HB 22~2003 136 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Steel structures SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL AL. SCOPE AND APPLICATION um requirements for the design, fabrication, erection, ‘wid moificeton of steelwork in structures in accordance with the mit cee design method, This Standard applies to buildings, structures and cranes constructed of steel, This Standard is intended to apply also to roadway, railway, and pedestrian bridges, However, the coum elven in this Standard may not always be sufficient for bidge applications. In these Gieumstances, the specifications of thé relevant Authority shall be used ‘This Standard does not apply tothe following structures end material: (@) Steel elements fess than 3 mm thick, with the exception of sections complying with AS 1163 and packers. (©) Steel members for which the value ofthe yield stess used in design (f,) exceeds 450 MPa, (©) Cold-forned members, other than those complying with AS 1 163, which shall be designed in accordance with AS/NZS 4600, {@) Composite steel-concrete members, which shall be Gesigned in accordance with AS 2327, NOTE: The geeral principles of design, fabrication, erection, and modification embotiot in this Standacd nay be applied to stel-fruned structures ot members not specifically mentioned heck 112 Application This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia by way of BCA Amendment No. 3 to be published by 1 July 1998, thereby superseding the previous edition, ‘8S 4100-1980, which will be witharawn 12 months from the date of publication of this edition, Appendix A, 23 DERINITIONS For the purpose ofthis Standard, the definitions below apply. Definitions Peculiar to & particular Clause or Seotion are also given in that Clause or Seer Action—the cause of stress or deformations in a structure, Action effector toad effece—the internal force or beiding moment dve to actions or Toads. Authovity—a body having statutory powers to control the design and exection of structure Heaving-type connection—connection effected using either snuig-tight bolts, or high-strength bolts {Ehened to induce a specified minimus bolt tension, in which the dex ign action is transferred by shear inthe bolts and bearing on he connected parts at the strength limit state, Beaving-watl system—see AS 1170.4, Braced frame—see AS 1170.4, Braced member—one for which the transverse displacement of one end of the member zclative to the other is effectively prevented, Building frame system—~see AS 1170.4, ‘Chapter 2: Steci simuctares © Standards AusualiaHB 2.22003 137 HB 2.22003 Capacity factor—a factor used to multiply the nominal capacity to obtain the design capacity : Complete penetration butt weld—a butt weld in which fusion exists between the weld and parent etal throughout the complete depth of the joint. Conceniric braced frame—sce AS 11704. Constant siress ronge fatigue limit—highest constant stress range for each detail category at which fatigue cracks are not expected to propagate (see Figure 11.6.1), Cut-off limit-—for exch detail category, the highest variable stress range which does not require consideration when carrying out cutlative damage calculations (see Figures 11.6.1 and 11.6.2). i Design action effect or design load effect —the action or load effect computed from the design actions cor design loads. esign action or design Toad—the combination of the nominal actions or loads anxl the load Factors, i ae specified in AS 1170.1, AS 1170.2, AS 1170.3 or AS 1170.4. Design capacity —the product of the nominal eapacity and the capacity factor. Design life—period over which a structuréor structural element is required to perform its function without repair. i Design resistance effect—ihe resistance effect computed from the loads and design capacities i contributing towards the stability limit state resistance, t Désigh‘spectrum—sum of the stress spectra from: all of the nominal loading events expected during, { the design life, Z ‘ Deteil category —designation given to a particular deteil to indicate which of the S-N curves isto be i used in the datigue assessment, { Discontinnity—an absence of material, causing a stress concentration, | Drift—see AS 11704. I Dual system—see AS 11704. Ductility—see AS 1170.4. Earthquake design category—see AS 1170.4. Earthquake resisting systen—see AS 1170.4. Eccentric braced frame—see AS 1704. Exposed surface area to mass ratio—the ratio of the surface area exposed tothe fire tothe mass of steel Farigue—damage caused by repeatéd fluctuations of stress leading to gradual cracking of a structural element. Fatigue loading —set of nominal loading events described by the distribution of the Toads, their ‘ ragnitudes and the numbers of applications of each nominal loading event, i etigue svengsh—the stess range defined in Clause 11.6 for each detail category (see Figures 11.6.1 and 11.6.2) varying with the number of stress cycles. Fire exposure canclition— (a) three-sided fire exposure condition—stee! member incorporated in or in contact with a i concrete or masonry floor or wall. a (0) four-sided fire exposure condition —a steel member exposed to fire on all sides. i Fire protection system—the fire protection material and its method of attachment to the steel i membes, Five-vesistance level (FRL)—the fire-resistance grading period for structural adequacy only, in ‘minutes, which is required to be attained in the standard fire test. ‘worstandards comm ‘Chapes 2: Stent stnctores8 2.2—2003 138, Friction-type connection—connection effected using high-strength bolts tightened to indace a specified minimum bolt tension such that the resultant clamping action trensfers the design shear forces at the serviceability limit state acting in the plane of the common contact surfaces by the friction developed between the contact surfaces. . Full rensioning—a method of installing and tensioning a bolt in accordance with Clauses 15.2.4 and 52.8, Geometrical slenderness ratio—the geometrical slendemess ratio (l/r), taken as the effective length Ud, specified in Clause 6.3.2, divided by the radius of gyration (r) computed for the gross section, About the relevant axis, Incomplete penetration butt weld—a butt weld in which the depth of penetration is less than the complete depth of the joint, ‘nr plane loaditig—loading for which the design forces and bending moments are in the plane ofthe ‘connection, so that the design action effects induced in the connection components are shear forces only. c Intermediate moment resisting frame—see AS 1Y10.4. Length (ofa compression member}—the actual length (0) of an axially loaded compression membex, taken as the length centre-to-centre of intersections with supporting members, or the cantilevered Jength in'the case of a free-standing member. Limit sate —any litniting condition beyond which the structure ceasés to fulfil its intended function, Load—an externally applied force. ‘Miner's summation—curnulative damage calculation based on the Pelmgren-Miner summation or equivalent, Moment resisting frame system—see AS 117044. Nominal action or toad —an action or load, as specified in Clause 3.2.1 or 3.2.2. Nominal capacin—the capacity of a member or connection computed using the perameters specified in this Standard, Nominal loading event—the loading sequence for the structure or structural element, Norrslip fasteners—fasteners which do not allow stip to occur betiveen connected plates or members at the serviceability limit state so that the original alignment and relative positions are maintained, Ordinary moment resisting frame—see AS 1170.4, Out-of plane, loading —loading for which the design forces or bending moments result i design action effects normal to the plane of the connection. Period of structural adequacy (PSA) (fire)—the time (0), io minutes, for the member to reach the limit state of structural adequacy in the standard fire test. Pin—ao unthreaded fastener manufactured out of round bar. Plastic hinge—a yielding zone with significant inelastic rotation which forms in a member when the plastic moment is reached. Prequalified weld preparatiori—a joint preparation prequalified in terms of AS/NZS 1554.1. Proof testing—the application of test loads to a structure, sub-structure, member or connection to ascertain the structural characteristics of only that one unit under test Prototype (fire)—a test specimen representing a steel member and its fire protection system which is subjected to the standard fire test, Prototype testing—the application of test loads to one or more structures, sub-structures, members of ‘connections to ascertain the structural characteristics of that elass of structures, substructures, ‘meribers or connections which are nominally identical to the units tested, woos. stanndards.com.a9 (Chepter 2: Stel siictuses © Standards Australie‘we22—2008 eo) HB 22—2003, Prying force—adcitional tensile force developed asa result ofthe flexing of aconnesht ‘component Fee ection sjected to tensile force. External tension force reduces the contact presse tetween the component and the base, and bending in past of the component develops 8 PANS foree near the edge of the connection component. Segment (ina member subjected to bending)—the length between adjacent cross seoH0 which are i Folly or partially rsirained, or the length between en unrestrained end and the agjecent cross-section ‘which is fully or partially restrained. Serviceability limit state—a limit stete of acceptable in-service condition. & Shei wall—a wall désigned to resist lateral forces parallel tothe plane ofthe wall: S.N ewve--cutve defining the limiting relationship between the numberof stress cycles and stress range for a detail category. Snug tght—tne ighiness of a bolt achieved by @ fev imptets of an impact wrench or by the fall effort of a pergon using 2 standard podger spanner. Space frame—see AS 1170.4. Special moment resisting frame—see AS 1170.4. Stability limit stare—a limit state coresponding, to the Toss of state equllibriura of a structure considered as a rigid body. Standard fire test—the fire-resistance test specified in AS 1530.4 Stickabitty-the ability ofthe fie protection sytem to emai in place asthe member deflects under Joad during a fire test. Strength jimitstate—e int state of elapse or loss of structural integrity. ‘Stress cycle—one cycle of stress defined by stress cycle counting Sivess eyele counting method—any rational method used to identify individnal stress cycles from the stress history. Siress range—algebraic difference between two extremes of stress. Stress specirm histogram of the stess eyeles produce by a noranal Toading event: Siructural adequacy (fre)—the ability ofthe member expose tothe standard fire rest fo c8H'y the test Joad specified in AS 1530.4. ‘Sway member—one for which the transverse other is not effectively prevented. agement of one end of the memiber relative to the ile sve minimam ultimatestength in tension specified fo the grade of sek Jn the ‘appropriate Australian Standard. Yield suress—the minima yield stress in tension specified for the grade of stel in the appropriate “Australian Standard 14 NOTATION Symbols used in this Standard are listed below. “thee non-dimensional tio are involved, both the pumeator and denominator ae expressed in identical units, ‘the dimensional units for length and stress in all expressions or equations ave 0 be taken as itimetees (em) and megapascals (MP2) respectively, unless specifically noted otherwise. ‘A sopersripted “placed after a symbol denotes a design action effect due to the desig Toad for the strength limit state, A = area of cross-section Ag = minor diameter area of a bolt, as defined in AS 1275 Ae effective area of a cross-section; or area enclosed by a hollow section sore stanardscomeat Chapier 2: Steel strutaresHB 222003 Ate. 20,41 2,03 Diy bo Ca, C4, Car oh ‘pe watandasds.com an Mo HB 22-2003, = area of an end plate ‘lange area at critical cross-section = gross area of a flange flange area at minimum cross-section; or lesser of the flange effective areas = net area of a flange ‘gross area of a cross-section net area of a cross-section; o = sum of the net areas of the flanges and the gross area of the web plain shank area of a bolt = cross-sectional area of a pin = tensile stress area of a bolt as defined in AS 1275; or ‘i area of a stiffener or stiffeners in contact with a flange; or = area of an intermediate web stiffener = gross sectional area of a web: or effective shear area of a plug or slot weld = minimum distance from the edge of a hole to the edge of a ply mezsured in the direction of the component of a force plus half the bolt diameter = length of unthreaded portion of the bolt shank contained within the grip = Jength of threaded portion of the bolt contained within the grip ut-of-square dimensions of flanges = diagonal dimensions of a box section width; or Jesser dimension of a web panel; or = clear width of an elemenit outstand from the face of supporting plate element; or clear width of a supported element between faces of supporting plate elements bearing widths defined in Clause 5.13 distance from the stiff bearing to the end of the member me = effective width of a plate element = stiffener outstand from the face of a web = width of e flange = distance from mid-plane of the web to the nearer edge of the flange; or half the clear distance between the webs iff beating length = web depth = greater and lesser leg lengths of an angle section = factors given in Table 13 and Paragraph BS = perpendicular distance to centroid of an angle section from the face ofthe loaded leg of the angle 4 factor for unequal moments ‘Chapter 2: Steel suuciuzes © Standseds Australie 44B 22-2003 san HB 2.22003, a = depth of a section; or = depth of preparation for incomplete penetration butt weld; or = maximum cross-sectional dimension of a member dy = Jateral distance between centroids of the welds or fasteners on battens de depth of a section at a critical cross-section de = effective outside diameter of a circular hollow section; o” factor defined in Appendix 1 ay x diameter of a fastener (bolt or pin); or 7 = distance between flange centroids dy depth of a section at minimum cross-section de = overall section depth including out-of-square dimensions; or ‘overall section depth of a segment; ar : = outside diameter of a circular hollow section dp lear transverse dimension of a web panel; or depth of deepest web panel in a Jength dys dy = distarices of the extreme fibres from the neutral axes a clear depth between flanges ignoring fillets or welds a ‘= twice the clear distance from the neutral axis to the compression flange dda = depths of preparation for incomplete penetration butt welds ds = flat width of web E = Young’s modulus of elasticity, 200 x 10° MPa E(T),E(20) = Eat T, 20 degrees Celsius respectively e = eccentiicity; or = web off-centre dimension; oF ie = distance between an end plate and a load-bearing stiffener il ber eccentricities of compression and tension angles (Clause 8.4.6) it F = action in general, force or load . BEEP eet ‘total design load on a member between supports Z = Fi “design force normal to a web panel Fy = design force parallel to a web panel fe = fatigue strength corrected for thickwess of mnaterial ft uncorrected fatigue strength en = detail category reference fatigue strengrh ar ny cycles—normal stress frre contected detail category reference fatigue strength—normal stress Jive corrected detail category reference fatigue strength—shear stress te detail category reference fatigue strength at m, cycles—shear stress fa = tensile strength used in design Sit = minimum tensile strength of a bolt fap = tensile strength of a ply Saw = nominal tensiJe strength of weld metal standards.com a9 CChepter 2 Stel stractnes Sundards Asscalia1B 2.22003 142 ty = yield stress used in design F(T), fy20) = yield stresses of steel at T, 20 degrees Celsius respectively fo = yield stress of a pin used in design fs yield stress of a stiffener used in design A = detail category fatigue strength at constant amplitude fatigue limit fe = corrected detail category fatigue strength at constant amplitude fatigue limit is & detail category fatigue strength at cut-off limit fe comected detail category fatigue strength at cut-off limit fr esign stress range f° design stress range for loading event 7 fa = average design shear siress in a web fon = maximum design shear stress in a web ie fe = equivalent design stress on a web panel (Appendix J) “a | 2 G = shear modulus of elasticity, 80 x 103 MPa; or E = nominal dead load h rectangular centroidal axis for angle parallel to the loaded leg hy = vortical distance between tops of beams he effective thickness of fire protection material hy thickness of fite protection material hy = storey height I second moment of area of a cross-section ley second moment of area of compression flange about the section minor principal jeans Ig = Tof the member under consideration hk Tofa restraining member of a pait of stiffeners or a single stifvener : = warping constant for a cross-section =" J about the cross-section major principal x-axis = [about the cross-section minor principal y-axis i = number of loading event = torsion constant for a cross-section J K = be Ete/ (GIL?) Ka = deflection amplification factor = k = coefficient used in Appendix J | by = elastic buckling coefficient for a plate element hho = basic value of ky 4 ke = member effective length factor | by = form factor for members subject to axiel compression \ hy = faclor for different hole types h = load height effective length factor | ‘sw standards comaw Chapter 2: Stee! struces © Standards Australia.Keon & * Moxo Mex. ‘wourstandasds.com.20 13 HB 2.22003 = factor for pin rotation = effective length factor for restraint against lateral rotation; or += effective length factor for a restraining member; or = reduction factor to account for the length of a bolted or welded lap splice ‘connection = ratio used to calculate Oy nd Gp = exposed surface area to mass ratio = twist resteaint effective Jength factor; or = correction factor for distribution of forces in a tension member = ratio of flat width of web (ds) to thickness (1) of section = regression coefficients (Section 12) span; or member length; or segment or sub-segment length = Iength between points of effective bracing or restraint distance between adjacént column centres effective length of a compression member; or effective length of a laterally unrestrained member = geometrical slendemess ratio = slenderness ratio ofa battened compression member about the axis narmal to the plane of the battens = slendemess ratio of battened compression member about the axis parrallel to the plane of the battens = slendemess ratio of the main component in a laced or battened compression member : = slendemess ratio of the whole battened compression member = length of a bolted lap splice connection = Jength of the member under consideration jength of a restraining member; or pth of w segment over which the cross-section is reduced distance between points of effective lateral support = preatest intemal dimension of an opening in a web; or Tength of a fillet weld in a welded lap splice connection = distance between partial or full torsional restraints = nominel member moment capacity My about major principal a-axis My, for a uniform distribution of moment = lesser of Mi, and Mox Chapter 2: Seed steucores © Standards Avstats1822-2003 4 My = nominal moment capacity-of flanges alone Mi, ‘nominal in-plane member moment capacity My = Mj about major principal x-axis My = Mj about minor principal y-axis My nominal out-of-plane member moment capacity: or = reference elastic buckling momerit for a member subject to bending Moa = amended elastic buckling moment for a member subject to bending Moy = elastic buckling moment determined using an elastic buckling analysis Mery = Moy decreased for clastic torsional end restraint Moo reference elastic buckling moment obtained using [y= Mex = Moo for a segment, fully restrained at both ends, unrestrained against Interal rotation arid loaded at shear centre Mox = nominal out-of-plane member moment capacity about major principal x-axis - My = nominal moment capacity of a pin Mp nominal plastic moment capacity reduced for axial force My, ~ = Myx atbout major principal x-axis Mary, ‘Mp, about minor principal y-axis Myx ‘Mg about major principal x-axis reduced by axial force My = M, about minor principal y-axis reduced by axial force My nominal section monient capacity Max = M, about major principal x-axis My ‘M, about minor principal y-axis My lesser of Myx and Mox 7 My = nominal section moment capacity of a web pane] a" = design bending moment My © seconcl-order or amplified end bending moment ME = design end bending snoment Mp. braced component of Af obtained from a first-order elastic analysis-of a frame with sway prevented Mi = sway component of Mj obtained from (M? ~ Ma) My = design bending moment on an angle, acting about the rectangulaz h-axis parallel to the loaded leg Mi = maximum calculated design bending moment along the lengtt of «member or it a segment Me = design bending moment acting on a web pane? My = design bending moment about major principal x-axis My = design bending moment about minor principal y-axis ‘Mi.M3,Mi = design bending moments at quarter and mid points of a segment Ne = nominal member capacity in compression Ne = Ne for angle buckling about h-axis, parallel to the loaded leg Shr rendadsman see Ghapier 2 Sten wetsres ‘© Stands AvstaiaNey Nor Note Nom Nom Noms Nox Ny us IB 2.22003, = Ne for member buckling about minor principal y-axis we = elastic flexural buckling load of member Nom for a braced member Nem for a sway member = nominal elastic torsional buckling capacity of a member = nominal section capacity of 2 compression member; or = nominal section capacity for axial load. = nominal section capacity in tension = nominal tension capacity of a bolt = minimum bolt tension at installation; or tension induced in 2 bolt during installation ‘nominal axial load capacity of aweb panel = design axial force, tensile or compressive = design axial force in a restraining member design tensile force on a bolt design axial force acting on a web panel = number of specimens tested umber of parallel planes of battens = number of effective interfaces = number of cycles of nominal loading event i = number of shear planes with thrends intercepting the shear plene—bolted connections = reference number of stress cycles = niimber of shéar planes = - pH = number of stress cycles = number of webs umber of shear planes without threads intercepting the sheat plane—bolted ‘connections = nominal live toad. design transverse force; oF = design live load, nominal bearing capacity of a web» = nominel bearing buckling capacity ‘nominal bearing yicld capacity = structural response factor = nominal buokling capacity ofa stiffened web = nominal yield capacity of a stiffened web (Chapter 2: Steel stesctures Stands Avstioa % fe fant ee a bare bo Vo Vs Ver Msi ‘v.standavds.com at 146 = nominal capacity design bearing force; or design reaction design bearing force or reaction on # web panel = radius of gyration; or transition radius = outside radius of section = ratio of design action on the member under design load for fire to the design capacity of the member at room temperature = ratio defined in Clause 5.6.1.1 = ratio defined in Clause 5.6.1.1 radius of gyration about minor principal y-axis, plastic section modulus esign action effect spacing of stiffeners; or = width of a web panel longitudinal centre-to-centte distance between battens ‘gauge of bolts staggered pitch of bolts eel temperature in degrees Celsius = limiting steel temperature in degrees Celsius hickness; or thickness of thinner part joined; or = wall thickness ofa circular hollow section; or = thickness of an angle section; or = time = thickness of a flange; or = thickness of the critical flange” = thickness of a mit = thickness of a pls or = thickness of thinner ply coaneeted; or = thickness of a plate = thickness OF a stiffener = design throat thickness of a weld thickness of a web = size of a fillet weld = nominal beating capacity of a ply or a pi = nomiual shear buckling capacity of a web = nominal shear capacity of a bolt or pin—strength limit state = nominal shear capacity of a bolt—serviceability limit state = measured slip-Joad at the ith bolt or Chapter 2: Steel suucinres © Standards Australia15 When Cans ‘ws tnnards.comn a0 147 HB 22-2003, = nominal shear capacity of a web with a uniform shear stress distribution = nominal shear capacity of a web = nominal web shear capacity in the presence of bending moment = nominal shear yield capacity of a wed; or =. norninal shear capacity of a plug or slot weld = design shear force; or design horizontal storey shear force at lower column end; or design transverse shear force = design bearing force on a ply at a bolt or pin location 2 design shear force on a bolt or a pin—strength Timit state = design longitudinal shear force = design sheor force on a bolt-—serviceability limit state = design shear force acting on a web panels or design shear force on a plug or slot weld = nominal capacity of fillet weld per unit Jength = design force per unit length on a fillet weld = major principal axis coordinate ‘minor principal axis coordinate distance of the gravity loading below the centroid = coordinate of shear centre = clastic section modulus = Z_ for a compact section = effective section modulus = clastic section modulus of a web panel = angle between x- and A-axes for an angle section compression member factor, as defined in Clause 6.3.3 compression member section constant, as defined ini Clatise 6.3.3 snoment modification factor for bending and compression compression member slenderness reduction factor tension field coefficient for web shear buckling flange restraint factor for web shear buckling = factors for be moment modification factor for bending coefficient used to calculate the nominal beating yield capacity (Ruy) for square and rectangular hollow sections to AS 1363 1 jog defined in Paragraphs H2 and H3 8 u = coefficient used to calculate Op = elastic stiffness of a flexural end restraint clastic stiffness of a torsional end restraint slendemess reduction factor; 0” = inverse of the slope of the S-N curve for fatigue (Chapter 2 Steel structures Standards Austria Se9B 22—2003 Ose Os or WEY 4 nuded conan 148 stability function multiplier reduction factor for members of varying cross-section = coefficient of therinal expansion for steel, 11.7 x 10° per degree Celsius Factor for torsional end restraint defined in Clause §.14.5 = shear buckling coefficient for a web = factor defined in Appendix T ‘modifying factor to account for conditions at the far ends of beam members atio of sinaller to larger bending moment at the ends of a member; or ratio Sf end moment to fixed end moment = measure of elastic stiffness of torsional end restraint used in Appendix H snonosymmetry section constant = factor defined in Appendix 1 = index used in Clause 8.3.4; or = factor for transverse stiffenet arrangement. = ratios of compression member stiffness to end resiraint stiffness used in Clause 4.6.3.3 = deflection; or = deviation from nominated dimension; or = measured total extension of a bolt when tightened = inid-span deflection of a member resulting from transverse loading together with both end bending moments = mid-span deflection of a member resulting from transverse loading together with only those end bending moments which produce a mid-span deflection in the ‘same direction as the transverse load = out-of-flainess of a lange plate deviation from hy deviation from le ‘wanslational displacement of the top relative to the bottom for a storey height. deviation from Veitizatity of a web ate support out-of-flatness of a web standard deviation ‘moment amplification factor for a braced inember ‘moment amplification factor, taken as the greater of By and Sg = moment amplification factor for plastic design = moment amplification factor for a sway member Compression member factor defined in Clause 6.3.3 = compression member imperfection factor defined in Clause 6.3.3 angle of preparation of an incomplete penetration butt weld pi(= 3.14159) = slendemess ratio; or = clastic buckling load factor (Chapter 2: Stee! stvctares © Standards AnstcaliaHB 2.2~2003 1B2.2—2008, 49 de elastic buckling Toad factor he = plate clement slendemess dea = plate element deformation slenderness Jimit dep = plate element plasticity slendemess limit hey = plate element yield slendemess limit In = elastic buckling load factor for a member Dans = clastic buckling load Factor forthe storey under consideration de = modified compression member slendemess de = section slendemess dep section plasticity slenderness limit Day = section yield slendemess limit # slip factor Un ean value of the slip factor y = Poisson's ratio, 0.25 baat ratio of design axial force in a restsining member to the elastic Bucking lon for member of length ! (Appendix G); or = Telly 6 = capacity factor 15. USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS 154 General "This Standard shall not be interpreted so a5 to prevent the se of materials oF pethéas of design or construction not specifically referred to herein, provides that the requirements of Section 3 are complied with. 1.82. Existing structures Where the strength or serviceability of en existing suctute is tobe a vuated, the general principles of this Standard may be applied, The ectual properte® of the. saterials in the structure shall be used. 6 DESIGN 16.1 Design ata ‘The following design data shall be shown in the drawings © (ay-"'The reference number ane:-date of issue of applicable design Standards used. (©) The nominal loads. (©) The corrosion protection, if applicable, (@) The fire-resistance level, if applicable. (©) The sieel grades used. 1.62. Design details “The drawings or specification, or both for steel members and structores shall jnclude, as appropriate, the following: (@) ‘The size and designation of each member. (6) ~The number, snes and categories of bolts used in the connections. (©) The sizes, types and categories of welds used in the connections, ‘together with the level of ‘vsnal examination and other non-destructive examination required. (@) The sizes of the connection components (@) The locations and details of planned joints, connections and splices. (Any constraint on construction assumed in the design. ‘er gandards.comn Coaptes 2: Steel siretures Sp ANSE1222003 150 (2) The camber of any members, (h) Any other requirements for fabrication, erection and operation, 17 CONSTRUCTION All steel structures, designed in accordance with this Standard, shall be constructed to ensure that all the requirements of the design, as contained in the drawings and specification, are satisfied. ‘sft etandayds.com st ayer 2: Steel structures ©" @ standaads Ausaia|p ssmmeaenaren resonate 1B 2.2—2003, 1s ‘HB 2.22003 SECTION 2 MATERIALS 31. YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH USED IN DESIGN FAA. Yield stress ‘The yield stress used in design (f) shall nor exceed that given in Table 2.1. 2.1.2 Tensile strength ‘The tensile strength used in design (f,) shall not exceed that given in Table 2.1 2.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL dad. Austratian Standards Except as otherwise permitted in Clause 22 3, all structaral steel corning within the scope of this Standard shall, before fbrication, comply with the requirements of the following Standards, as appropriate: AS 1163 Structural steel hollow sections. IASINZS 1594 Hot-rolled steel flat products. AS/NZS 3678 Structural ste —Hot-rolied plates, floorplates and slabs ASINZS'3679_Survotural steel AS/NZS 3679.1 Part 1: ‘Hot-rolled bars and sections 'ASINZS 3679.2 Part 2; Welded I sections 222 Acceptance of steels. Certified mill test reports or test certificates jsgued by the mill, shall sr atitte sufficient evidence of compliance with the Standards refered t0 in this Standard. 493 Unidentified steel If unidentified steel is use it shall be fee fiom surface imperfections, ab nall be used only where the particular physical properties of the stel and its weldability will nat sgversely affect the strength and servicecbilty of the structure, Unless © full test in accordance with 135 1391 is made, the yield sess ofthe stel used in design () shall be taken as not exceeding i 170 MPa, and the tensile stength used in design (/,) shall be taken as not ‘exceeding 300 MPa 2.3. FASTENERS 231 Steel bolts, nuts and washers. Stcel bolts, mts and washers shall comply with the following Standards, as appropriate: _ASINZS 1110, 180 'ASINZS 111) 150 metric hexagon commercial bolts and serews : } AS/NZS 1112 ISO metric hexagon nuts, including thin nuts, slotted nuts and castle nuts ; 'ASINZS 1252 High strength steel bolts with associated nats and washers for structural engineering ASINZS 1559 Hot-ip gelvanized steel boits with essociated nuts and washers for tower construction ic precision hexagon bolts and screws 232 Equivalent high strength fusteners “The use of other high strength fasteness having special Foeares in Het of bolts to AS/NZS 1252 shall be permitted provided Viet evidence of their quvatence to high stength bots complying with ASINZS 1252 ‘and installation in accordance with this Standard is available. Egpivalent fasteners shall meet the following requremenss: (@) The chemical composition end mechanical properties of equivalent fasteners shall comphy ‘with AS/NZS 1252 for the relevant bolt, mut and washer components: (b) The body diameter, ead or nt bearing areas, ot seis equivalents, of equivalent fasteners shell rere los than those provided by a bolt and nut complying with AS/NZS 1252 of the same ‘Chapter 2; Steel structnres: © Stactaeds AvstcalicHB 22-2003, 192 1B 222003" nominal dimensions. Equivalent fasteners may differ in other dimensions from those specified in AS/NZS 1252, (©) The method of tensioning and the inspection procedure for equivalent fasteners may differ in etail from those specified in Clauses 15.2.5 and 15.4 respectively, provided that the minimum fastener tension is not less than the minimum bolt tension given in Table 15.2.5.1 and that the tensioning procedure is able to be checked. 233 Welds All welding consamables and deposited weld metal shall comply with ASINZS 1554.1, except that where required by Clause 11.1.5, they shall comply with ASINZS 1554.5. 2.34 Welded studs A) welded studs shall ccmply with, and shall be installed in accordance with AS 1554.2, 2.3.5 Explosive fasteners All explosive fasteners shall comply with, and shall be instalied in accordance with AS/NZS 1873. 2.3.6 Anchor bolts Anchor bolts shall comply with either the bolt Standards of Clause 2.3.1 of shall be manufactured from rods complying with the steel Standards of Clause 2.2.1 provided that the threads comply with AS 1275, 24 STEEL CASTINGS All stecl castings shall comply with AS 2074, ‘vivir standacs.comay (Chapter 2: Stet strvctuces © Standards Avstetia