Review Related Literature

The American workforce is increasing, leading to obesity among 64% of adults and 9 million
children. This leads to health issues like heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and high blood
pressure. Employers are investing in employee fitness programs, but the value of physical
exercise and lifestyle remains unestablished. (Sharifzadeh, M. 2013)
Work related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) can occur due, to factors in the workplace
including tasks that involve physical exertion excessive aggression, uncomfortable body
positions, repetitive movements and exposure, to vibrations. ( H. Daneshmandi, AR. Choobineh,
H. Ghaem, M. Alhamd,& A. Fakherpour, 2017), in addition of this, MSDs significantly affect
workplace productivity, leading to sickness absence, impairment, reduced quality of life, and
medical costs, with studies indicating a link between prevalence and presenteeism productivity
loss.
In this article, highlights that companies with low absenteeism and low healthcare costs are
considered healthy workplaces. (Arwedson, Roos, & Bjorklund, 2007). in Gallup Healthway’s
Well-Being Index, The Healthy Behavior domain assesses lifestyle habits linked to health
outcomes, including smoking, healthy eating, weekly fruit and vegetable consumption, and
weekly exercise frequency. (Gallup, 2009).
A systematic review of literature on physical activity programs at worksites found limited
effectiveness in reducing absenteeism, inconclusive effects on job satisfaction, stress, employee
turnover, and no productivity effect. (Proper, Staal, Hildebrandt, van der Beek, & van Mechelen,
2002).
More closely related to this study, A healthy workplace leads to increased productivity,
efficiency, and financial benefits for employers. However, stress, long working hours, poor
management, and unsafe conditions can lead to poor physical and mental health, poor lifestyle
habits, and inadequate diets. A study at the University of Szeged found that employees are
concerned about their health and actively promote it, striving to create a good well-being. Their
health behavior is acceptable and can serve as an example for the young adult generation. (Moto,
V., Tarko, K., Toth, K., Laszlo, N., Paulik, E., 2016)

In this article, studies have shown the benefits of workplace wellness programs in promoting
proper eating and exercise in an increasingly challenging environment. (Bartelme, V. 2014)
Physical exercise training (PET) in the workplace is proven to enhance physical fitness and
health, but a current systematic review lacks high-level evidence on its effects on workforce
fitness. (Prieske, O., Dalager, T., Herz, M., Hortobagyi, T., Sjøgaard, G., Søgaard, K., &
Granacher, U., 2019).
Arwedson, I., Roos, S., & Björklund, A. (2007). Constituents of healthy workplaces. Work, 28,
3-11.
Prieske, O., Dalager, T., Herz, M., Hortobagyi, T., Sjøgaard, G., Søgaard, K., & Granacher, U.,
2019. Effects of Physical Exercise Training in the Workplace on Physical Fitness: A Systematic
Review and Meta-analysis.
Gallup, Inc. (2009). Gallup-Healthways well-being index: Methodology report for indexes.
Retrieved from http://www.well-beingindex.com/
Moto, V., Tarko, K., Toth, K., Laszlo, N., Paulik, E., 2016. Health Behaviour of Higher
Education Employees--Value-Transmitting Conduct of Professionals to Their Students.
https://eric.ed.gov/?
q=ASSESSING+PHYSICAL+FITNESS+OF+OFFICE+EMPLOYEES+AND+HEALTH+AND+PR
ODUCTIVITY&id=EJ1166476
Bartelme, Valarie, "The effect of using a workplace fitness center on employees' nutrition and
fitness behaviors" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 451.
https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/451
Proper, K. I., Staal, B. J., van Hildebrandt, V. H., van der Beek, A. J., & van Mechelen,
W. (2002). Effectiveness of physical activity programs at worksites with respect
to work-related outcomes. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health,
28, 75-84.
Mansour Sharifzadeh, (2013) "Does Fitness and Exercises Increase Productivity? Assessing
Health, Fitness and Productivity Relationship," American Journal of Management, Vol. 13, Iss.
1, pp. 32 – 52
H. Daneshmandi, AR. Choobineh, H. Ghaem, M. Alhamd,& A. Fakherpour, 2017. The effect of
musculoskeletal problems on fatigue and productivity of office personnel: a cross-sectional
study. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5668935/