SER pela ke doutectih cnn ae ohn owe, Wa lu en Wye Gotiey Chanson nd ter on pots who ae sane know asthe “Sota Chora he by of ‘ase ins wedem eens ofthe word hl provides the fal put a ge tte Mie Engi nd ul Moder Hoh Shaver in plg wo ft wt than that ound even (ud engin Bs ina edd wx, wel nd tat pli, saa ave ero saniog orn, This ston ‘braced ory «cso al, tian scion Becus of teeing eel words ok we thst ‘Riptoly te or oxampl,sesnurd would bo lee oe modern amin of churchyard wesc tot ts te ceplngs Fn sound tn ad fo te ome sound dre | etmsve bowing fem oes league. in We th nd cme on? © Sinisa om chatroom Jud A te pectod popes, o the spellnge change Yo eppx Pees ts adel eplae om Plo Rnglish te puralily chanced by Sntensivo and ‘Paral he Noraan {rt of 108, whl introdund Pench Engh lage Sede cee hac ah vocbolary (50 2.44 bla Th fect fhe bigs bg ote vb win a No Soca By hn odo be gc urd. ths reopen ‘nd allo Yo around 7s pur cat ewever Unwin wey ‘sas the only way ip which ‘be rosaplary of Middle Engh Ente. The procote fw oraon ru compound ead Mtsoto, wih were tay salah in Old {ote wed, and were extended in sis wie, 22.3 Fanly Modem English (1500-1800) ‘he enaton fom Mila glhto Mader Engl woul be to sirpt who to reap ofa Eaiy Sdn Halt pod owe hres po conta bth ging oi toa fer. Some canter ene dam, ound 400 350 eer ‘St dts wound 50, earning Bt ny eds he vet he pling soliton wt Stig er The yet {76 en Wilko Canon se up ha ps a ertat, fay ‘et esate eintng pot or te pod. Pasting pape ‘spl Sng tn Semen aed prem [rane mow opportune or pope ows nd ging po [ie went matt wir csitoe Are meu wowe foals tere fobs, proving table widens She dinlopacat of isnuns atone nin sath cota, eles Deg = LCS itt tanga mata oto ‘tng, be tg te od * sf sd ccnp Renin’ whic icon pac ary oan 158, Fichter ‘ud finan th Cll impenges erat, ed ‘prt ne cs nahin Pat Seti nora sete scones aan ger a ane neni hs a er np ob AE Hg, erly om fi Westar. Weer oe © Feet te Popa langage to expan ha Bow ene Ne ev cs Bopanna Puree Sounds aaa a ends wee nocd tant of te ok at a corel ot Ba pon oqvalas in Bageh Big Eat such ar medicine ond tony. re ergy ecules Some si lo new emo th red tet thy were Fe, ee ee eetng wih in Sesion of ae Book SEL Sie atopit ome nnora fom ei Wemee ie such thomas ot wont at of et way nto aod cred the lengaes, Tot he Tere pe oer lmng sin theron ofthe agloh Fase gis lags ct ono be tat Tan acide ters tre wor no enough em he eared fa sgn namie atthe int er tomowage ete mont nce ae fe HiSttece fer Engl ve Crystal 1008.0) parler th wo mnt grat Into oo tn Moin ng ara ent nate he she drop ef lens Shier 156-100) 2 aera of 11, Shaknpares weak proves meron th tte rey in ich be ngage was developing ot Ue sa aa dle ation on sa uc BO. ES man ya ing eee Seer ete hs pow and lee nboduce o popu raeeta a mw word th ange er wil wr apotied to to rol in chuchis ota Kingdon ts tence om the popslation end ar the Wa sh wen come fe aut the prtce, thy sine for «dg, ot ppalr spa Spin fr dr oes ibe anager when moles lates ‘te telsn, Consequny hase war more costo hah {Ex fund in Shaoopeae coun Shakespear, they dno {hve oie ire nus of ew wor Howser thw ‘Shay pvrein the Knglomes il athe etered ne apogee Kier, Seah ins io hn ey can th lopard changes pte aoe fran ee ght ‘Evol tie bind lod nd olf cbnpoctcbiog is tin telling ofa ee money i roo of all or orn ld oto, tbe sito hoary he ain of ey thy Sn eight and Sroe,« om i the fea, The oqency of eccarene f ach lu Sn both Kony ond every lnguage cer ndcaton of atnpct tat tbe King James Blo finns to have ca co teporcy Eglh "Fh pool between 3520 aod the Reston in 160 (of th ‘shor the paid ofthe Conmorwea) witered he et lial pvt inthe hit of the ianguge. In ndon ‘sie borrowing and to epplation of dflrent peso wad fo Sat wing mtv sours, tne wes hs ¢ Gest many sae hanged won sed tow meanings By the od ef he fprenth etary, many rie ft het Ege vas hana no ply and andaniy. Tey comic te routing. nguge Say: ep, umegue” ad barbarous war herrea ‘wosoerary tral the lbguage m0 hr work wea be Image to fare georatons, However, eee Be nor the Une Serco roy sotto forthe bln fae Tanne, bd the Fencand th ttinns The ely pat ef he nplabpeching wor at as eve et op Acai South ‘ies, The debt on ging coupon te seventh cony i he met of ding pb testo tothe aro ox srg Ae cominency ond shy fh» Bn angsag, Snes a {im var ao monn 2 Ace eis se dao prodacs (ganar, speling gues, prcencifon mnuae and dctoare, fom whch wes expected that sander of comme Would oon Tim tmpornon of dctionais bed bee ft long before the eta on lanpngs croton Far xp, Richard Meee oe Ai blowing tn Se. Nr ing vo rteworbie I eosoms tel ned no kro nan ld gor he word wich, Tw nou gla tang tno one dicfonar’ quoted in Cyt ‘90t: 73 In 1004, Robert Gawdsey pub theft‘ of LEE 73h tm 1604. Robert Cawdrey published the first “dictionary ofWork Mago ray vce me ot ee, ee spire, heat et is te cee (lea ar hos 72h, Matha! Bally publ Un soariper Bgl fy cd or oa ie aeied ee ee De arn Eeoras cretuae atta Suen eeee ss ae ay mae ot woneastnriers mung 7 oem omens rms a ceed move widemapng al bs Hcg ee Sees cance incre npmaat ear ean Scucetemc eerameeetet Goi maha one canaae cies, fee encou ar fren prauarenaeyeeie ces Settee pees incre peur ieee nt as Meee er sam ate Sunt ur Cpt pec acacareen bed coe reat ateerortnars Siamese sere ofan ee maar se oy rare tetec Testun of te complet of sia nd of word ats Whe gh wor cae an 2.244 The Modem Engh period (1800-preson) ‘ye Moder Paglsh period rune fom te bypaning of th nate etary tothe prosent da. Asin the cae of hw pretaing pods, te hangs fom Early Modan to Ader war equally ada and {mpeceptbie For example whioitmybe carved al any of he fords ed today hr font nang th ight cary, {rele very dilfcl to soy wxncly whoa te Sango of melag oases From the pola of view of lx, Mod Bgl my be char ‘ctotnt by te man otc ow inpocadnted pow of seer {ie vote he mnton of nee Eh or» mat ‘tony ot nggs ad the onegeow of oe vata ao ‘Now boglsher fon “ingle and chai vocabulary as bon growing sly sco the Resszance. But ninth evry Soro preondnted. gow int domain, ss conssymr fhe [iuscalrvlotion and ih sakesaent paid of scene explo tpn en dacovry. The stedy ican ne ove af ua made see pu esd ve cater tot and ered fico and techaloy. Coeqvnty. ost diovan, sath at Fay’ ad theron such eo Devs sted whdnoprend pd ‘ty bythe onda te ete cot, one Cul etal fk fei any weg nT ‘cinco the varety ae sae expt ganna Yoks end sys Ges of academic Journals Some seen, ich as comin, eis aod Uilny tude spocorlar loca dvlopeats deg frye, "Tbe soon nguste tsonce of Arian English so dom ‘Et vst ofthe angus cane a ln np bye eerarce ote USA teeing ere poe ate tenth feo. This func sf dieey She set of onsite ‘ed amma but more epoca othe lesa! oval, Aina fe ‘ll naked ieencr totem Arians ish Eg oe 53. at by acknowledged that th two rae re bconng tore nd moras for seve acon sya ars Tnpoved gen sien the beaning ofthe teats cory he BAGS ce rend marae re ofie Ojt eet of Barope craig open Ata cat ad ‘hel tn dose tv mae nea pling terete 4 Was procs, "Th taumion of Amorcar Eagich le do et sper y the Anoka ara enh a. te USA cc {nr ay fou tins ws many spake of Eglh en langageWor Moog on Vay 1 i UK, and scoring o otal 198: 108) bw ro courien Saenirlprcontol apa fg ng nto SS aeinsen if pli) en ernie cor, woe SRS Areata ce chon whi ay csi of Behe Haglan trans ly Srl. ‘Rosina of Nw Engl’ ert ew vsti of he egy Sake eco ald tot ny ough nea {set anganes fie tne er hey ae ed Du ao settle tote ian caw i pene Tey ea es lcs of Eng in row stk he se ealbn sc is a Aman Empl Tine Se ea cnn cla Wel aan saree aia Paligpse Cag Sazspaw Egon end eee ther afar nas Caen, Can at Nw Se eer to coe ta which thee ow Engle be Se Sante 12 Sian wo ew Bags ta a acted wi a ven pact wun wes se Saton in vate pass EEE Sthot eater tr 63) sae beg too awn on ele Sibi sng oe Moder Engl potod. Som sch as weet eating ete anv, ah erp pa fade ogee tale pe Se eect a felrang Fara (20), gute oon nh 26 5h Hgl-oeling css my be paced fa ‘Si tauentcccte dpendig on ests f he ng ge tec Gach ces ve gic ow iy deny Cee Bian Un Claas Aas od Now aaa The otro extended cd nae epee by colon, re Ea sel in adage ee Sarre agus Tle is wulnge sting, 0 nl El Ape Sac endsboot ty ber tere Re epee ine cost which ve ie ty Green tt whe Enis bn sec edie ‘ar bat rie pt pt ot On jp. Pounds owing amber ether ato. ETE Gc SP ose ot Engl throughout the world, Fennell an 5 omen etl re eral Pm one ch cage nthe oc os ve Of ar ‘Soon sd al euler of ag) Where gh won cae on 2.3 Native English vocabulary Nair gins vray i made wp of Anton words bt we ‘alc san he nen of lc o Eg 23.1 Anglo-Saxon words Ths category consists of words tat avd with tho Gemanic in ‘ces and ar ll oid in medom Pnpsh. Sone te rummetieal ‘ord, sch sb, n that wll others en weft ov, ame Most of then are the costnon words of to ngang, They Sones oniclews or ent! ms of many owand werd wih ‘odlepted claim to “Angicty’ or Bnglabmens Some a tbe we ol) icy com ey cll got ayo ey “AngoSion words are general shot ad concept of Yh Body (am, bon, chest ar, aye, fot, band, hen) the aac Tendsape ela, beds, hl land, meadow, wood, donate [der oor, home, Hous), cloner xy, moth hon, un, ‘alone (ow. dg, Os. got vn be, sta) common ajcives (ac. ds, god, long white, wie), and cman vere (econ de, SE, lh Teel ae) Go 23.2 Theinluonce of Celie on Engh “Te conion of ctu conte: tom he os nd ths nding ‘Aig Sons we sch tht hs Clean col noha a fecow ingact on Old Hg Oly ban of Cle wert wes eee ihn nt ese nt a 15 tetins nga lest eco ch dope, lca tre "pan nec hgh kekWet, sanyo Vota foe Ci wero his prod dive ute fm atin, bong in ‘the tach mismaler eg anon nt, oncor hana and possibly ‘home Tare as few telirbaed placsaunas In whats no ‘Suen st ontern England. Thy nelode ver axes ue a Aon, ‘Sve, Don, Bre Ouse Serer, Thome, Trent, Usk and Wye. Town ‘Siw Ince” aro,’ Bove, ter Bels, “church. Kent ‘ow Landon (asl nase), Yar, and he ae of oe, etd ‘lc orn Catal) and of pan, hand top, il (sin Pee more cont tins fo more Calc words were ttc {nto English few Ish Gaui nthe sewesteath crnary ~ Brose, [Pre Stevoch fry ~and Intron har, lan, colle rom Sloe Calle ome lan, Toh, bg lg, why. Aad un Welk rag contig Eatin Mido Bgl, robb thr reno mores ‘Stoo eluc loanword ill. Cosoqueaty Cli bs had futher noglgbl afoenee oa Enlsh Enishi, dus, Bsa © ‘Gonmanie langues 24 The process of borrowing ‘By deftones spun Smits a word rom fog language ‘Za tnt pry, adopt te sound or nr to that nate la ‘Zing te roca called browtng wth werd tas bored i iba iano or otowing ‘ew ie 2 unset which nla {erm eval appropiate gods tht he esting langue ‘ver soum tebe worde (ysl 109520). Boch maybe ‘Sildred an sate Boomer bo sen tha, wie a an ‘rope the spec owrsrer to exe forgn words om thar Wad thn cn fo Jexoos ngs seus to have welcomed such words throghost it kr. especially fom the hale English paved onward K ie | foie! th over 120 anguoges rm al ove the world have bon | Souter of prerontdayBnglh scaly “fu try of loumrord oy be Gls compes, bene euch onde may ave cme to Engi nt ety at we notes agg ro. Asin Cra a) nav oes Hot tr own ta cats cron th boundaries boon languages fo [iret flock examps, chee was Gorowed into Eogick fom hile French in he forte cotury. Th Pench word (pul esches ingles) cas rom Aa, which bad eer btrowed te rian shah eng. Thur th eyolgy fay be ced foe Pesan frou Aric and Middle Srenchy Wo Boplch Sn tr ect Inmmdine ours of chess Midla Franch, batt aia sexe fr tck srw can tops han) Pee "Wo sal sow dlscs intra Bago bazowings fom s amber ingeger, binant atin, 241 Latin words in English [asin bs been «sor nfeace on Rag ght om th Garman | pesed wp mdr tines. The dogs of ti nunc ae vais _ fom oe period notes | Tm ogo Sons most have encountad Latino wed by the entnetal Roman srminbt ony foe words have sbeequsty [eit English nau rr often ey contacts, tn Bgland, some “ea mowing ware conccoed wih teary dorm mince 3 agcaae hte dat with talento Iving. wh te | Gorse people noid om thar conta conte with the “Mamune eg tods Plating Yo clothing alt Yl coms “ch | Ste, “sbcemake, bulldings snd stems Uigle" wea wal constr“, stat ro), mltery and nal isin Tammore and lion (moeee, ane’ mune "soak mye, Sry egal cid lh elmer at ode promt in English tthe very binning of the Anglo Senor | tnd i lens tan 300 toms Mot of thon es indies pec | spinnin which the lomane ale, wes bilaved odo vy oe Gersente peopl ay of thee wor have ered it ert igh, incldng anew “ab” Lat. aco), Bota, tr Lat. ‘ayn cal call at cle) cs, ‘chons (at cant, de, til a dats le (at ml) pipe popes Lat pipes, | fo “pound at. pondo}, rack at sac sea, ae oe secu wel ell (at ae.ork Meg oY sean poplar igor of wards bamowed during hissy poe Gi a ‘were nse only and fSEmniain, og. plant, plan win wine eee nah ae So larod woe may it ‘der orOld panes id Tetaig nce czy King Aled en ttt cy nein ‘om cast ween and technical “ tie leur ciea elit of Gah demon, Daring this period» ber of Ou ‘ow ‘Cistlt meaning, under mie G05 Ses men de moyen hae 5 i gnu eatitod that around $00 words itt were toed fm Latin ery Ham atin dung the ene Old Ee prs H's lominat nfsce on the grows of Middle English voesbulry, freee the Narn conqont wad $50 (e244 Many bonowings ‘Mo eceued ety Bose atin during ht poviod, gh ts ofan Atal to speci wheter «word was borowed om Pench oc foe {itn or tana an the ats of fom loo, he words nae ‘gtr, ration arbre might bo fem eter ng. ‘Mf he Latins bong thi ud wes proteins) ot echelon, belonging to se lio, law a erat, ‘hola sci and ceaes Inger liga terms ince ‘Sts obo prayer mina, ear get ic: lt ‘hcan,subpomn. Connected wih eho ai are ary. ‘Sint: Ad scat word Inter dseale equa sence, ‘Seicng, cary, quan. Sve ened sch words were bo rowel tee 1900 Aine exes int would nclade ver edt, emit dace, sce) and. adjectives (complete, imaginary, ftxtant legate, popsloue Latin words wee bomawed bY soe ‘rer i's ltr atta apodeme or vate se, Tt caly a fbw och leas anise the lnguage (og. molation [ret pols wile most lppened soon cer bowing (2 ‘Sison, tempor, atrous). “th smaltenses bomewing of each and Latin words led to igh latte ote of men Bagh vcablany ats f Oe [eons (eps al exposing the srs fndamertal atin but feng spl in ossing rye og ingly al oie moa ‘Sond ask, quetion ntogate fast fra, cum Holy, soc, ‘nsciatd The Ol English wor (heats ech pe te ial te ranch (ie ncn) ore teay abd the Lain ward {he sore ered ‘ering cotind oto the Madam Bgl pro, both fo Latin, sos Crk vs Lan, The ry Moar paid Se” an telaaco of atin wera oclug: abdomen, sen, dies, oe. cto, fo, gaduty nts, apn, medium, otros oi, Penal quo temaclate, soa, supentondent aban, indie ‘By const with he Easy Madan peso, wen extating Latin swords were borowe, ite ater Mor pod English hes bor Towed words or mopbeses rom Lat, bo akione hom nt ew ‘rods tet Lali seat kaw Such neat & oo asc wor (feo 4.sa) an uoedtbundaniy not onlin tho nteroational voabn {thy of etnce and techno bt sso in ter ser of oer Ease of sch olge lata, apectien on chance (em ‘Slogan, amber) eeadian, funeoning or securing In 26our ‘Geloe(hom ie dis arund the dey, pa emercona, “posseor Mery od Yc, Sule by Ameen pone (aol on pox aman) vel ‘study of fags’ (from vexillusn, ‘fig’, ae ‘his dono famosa iti show that atin at spl thew so cntsutr of armor Sopa Bea et th ort pt each age oe 8 years. The gate eo hs psennea se the Dati pins igen neg ‘tk Saree in same of Seinuvan cgi. Aa Bally arr ee {Bet Unt icons wih ths ning we enon ea ‘tan Dee (yl te 2 oe er pest ates cae eanoton of way Mle Bg ‘mati ra ony Scandinavian lfusnce aoa ‘Spey In Yrs and ot bolo wee From naes sun to have be eel My oh inet coda on: Dvd, tan, Heenan ‘With wo calire fn ch com ntact lage won Eimists horwoing Hower ste be Seater ee ssh, any Seana wee eet ep en i ta ninth on word war Scien gla Sa ae of cviomty ‘eld words died, sel ae What do ah od ce ent wher Old agli dam. joy acted the meaning of he ‘its'.Sndinen sium, inf eh ‘Some ofthe commonest word tn modem Eaglch ce ito te langngs a ths tine. They wore made toca wholly or pert rth he English sound and itectonal sysene. Forename les, St Ape at a el eT en end ‘ome tue not om "tan ond gon, bt om cape ‘Sinan fos, Bven te psoal pronoen sta war ected, ‘vith te, them and thot repacing eee fra of td pecs ‘ltl One af th net rmartableboruinge mates othe vee Be ‘th rplaoment of adon by are Io slmoa cont the rel ‘Scannavian iene a ist prado th thd pron spur “Sending in he poset oso in see vere (Cyl 29025, ‘A god mn wards wilh scab ae of Sandineia exis seat, Sere ere, son, ste, sera, skill ki, ak ty ‘Scandigvin Ioan somtimes involve litle me thn tho bet ton of ne word fr anther (cha widow fr Vndoug ba ose ‘erwings exposed new cont (euch at atin Seadlueian {ipa ts) ef now things Ge verioue Kind of Viking ws) A Inge numbe: of dplets words ale ron fom the tac Touch ‘aaw, bth Olé Norse (ON) and Old agli (08) povided ways of ‘easing the vase ojo tuton. in some ess th ON wed eat Iwaliod eg OF eae. OF sent ier OF sar [eters te OF word survived sla pthv- ON ei, eros OF ts, sell ON olen. Inna of ese ate nde revived, ‘but developed a ual direc in sng ON dite OF ditch ia ‘ole sek a a et nie at Somes, where two foe hae survived, ae is considered and td and tho oer dati hr flowing namplnthe ost wot fom Os andar, we ho ON oul dnt cast wean, ‘ell, cburh/l, leapfaypnolnay, tute As 6 Baa ‘hrctato, i sould be nated that» namber of Sandee words ‘utinued tobe bomowed even dung the Modern Eaghh pesod ‘ogg. ug sci More rocat bang neade gerne, Sag, ombdsanWork rng od Vy 243 Groot lonerds tee ea yt Ghee Sa neh tiene one ra coates cguhtenaumesream bares Sobeas erence ca tee ‘Siang te me mee BERETS nae ones game gone Ser eee Seaver imac cnr mere iver aslo Snot Kuoce eueng ua nmeene sound 286, tht Grek laure bce mon eleetin: Cock Staihetaeecaeeheneemn cs Eh og aareee ee oecei See areseenrainhe tame ee cao one Shenk aes means reo Sedna ert omanine meg ene ge Seba eat Se Soren i seen once ig eguemeae tenia ae eae sen utiieceragacmem art ntne tie geen earache ey ioe atom eneevemrcian ise fede nce eae resateneetatecraemn Sinan erat pa ecient ome Stent ios Ranomeatnee of Constantinople in 1483 by the Tusk, 2.44 French lemvords Borowing tom Frac bat occured ert ence the Mie “Hs ot cae ng Bel ‘ont eon te Hog nd Pench alter tlle eas te Normady of Piva the Cont th sm of Atle sd Bm. Gnugater tho Duke of Noman nf Bad ad Gos fue 25 yer, returning in 1083 wits many Pench cou, Whea be sczndd to the to,se! of he Pooch nba were gen Big ‘enon. Pusthcnnre. the onentc ceva Rated a Pena eed ‘any Erich monks woeld be studied thre. The lagu on feratncs of thaes cantacts wa he bring of wns Pn weds {to Of Tnglsh,eg_semn, sme basune ooo’, alos "wepou, psu ‘bn cv" cond thence olowing Wiliam, ke of Noman seceion tothe ols hone in 106, Norman Prec beet langage f rere, the courts end te new upper soc caen. Witistweny your ‘the invasion, iow al the pligoas oan wero der French ‘Spaking spa, and several new fusions tee sully Prech, SE mi ws tae he lp wea Uingution: many English peopl ard Pech opin sdvenape fon aac, wile ey Noman Prac ote aga a al ee yen ‘As the patod presed, the tens of Pench vocabulary on ‘Engh became incensngly notre atid te byte end fhe ttn century, some toa Frese wore ad come to Engl Thos werds were pt odo wi ew and adatom but they alo incldod words fom fede sath at modllne, a filo, nd everyey le, Acarng Cy 00888) ove Tope ent wee Duns « feat popaton of ich Worse ses Sratruced eng ech en, ach oy eps -ares, on sent. Crystal conclude that awe quae of ere Foch Toma re sin oo in Epo td, “he fllowing words whine to do with ly end ape Ssdninitaon ae ot French cg: gpvmunect,tmiicetln. Seoray chanel, ou, cine Gepacing OF sh, which i De etd io niga veo) ag jr. Words ty he waigons ‘phar ncade thot. coy, pach seen: Word Ssgeting UUs of eoity Includes pata, dul, marques, viscount, Br ‘nd ther foal equvaens. In mlry tage taps borowed: ‘iy, cops, orpord, outst seg sali. Al hs nes {te bestinown precious stoner ae Pct amathyt” demons ‘sel, got, el ry soph, ops trie, Peach nee ‘emp to arlou sale whan med po od bet ton, vel and ha OF elas a ected the Be ssa {low sz.) Words wae sno borowed fr eliary pocase bo, rut ste ‘aving the idle Eaglsh pro, some woes ware bonowed ‘km Nomen Fen pom in Eagan gl Nona ees (Gc Fonch whic Inert he dad i ransork Meg ad Vy Possible to tel bythe frm of wr wheter it i af Noms or en Frsch onin, for intanca, Old Fach w was aed i ee Froch bt changed tog and hen gn shuandPeceh, Hencr ke ‘wads nag and wurant were bonowed fom Nonmas Roe ei 2p and gone eam fn Catal French Wi onic ag hangs, we say show tht chptr and chat ce fas Goat Frat wile cate sem Neran Pose 1 reckoned tht during te period the mee of adoption of French wor by Eagsh was ater tan it bad ene bose ete ome All er beens orate thousehd French lands om sh Distonany shows nt ney al f the lomwerds wate adopted tag te tees Sapte wade towed deplete my el nh In some ee, one of the mors roppanhd he oe limba we aie ave ao ‘ametaos For eampe kc gery pein lpr beh ‘nd stow to poe. Hundods af Old Engh words wee te ee Srp ate oe bot OF eh Fach wonder Saat Inds ery ol, bouelmneon Cosco fae aio, ‘used by uch Eble, spect compalodBlingunl agian ‘ditty boron gt and Poe, Borowing tm Prnch comand dag the Modem Engl sen, gre! nd juny al em Pench Ses Set ‘wo were barowed daring th srerneth entry. Seat cies ured english nthe fouremnh entry. end gfe ieee Geom spring. dats show by that proencasn ‘mat tne ft dopion So the prnuacion of he oi net ‘umber, champion, hance were tome la Md Stghc ae while chaff: chemon chiffon were bred Inthe Medes eae ‘od Sn. poion ofthe tin eres infest ae ‘ck post bnibon,mademotlle, do at low hs pee 1s meal, French words borowel snc th soventeceth etary «xo ls completly naturalized thn older ons op cae a ‘ds oct, dels, enous, aio, masege oases ea ‘ont Later borowings fom Reach soo eee Pench darters ‘nth sper of cio, Isp, end anthers toe omanct,egedy. engine. pica. And. we must nat eh (eutectic, ha Sac os Whe nth wo cae ont eu so not, oly, that gis ha some lun tanation fom French, og, mariage of comvenece(ncrage de onenscee thot goer without saying (ala wo ane ie), tal Palo Teg Pest meson of at ato day 24.5 Gomen ond Ouch leans Fon tbe Mila Ages oe commerical mito be ead ‘ntreenFlewish/Dutch and Enplstepeaking propia uct, Eeglsh torowed from Dutch a oes bra Loe eee Becise of the eminence of the Duh in seating action ‘seuciaod commercial wv ioe. gland taped ents yt the words denoting thm og sume duck lei eho ‘net of lamer Gat no Eaglah throgh contact texween Aeros td Du snc eeckly ee Ree fet SS Sg Sonn bale sl Se Salt) ski nto, mf Th tively Oe any {cunts fr the wide ange of ome ead Bo Saga lower, top, Sant Ginus Sot Kin Sein Nekalan eh oe Sout ‘Afcan Dutch (tka), Splish hav benronet soca mano, commando, al tape pee ort Wins caspre to Low German, hgh German hs tad com {ose nickel, ques atte, ne. Some fo Sad ink ee a ‘coomipled tice delicatessen fake, nso eee Otherwise soll miscllny of nt ers, Gat, ‘ntand tots, rule wmlat alt Weltoseleae 2.46 Romance bars oer than om French‘sto Bop va thon two language, Many ofthese loanword ce om te New Wor lige (el aparto, the sr voce, ba ‘Souda can, chocolate, egw, cockroach, domo, emg, or ‘qt imle Ap pace, potato, oar, tbs. toma, ‘omedo, ol, vnla “ibe nner catury I bce ehlonsbl for Americas to opt wena mn Spanish, testing fo the flowing” boon, ‘nye, las mtg. pat, roi sera, sea, stampede. The ‘Set oni a chactriand by lun rains such es moment {Fh nomento cla verdod~suing othe met of ‘hingh Viral ll osnwocd oe ortagues eter Ts drag the sere peso ocuding? sin, cpr, Sasago, kdl, mange, maaan, mls, ple. ok “lan hos hn patulrsgneance for maxi vocabulary, snd ether ue, Boron ba ocared ovr long ped, tang {he satewath catury with, fpue, adsl. Tho wore Slowed nthe sven onary wi allopo lana pee, plo, ‘prot slo conta Bu it warding the sightoth cota tt [Etoe nian sue ead ts psk io gia, and te were ‘numer leaworde inhi adap, sani, sta atts Om ‘Set cecendo, dt ale, fe, slip, erro ope, ‘Soon, vila ‘The proce casi inthe noeteeh cota With {Be option of ao, cadenza nto, plea, pein donne ‘Cth loanwond ms las ind icon, balloon, cael Aitnt, ese Bit, gota nengn, snr apna, aa, Innit port rgata eto, so, tovo, aha, vcd, ‘lean, Ste alan word xb ia rec catooe con, coed, [ante porciin alan Sod toa also nt ts tas on gis wo" ‘hla often by wy of Arssena Hog: espns, carn pas, Seampi 247 toons hom he at ‘muna wr of i cg aed ig ile ch ps ony odo wi sna nd comme: Se cme Taree wins’ Bamps code. san, ei, campo, {ipve cotn, late natn, range aon syrup seh The Ar ‘emt le slaed ssw fom o min ebony Sls in ptm aly bas ret cr Berowing fom hrc hs contd apt ods tin ome Til or Poncho th lovag tne sy ie, Whe ah mr cn on umber of Hsbrew words ave come ito English ether dey Uti) or byway of French aman, halla, rab, soba) or Sida (hutzpen "tw word have bom borrowed fom Pern arava, basa, sah, Othe: Posen leemrods hav ome vs Latino reel ate, musk, puis, ste, Som "ow th nda substi, gli bas borrowed fe words ‘rom Sant ata, ara, ssa, op) ome rom Trl uy, aba eran fot Hd og ene ‘Words bowed fom the Far att and Asis ee compare ‘el few number exept nthe lal aie (ee 2) But ae ‘Se sae vey comma werde fm Bat rs, Sen aliately to fom Cinco though hare eno near tymon n Cine engage. ‘Ale imate om Chinas ts jade econ and feat ay ann ih ee, ent ‘Sanur soy(). Austra has pve Eola kasgueo snd boomerang, Song eters a 2.4.8 loanword om oer sures English hae borowod a fw words fn West ASScan language, ‘soy va Portapnoo and Spanish, og. banana and yom, whith oe ‘Paediatr. La, den ‘variant don watch came in hough Aaaiean Eagle, Abscan eg. Galois apparent Aen nog Mat ct Sowing fom hs sour Uacade lz chimypnen, nu, ea “on ofthe other borowings ave ben ade in move ines. Sahl, however, care nto gis in idle English oer, vn oe fom Save laguna olin come vi Pron nthe ssh sn tury fom Czech Maminodh war boomed Inthe eghtocth etary tira fm Rosin Ole ons racet ostwings fom Rasta five not become completly natrlsed: basher car guns [ntligetsi (lon fom Lata, tnd, veda. Prom “inguin gl ba bemowed dey gout and pope whe each came Vi Trench fem Hengaran fas Tush word ong Teh etude ais haba rot Nal Aibrcan languages have come: rnc, tig ‘,fombaek, sank, Ad many Aaan place ros bave the Sige thow language, 6 Chg, Mig, Srp,Wek, Meagan Vor 2.49 Soureos of mot recent one English il baows, nde kaly to continue bazowing rm other languaps ofthe weld. However, borowing In en nee ech scien by two nia fos the equancy of bocowing fe ca ‘ideraly rue and English sma to be opening cao {ouch and bamow fom let and lew Kaowa langues. Asad) Oy (Cland Cano (1907) fore than a curd cen nerds Bet ‘8 langage shows that ‘about 298 sn from Fear, sch om Japan and Spans, 7% each om liens ati, 9% cach ort ‘Alto larguoos, Gonnsn nod Grek sac fem Resin tad Yiddish 3 rom Chinn, ad pagel salle paces om Arabic, Pocugons, Hind, Saket Heder, APtiaune, Malay Poyneian, Vieoaose, Anorindia lnguape, Swodeh, Beoghl Danish, Indonesian, Karan, Pesan, Auta, Eatne Alot ash Navel hd 30 ther age od in yd Algo 108 ‘rch sil telungu supplier of wordt glib wick ay ‘w Decause ofthe geographical prniaty of Frnon ad Bai. We ‘woul, thre epat ore Peach words to mtr a Be Bag lish than Aaerican Sms, Spnis vende we olen borrowed ‘om Arian Spanish ito Ameean Engh The incresee inthe Importance of Japanese aa sure of lone poly acnsequene tthe incasad commercial petaace of span a world for ‘rally. The dene of Lats ea sare af lomwords ay hve «Ga plination: em the eno hand, ay be segue that lsh as thea bowed mo mach of Lat vcatlay tat three ately Hale let to bo borowed: on the ober hand abe an oroing Aisa fom Latin Brg now on mas ne Latnate word ot [Esl morphemes cgay fom La 7 ; Ss oe Wa do thn con on? 2.3 Creating new English words “This ction ity evens th puss uid in ceting now words In ng tbr than by Domowng Tey a dace ore de fe cher 2.5.1 Roo erection “Root sti’ safest he ld of word tht ston sip whatoever with any previously ‘existing word. An of. uted ‘hample Is Kadaks whi wae Sa ead fe print i the USA Pott ‘Ofee Gast of a8. Acrording to Cory Eaetan, who invtted ‘he word andthe dove isle to Kadak t's ply try ‘mation of lta, not aed in whol eps Som en oxen ‘roa gaoed in Pas and Algo 199 58), Moat tademnnce, now ‘er bleh sy Took ike vot cretion, se aually suggested by ‘Seedy existing war: For example, Vong wae cated fas Ger ‘aan Waser, "waar snd Gook lon, Keone derives ot len fd curt inthe couse of hist, ery ew words ave bea ctned by root craton 2.52 Fcc words "eho or onamteponic’ worded the origin in he pee sound that by ar ont f epost eg ban, burp, akon, png plas, take. loomfeld (0005) tages tw ype of erhec wonde: “mae and yl. The fet type tds to aa he ound hat eepeeonta maw, , bow wor oom Te second hae let section wis he sound: bump ick Symbne words oes foie tm sats, which thr je (uc, fay. em. hemp) ‘litt (Bice, Bab Mp, op) Bot naive nad sya words ‘any be rjc to the proces of doubling souedaer with tle ‘icin, eg bow aow shoe chon pee 253 Fjeclaons ‘Bacal axe words that tempt to imitate sasinctive vocal {espace to moto! stsation Pyles and Alp 109) Thy ae ‘ike termed “aturaaranon, bot they ‘bere. bere "con ‘etionaizd and so become lesa abs, rhe and srt [oth for inate. Tho words pis and po’ exon dain, cn tmp. impunce or ation Phow latesWerke Meg on Versbuoy smell orto the avoidance of dint. To sity gromet, isa e oat 2.54 Werd mation Word formation sae exiting Inguage maul — words ond ‘Despatus~ to cota new lal tet The proces wore sresd ‘ell eased ia Old Bugs, The major proceso ee compounding {hu affation, whlch wl br lnodcnd ewe sb labored on Chapter "To llowing noun wer produce by compounding, the com bina of to weeds (we morphea): bth, eft, pnd father, bighwey” Compounds eso fund, among” adetves (sewer, redhat, banane-Dooured, faded, es (downlad Ssioguard sagmanagl,prepostions/dvere Cisids, Iepito ol ‘rear. "Alston Involves the uso of prefer and ui of new words the lnguge evolved. so the rage of les increased, ‘spec by bonvwing fw Frond ad Late, Hee ae some wa ‘ls eleraoe, duckling fn, wens, api, pg, Enknowable 246 Characteristics of modern English vocabulary ‘Among te character of peen-dy gli vocabulary, we ball ‘Seca th sien ofthe vecbulay andthe fequoney of occurence of ‘Anglo Sore words, elas cancuding with edscuson of Eng ikea of he vocabulary 2.6.1 The sie of he vocabulary (One ayofanewering the question “How lao the English lexicon ‘rod keto compe tore he gg ction ofthe Engh {Gnpunge avid Crystal compere the tatriand Watters Third er Thntmtona (1963), when clas oe 40 0 ease, a the ne {Buedeocnd oon of tho Oxford Blsh Dison (068), whch ‘Eine over 600000 eter. Coyetassaple compatien revealed a ‘maa lek dotty boon to eater fst: the Watters {SY Oxon! dictonares Bad only 1 hesdwords in oman ot of ‘onal 7, leo than two Abe thir dispar wee to bo opted ‘sal the onto, then te combined leon of bth tonne ‘would ened 750,00. The ucepacin observed maybe aceoustd Try dfrences fn ator spare For example the Oxford hat ‘ax mor historical efeences and British lac tans than Wester, Shieh fn tara ha many more loa Areresn time. Fertarmee, athe twok would dain a comprehensive coverage ofthe ‘New ‘gle, ued in eres euch a tba, Wet Alsen, Stren where ‘Hounds of se lowe ae eaing in the langage. Finally, he ‘wodiion of lnicopaphy, which sve proience to he we la ag tho test for nclilon, will exude ouands of word end Expectant hve never bean rcoded oven they ae common ‘het spoken se. ‘ryt anys that, oven if eset the fae t standard socal, trae man ems could biel pat of 0 Tec, but wich se not weally fed ina dite. Many of he ‘Sivevsed for and scronys ave lee lea! tts (eg BA Fl, NATO, NICE, os wel os funa nd Nor os to ves ngihspsking rons. Cyl concludes bis analy by noting att Ie fcalt se how even a conserenve evtivte of gh o- Counts o sacompast all of ice nemencatare, might sly Stable thie Spare, Only ssl faction of hve tata of coe Hens and wed by anyone of us Crystal 1085130, 2.82 Frequency of occurence end we of Anglo-Saxon werd Initio ong shor and one wor om Anglo bre two aber cacti: thy at a got gg 10 thy ay coded wana than wor of ngs on “hn most fen tro hunid worden oth eh Chi nd Asvctan Engl (and) Cort nenngy of on ee Sete a ew ttl wore (0 a Am 2 Sn Bl es ‘Scale ioc fms fs An 2 a BH. Oaly Ame bar ¢ ‘gi uray om th ward Amaia fl aber ‘td ht th S000 mon gat word os ey 2 pet Een have tt cnn Old ngs (Syst 100818 n te oe Silom word eowy Unity Cpe of Wien Anica gh emt bts bunny tem sim ll {i Anglos, The spe ew Seine ao fig, an Th it weds bed Hom Roan ana {ti end peopl 07) (ya 028) Tow ace te the ings fw ihwtd Geman vortuly in cot ‘oreo El vray. Hower sl be noted that it ‘Sie npensy of weds aot cly seeding pte Tithe adardlg toplist lvl Geral spaing malWk, tonya Verulay style an putz language ue ser proportion ofl as {han don every conversation ‘As rods the recnd hace, tis egued ha native ‘igi words tnd tobe poled in svyday spe because tiny ‘8 mgue sad convey snay sae cf mente, Se sppece ke ‘nord, which are note poco nd west ans sone silo te hand Futhamore, mtve Bglish won te conaldeed are ‘Mua and emtiona, where many polyeyie loae fre Gc, atin othe Romance langege sre cose eid ad fora Pes ‘ample, in an tnfonal oerysy station, when faced with he holes eevee nt, commen and sot rete neuron, ‘ution ao food, test people would opt fort hr Ange Sens, ‘worn frmalstustane, worst ay seam wore apreroet Aide to nauseating edour or een a Bivaaoas foe ig ‘has nosy sl 283 ‘rll vocabulary ‘This chapter has shown to vary cosmopolitan nats of Balch wesbolay a pine xample of escly ied language How oy a we spake nl vocab in th ce af is valance ‘words Com oe anpeget Inahould be noe, fst ht the predainance of foign wd ‘nfl aly ith referee fo the til word sock fr exane Ie ‘sider the 616.500 word fms int Odor Bagh Batons {sao but when we Lok atthe ese stay used in wating speech, we find tat the tontzunners fe he on am She ‘agua, al antveEnglss (Anglo Soi) words oe seam se gar eee 2 Moor al yf tre ‘no nit to the premancitin sn paling of Els, thy ‘2s np loage gal at “oralgn by at spear. Ad ty ‘Gummatcal structures ued hive reine! sorta the ese throught the vasous stages tn the eeopmnont af te language ‘glia, lo Hogsh tna, bewt ub to ard oe nln te deft lic. Sas lee ane soo Elst cr ha lary which ange EIGSE 2e ae, Wie ag them phe Cigar taciopae aa Hatta be on as any a Boa es emf (ara, sdeud, mello, co ro, again t Stl) lca pal can re crime heel ee 2.7 Summary Jn this chapter we have amined dh oso ngs words In {ho mai, we har focal ouratenton freon ne Sap nh wosablary ud second on ward bmowed fom ea sags Bel dscactng tee man categoria of word We ‘ecesacy not only to place gl inthe context of weld as fogs ut sls to show bow Engh vocsbulnry erie oss {he'Od tthe Modern Rash periods, Faally, we lou oa he craton of mew words Engh, belre highligh ot inporttchuatrietes of mera agli soa