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1. These four visual elements of art—form, volume, mass, and texture—are present in ________
works of art.
a. two-dimensional d. large
b. balanced e. modern
c. three-dimensional
ANS: C DIF: Level 1 REF: Chapter Opener
2. Because it is three-dimensional, a form has these three spatial measurements: height, width, and
________.
a. length d. size
b. depth e. strength
c. mass
ANS: B DIF: Level 1 REF: Chapter Opener
4. The sculpture of the Great Sphinx stands as a symbolic guardian of the pyramids at Giza. The
ancient Greek definition of a sphinx was a mythological creature whose features were:
a. the body of a lion, the wings of an eagle, and the head of a woman
b. the body of a man and the head of a bull
c. the body of a horse and the head of a man
d. the body of a lion and the head and claws of an eagle
e. the body of a woman, the wings of a bat, and the head of a pig
ANS: A DIF: Level 1 REF: Form
5. Forms such as pyramids, which tend to be precise and regular, are known as ________ forms.
a. textured d. implied
b. organic e. actual
c. geometric
ANS: C DIF: Level 1 REF: Form: Geometric Form
6. The artist David Smith created sculptures of geometric forms. In his work Cubi XIX, Smith used
the following geometric shapes:
a. cuboids d. pyramids
b. rhomboids e. ellipses
c. spheres
ANS: A DIF: Level 1 REF: Form: Geometric Form
7. Forms that tend to be irregular, and similar to naturally occurring objects, are known as ________
forms.
a. geometric d. organic
b. volumetric e. massive
8. In the Roettgen Pietà from fourteenth-century Germany, the artist ________ the organic forms of
the bodies of Mary and Jesus in order to express pain and suffering.
a. abstracted d. simplified
b. contrasted e. colored
c. distorted
ANS: C DIF: Level 1 REF: Form: Organic Form
9. In the Roettgen Pietà from fourteenth-century Germany, the shrunken, twisted body of Jesus and
the oversized, anguished head of Mary are accentuated for expressive effect. This distortion of the
human body, ________ form that we can all understand, makes the viewer feel uneasy and
impresses on us the suffering of mother and son.
a. a geometric d. an organic
b. an implied e. a colorful
c. a textural
ANS: D DIF: Level 2 REF: Form: Organic Form
10. The organic form and abstract quality of Lino Tagliapietra’s sculpture, Batman, allow it to express
the idea of ________.
a. geometry d. death and despair
b. freedom and life e. line
c. contrast
ANS: B DIF: Level 2 REF: Form: Organic Form
11. The Italian glass artist Lino Tagliapietra created the work Batman in 1998 to express his feelings
about the “reality and fantasy of Batman’s world.” Discuss what you think Tagliapietra meant and
compare it with your own impressions of Batman.
ANS:
Answer will vary.
12. A three-dimensional surface that is designed to be viewed from only one direction is known as a
________.
a. volume d. texture
b. form in the round e. mass
c. relief
ANS: C DIF: Level 1 REF: Form in Relief and in the Round
13. To imply greater depth, the sculptor who created the relief carvings on the outside of the Ara Pacis
Augustae carved the figures in the ________ more deeply than those that are in the background, in
order to make them stand out more.
a. foreground d. drapery
b. round e. fresco
c. south
ANS: A DIF: Level 2 REF: Form in Relief and in the Round
14. An upright stone that has an incised relief on its surface, such as the Maya sculpture (1.2.7), is
known as ________.
a. a stela d. a bust
b. a high relief e. an altar
c. an obelisk
ANS: A DIF: Level 1 REF: Form in Relief and in the Round
15. This type of relief, which takes its name from the French word for low, does not imply great depth.
a. area relief d. actual relief
b. bas-relief e. a frieze
c. a plane
ANS: B DIF: Level 1 REF: Form in Relief and in the Round
17. A sculpture that can be viewed from more than one side and that occupies space in the same way
as other real-life objects is called a ________ sculpture.
a. freestanding d. heroic
b. bas-relief e. implied
c. high relief
ANS: A DIF: Level 1 REF: Form in Relief and in the Round
18. The Roman artist who sculpted Naked Aphrodite Crouching at Her Bath (Lely’s Venus) (1.2.8a,
1.2.8b) did so in such a way that it invites the viewer to move around the work to see more.
Describe the differences in the work from side to side that are evidence of this compositional idea.
ANS:
Answer will vary.
19. The element of art that defines the amount of space occupied by an object is ________.
a. form d. texture
b. mass e. geometry
c. volume
ANS: C DIF: Level 1 REF: Volume
20. ________ volume is a space that is enclosed by materials that are not entirely solid.
a. an open d. an implied
b. an actual e. a closed
c. a subversive
ANS: A DIF: Level 1 REF: Volume: Open Volume
21. Sculptors Ralph Helmick and Stuart Schechter experimented with open volume when they created
this hanging sculpture, installed in the Evanston Public Library in Illinois.
a. Ghostwriter
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W. Ransom, $4,817.60; B. F. Rice, $3,200; T. J. Robertson,
$4,374.80; F. A. Sawyer, $4,294.40; George E. Spencer, $4,106; W.
Sprague, $4,508; W. M. Stewart, $1,486.40; J. P. Stockton, $4,790;
T. W. Tipton, $3,358; Lyman Trumbull, $3,980; G. Vickers, $4,880;
J. R. West, $2,468 80.
III.—Names of Senators who covered into the Treasury amounts
due them under retroactive provisions of law, with date of such
action.
There is no record in my office showing that any Senator covered
into the Treasury any money to which he was entitled by the
retroactive provisions of either of the acts of September 22, 1789,
March 19, 1816, January 22, 1818, August 16, 1856, or July 28, 1866.
The following Senators covered into the Treasury the amounts due
them under the retroactive provision of the act of March 3, 1873,
namely:
1873.—May 26, H. B. Anthony, $4,497.20; June 23, W. A.
Buckingham, $4,553.60; May 21, R. E. Fenton, $4,184; June 2, F. T.
Frelinghuysen, $4,644.80; May 19, H. Hamlin, $4,136; August 14, O.
P. Morton, $3,922.40; April 9, D. D. Pratt, $4,121.60; August 25, A.
Ramsey, $3,041.40; March 28, C. Schurz, $3,761.60; May 9, John
Scott, $4,733.06; July 11, John Sherman, $4,336.40; May 2, C.
Sumner, $4,445.60; May 22, A. G. Thurman, $4,359.20; March 28,
Henry Wilson, $4,448; September 6, George G. Wright, $3,140 80.
Note.—Several of these Senators, as well as others who have not
either drawn or covered into the Treasury the amounts due them
under the retroactive provision of the act of 1873, expressed to me
their intention to allow the money to lapse into the Treasury by the
ordinary operation of law, which they supposed would occur July 3,
1873. After learning that it could not be covered in, except by their
order, before July 3, 1875, some gave me written instructions to
anticipate the latter date. I am unable to furnish from any
information in my office the names of Senators who themselves paid
into the Treasury salary drawn under the act of 1873 or previous acts.
I have not furnished the names of Senators who have left increased
salary undrawn, as this information was not called for in the
resolution.
IV.—A Comparative Statement.
At the second session of the 42d Congress that body, and the
President as well, were compelled to consider a new question in
connection with politics—an actual conflict of State Governments.
There had always been, in well regulated State governments,
returning boards, but with a view the better to guard the newly
enfranchised citizens of the South from intimidation, the Louisiana
Republicans, under very bold and radical leaders, had greatly
strengthened the powers of her returning boards. It could canvass
the votes, reject the returns in part or as a whole of parishes where
force or fraud had been used, and could declare results after such
revision. The Governor of Louisiana had made several removals and
appointments of State officers for the purpose mainly of making a
friendly majority in the returning board, and this led to the
appointment of two bodies, both claiming to be the legitimate
returning board. There soon followed two State governments and
legislatures, the Democratic headed by Governor John McEnery, the
Republican by Governor Wm. Pitt Kellogg, later in the U. S. Senate.
Kellogg brought suit against the Democratic officers before Judge
Durell, of the Federal District Court, and obtained an order that the
U. S. Marshal (S. B. Packard, afterwards Governor), should seize the
State House and prevent the meetings of the McEnery legislature.
Then both governments were hastily inaugurated, and claimed the
recognition of Congress. The Senate Committee reported that Judge
Durell’s decision was not warranted, but the report refused a decisive
recognition of either government. A bill was introduced declaring the
election of Nov. 4, 1872, on which this condition of affairs was based,
null and void, and providing for a new election, but this bill was
defeated by a close vote. Later on, Louisiana claimed a large share in
National politics. Somewhat similar troubles occurred in Alabama,
Arkansas, and Texas, but they were settled with far greater ease than
those of Louisiana. The correspondence in all of these cases was too
voluminous to reproduce here, and we shall dismiss the subject until
the period of actual hostilities were reached in Louisiana.
The Grangers.
S. M. Cullom,
Speaker House of Representatives.
John Early,
President of the Senate.
John L. Beveridge,
Governor.
The same spirit, if not the same organization, led to many petitions
to Congress for the regulation of inter-state commerce and freight
rates, and to some able reports on the subject. Those which have
commanded most attention were by Senator Windom of Minnesota
and Representative Reagan of Texas, the latter being the author of a
bill which commanded much consideration from Congress in the
sessions of 1878–’80, but which has not yet secured favorable action.
In lieu of such bill Senator Cameron, of Pennsylvania, introduced a
joint resolution for the appointment of a Commission to investigate
and report upon the entire question. Final action has not yet been
taken, and at this writing interest in the subject seems to have
flagged.
The disastrous political action attempted by the Grangers in
Illinois and Wisconsin, led to such general condemnation that
subsequent attempts were abandoned save in isolated cases, and as a
rule the society has passed away. The principle upon which it was
based was wholly unsound, and if strictly carried out, would destroy
all home improvements and enterprise. Parties and societies based
upon a class, and directed or perverted toward political objects, are
very happily short-lived in this Republic of ours. If they could thrive,
the Republic could not long endure.
Supplementary Civil Rights Bill.
“Article —.
SHERIDAN’S REPORT.
New Orleans, January 10, 1875.
P. H. Sheridan,
Lieutenant-General.
JOINT RESOLUTION.
George F. Hoar,
W. A. Wheeler,
W. P. Frye,
Charles Foster,
Clarkson N. Potter,
William Walter Phelps,
Samuel S. Marshall.