Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Fluid Phase Equilibria

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / fl u i d

Equilibrium solubility, density, viscosity and corrosion rate of carbon

dioxide in potassium lysinate solution
S. Mazinani a, * , R. Ramazani b , A. Samsami b , A. Jahanmiri a , B. Van der Bruggen a ,
S. Darvishmanesh a
a
ProcESS – Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering School, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Aqueous solution of potassium lysinate has been characterized through CO2 solubility, density, viscosity
Received 25 October 2014 and corrosion rate measurements in order to investigate the possible use of this amino acid for CO2
Received in revised form 18 March 2015 absorption. The equilibrium solubility of CO2 in 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mol dm
3 (M) potassium lysinate
Accepted 19 March 2015
solutions were measured experimentally with a stirred batch reactor at the CO2 partial pressure ranging
Available online 21 March 2015
from 0 to 45 kPa (low partial pressures) and temperatures between 298 and 313 K. The results of the gas
solubility are presented as loading capacity (mole CO2/mole potassium lysinate) as function of CO2 partial
Keywords:
pressure. Obtained data showed that loading capacity decreases with increase in concentration of
CO2 solubility
Loading capacity
potassium lysinate and temperature. The densities and viscosities of solutions were determined at the
Potassium lysinate same conditions of the solubility measurement. Corrosion rate tests were also measured on carbon steel
Chemical absorbent for the same solution concentrations but at 308 K. It was observed that viscosity and corrosion rate
increase when the molar concentration of potassium lysinate increases.
ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Industrial activities are essential to produce variety of
merchandise and provide enough energy for factories and people
daily life, but a large emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) is an
adverse consequence of their operation. Global warming is the
prominent problem associated with the GHG emissions, and so
reduction of these emissions is recognized necessary to mitigate
the potential drastic climate changes. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere is blamed for causing approximately 55% of the
observed global warming. Thus, CO2 capture from effluent
industrial gas streams would reduce anthropogenic GHG. Further-
more, removal of CO2 as an impurity in gas streams is an essential
process. For example, CO2 reduces the heating value of natural gas
whereas in the presence of water, it can cause corrosion to process
equipment and pipes [1].
One of the most promising processes to remove a large amount
of CO2 from gas mixtures such as flue gas streams is absorption by
alkanolamine solutions [2]. Among them, aqueous solution of
monoethanolamine (MEA), as a primary amine, is the most
suitable chemical solvent which has been widely used as industrial
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 16322716; fax: +32 16323145.
E-mail address: saeed.mazinani@cit.kuleuven.be (S. Mazinani).
absorbent for CO2 capture because of high absorption rate, low
cost, high resistance to thermal degradation, low solubility of
hydrocarbons and low molecular weight. However, it has
disadvantages including low CO2 loading capacity, high energy
requirements for regeneration, vaporization losses because of high
vapor pressure, high viscosity, degradation through oxidation of
the amine, and also it can cause operational problems such as
corrosion, foaming and fouling [3,4].
In the last two decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized
as novel absorbents for CO2 capture. They have low vapor pressures
and will remain liquid up to very high temperatures, hence,
eliminating environmental pollution and reducing working expo-
sure hazards compared to commercial solvents. But there are some
problems in using ILs as CO2 absorbents. The main drawbacks are:
high viscosity, high cost, low CO2 absorption capacity and low
stability to flue gas impurities [5,6]. Recently, much attention has
been paid to a new generation of ionic liquids originating from
natural raw materials such as amino acids. Amino acid ionic liquids
(AAILs) are an alternative to conventional ionic liquids, based on
petrochemical raw materials. In fact, AAIL means the ionic liquid
which anion is modified with amino functional group. This amino
group has potential for reaction with CO2. Although they can be
suitable solvents for CO2 capture, but they have some disadvan-
tages including: high cost and relatively high viscosity in
comparison with alkanolamine solvents [7–9].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2015.03.031
0378-3812/ ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 S. Mazinani et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34
Amino acid salts solutions are now being studied as a possible
alternative for alkanolamines. Although being more expensive, but
they can be characterized by a low vapor pressures (due to ionic
nature), high stability toward oxidative degradation, low viscosi-
ties, favorable binding energy and high chemical reactivity with
CO2 [10,11]. A unique advantage of amino acids over alkanolamines
is high surface tension which make them suitable for membrane-
gas absorption (MGA) module [12,13]. In absorption of CO2 with
salt solutions of amino acids, precipitation of the reaction products
might happen. The presence of solids offer interesting advantages.
The most important benefit is that precipitation of the reaction
products can decrease their concentration in the liquid phase,
which shifts the reactions towards the formation of more products
and so increasing the CO2 absorption [14–16]. In addition, solid
particles of the reaction products might enhance mass transfer at
the gas–liquid interphase, due to favorable interactions between
the small particles and the dissolved gas. On the other hand they
can increase the viscosity and thereby lower the diffusivity of the
gas in the liquid phase [17].
There are a number of researches on CO2 absorption by amino
acid salt solutions. Song et al. considered CO2 absorption in
aqueous solutions of 10 wt%, 20 wt% and 30 wt% sodium glycinate
at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K over a CO2 partial pressure range from
0.1 kPa to 200 kPa. The study showed a decrease in loading
capacity with an increase in amino acid salt concentration. They
discovered that CO2 solubility in 10 mass% sodium glycinate
solutions was better than other aqueous absorbents such as MEA,
2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (AEPD), 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-
propanediol (AMPD), and Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) [18].
Munoz et al. investigated the absorption of CO2 into 1 M solution
of the potassium salts of glycine, taurine, proline, threonine,
serine, histidine, arginine and ornitine. The experiments were
performed at 293 K and 100 kPa partial pressure of CO2. They
found that the amino acid salt solutions have absorption abilities
similar to MEA. However, arginine and ornithine showed
significant improvement in absorption when compared to MEA
[19]. Portugal et al. examined CO2 absorption in aqueous solutions
of potassium glycinate and potassium threonate. The CO2 loading
of potassium threonate was investigated at 1.0 M and 313 K,
whereas the loading of potassium glycinate was studied over a
concentration range of 0.1–3.0 M at temperatures from 293 K to
351 K. Measurements were carried out at CO2 partial pressures up
to 60 kPa. The authors observed that the tested amino acid salt
solutions show absorption abilities in the same order of
magnitude as MEA but no precipitations was occurred in the
experiments. The CO2 loading capacity decreases with increasing
potassium glycinate concentration [20]. Song et al. measured
density, viscosity, heat capacity, surface tension and solubility of
CO2 in aqueous solutions of potassium serinate at 298.15–
353.15 K over partial pressures ranging from 0.1 to 400 kPa [21].
Majchrowicz and Brilman studied the solubility of CO2 in aqueous
solutions of potassium L-prolinate, with various concentrations
between 0.5 M and 3 M at temperatures ranging from 285 K to
323 K and partial pressures up to 70 kPa. They report that in a
given partial pressure and temperature, increasing the initial L-
prolinate concentration from 0.5 M to 3 M results in a reduction of
the CO2 loading by an average of 27%. Precipitation was observed
with a 3 M solution at 285 K and CO2 partial pressures above 6 kPa
[22]. Wei et al. determined the solubility, density and viscosity of
CO2 in aqueous of potassium taurate solution for temperatures
ranging from 293 to 353 K. The obtained data indicated that the
CO2 solubility of taurate solutions can be increased by increasing
the concentration of taurate [23].
In this context, after pre-screening, lysine was proposed as a
new chemical absorbent for CO2 capture due to low vapor pressure,
low acidity constant (pKa), high solubility in water, no toxicity and
29
[(Fig._1)TD$IG]
H
H 2N C COOH
R
Fig. 1. The general structure of amino acids.
easy availability. We measured new experimental data on
equilibrium solubility of CO2 in aqueous 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 M
potassium lysinate solutions at total atmospheric pressure over
the CO2 partial pressure ranging from 0 to 45 kPa (low partial
pressures) and at temperatures 298, 308 and 313 K which would be
utilized for the design, operation, and optimization of acid gas
treatment equipment. Furthermore, new experimental values of
densities, viscosities and corrosion rates of the used solutions were
reported. To our best knowledge, similar data are not available in
the open literature.
2. Theoretical background
2.1. Effect of addition of KOH to amino acids
Amino acids have both amine and carboxylic acid functional
groups and can undertake an internal acid–base reaction. The
general structure of amino acids are shown in Fig. 1.
The pKa of the amine and the carboxylic acid groups are about
10 and 2, respectively. Therefore, an interior transfer of a proton
from the carboxylic acid group to the amine group takes place,
yielding the dipolar ion or the zwitterion form of the amino acid.
Amino acid zwitterions have many of the physical properties
associated with inorganic salts. Pure amino acids are crystalline,
have high melting points and are soluble in water whereas amino
acids zwitterions are amphoteric that means they can react as acids
or as bases depending on the circumstances [24,25]. A base can
remove a proton from the ammonium group, leaving the molecule
with a net negative charge. This is an anion with a deprotonated
amine group, which can further react with the acid gases like CO2
and H2S [22]. For CO2 absorption, salts of amino acids are used.
These salts are obtained by neutralizing the amino acid with
potassium hydroxide (KOH). When a pure amino acid, with the
overall formula HOOC

R

NH2, is dissolved in water, the
following equilibria are established:

Hþ
Hþ
HOOC

NHþ 3 $


R

OOC

NHþ 3 $


R

OOC


R

NH2
low pH neutral
mildly acid pH high pH
It can be seen that in solution the neutral molecule takes the
form of a dipole, because the carboxylic group loses a proton while
the amine group is protonated. When the amino acid is reacted
[(Fig._2)TD$IG]
Fig. 2. Molecular structure of L-Lysine.
30 S. Mazinani et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34

Table 1
Chemical sample of used material.

Chemical name Source Initial mole fraction purity Final mole fraction purity IUPAC names Abbreviation
Monoethanolamine Merck 0.995 0.995 2-Aminoethanol MEA
L-Lysine Merck 0.995 0.995 Lysine Lys
Potassium hydroxide Merck 0.995 0.995 Potassium hydroxide KOH
Carbon dioxide Avizheh 0.999 0.999 Carbon dioxide CO2

NH+3
with potassium hydroxide, a proton is removed from the

group and a potassium salt solution is obtained:

R-NH+3 + KOH ! K+ +
OOC

R

NH2 + H2O


OOC

The K-salt is the active component, which reacts with CO2 like
“normal” amines with NH2-group. The solubility is significantly
enhanced due to the neutralization. The neutralized potassium
salts of amino acids react in much the same way as “normal”
amines with CO2 [15].
2.2. Reaction mechanism
Amino acid salts having an amino functional group react with
CO2 in a similar way as alkanolamines, because of the similar
functional groups. Since the amino group in lysine is involved in
one carbon

nitrogen bond, it is a primary amino group. Therefore
PL is an amino acid salt containing a primary amine group [15,17].
Equilibrium reactions involved in the chemical absorption of CO2
in aqueous solution of PL are as follows:
Water auto-ionization reaction:
H2O $ OH
+ H+
Apart from the backbone of the molecules, the functional groups
of amino acids is basically the same as that of alkanolamines and the
reaction mechanism can be expected to be similar. The initial step in
the reaction is the formation of the carbamate which can then
undergo hydrolysis to the bicarbonate and, if conditions such as pH
are suitable, the carbonate species. The degree of hydrolysis of the
carbamates is determined by parameters such as amine concentra-
tion, solution PH, and the chemical stability of the carbamate. The
reaction kinetically dominant in the absorption system is the direct
reaction between CO2 and the amino acid salt to form a carbamate
and the protonated amino acid [26]. Direct reaction between CO2 and
the amino acid salt:
CO2 + 2RNH2 $ RNH+3 + RNHCOO

3. Experimental

CO2(g) $ CO2(aq)
3.1. Materials
Hydration of CO2:
L-Lysine (purity > 99.5%), potassium hydroxide (KOH) (purity >
CO2 + H2O $ HCO3
+ H+ 99%), MEA (purity > 99.5%) were obtained from Merck Chemical
Carbamate hydrolysis: Company. The molecular structure of L-Lysine is demonstrated in
Fig. 2. The chemical sample of used material is presented in Table 1.
RNHCOO
+ H2O $ RNH2 + HCO
3 CO2 with a purity of >99.9% was supplied from Avizheh
Amine deprotonation: Technology and Development of Middle East, (Iran). The aqueous
solutions of the amino acid salts were prepared by adding to the
RNH+3 $ RNH2 + H+ amino acid an equimolar amount of KOH in a volumetric flask filled
Bicarbonate formation reaction: with deionized water.

CO2 + H2O $ HCO
3 + H+ 3.2. Solubility

Carbonate formation reaction:
The solubility measurements were carried out in a Pyrex batch
HCO
3 $ CO32
+ H+ reactor with an internal volume of 1500 ml, shown schematically
[(Fig._3)TD$IG]

Fig. 3. Schematic of the experimental setup for VLE measurements: (1) gas storage tank; (2) temperature indicator; (3) pressure indicator; (4) data logger; (5) equilibrium
cell; (6) water bath.
 S. Mazinani et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34 31
[(Fig._4)TD$IG]
solution was introduced into the cell and nitrogen gas was purged
100
Lee et al. [28] to remove remaining air. Next, the solution was allowed to
equilibrate at the desired temperature. At this stage, solvent exists
Song et al. [29]
under its own vapor pressure. When the pressure in the
Shen and Li [30] equilibrium cell became constant and retain for at least 1 h, the
Partial pressure of CO2 (KPa)

equilibrium was assumed and the vapor pressure was recorded.

Our results
10
1 maintaining a smooth interfacial area. The contents of the cell were
0.4 0.45
α(mole CO2/mole MEA)
Fig. 4. Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous 2.5 M MEA solution at 313.15 K.
in Fig. 3. Both the reactor and the gas storage tank (stainless steel,
Swagelok, USA) were equipped with pressure (TSA, GEFRAN, Italy)
and temperature (Pt-100, Julabo, Germany) indicators. The reactor
was immersed in a water bath (TW, Julabo, Germany) to guarantee
isothermal conditions. In a typical experiment, when the apparatus
was brought at the desired temperature, a known amount of fresh
After that, the gas storage tank was filled with pure carbon dioxide
and the initial pressure in this tank was measured. Following this, a
known amount of pure carbon dioxide was fed into the reactor
form the gas storage tank. The solution was continuously stirred
with the magnetic stirrer to enhance the mass transfer rate and
achieve equilibrium quickly. In all of the experiments, stirring was
performed continuously in the reactor at a speed of 150 rpm,
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 allowed to reach equilibrium at the desired temperature. As the
carbon dioxide is absorbed, the total pressure decreases. During
the experiments, the decrease in total pressure of the system was
continuously measured as a function of time by a pressure sensor
(TSA, GEFRAN, Italy) with an accuracy of 0.1 kPa while the
temperature of equilibrium cell was held constant by water bath.
The data were sent to a computer via a data logger (USB-4718,
Advantech, Taiwan) and recorded by Lab View software. A state of
equilibrium was obtained when there is no change in the pressure
of the equilibrium cell for 2 h at constant temperature. At the end
of the experiment the final pressure of the cell was noted. In

[(Fig._5)TD$IG]
(a) T=298 K
45 (b) T=308 K
2.5M MEA 45
40 2.5M
2.5M 40
1.5M
Partial pressure of CO2(kPa)

35 1.5M
35 0.5M
Partial pressure of CO2(kPa)

0.5M
30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10
10
5
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 α(mol CO2/mol PL)
α(mol CO2/mol PL)

(c) T=313 K
45
2.5M MEA
40
2.5M
Partial pressure of CO2(kPa)

35
1.5M
30 0.5M

25

20

15

10

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
α(mol CO2/mol PL)

Fig. 5. Solubility of carbon dioxide into aqueous solution of potassium lysinate at (a) 298 K, (b) 308 K and (c) 313 K.
32 S. Mazinani et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34

Table 2
Solubilities (a = mol CO2/mol potassium lysinate) of carbon dioxide into aqueous potassium lysinate solutions.

0.5 M (mol dm
3) 1.5 M (mol dm
3) 2.5 M (mol dm
3)

PCO2 (kPa) a PCO2 (kPa) a PCO2 (kPa) a

T = 298 K
12.69 0.755 8.20 0.530 5.4 0.429
20.52 0.852 14.87 0.642 11.34 0.52
28.24 0.970 21.04 0.780 18.12 0.579
36.22 1.036 27.80 0.880 24.09 0.669
38.88 1.063 34.52 0.907 32.06 0.732

T = 308 K
14.01 0.591 10.27 0.426 9.66 0.278
22.35 0.642 17.35 0.521 16.67 0.337
30.25 0.773 24.66 0.601 23.33 0.409
38.32 0.874 31.41 0.715 30.36 0.468
40.65 0.891 36.77 0.773 35.41 0.564

T = 313 K
14.73 0.503 11.62 0.355 12.80 0.170
23.10 0.572 19.24 0.423 19.28 0.253
31.23 0.685 26.02 0.543 25.93 0.300
39.46 0.780 33.16 0.641 33.31 0.379
41.47 0.832 38.18 0.675 37.30 0.468

Standard uncertainties; u(T) = 0.01 K; u(P) = 0.1 kPa; u(M) = 0.0001; uc(a) = 0.001.

different tests, several known volumes of pure CO2 were Germany). The kinematic viscosity values were reproducible
transferred into the reactor and a new equilibrium value is within 1%. The dynamic viscosities were calculated by multiply-
achieved. ing the kinematic viscosities with the measured density values of
the same solutions.
3.3. Density and viscosity
3.4. Corrosion rate
The densities of solutions were measured by using of calibrated
pycnometers (Gay-Lussac, Auxilab, Spain). To determine volumes Electrochemical technique was used to study the corrosion
of pycnometers at various temperatures from 298 to 313 K, triple- rates of potassium lysinate solutions. Corrosion rate experiments
distilled water was used as a standard substance. The tests were were conducted using a potentiostat unit (PGSTAT302N, Metrohm,
carried out in a temperature water bath with a precision of 0.01  C. Germany) at corrosion temperature of 308 K. Reference electrode is
An analytical balance (A&D, D0001) with an accuracy of 0.0001 g Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) and counter electrode is rod Pt. The tested
was used for weighing the amounts of solution. The uncertainty of specimens were carbon steel with spherical shape having a surface
measurement was 0.0001 g/cm3. area of 1.13 cm2 (6 mm  6 mm). Before the tests, the specimens
To determine the kinematic viscosities of solutions, several were wet ground with silicon carbide paper (grade 400, China) and
Ubbelohde (Ubbelohde, Witeg, Germany) viscometers with vari- water, then wet polished with silicon carbide paper (grade 600,
ous capillary sizes were used. An appropriate viscometer was China) to obtain a homogeneous surface, rinsed with deionized
selected in consideration of the estimated values of kinematic water and finally with acetone, then dried with air and kept in a
viscosity. Kinematic viscosities were calculated from the efflux desiccators. After the tests, the specimens were washed and dried
times measured by means of a chronometer with an accuracy of again. The entire corrosion rate tests were performed in accor-
0.01 s in a water bath with the precision of 0.01  C (ME, Julabo, dance with ASTM G5-94 [27].

[(Fig._6)TD$IG]
45
0.5 M
[(Fig._7)TD$IG]
298 K
40 1.2
308 K
35 1.18
Partial pressure of CO2(kPa)

313 K
1.16
30
1.14
25
ρ (g.cm-3)

1.12
20
1.1
15 1.08 0.5
1.5
10 1.06
2.5
5 1.04

1.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1
α(mol CO2/mol PL) 295 300 305 310 315
T (K)
Fig. 6. Solubility of CO2 into aqueous solution of potassium lysinate in different
temperatures. Fig. 7. Densities r (g cm
3) of aqueous potassium lysinate solutions.
 S. Mazinani et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34 33

Table 3 Table 4
Densities r (g cm
3) of aqueous potassium lysinate solutions. Viscosities (m (mPa s)) of aqueous potassium lysinate solutions.

T (K) 0.5 M (mol dm
3) 1.5 M (mol dm
3) 2.5 M (mol dm
3) T (K) 0.5 M (mol dm
3) 1.5 M (mol dm
3) 2.5 M (mol dm
3)
r (g cm
3) m (mPa s)
298 1.0386 1.1089 1.1738 298 1.1619 2.2835 3.1652
308 1.0363 1.1075 1.1711 308 0.9848 1.9051 2.6532
313 1.0307 1.1051 1.1688 313 0.894 1.6861 2.4160

Experimental pressure = 0.1 MPa; Standard uncertainties u(T) = 0.01 K, Experimental pressure = 0.1 MPa; Standard uncertainties u(T) = 0.01 K,
u(M) = 0.0001; uc(r) = 0.0001 g/cm3. u(M) = 0.0001; uc(m) = 0.0001 (mpa s).

4. Results and discussion non-precipitating and precipitating system strongly depends on

4.1. Primary-reliability test
To check the reliability of the equilibrium apparatus, the
experimental setup and procedure were tested by measuring the
solubility of CO2 in aqueous 2.5 M MEA solution at 313 K. As can be
seen, the obtained results show a good agreement with the ones
reported in the literature as shown in Fig. 4 [28–30].
4.2. Solution concentration effect on CO2 solubility
The effect of amino acid concentration on the absorption
capacities of solutions at temperatures between 298 and 313 K are
shown in Fig. 5 and tabulated in Table 2. Since the amino group in
lysine is involved in one carbon

nitrogen bond, it is a primary
amino group. Therefore PL is an amino acid salt containing a
primary amine group. Interestingly, it is obvious that potassium
lysinate exhibits higher loading capacity compared to MEA. This
high loading capacity can be explained mainly by its two active
amines groups, one of which has a high base strength. Generally,
large molecules with high molecular weight will lower the
capacity, whereas more than one active amine group will increase
the capacity. As expected, the loading capacity for a given CO2
partial pressure decreases with increasing amino acid salt
concentration, this is because less free lysine molecules were
available to react with CO2 at lower concentration of lysine solution
and therefore resulted in a higher CO2 partial pressure in the gas
phase and so lower CO2 solubility. An important feature of amino
acid salt solutions is the formation of solids upon the reaction with
CO2, which happens especially at high amino acid salt concentra-
tion [31,32]. In our experiments, no precipitation was occurred. In
general, the conditions at which a system changes from a non-
precipitating to a precipitating system vary depending on the
particular amino acid salt solution. It can be observed that
the critical point at which a boundary exists between the
[(Fig._8)TD$IG]
3.5
0.5
3 1.5
2.5
the amino acid salt concentration, absorption temperature and CO2
partial pressure [33]. The similar trend was observed for the other
temperatures considered.
4.3. Temperature effect on CO2 solubility
Fig. 6 shows the influence of temperature on solubility of CO2 at
0.5 M of amino acid solutions. As can be seen, for a given CO2 partial
pressure, the solubility decreases with the increase of temperature.
As CO2 absorption is exothermic in nature, an increase in
temperature should decrease the extent of absorption. Depending
on the partial pressure of CO2 and the initial amino acid salt
concentration, the effect of the temperature could be variable.
Generally, higher partial pressure of CO2, lower temperature and
lower initial concentration of the amino acid salt will lead to higher
CO2 loading [32].
The experimental densities of lysinate solutions with concen-
trations from 0.5 M to 2.5 M at temperatures 298 K, 308 K and 313 K
are illustrated in Fig. 7 and listed in Table 3. It can be seen that the
densities values of the solutions are in the range between 1.03 and
1.17 g cm
3. The density increases with increasing lysine concen-
tration and decreases as temperature increases.
The viscosities of lysinate solutions are demonstrated in Fig. 8
and presented in Table 4. It is clear that viscosity decreases while
temperature increases and increases with an increase in concen-
tration of solution. A chemical absorbent with low viscosity can
result in less interfacial mass-transfer resistance between gas and
liquid phases. In fact, diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the liquid phase
can be increased, thereby increasing the CO2 absorption rate.
The experimental results of corrosion rate tests which were
performed at 308 K are plotted in Fig. 9. In these tests, the corrosion
rates of solutions mixtures were studied on carbon steel coupons
in the absence of dissolved CO2. We can see that corrosion rate
increases with increasing the concentration of lysinate solutions.
[(Fig._9)TD$IG]
0.014
0.012
Corrosion rate (mmpy)

0.010
2.5

0.008
μ (mPa.s)

0.006
1.5
0.004
1
0.002
0.5
0.000
0 0.5 1.5 2.5
295 300 305 310 315 M (mole.dm-3)
T (K)
Fig. 9. Corrosion rates (mmpy = millimeter per year) of aqueous potassium lysinate
Fig. 8. Viscosities (m (mPa s)) of aqueous potassium lysinate solutions. solutions at 308 K.
34 S. Mazinani et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 396 (2015) 28–34
5. Conclusion
The aim of this study was to develop a new type of solvent
dedicated to CO2 capture in post combustion process. Therefore,
potassium lysinate was proposed as a new CO2 chemical absorbent.
The solubility of CO2 in 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 M aqueous potassium
lysinate solutions were measured over temperatures and CO2
partial pressures ranging from 298 to 313 K and 0 to 45 kPa,
respectively. The densities and viscosities of solutions were
determined at temperatures between (298 and 313) K. The
corrosion rates were also measured at temperature of 308 K. The
result shows that densities and viscosities of aqueous solutions of
potassium lysinate increase as the molar concentration increase
and decrease with an increase in temperature. Furthermore, CO2
solubility increases with a decrease in potassium lysinate
concentration and temperature. Also corrosion rate increase with
increasing potassium lysinate concentration.
References
[1] IPCC, Report to IPCC from Working Group, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, UK,
1990.
[2] A. Mansourizadeh, A.F. Ismail, CO2 stripping from water through porous PVDF
hollow fiber membrane contactor, Desalination 273 (2011) 386–390.
[3] S. Ma’mun, R. Nilsen, H.F. Svendsen, O. Juliussen, Solubility of carbon dioxide in
30 mass % monoethanolamine and 50 mass % methyldiethanolamine
solutions, J. Chem. Eng. Data 50 (2005) 630–634.
[4] P.D. Vaidya, V.V. Mahajani, Kinetics of the reaction of CO2 with aqueous
formulated solution containing monoethanolamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,
and diethylene glycol, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005) 1868–1873.
[5] J.F. Brennecke, E.J. Maginn, Ionic liquids: innovative fluids for chemical
processing, AIChE J. 47 (2001) 2384–2389.
[6] S.D. Kenarsari, D. Yang, G. Jiang, S. Zhang, J. Wang, A.G. Russell, M. Fan, Review
of recent advances in carbon dioxide separation and capture, RSC Adv. 45
(2013) 22739–22773.
[7] S. Hu, T. Jiang, Z. Zhang, A. Zhu, B. Han, J. Song, Y. Xie, W. Li, Functional ionic
liquid from biorenewable materials: synthesis and application as a catalyst in
direct aldol reactions, Tetrahedron Lett. 48 (2007) 5613–5617.
[8] T. Payagala, D.W. Armstrong, Chiral ionic liquids: a compendium of syntheses
and applications, Chirality 24 (2012) 17–53.
[9] H. Wu, J.K. Shah, C.M. Tenney, T.W. Rosch, E.J. Maginn, Structure and dynamics
of the neat and CO2-reacted ionic liquid tetrabutylphosphonium 2-
cyanopyrrolide, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (2011) 8983–8993.
[10] P. Senthil Kumar, J.A. Hogendoorn, P.H.M. Feron, G.F. Versteeg, Density,
viscosity, solubility, and diffusivity of N2O in aqueous amino acid salt
solutions, J. Chem. Eng. Data 46 (2001) 1357–1361.
[11] J.C. Goan, R.R. Miller, V.R. Piatt, Alkazid M as a Regenerative Carbon Dioxide
Absorbent, in: The Present status of Chemical Research in Atmosphere
Purification and Control on Nuclear-Powered Submarines, NRL Report 5465;
Naval Research laboratory, Washington, D.C., 1960 (Chapter 12).
[12] P.S. Kumar, J.A. Hogendoorn, P.H.M. Feron, G.F. Versteeg, New absorption
liquids for the removal of CO2 from dilute gas streams using membrane
contactors, Chem. Eng. Sci. 57 (2002) 1639–1651.
[13] S.P. Yan, M.X. Fang, W.F. Zhang, S.Y. Wang, Z.K. Xu, Z.Y. Luo, K.F. Cen,
Experimental study on the separation of CO2 from flue gas using hollow fiber
membrane contactors without wetting, Fuel Process Technol. 88 (2007)
501–511.
[14] P.H.M. Feron, N. ten Asbroek, New solvents based on amino-acid salts for CO2
capture from flue gases, Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 7, Elsevier
Science Ltd., 2005, pp. 1153–1158.
[15] J.P. Brouwer, P.H.M. Feron, N. ten Asbroek, Amino-acid salts for CO2 capture
from flue gases, Fourth Annual Conference on Carbon Dioxide Capture &
Sequestration, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2005.
[16] P.S. Kumar, J.A. Hogendoorn, S.J. Timmer, P.H.M. Feron, G.F. Versteeg,
Equilibrium solubility of CO2 in aqueous potassium taurate solutions: part
2. Experimental VLE data and model, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (2003)
2841–2852.
[17] P.S. Kumar, J.A. Hogendoorn, P.H.M. Feron, G.F. Versteeg, Equilibrium solubility
of CO2 in aqueous potassium taurate solutions: part 1. Crystallization in carbon
dioxide loaded aqueous salt solutions of amino acids, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42
(2003) 2832–2840.
[18] H.-J. Song, S. Lee, S. Maken, J.-J. Park, J.-W. Park, Solubilities of carbon dioxide in
aqueous solutions of sodium glycinate, Fluid Phase Equilib. 246 (2006) 1–5.
[19] D.M. Munoz, A.F. Portugal, A.E. Lozano, J.G. de la Campa, J. de Abajo, New liquid
absorbents for the removal of CO2 from gas mixtures, Energy Environ. Sci. 2
(2009) 883–891.
[20] A.F. Portugal, J.M. Sousa, F.D. Magalhães, A. Mendes, Solubility of carbon
dioxide in aqueous solutions of amino acid salts, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64 (2009)
1993–2002.
[21] H.-J. Song, M.-G. Lee, H. Kim, A. Gaur, J.-W. Park, Density, viscosity, heat
capacity, surface tension, and solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of
potassium serinate, J. Chem. Eng. Data 56 (2011) 1371–1377.
[22] M.E. Majchrowicz, D.W.F. Brilman, Solubility of CO2 in aqueous potassium
L-prolinate solutions absorber conditions, Chem. Eng. Sci. 72 (2012) 35–44.
[23] S.C.-C. Wei, G. Puxty, P. Feron, Amino acid salts for CO2 capture at flue gas
temperatures, Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 485–493.
[24] J. McMurry, Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.,
Pacific Grove, California, 1998, pp. 474.
[25] C.K. Mathews, Biochemistry, in: K.E. Van Holde, K.G. Ahern (Eds.), 3rd ed.,
Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California, Harlow, 2000, pp. 126.
[26] J. van Holst, G.F. Versteeg, D.W.F. Brilman, J.A. Hogendoorn, Kinetic study of
CO2 with various amino acid salts in a queous solution, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64
(2009) 59–68.
[27] Standard reference test method for making potentiostatic and
potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA,
2004.
[28] J. Lee, I. Otto, Equilibrium between carbon dioxide and aqueous
monoethanolamine solutions, J. Appl. Chem. Bio. Technol. 26 (1986) 541–549.
[29] J.H. Song, J.H. Yoon, H. Lee, K. Lee, Solubility of carbon dioxide in
monoethanolamine + ethylene glycol + water and monoethanolamine + poly
(ethyleneglycol) + water, J. Chem. Eng. Data 45 (1996) 497–499.
[30] K. Shen, P. Li, Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous mixtures of
monoethanolamine with methyldiethanolamine, J. Chem. Eng. Data 37
(1992) 96–100.
[31] CRC, Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4th ed., CRC Press,
2015, pp. 3–6.
[32] B.M. Lerche, CO Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark,
Denmark, 2012.
[33] M.E. Majchrowicz, D.W.F. (Wim) Brilman, M.J. Groeneveld, Precipitation
regime for selected amino acid salts for CO2 capture from flue gases, Energy
Procedia 1 (2009) 979–984.