As per the latest Reduced and Bifurcated Syllabus for Academic Year 2021-22 for Semester-2 Examination to be held in March-April, 2022 Gaya Ca Biology Question Bank with Model Test Papers For Class 10 Semester-2 Examination 2022 CISCE’s Modified Assessment Plan for Academic Year 2021-22 Reduced and Bifurcated Syllabus for Semester-2 Examination Chapterwise Summary and Important Points vvvy Chapterwise Question Bank having all varieties of expected Questions with answers for Semester-2 Examination to be held in March-April, 2022 Specimen Question Paper (Solved) for Semester-2 Examination issued by CISCE 5 Model Test Papers based on the latest specimen question Paper issued by CISCE for Semester-2 Examination to be held in March-April, 2022 v Y GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN NEW DELHICONTENTS SECTION A: QUESTION BANK Unit 3 : Human Anatomy and Physiology 1. The Circulatory System we 1-21 2. The Excretory System me mo 22-39 3. The Nervous System and Sense Organs oe ae 40-60 4. Endocrine System SS 61-80 SECTION B : SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER [Released by CISCE for Semester-2 Examination to be held in March-April, 2022] © Specimen Question Paper (Solved) rae 81-85 SECTION C : MODEL TEST PAPERS [Based on the Latest Specimen Question Paper released by CISCE] © Model Test Paper 1 (Unsolved) ooo 86-89 Model Test Paper 2 (Unsolved) - a 90-93 © Model Test Paper 3 (Unsolved) au oD ch 94-97 @ Model Test Paper 4 (Unsolved) i 98-101 Model Test Paper 5 (Unsolved) eae cee 102-105 Answers to Model Test Papers (MCQs Only) es 106— 1 The Circulatory System Summary e Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration resulting in their uniform distribution. Diffusion is the major method by which the transportation of materials occurs in s (unicellular) organisms like bacteria, Amoeba and Paramecium gle-celled In simple multicellular organisms like Hydra too, transportation occurs by diffusion. ein complex higher animals, because of the enormity of size and the process of diffusion which is slow cannot meet the requirements of transportation to all parts in a short period of time. Such organisms have developed an elaborate transportation system called the blood vascular system or circulatory system. ‘© The human body consist of several organ systems. Each of the systems requires the involvement of circulating body fluid in our body, namely 1. Blood; contained in the pump house or heart; and the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) of the circulatory system. Tissue fluid; also called intestinal or intercellular fluid, occurring in spaces between cells in the organs. 3. Lymph; present within the lymphatic organs (eg, spleen and tonsils). © With the help of blood and lymph, transportation of substances occurs in our body. © The blood is circulated around the body in blood vessels, which forms a continuous system communicating with every living part of the body, Blood flows in the vessels, always in the same direction, passing repeatedly through the heart. ‘The muscles of the heart through their periodic contractions cause the blood flow and circulation. The circulatory system thus, consists of blood, the heart and blood vessels. Blood is a connective tissue and is the liquid medium through whi is brought about. ch transportation of materials © Ina living being the blood is constantly circulated from the heart to the arteries and back through veins. @ In adult human 5-6 litres of blood is present in the body and it makes about 7-8% body weight. © The blood is saltish to taste and is slightly alkaline with the pH of 7.3 to 7.43. ‘© The blood when taken from the artery is bright in color. It is dark red in color when taken from the vein, © Composition of blood : Blood contains three types of cells or corpuscles present in a liquid matrix called plasma, Blood cells are manufactured by stem cells in the bone marrow. © Plasma : Plasma is the pale-yellow colored alkaline liquid which forms about 55% of the total blood volume, The approximate percentages of its main constituents are as follows: Water = 90-92% Proteins = 7-8% Goyals ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester=2 ExaminationInorganic salts = 1% Other substances = traces Plasma also contains several salts (mainly sodium chloride and sod im bicarbonate), ghu ids, f gluco amino acids, fats, enzymes, antibodies, and also digested Elucose, and excretory products of food, Serum is blood plasma from which fibrinogen, the blood clottin; is a yellow-colored fluid, Blood cells: These are the cellular elements. They form 45% of three types : 1, Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes 2. White Blood Cells (WBCs) or leucocytes 3. Platelets or thrombocytes ig protein, has been removed, ft of total blood volume. These are Red Blood Cell (RBCs) are also called erythrocytes, they have dise-like structures having no nucleus in them. In their cytoplasm is present a red pigment, haemoglobin, which is a protein (globin) with iron (haeme) in its molecule. @ There are about five-and-a-half million RBCs in a cubic millimetre of blood. A red blood cell lasts for about four months (120 days), after which it breaks down and is disintegrated in the liver or spleen. © About 3 million of RBCs are destroyed every day. RBCs are produced in bone marrow. © Newborn infants have a large number of RBCs of 6-7 millions/meL. © Ina person living at a high altitude (4200 m and above) RBCs are more in number by about 30%. © An adult human male has about 5 million RBCs/meL of blood whereas a female has 4.5 million. White Blood Cell (WBCs) are much fewer in number than RBCs (5,000 to 10,000 per cu ml and these cells possess a nucleus but no haemoglobin. ‘They are larger than the RBCs in size and possess the power of an amoeboid movement. © The number of WBCs increases in infections like pneumonia, inflammation and blood cancer. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless, non-nucleated, irregular-shaped fragments of cells, with a very short life span of 3-3 days. © In an adult, these numbers may vary from 200,000 to 400,000 per cu ml of blood. They are destroyed mainly in the spleen and derived from cells in the red bone marrow. They help in the clotting of blood. © Anticoagulants are the substances which when mixed with blood prevent its clotting. © The sealant is always present in an ‘e mode called fibrinogen. © Aclot forms only when this plasma protein is converted to its active form, fibrin which aggregates into thread that form the framework of the clot. The process of clot formation at the site of blood loss from the body is called clotting or coagulation. Clotting of the blood prevents further loss of blood and entry of pathogenic microorganisms. ¢ Haemophilia is a genetic blood disorder. The blood of a haemophiliac person clots very slowly or not at all. There are two reasons why this happens. Either the haemophiliac has too few platelets, or the platelets cannot produce the chemical which causes fibrinogen to change in fibrin. © The adult, human heart is about the size of a closed fist. It is a muscular pumping organ © It is located in the chest cavity slightly towards the left, enclosed in a double walled sac called pericardium, The heart is made up of muscle cells called cardiac muscle fibres. Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester? ExaminationBlood that flows between different chambers of your heart must flow through a heart valve. Blood that flows out of your heart into large arteries must also flow through a heart valve @ These valves open up enough so that blood can flow through. They then close, keeping blood from flowing backward. There are 4 types of valves Aortic valve Mitral valve our heart: 1 2. 3. Tricuspid valve 4, Pulmonary valve @ Five great vessels enter and leave the heart: the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the aorta, @ The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava are veins that return deoxygenated blood from circulation in the body and empty it into the right atrium. fe The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation, The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium where it is returned to systemic circulation. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation, @ The aorta has many subdivisions that branch off into smaller arteries. ‘These subdivisions are the ascending and descending aorta, the aortic arch, and the thoracic and abdominal aorta, ‘© Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins. This blood is a mixture of blood from the hepatic artery and from the portal vein, The hepatic veins carry blood to the inferior vena cava the largest vein in the body-which then carries blood from the abdomen and lower parts of the body to the right side of the heart. © Blood vessel (vascular) disorders of the liver usually result from inadequate blood flow whether into ot out of the liver. If the problem is flow of blood out of the liver, blood backs up in the liver, causing congestion which can result in an enlarged liver. In either case, liver cells do not receive enough blood (called ischemia) and thus are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In ischemic the bile ducts do not receive enough blood © Oxygenated blood comes to the kidneys from the right and left renal arteries of the abdominal aorta, Deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the right and left renal veins that run into the inferior vena cava. ‘© The kidneys are highly complicated “filtration factories." Inside each kidney, the renal arteries branch into smaller and smaller parts until they make contact with the core structural and functional units of the kidney, the nephrons, © Working of heart : The right side of your heart receives deoxygenated blood from your veins and pumps it to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The left side of your heart receives oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and pumps it through your arteries to the rest of your body. © There are four main blood groups in humans. These are ~ A, B, AB and O. Each blood group can be either RhD positive or negative. Transfusion with ABO incompatible blood can lead to severe and potentially fatal transfusion reactions. RhD is highly immunogenic and can lead to red cell haemolysis in certain settings. Goyal s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester~2 Examination 3Name of Blood Group | Antigens present on the red cell | ABO antibodies present surface the plasma Type O nil anti-A and anti-B | Type A A antigen anti-B ‘Type B B antigen anti-A Type AB A and B antigens nil 4 Question Bank A. Multiple Choice Questions [1 Mark 1. Tissue fluid is also called : (a) interstitial or intercellular fluid (b) lymphatic fluid (c) enzymes (a) soluble nutrition 2. In an adult human body, how many litres of blood is present: (a) 10-15 (b) 16-17 (©) (d) 5-6 3. The pH of blood is {a) 8.23 to 9 (b) 7.3 to 7.43 (c) 6.43 to 7.3 (d) 5.45 to 8.55 4. Blood cells are manufactured in: (a) bone marrow (b) spleen (c) red blood cells (d) platelets 5. Red blood cells are also called (a) thrombocytes (b) lymphatic fluid (c) erythrocytes (d) leukocytes 6. Platelets are well known as: (a) leucocytes (b) thrombocytes (c) erythrocytes (d) lymphatic fluid 7. Leucocytes are well known as : (a) white blood cell —_(b) erythrocytes (c) thrombocytes (d) lymphatic fluid 8. The normal diastolic blood pressure in a normal healthy adult human is (a) 80 mm Hg (b) 60 mm Hg (c) 90 mm Hg (d) 110 mm Hg 9. Which of the following two-word items mean the same thing? (a) Blood cancer~ Haemophilia (b) Pacemaker—S A Node (c) Osteoporosis — arthritis (d) None of these 10. Snake venom usually enters the body through an open wound and enters the bloodstream through the : (a) Veins (b) Lymphatic system (c) Arteries (d) None of these Il. Severe loss of blood due to trauma is called (a) Exsanguination (b) Haemolysis (c) Concussion (d) None of these 12. is a small branch of an artery that leads into a capillary. (a) Capillaria (b) Areolas (c) Arteriole (d) None of these 13. is a condition where a blood clot forms in the circulatory system. (a) Thrombus (b) Strombus. (c) Hematoma (d) None of these 14, The artery tha supplies blood to all parts of the body is called : (a) ventral aorta (b) dorsal aorta (©) pulmonary arch (4) systematie arch Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination15, The adult human heart beats about times in a minute. (a) 2 (b) 92 (©) 62 (@) 72 16. Which of the following is correct? (a) Double circulation is a characteristic of all vertebrates. (b) Blood volume in pulmonary circulation is higher than the volume of blood in systemic circulation at any instant. (c) A double aortic arch can be seen in birds and mammals. (a) Blood pressure in pulmonary circulation is lesser than that of the systemic circulation. 17. Which of the following statements is incorrect about double circulation? (a) It occurs only in mammals. (b) It occurs in all vertebrates. (c) It is composed of systemic circulation, __(d) It is composed of pulmonary circulation. Answer L@ 2%@ 36) 4@ 5 6b) 7) &(a) 9%) 10.0) 1. (a) 12 (0) 13 @ 14 (a) 15. @ 16.4) 17. (6) B. Fill in the Blanks [1 Mark] 1. In simple multicellular organisms like Hydra, transportation occurs by 2. With the help of and transportation of substances occurs in our body 3. The blood is circulated around the body in 4. The muscles of the heart through their periodic contraction causes the __ and. 5. The circulatory system consists of __ _, the _ and _ 6. Blood is __ and is the medium. 7. The adult human heart is about the size of 8. __ forms clot when the blood vessels get damaged. 9. is a blood disorder where the haemoglobin is defective. 10. The first heart sound is called ee Answer 1. Diffusion 2. Blood,lymph 3. Blood vessels 4. Blood flow, circulation 5. Blood, heart, blood vessels 6. Connective tissue, liquid, 7. Closed fist 8. Platelets 9. Sickle cell anaemia 10. Lubb C. Name the Following [1 Mark] 1. The soluble protein present in the blood plasma and responsible for clotting. 2. The process by which leukocytes engulf and destroy the bacteria. 3. The iron containing pigments in the erythrocytes. 4. The phase of the cardiac cycle in which auricle contracts. 5. The study of blood vascular and lymphatic system, 6. The inflammation of pericardium. 7. The valve of right auriculo-ventricular aperture. 8. In embryological stage right and left auricles are communicated by. 9. Abnormal rise in RBC number. 10. The first heart sound. Goyal ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semevier-2 Examination 511. Any one vein which starts from an organ and ends in another organ besides the heart 12, The kind of blood vessels which have no muscular walls 13. Any artery which carries impure (deoxygenated) blood. 14. The kind of blood cells which can squeeze out through the walls of one category of bloog vessels. 15. The smallest common blood vessels formed by the union of capillaries 16. The category of blood vessels which start from capillaries and end in capillaries. 17. The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the auricles contract. 18. The valve present in between the chambers on the right side of the human heart. 19, The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles get filled with blood from the atrium, 20. The fluid found between the membranes of the heart. Answer 1. Fibrinogen 2. Phagocytosis, 3, Haemoglobin 4, Systole 5. Angiology 6. Pericarditis 7. Tricuspid valve 8. Foramen ovale 9. Polycythemia 10, Lubb 11. Hepatic portal vein 12. Blood Capillaries 13. Pulmonary artery 14, White blood cells 15. Venules 16. Portal vein 17. Atrial systole 18. Tricuspid valve 19. Atrial systole 20. Pericardial fluid D. Short Answer Type Questions-I [2 Marks] 1, What are the functions of blood plasma? Ans. Functions of blood plasma: © It helps in the transport of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, nutrients ete. @ It plays a role in the clotting of blood e It maintains the blood pH. © It protects the body against pathogens. © It regulates body heat. © It regulates the osmotic pressure of the blood. 2. State the differences between Universal donor and Universal recipient. Ans. Differences between universal donor and universal recipient: Universal donor Universal recipient (a) It can donate blood to any ABO blood | (a) It can receive blood from any ABO blood group, group. (b) The universal donor is Type O. (b) The universal donor is Type AB. (c) It lacks antigen A and antigen B on their| (c) It contains both types of antigen on their red cells. red blood cells. Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination3. Why is the SA node called the pacemaker of the heart? ‘Ans, Sinoatrial node (SA node) is located in the right atrium. It has the inherent ability to generate a wave of contraction and to control the pace of heartbeat by producing electrical signals much similar to those produced by nerves. Therefore, it is known as the pacemaker of heart. 4. Why is there no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the human heart normally? Ans, Human heart is four chambered, comprising two atria and two ventricles. These chambers are separated by a muscular wall called septum that prevents the mixing up of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The wall between the left and the right atria is the inter-atrial septum and the wall between the left and the right ventricle is the inter-ventricular septum. These septa help in preventing the mixing of blood in the right and left parts of the heart 5, Write the difference between arteries and veins. ‘Ans, Differences between arteries and veins: Arteries Veins (a) An artery is a vessel which carries blood | (a) A vein is a vessel which conveys the blood away from the heart towards any organ. away from an organ towards the heart. (&) Artery has thick muscular walls (b) Vein has thin muscular walls. (©) It has a narrow lumen. (c) It has a broad lumen. (@ There are no valves. ~~ |@ Thin pocket-shaped valves are present in the veins. 6 ‘Ans. The closed circulatory system is more e! even with a higher blood pressure and uses less blood for higher and faster distribution of oxygen and nutrients, This allows the organism to move, digest and eliminate wastes more quickly. Also, due to the efficient distribution of antibodies, immune responses are much stronger and, therefore, help the body to fight off infection more powerfully. Why js the closed circulatory system more efficient than the open system? jent than the open circulatory system as it operates 7. Write the differences between haemoglobin and chlorophyll. Ans. Differences between haemoglobin and chlorophyll ~ Haemoglobin Chlorophyll (@) It is a respiratory pigment that transports | (a) It is a light-capturing pigment which oxygen from the lungs across the body| facilitates light absorption during parts photosynthesis. (b) It is red in colour. (b) Itis green in colour. (©) The central ion is iron. (©) The central ion is magnesium. (@) Itis found in human blood (@) It is found in green plants and algae. 8. Why does the left ventricle posses a thicker wall than the right ventricle? Ans. The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than those of the right ventricle because it is from this chamber that the blood is pumped with great force through aorta to various other parts of the body. Goyal ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 79. What is the double circulation? Ans. In human beings, oxygenated blood is received by the left atria while deoxygenated bood i received by the right atria, which then pass it on to their respective ventricles. This preven, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This unique pathway is called douby circulation. 10. What are the materials carried by the blood? ‘Ans, Following are the materials carried by the blood: ¢ Hormones ~ from endocrine glands to the target organs @ Metabolic waste ~ from body cells to excretory organs @ Oxygen — from lungs to cells @ Carbon dioxide ~ from body cells to lungs © Digested food ~ from intestines to body cells © Minerals and biomolecules — from one part of body to the other through blood corpuscles 11, State differences between arteriole and venule, Ans. Differences between arteriole and venule: Arteriole Venule a (a) The smallest or final branch of an artery is | (a) The smallest united branch of capillaries called an arteriole. is called a venule. (b) They are highly muscular. (b) They are less muscular. (©) Arteriole breaks up into capillaries. (c) They unite to form larger veins. 12. Select the odd one in the following () RBC, WBC, Blood platelets, Histone. (ii) Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Semilunar, Foramen ovales. (ii) Artery, Vein, Capillary, Nerve. (iv) Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils, RBC (v) Prothrombin, Thrombin, Fibrinogen, Albumin, Ans. (i) Histone: RBC, WBC and blood platelets are blood corpuscles while histone is a protein that is present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids. Foramen ovale: The foramen ovale is a small aperture located in the atrial septum during the embryonic phase of life while tricuspid, bicuspid and semilunar are valves found in the heart (iii) Nerve: A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres running to various organs and tissues of the body while artery, vein and capillary are three types of blood vessels. (iv) RBC: RBC is a non-nucleated red coloured cell while monocytes, lymphocytes and basophils are types of leukocytes or WBCs (¥) Albumin: Albumin is a plasma protein while prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen are blood coagulating factors. Examination Goyal’: ICSE Biology Question Bank with MIP Class 10 for Semester-213, Write the differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation. ‘Ans. Differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation a) It involves circulation of blood between | (a) It involves circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. the heart and the body organs (except Jungs). to receive oxygen. organs. heart. heart. (by It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs |(b) It carries oxygenated blood to the body {@) It retums oxygenated blood back to the] (c) It retums deoxygenated blood back to the 14. What does the heart do? ‘Ans. The heart is a pump, usually beating about 60 to 100 times per minute. With each heartbeat, the heart sends blood throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen to every cell. After delivering the oxygen, the blood returns to the heart. The heart then sends the blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. This cycle repeats over and over again. 15, What are the three types of blood circulation in human body? ‘Ans. The three types of circulation are @ Systemic circulation. Coronary circulation. ¢ Pulmonary circulation, 16. Distinguish between the systole and diastole, Ans. Differences between systole and diastole: systole Diastole (a) The contraction of cardiac (heart) chambers is called systole. (a) The relaxation of cardiac (heart) chambers is called diastole. | peereeseas — (6) Blood is pumped out of the cardiac | (b) Blood is received in the cardiac chambers. chambers, (©) The valves are closed to prevent back (c) The valves are opened to allow e1 The pened to allow entry of blood. 17. Why is it necessary to know the blood groups before blood transfusion Ans, During blood transfusion it is necessary to know the blood groups because it is important that the blood groups of the donor and the recipient are compatible. In case of an incompatible blood transfusion, the recipient develops antibodies that attack the antigens present on the RBCs of the donor causing the blood cells to clump together which may result in death.18. State structural differences between white blood cells and red blood cells. Ans, Structural differences between white blood cells and red blood cells: | White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells 4| (a) White blood cells are amoeboid. (a) Red blood cells are minute biconcave, | | disclike structures. (b) They are nucleated cells. (b) They are anucleated cells: (c) Haemoglobin is absent in red blood cells. | (c) Haemoglobin is present in red blood cells. 19. State differences between antibodies and antibiotics based on their sources. Ans. Differences between antibodies and antibiotics based on their source, Antibodies Antibiotics They are medicines extracted from some bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics destroy or | inhibit the growth of pathogens. They are produced by lymphocytes in response to the entry of pathogens in bloodstream. 20. State differences between serum and vaccine based on their composition. Ans, Differences between serum and vaccine based on their composition: Serum | Vaccine The plasma from which the protein fibrinogen | Vaccine is killed or living weakened germs has been removed is called serum. which are introduced in the body to stimulate the production of antibodies against pathogens | for a particular disease. E. Short Answer Type Questions-I! [3 Marks] 1. Define circulatory system? Describe the human circulatory system in brief. Ans. The system that transports nutrients in the body and collects waste materials for disposal is the circulatory system. Circulatory system of humans Humans have a closed circulatory system, Blood pumped by the heart always flows through a closed network of blood vessels. Human circulatory system consists of blood, a muscular, four- chambered heart and a network of closed, branching blood vessels-veins, arteries and capillaries. (@ Heart: In human beings, the heart is a muscular organ. It is divided into four chambers— right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle, and left ventricle, The walls of these chambers are made up of a special muscle called myocardium, which contracts continuously and rhythmically to distribute blood to all the body cells (ii) Blood : Blood is a red coloured connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and consists of RBCs, WBCs and platelets. Blood carries other substances around the body, in- side arteries, veins and capillaries. These include gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), waste products (water and urea), hormones, enzymes and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals), oO Goyal’: ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination(ii) Blood vessels : Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood from the heart and supply it to various organs of the body. The arteries away from the heart (i.e., on reaching organs and tissues) divide into smaller vessels. The smallest vessels called capillaries have very thin walls. [Arteries are red in colour because they carry oxygenated blood, Capillaries (in organs and tissues) join together to form veins. Veins collect blood from different organs and tissues. Veins are thin-walled as compared to arteries. This is because they bring back blood from the organs to the heart and blood is no longer under pressure. These veins carry deoxygenated blood into the heart. 2. What is double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary? ‘Ans. In human beings, the blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle, i.e. the blood passes through the human heart two times to supply once to the whole body. So, it is called double circulation of blood. The (i) (ii) double circulation of blood includes: Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation It is necessary for a human being to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood because this makes their circulatory system more efficient, supply energy and maintains constant body temperature, 3. Give a brief of s\ ystemic and pulmonary circulation. Ans, Systemic Circulation Systemic circulation transfers oxygenated blood from the left ventricles to capillaries in the tissue. The oxygen-rich blood is passed to the aorta for distribution into various body sections. The veins and venules later absorb the deoxygenated blood, rich in carbon dioxide from different parts of the body. The deoxygenated blood is transferred back to the superior vena cava, then on to the right atrium, The right atrium transports blood to the right ventricle for pulmonary circulation after receiving the deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary Circulation The distribution of blood starts in the pulmonary circulation from the right atrium to the left atrium. The pulmonary artery receives the blood from the right ventricle and carries it to the lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood is pumped back to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein, that is brought to the left ventricle to pump into the aorta. 4, How does the heart beat? Ans. How the heart beat is controlled by a system of electrical signals in the heart, The sinus (sinoatrial) node is a small area of tissue in the wall of the right atrium. It sends out an electrical signal to start the contracting (pumping) of the heart muscle. This node is called the pacemaker of the heart because it sets the rate of the heartbeat and causes the rest of the heart to contract in its rhythm, Govals ICSE Biology Question Bank wih MTP Clas TO for Santer? Examination TrOne complete heartbeat is made up of two phases: (@) The first phase is called systole. This is when the ventricles contract and pump blood ity the aorta and pulmonary artery. During systole, the atrioventricular valves close, creating the first sound (lub) of a heartbeat. When the atrioventricular valves close, it keeps the blood from going back up into the atria. During this time, the aortic and pulmonary valves are open to allow blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. When the ventricles finish contracting, the aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. These closing valves create the second sound (dub) of heartbeat. (b) The second phase is called diastole. This is when the atrioventricular valves open and the ventricles relax. This allows the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria, and get ready for the next heartbeat, 5. Define the following terms : (a) Circulatory system (b) Blood (©) Heart (4) Diapedesis (e) Phagocytosis (8) Rh factor Ans. (a) Circulatory system: The circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances in human beings and is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and blood capillaries. (b) Blood: Blood is the circulating fluid contained in the heart and in the blood vessels such as arteries, veins and capillaries of the circulatory system (©) Heart: Heart is the muscular pumping organ which pushes the blood around the body and has different chambers such as right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle to prevent the mixing of oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide rich blood. (@) Diapedesis: Diapedesis is the squeezing of leucocytes through the wall of capillaries into the tissues. (©) Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is the process in which most WBCs and particularly the neutrophils engulf particle-like solid substances, especially bacteria (8) Rh factor: Rh factor is an inherited antigen often found on the blood cells. Some individuals shave these antigens and are thus Rh positive (Rh+) while others who do not have this antigen are Rh negative (Rh-). 6. Explain circulatory: system of human. Ans. Humans have closed circulatory system. Heart, blood vessels and blood are the major components of circulatory system. The heart has four chambers. Two atria and two ventricles. The blood vessels are of three types ~ arteries, veins and capillaries. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the different parts of the body. The deoxygenated blood is retuned back to the heart via veins. Lungs receive the deoxygenated blood from the heart via pulmonary artery. Lungs oxygenate the blood and return to the heart by pulmonary veins. Blood Circulation : The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood by the vena cava (collection of veins), The right atrium contracts and pumps the blood to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood via pulmonary arteries to lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood from the lungs moves to the heart via pulmonary veins. From pulmonary veins, blood enters in the left atrium and then left ventricle. Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 ExaminationFrom left ventricle, blood goes to aorta which comes out of the heart and breaks into arterioles and distribute the oxygenated blood to different organs of the body. 7. show the circulation of blood in humans with the help of a labelled diagram only. ‘Ans. Lungs . & 2 Pulmonary vein] 3 Pulmonary 8 artery : z @ Left atrium Right arrium Right votricle Left ventil] § Vena cava ara é a ‘Other body parts [iDeoxygenated blood Bf Oxygenated blood 8. State the three kinds of blood vessels found in human beings with the help of a suitable diagram. ‘Ans. The three kinds of blood vessels found in human beings are arteries, veins and capillaries. toheart from heart (a) Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the various parts of the body. (b) Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood from the body parts to the heart, (©) Capillaries are the smallest of the body's blood vessels. These are the terminal branches of ‘an artery, which rejoin to form a vein. A capillary is a very narrow tube whose walls are made up of a single cell in thickness. Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination B9, Differentiate among arteries, veins and capillaries. ‘Ans. Differences among blood vessels, arteries, veins and ca laries = Arteries Veins Capillaries (a) Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body. Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. They help to connect arteries ang veins in addition to facilitating the exchange of certain elements between blood and tissues. (b) Areeries are strong, flexible blood vessels that are able to expand and contract. Veins are less flexible than arteries. | Capillaries are very tiny blood ves. sels, so small that a single red blood cell can barely fit through them. (c) Have thick and more muscular walls. and less muscular Have 1 walls. (d) The blood flows with jerks and under great force. The blood flows smoothly under little pressure. The walls of the capillaries are very] thin, only one cell thick. | | They allow oxygen and nutrients to flow to nearby tissues. 10. You can see some blood vessels on the outside of the hands especially in older people. Are those veins or arteries? How can you confirm your answer? Ans. The blood vessels that we see on the outside of hands especially in older people are the veins because arteries are deeply buried in the s! in with several layers. Veins are superficially present outside the skin. In older persons, the skin becomes loose as the fat below becomes less with age and vessels passing through these areas especially on the outside of the hands become prominent. The veins are thin and less muscular. These carry the blood to the heart 11. What are open and closed circulatory system? Give two advantages of closed vascular system. Ans, Open Circulatory System: © Blood flows in open tissue spaces, the sinuses, without proper walls. © Blood is in direct contact with the tissue cells. © Exchange of materials occurs directly between blood and tissue cells, Closed Circulatory System: © Blood flows in closed tubes, the blood vessels, with definite walls. © Blood does not come in direct contact with the tissue cells. © Exchange of material between tissue cells and blood occurs through tissue fluid. © Occurs in annelids and vertebrates. Advantages (any two) of closed circulatory system over an open culatory syste © Closed system has continuous vessels hence able to generate high pressure © Circulates blood over a longer distance © Circulates blood at a faster rate © Efficient transport of nutrients and waste products 12. Give reasons. (a) The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle. (b) The walls of right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle. (©) Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting. Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 ExaminationAns. (a) The left ventricle pumps blood to the farthest points in the body such as the feet, the toes and the brain against the gravity while the right ventricle pumps the blood only up to the lungs. Therefore, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle. (b) The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation whereas the right auricle receives the blood from vena cavae and passes it to the right ventricle. Therefore, walls of the right ventricle are U er than those of the right auricle (c) The mechanism of blood clotting involves the presence of calcium and other clotting factors. Thrombokinase activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator, The enzyme prothrombin activator then converts plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin, Thrombin is the enzyme which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin, Polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a clot at the wound site. The prothrombin is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin. Hence, Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting, F. Structured Questions 1. (a) Given alongside is a diagram of the human heart showing its internal structures. Label the parts marked 1-6. B] (b) Answer the following questions. 21 (i) Which types of blood is carried by the blood vessel marked 2? (ii) Name the main artery which takes the blood from the heart to different parts of the body. (iii) Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygen- ated blood from the body? (iv) Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? Ans, (a) 1. Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava 3. Left pulmonary vein 4. Right auricle 5. Left auricle 6. Left ventricle () (i) Deoxygenated blood is carried by the blood vessel marked 2 (ii) Aortic arch (Aorta) is the main artery which carris to different parts of the body. oxygenated blood from the heart (iii) Right Atrium in the chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body. (iv) Left Atrium in the chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination is2. Given alongside is a diagram of the human heart. Observe it and answer the following questions: 5 (i) Name the parts 1 to 4, 2 (ii) Write the function of part 2. (2) (iii) Differentiate between parts 3 and 4, 2) superior (iv) Give a characteristic feature of part 5, [2] vena cava Ans. (i) 1. Aorta 2. Coronary arteries 3. Dorsal aorta 4. Inferior vena cava (ii) Coronary arteries arise from the base of aorta and they supply the blood to the heart muscles, (iii) Dorsal aorta arise from the left ventricle and supply the blood to all the lower parts of the body. Inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body including legs and abdomen, (iv) Pulmonary artery is the only artery which carries deoxygenated blood in human body. 3. The diagram given alongside represents a blood smear. Answer the questions given below— (i) Identify A, B and C. GB] (ii) State an important function of each. B) (iii) Differentiate between A and B. (21 (iv) State two important characteristics of B that enable it to carry out its function. 2] Ans. (i) A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) B. White Blood Cells (WBCs) C. Platelets (i) RBCs contain haemoglobin which has an affinity for oxygen. So RBCs transport the oxygen from lungs to the tissues. WBCs form antibodies hence defend the body against germs. Platelets help in clotting of blood. «ii)| RBCs [wees | (@) The mature RBCs are devoid | (@) The WBCs are nucleated having | of nucleus, mitochondria and different types (shape) of nuclei | endoplasmic reticulum. | | (6) They have an average life-span of |_| (b) They have an average life-span of a 120 days, few days. | (c) They carry ‘oxygen and form (c) They produce antibodies hence oxyhaemoglobin defend the body against germs (d)_ They are produced in red bone (d)_ They are produced in red bone marrow. _| marrow and lymph nodes. (iv) (a) Amoeboid movement of leucocytes (WBCs) help them to engulf the bacteria or germs. (b) Lymphocytes (a type of WBCs) help in resisting the infections, So these are a major constituent of the immune system. Goval’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 ExaminationPumonary nen 0 Ononoenated oxygenated Blood Postenee Hepat vein o Renal vein Hing Limbs | (a) Name (i) to (iv) blood vessels. (b) Give the function of blood vessel (iv). (c) Name the valves present in the heart and mention their function. ‘Ans. (a) (i) Pulmonary vein (ii) Hepatic artery (iii) Renal artery (iv) Hepatic portal vein (b) The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the spieen and (c) Human Heart has four type of valves (2) 2] 2] strointestinal tract to the liver. (1) Tricuspid valve, guards the opening between the right auricle and the right ventricle. (2) Bicuspid valve, guards the opening between the left auricle and the left ventricle. (3) Aortic semilunar valves, located at the point of origin of aorta from the left ventricle and are three in number. (4) Pulmonary semilunar valves, located at the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and are three in number and carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, 5. The diagram below represents a section of the human heart. Answer the questions that follow: C ——3o— Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 ExaminationAns. (a) Name the following: (i) Which parts of heart are in the diastolic phase? Give a reason to support your answer. [2] (ii) Label the parts numbered 1 and 2 in the diagram. What type of blood flows through them? [2] (iii) What causes the heart sounds ‘LUBB’ and ‘DUBB"? 2) (iv) Name the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. 2) (v) Draw neat labelled diagrams of a cross section of an artery and a vein. Q) (i) Ventricles are in diastolic phase. It is because the heart muscles relax and the ventricles fill with blood. (ii) 1. Pulmonary artery : It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. 2. Pulmonary veins : They carry oxygenated blood from left lung to the left atrium. (iii) The sound *LUBB' is produced when the tricuspid and bicuspid (atrio-ventricular) valves get closed at the start of ventricular systole. ‘The sound ‘DUP’ is produced when at the beginning of ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves at the roots of aorta and pulmonary artery get closed. (iv) Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. Extemal layer (Connective tissue) ) Artery Vein 6. The following diagram represents the human heart in one phase of its functions. Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow : 2] (i) The given phase. (ii) Which part of the heart is contracting in this phase? Give a reason to support your answer. ~ Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semes ‘Examination(b) Name the parts labelled 1 to 4. P) (c) Answer the following, BI (i) What type of blood flows through +2"? (ii) State the function of the part numbered ‘5° (iii) Name the membrane that covers the heart ‘Ans. (a) (i) Ventricular systole (i) Ventricles or ventricular muscles are contracting in this phase because the atria relax, (b) 1 — Pulmonary artery, 2 — Aorta 3 — Mitral valve (Atrioventricular valve) 4 — Aortic valve (c) @ Through aorta (2) oxygenated or pure blood flows. Pulmonary valves (5) are pocket shaped. They let the blood pass into pulmonary artery when open. But when closed they produce the sound *DUBB" to prevent flow of blood back into ventrick (ii) Pericardium 7. (i) Mention the site of exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells. (21 (ii) Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. [3] (iii) Define pulse. py ‘Ans. (i) Capillaries. Exchange of materials takes place in the capillaries between blood and surrounding cells. i) Pulmonary artery to Lungs Pulmonary lungs capillaries vein from lungs Aorta to ‘Vana cava: oo from body Capillaries in body organs apart from the lungs ‘Transportation and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (iii) Pulse : Pulse is the rhythmic and alternate contraction and relaxation of the wall of the artery during ventricular systole. It can be felt in certain areas like the wrist. The pulse rate is same as the rate of heart beat 8. Given below a schematic diagram of the human blood circulatory sytsem. On the basis of it answer the following questions. (a) Which part represents the heart? Give reason in support of your answer, 2 (b) Which numbers represent the following respectively? BI Aorta © Renal Vein © Hepatic portal vein © Stomach © Pulmonary artery © Dorsal aorta Goyal’: ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 19INTESTINE | Ans, (a) The heart is represent by 3. It is because the two blood vessels are entering the heart anterior vena cava and posterior vena cava. The blood vessels leaving the heart are pulmon. artery (to lungs) and aorta to the all other body parts (b) The organs/blood vessels with their numbers are — 5-Aorta 8-Renal vein 7-Hepatic portal vein 10-Stomach 1-Pulmonary artery 11Dorsal aorta 9. The diagram below shows part of the capillary bed in an organ of the human body. Some the blood arriving at the capillaries at points labelled A, moves out into the spaces between 1 tissue cells. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow Arterole J— Ato end ‘of Capilary ‘Network Tissue Cele Capitary Network Venue (Avrows indicate Direction of Fld Flow) 20 Goyal’: ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examinatic(a) When the liquid from the blood surrounds the cells, what is it called? 2] (b) Name any one important component of the blood which remains inside the capillaries and fails to move out into the spaces. 21 (c) Some of the liquid surrounding the cells docs not pass directly back into the blood but eventually reaches it by another route through vessel X. Name the fluid present in vessel x. 2] (d) State two important functions performed in our body by the fluid present in the vessel X. [2] Ans. (a) It is called tissue fluid. (b) WBCs (White blood cells or leukocytes) remain inside the capillaries. (©) The fluid in vessel X is the lymph. (d) Funetions of Lymph (i It supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where blood cannot reach. (i) Lymphocytes and monocytes cells of lymph defend the body by removing bacteria from the tissues. Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 21— 2 The Excretory System Summary @ It is very essential that the waste substances are removed from the body and proper ionic balance within the body is maintained. ¢ Removal of toxic and unwanted wastes from the body of an organism is called exretion. The process of maintaining the right amount of water and proper ionic balance in the body is called osmoregulation @ Various organs are present in humans to get rid of waste are lungs, skin, kidney and liver. + Lungs: For excretion of carbon dioxide and water vapour produced during respiration. Carbon dioxide produced during respiration in cells is carried by ~ (i) haemoglobin in the blood, and (ii) water in which it gets dissolved. CO, from the surface of the lungs is removed by exhalation during breathing, salts and excess water by means of sweat glands present in the For excretion of liquid wastes, such as urine. The kidneys are part of a set of organs known as the urinary system. st gland in the body and ‘or removing urea, bile pigments and toxins; liver is the la Liver is a detoxifying gland. The lungs are a pair of spongy. air-filled o: trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller branches (bronchioles). finally becoming microscopic. (thorax), The ns located on either side of the ches Sweat glands are coiled tubular structures vital for regulating human body temperature. Humans have two types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine, © Ecerine sweat glands are abundantly distributed all over the skin and mainly secrete water and electrolytes through the surface of the skin. @ The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body © The kidneys also make hormones that help control blood pressure and stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells. © Internally, a kidney has three regions — an outer cortex, a medulla in the middle, and the renal pelvis in the region called the hilum of the kidney. The cortex is granular due to the presence of nephrons. The cortex and medulla are composed of masses of tiny tubes called nephrons. Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney © The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney; it is also the point of exit for the ureters. © Each nephron is a long tubule (extremely fine tube) that is closed, expanded, and folded into a double-walled cuplike structure at one end, This structure, called the renal corpuscular capsule, Govals ICSE Biology Question Bank with MIP Class 10 for Semester? Examination's capsule, encloses a cluster of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) called the Around one million tiny tubes (nephrons) are found in the kidneys that returns nutrients, fluid and other substances that have been filtered trom the blood, but the body needs, back to the blood. The remaining fluid and was © in the renal tubules become urine. Oxygenated blood comes to the kidneys om the right and left renal arteries of the abdominal aorta. Deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the right and left renal veins that run into the inferior vena cava, Ultrafiltration is the removal of fluid from a patient and is one of the functions of the kidneys that dialysis treatment replaces. Ultrafiltration occurs when fluid passes across & semipermeable membrane (a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others) due to a driving pressure. Water absorption in the kidney is controlled by the hormone vasopressin which is a peptide very similar in structure to oxytocin ntration gradients, While much of the reabsorption and secretion occur passively based on cone: the amount of water that is reabsorbed or lost is tightly regulated. This control is exerted directly by ADH and aldosterone, and indirectly by renin. Most water is recovered in the PCT, loop of Henle and DCT. Urine consists of water, urea (from amino acid metabolism), nic salts, creatinine, ammonia, typically and pigmented products of blood breakdown, one of which (urochrome) gives urine i yellowish colour. Abnormal constituents of urine are sugar, proteins, blood. bile salts, bile pigments and ketone bodies, It is observed in Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus. Addison's disease, Chronic pro- like caffeine, alcohol ete. gressive renal failure, excess water intake, intake of diuretic The regulation of urine output. The rate of urine production is regulated by varying the amount of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in different parts of the nephron. Normally, 90% of about 180 L daily filtered is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and Henle's loop. Kidne; reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate in kidney tubules, which is controlled by hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, s play a very important role in human osmoregulation by regukiting the amount of water such as and angiotensin IL The water and osmotic concentration of blood is maintained by the kidney. This phenomenon is known as osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body's fluids, which are composed of water plus electrolytes and non-electrolytes. An electrolyte is a solute that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. Kidneys are called osmoregulators since they play a very large and important role in human osmoregulation, They regulate the amount of water in urine. The process of purifying blood by the use of an artificial kidney is called dialysis Antificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also, refer to renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development The amount of water reabsorbed depend upon: (a) How much excess of water is there in the body, and (b) How much nitrogenous wastes need to be exereted out The fluid flowing in the tubular part of nephron is urine, which gets collected in collecting ducts of nephrons. ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester. 2 Examination© These collecting ducts together leave the kedney at a common point by forming the ureter, @ Each ureter drains the urine in the urinary bladder where it is stored until the pressure of exe panded bladder leads to an urge to pass it out through urethra ‘@ The bladder is a muscular structure which is under our nervous control. Question Bank A. Multiple Choice Questions [1 Mark} 1, The basic functional unit of the human kidney is (a) exon (b) nephron (©) cilia (@) neuron 2. The Krebs-Henseleit cycle is a sequence of biochemical reactions that take place in (a) brain (b) liver (c) urinary bladder (d) lungs 3. Bowman’s capsule is located in — (a) Cortex (b) Henle's loop (©) Bladder (d) None of the above 4. The is the point where two or three major renal calyces join together. (a) Renal pelvis (b) Urethra (c) Bowman's capsule (d) None of the above 5. The tubes made up of smooth muscle fibres that transport urine to the bladder from the kidneys are (a) Renal Papilla (b) Urethra (c) Ureters (d) None of the above 6. Nitrogenous wastes excreted through urine in humans is (a) Trimethylamine oxide (b) Ammonia (©) Uric Acid (d) Urea A distensible, hollow, muscular sac located in the pelvis, just behind the pubic bone is (a) Bowman's capsule (b) Urinary bladder (ec) Ureter (@) None of the above 8. The _____synthesises most of the excretory compound in humans and is eliminated Chrgug hee eee (a) Liver, Urine (b) Kidneys, Urine (c) Liver, Bile juice (d) None of the above 9. The part of nephron responsible for the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine is (a) Bowman's capsule (b) Ureter (c) Loop of Henle (a) None of the above 10. The cone shaped kidney tissues are — (a) Renal pyramids (b) Renal pelvis (c) Renal calculi (@) Renal vasculitis 11. The cells present in the Bowman’s capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus are (a) Zymogenic cells (b) Enterochromaffin-like cells (©) Parietal cells (@) Podocytes 12. A condition characterised by the presence of red blood cells in the urine is called (a) Haematoma (b) Haematuria (c) Haematemesis __(d) None of the above 13, The yellow pigments _ formed after dead blood cells are processed in the liver. They are also primarily responsible for the yellow colour of urine, (a) Zeaxanthin (b) Urochrome (c) Carotenoids (d) None of the above 4 produces urea as the excretory substance in the human body. (a) Kidneys (b) Liver (©) Urinary bladder (4) Digestive system 15. A network of tiny blood vessels located at the beginning of a nephron is (a) Renal calyces (b) Renal pyramid (c) Bowman's capsule (d) Glomerulus Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination16. A substance that cannot pass through semipermeable walls of glomerulus is (a) Globin (b) Albumin (©) Blood cells (d) All the above 17. The reason why the right kidney is slightly lower than the left is (a) the left kidney is bigger than right (b) considerable space occupied by the heart (c) considerable space occupied by the liver on the right side (@) the right kidney is bigger than the left 18. Kidneys in the human body extend from this level (a) Sth thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumbar vertebrae (b) 8th thoracic vertebrae to 12th lumbar vertebrae (©) 10th thoracic vertebrae to Sth lumbar vertebrae (@) 12th thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumbar vertebrae 19. This pressure facilitates filtration while urine is being formed (a) filtrate hydrostatic pressure (b) osmotic blood pressure (0) capillary hydrostatic pressure (d) all of these 20, What happens if the proximal convoluted tubule is removed from nephron? (a) urine is not formed (b) quality and quantity of urine is unaffected is more diluted (c) urine is more concentrated CO) 21, Excretion primarily involves (a) removal of all byproducts during catabolism (b) removal of byproducts during anabolism. (c) removal of nitrogenous wastes (a) throwing out excess water. 22, Maximum amount of water from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in (a) proximal convoluted tubule (b) descending limbs of loop of Henle (6) ascending limbs of loop Henle (d) distal convoluted tubule 23. Which one of the following in real sense is NOT an excretory activity? (a) Giving out carbon dioxide (b) Passing out faecal matter (c) Sweating (d) Removal of urea 24, In human, urea is formed in (a) ureter (b) liver (©) spleen (d) kidney 2, The filtration units of kidney are called (a) ureter (b) urethra (c) neurons (d) nephrons 26. Choose the correct path of urine is our body (a) kidney —> ureter —> urethra > urinary bladder (b) kidney — urinary bladder -> urethra > ureter (c) kidney > ureters —> urinary bladder —> urethra (@) urinary bladder > kidney — ureter > urethra 27. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for (a) nutrition (b) respiration (©) excretion (d) transportation Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 2528. Match the words of Column (A) with that of Column (B) 1 S.No. | Column (A) Column (B) A Phloem (i)_| Excretion B_| Nephron (ii) [Translocation of food | C_[Veins (ii) [Clotting of blood D_ [Platelets (iv) [Deoxygenated blood (a) Ai), Bi), Civ), D-(iii) (b) Ai) B-(ii), C-{iii), Div) (© Ail), Bi, CC), D-fivy @ Avy Bei), Ci), D-@ Answer 10) 20 3@ 4 @ 50 6@ 7206) &@ %© 10) IL (b) 12. (b) 13.) 14.) 15.) 16.4) 17.0) 18.(d) 19.@) 20. @) 21. (Cc) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24, (b) 25. (d) 26.(c) 27. (c) 28. (a) B. Fill in the Blanks [1 Mark] 1. __. the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism, 2. Nitrogenous waste in urine is in the form of and 3. The unit of human kidney is called 4. Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a ___ effect $. During micturition, the urinary bladder, and the urethral sphincters _, and 6. Malpighian carpuscles are found in _ of kidney, 7. Blood enters the glomerulus through the _ arteriole and leaves via the arteriole. 8. Two counter-current systems formed in the kidney are the ____and the = 9. Sweat serves to eliminate mainly and Answer 1. Excretion 2. Urea, uric acid 3. Nephron 4, Cooling 5. Contract and relax 6, Cortex 7. afferent, efferent 8. Renal medulla, renal cortex 9. Water, salt C. Name the Following [1 Mark] Three nitrogenous wastes of our body . Three organic wastes of our body, . Three inorganic wastes of our body. |. Three main parts of our urinary system ns 2. 3. 4 5. Six main parts of a nephron, 6. Three stages of urine formation. 7. Three types of fluids in different parts of a nephron 8. Animals which excrete ammonia 9. ). Animals which eli late urea. Goval’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination10. Animals which excrete uric acid. 11. Organ which produces urea, 12. Functional unit of kidney. 13. Organ which stores urine. 14. Organ where ultrafiltration occurs, 15, Ornithine 16. The smallest functional unit of the kidney is yycle operates in 17. A condition of failure of kidney to form urea is called 18, Vitamin excreted through urine in mammals is 19. Narrow apex of pyramid in kidney is called Answer 1. (a) Urea (b) Urie acid (©) Ammonia 2. (a) Urea (b) Uric acid (c) Creatinine 3. (a) Common salt (NaCl) (b) Iron (c) Calcium 4. (a) Kidney (b) Urinary bladder (c) Ureter 5. (a) Bowman's capsule (b) Glomerulus (©) Renal capsule (d) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (e) Loop of Henle () Distal convoluted tubule (OCT) 6. (a) Ultrafiltration (b) Reabsorption (c) Tubular secretion 7. (a) Glomerular filtrate (b) Glomerular filtrate with glucose and sodium (c) Urine 8 Ammonotelic 9. Ureotelic 10. Uricotelic 1. Liver 12. Nephrons 13. Urinary bladder 14, Glomerulus of the kidneys 15. liver 16. Nephron 17. Anuria 18. Vitamin C 19. column of Bertini D. Short Answer Type Questions-I [2 Marks] 1. Most of the aquatic animals are ammonotelic in nature but not the terrestrial forms. Give reasons. Ans. Ammonia need Water, terrestrials animals adapted to produce less toxic nitrogenous wastes like uric acid and urea. In ureotelic animals, ammonia released as a result of metabolic activities is converted into creted by the kidneys. a large amount of water for its removal as it is the most toxic, To conserve urea in their liver and released into the blood that is filtered and ex lomerular filtrate is not the same as urine. 2. Explain why the composition o Ans. When the volume of the filtrate is compared with that of the urine that is formed per da which is about 180 litres and 1.5, Litres respectively, it can be concluded that 99% of the filtrate needs to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules, the phenomenon is referred to as reab- sorption. Substances such as amino acids, Na, glucose are actively reabsorbed in the fi hence are not found in urine. 3. What is the remedial measure advised for the correction of acute renal failure? Explain briefly ‘Ans, The ultimate method for the correction of acute renal failure is kidney transplantation. The kid- ney is transplanted from a donor having a functional kidney, a close relative preterably, so that chances of rejection by the host i mune system are minimised. P Class 10 for s Goyal ICSE Biology Question Bank with4. Why unit called an artificial kidney? the hemodialy | kidney by eliminating urea from the blood of the patients caused due to 1g unit after Ans. It acts as an artific failure of the kidney. Blood is drained from the artery and pumped into the dialysi addition of heparin. 5. Define the following terms with examples? (a) Ammonotelic organisms. (b) Uricotelic o Ans. (2) Ammonotelic organisms: They are the organisms which exerete nitrogenous waste sub- stances in the form of ammonia. Ammonotelic organisms include — Bony fishes, Sepia, Octopus ete. (b) Uricotelic organism: in the form of uric a nisms. nous waste substances They are the organisms which excrete nitrog id. Uricotelic organisms include lizard, insects, birds et. 6. What are Ureotelic Organisms? Ans. Ureotelic organism: form of urea. Ureotelic organisms include cartl and mammals including humans. 7. Def (a) Excretion — (b) Excretory organs They are the organisms which excrete nitrogenous waste substances in the fish, few bony fishes, adult amphibians ne the following Ans. (a) Excretion: The process of removal of unwanted and harmful metabolic waste substances 1S called excretion. (b) Exeretory organs: The organs which remove these unwanted and toxic substances from the body are called excretory organs. 8. Write a short note on (a) Dialysis (b) Nephron Ans. (2) Dialysis: The process of removing waste products and ex dialysis. Dialysis is necessary when the kidneys are not able to adequately filter the blood. It allows patients with kidney failure a chance to live productive lives. (b) Nephron: Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of the kidney ted tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before ss fluid from the body is called It consists of a glomerulus and its assoc emerging as urine. 9. Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help af a diagram, Ans, Malpighian body (renal corpuscle) 28 Goval ICSE Bi ngs Question Bank with MIP Class Semester-2 Examination10. Why is excretion necessary? ‘Ans, It is very essential that the waste substances are removed from the body and proper ionic balance within the body is maintained. If the waste substances are not removed, they may poison cells or may slow down metabolism. 11, Draw a well-labelled diagram of a nephron. Ans. Renal arteriole Renalarterole cieiah ane (Aiferent aterol) t wee) Bowman's 4 capsuls (Malpighian capsule) Jomeruls| Collecting tubule (econd or distal Convoluted tubule) Collecting tubule (first oF proximal Collecting duct convoluted tubule) * Structure of a nephron 12, In summer season less quantity of urine is produced than in winter. Explain. ‘Ans, In summer season sweat production is increased as the sweat glands absorb water from the sur- rounding blood vessels. Therefore, the blood becomes thicker and more concentrated with solutes. Hence, less urine is formed and urination is less frequent. Also, the urine is much thicker. 13, Define excretion. Write the four organs of human urinary system in their correct sequence. ‘Ans. The process of removal of unwanted and harmful metabolic waste substances is called excretion, The four main organs of urinary system from above to downwards in human are: 1. Kidney 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra E. Short Answer Type Questions-II [3 Marks] 1. State one function of each of the given parts— (i) Renal vein (ii) Collecting tubule (iv) Henle’s loop (v) Liver (vi) Skin Ans, (i) The renal vein carries the deoxygenated blood but free of toxic substances from the kidney to the heart (ii) The collecting tubules fuse to form common ducts which release the urine into the renal pelvis and then into the ureter. (iii) Urine is expelled from the bladder as a result of the simultaneous contraction of the bladder sphincter. (iv) The Henle’s loop absorbs a large amount of water and sodium ions during urine formation. (v) Bile pigments are broken down in the liver and excreted with the bile into the small intestine. (vi) The sweat glands of skin remove salt, water and traces of urea. ) Bladder sphincter Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 2»2, How does tubular secretion help in maintaining ionic and acid-base balance in body fluids? ‘Ans, During urine formation, the tubular cells secrete substances like H*, K* and ammonia into the filtrate, Tubular secretion is also an important step in urine formation as it helps in the mainte- nance of ionic and acid base balance of body fluids. © PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of hydrogen ions, ammonia and potassium ions into the filtrate © DCT is also capable of selective secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions and NH, to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood. © Collecting duct also plays a role in the maintenance of pH and ionic balance of blood by the selective secretion of H* and K* 3. Aquatic animals generally are ammonotelic in nature whereas terrestrial forms are not. Comment. Ans. Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, terres- trial adaptation necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urca and uric acid for conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotclic animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys, 4. The composition of glomerular filtrate and urine is not same. Comment. Ans. A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 litres per day) with that of the urine released (1.5 litres), suggest that nearly 99% of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This process is called reabsorption. For example, substances like glucose, amino acids, Na*, ete., in the filtrate are reabsorbed actively so, these substances are not present in urine. 5. What is the procedure advised for the correction of extreme renal failure? Give a brief account of it. Ans. Kidney transplantation is the ultimate method in the correction of acute renal failures (kidney failure). A functioning kidney is used in transplantation from a donor, preferably a close relative, to minimise its chances of rejection by the immune system of the host, Modem clinical proc dures have increased the success rate of such a complicated technique 6. How have the terrestrial organisms adapted themselves for conservation of water? Ans, Terrestrial adaptation necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and urie acid for conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine animals, Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys. Some amount of urea may be retained in the kidney matrix of fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureote some of these animals to maintain a desired osmolarity. Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects exerete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals. 7. Draw a. diagram to show the given parts (organs). (i) Afferent arteriole (ii) Efferent arteriole (ii), Bowman's capsule (iv), Glomerulus 0 Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester—2 Examination eee rrrrrLhrhLrLdhL rrr Lr LhLr,rhL—sC Cc“4 Ans, % Bowman's Afferent f capsule arteriole one Glomerulus Efferent ty arteriole 8. How the net filtration pressure is obtained? ‘Ans. The pressure of blood in afferent arterioles is (+ mm Hy 75). This is opposed by the ae pressure of plasma proteins by (-) 30 mm Hg and intertubular pressure of (~) 20 mm Hg. The net filtration pressure is (+) 25 mm Hg that acts in glomerular filtration as a driving force. About 180 liters of glomerular filtrate is produced in 24 hrs which is nearly 4-6 times the total fluid in the human body. 9. List some important functions of kidneys? Ans, Kidneys play a vital role as follows: (a) It removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood (b) It regulates fluid balance, between intake and fluid loss (c) It removes drugs, penicillin, poisons, ete. from blood. (d)_It maintains acid-base (pH) balance (e) It regulates electrolyte balance, (0) It controls blood pressure. 10. Differentiate between ureter and urethra, Ans. Ureter Urethra (a) It is a muscular tube. It is a membranous tube. |b) It is long. It is short (©) Itarises from the renal pelvis. | It arises from the urinary bladder of the kidney. | (a) It carties urine to the urinary| It eliminates stored urine of the bladder, exterior. jeter is found. | Muscular sphincter keeps urethra closed except for micturition. (0) These are two in number: It Sa single in each individual, 11. How does the excretion of uric acid take place in birds and reptiles? ‘Ans, In birds and reptiles, uric acid is formed mostly in the liver, transported to the kidneys through blood. It is separated by renal tubules and temporarily stored in cloacae. Water is absorbed by Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 31cloacal walls, needing only a minimum amount of water for excretion. In birds, urine is elimi- nated in a paste-like form along with faeces. 12, Name and state in brief the processes involved in the formation of urine. Ans. The formation of urine requires three distinct processes (a) Ultrafiltration : In the glomerulus mechanical filtration or ultrafiltration occurs. Water + and small solutes are filtered while all solids and large molecules are retained. The filtrate flowing through the tubule contains water, mineral salts, glucose, amino acids and nitrogenous waste products. (b) Selective Reabsorption : In a normal adult, about 120 ml of filtrate is formed in the kidneys every minute, Thus, as the filtrate passes through the tubule, a selective reabsorption of useful materials occurs. This means that usefuul materials are taken back into the bloodstream. Most of the water is reabsorbed by osmosis. Some mineral salts and, in a normal individual, all the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed through the walls of the tubule into the sur rounding blood capillaries. This takes place by active transport (requires energy). (©) Tubular secretion : This process is the reverse of tubular reabsorption. In this the proximal convoluted tubule removes waste materials from the blood and pass these into the filtrate by the process of secretion. Uric acid, ammonia, urea, creatinine and some other molecules are removed by the process of tubular secretion. 13. Differentiate between the renal cortex and medulla. Ans. Difference between: t Renal Cortex Renal Medulla (i)__| It forms the outer region of the kidney. | It forms the inner region of the kidney. (ii) | It is dark red in colour It is light red in colour. | Gii) | It contains the malpighian corpuscle, | It contains elements of Henle’s loop and the proximal and distal parts of the | the collecting tubules. [ renal tubule 14. Differentiate between afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole. Ans, Difference between: Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole @ | Formed by the branching of the renal | Formed by the fusion of glomerular | artery. capillaries. (ii) [Its diameter is twice as thick as the | Its diameter is two times narrower | efferent arteriole than that of the afferent arteriole. (iii) | It brings in blood which contains large | It carries away blood that is relatively amounts of water and nitrogenous | thicker and free of toxic wastes. metabolic wastes. : : 15. What is the role of lungs in excretion? Ans. Role of Lungs in Excretion The excretion refers to the removal of unwanted substances that are undesirable and are present in excess amounts in our body. Lungs perform the function of removing the carbon dioxide from the body which is a gascous waste, All the cells of our body are constantly involved in metabolic reactions. Due to this certain wastes like carbon dioxide are continuously formed and are collectively brought to the lungs through blood. From there such wastes are released out by the expiration process. Thus lungs play an important role in excretion. 2 Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination16. What is the role of skin in excretion? ‘Ans. Role of Skin in Excretion Glands of skin (soft epidermal derivatives of skin) are also involved in excretion. There are different glands present in the skin, The following are some glands involved in the excretion process by skin. (a) Sweat Glands These are simple coiled tubular glands. They maintain the temperature of the body by re~ leasing sweat which causes a cooling effect. Sweat has a small amount of urea in addition to the extra water thus in a way sweat glands are also involved in excretion. (b) Sebaceous Glands These are the glands which are associated with hair follicles and their secretion is called sebum, which is not a watery secretion. These are originated from epidermal cells which are microscopic and exocrine glands. Sebum lubricates skin and hair. Some of the lipid wastes are released in sebum from these glands of the skin. F. Structured Questions 1. Look at the figure given below. It is a section of human kidney as seen from the front Medulla (a) What is the given structure? Name the parts numbered 1-5. 3] (b) Which area/part (give its name and number given on the diagram) which contains the following: B] () Malpigl (ii) "The pyramids" to The blood vessel with least or no nitrogenous waste n capsule (iii) Freshly collected urine Ans. (a) It is a longitudinal section of the human kidney. I-cortex, 2-renal vein, 3-renal artery, 4-pelvis, S-ureter, (b) (i) Cortex (ii) Medulla (iii) Pelvis 2. Given below is the figure of certain organs and associated parts in the human body. Study the same and answer the questions that follow: (a) Name all the organ-systems shown completely or even partially. 2 (b) Name the parts numbered | to 4. 2 (©) Name the structural and functional unit of the part marked ‘1’, Name the two main organic constituents of the fluid that flows down the part labelled ‘2°. 2) . (d) Name the two major steps involved in the formation of the fluid that passes down the part labelled *2° 2] Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination == 33Ans (a) Excretory system and Circulatory system, (b) (1) kidney, (3) renal artery, (2) ureter, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethera (©) ¢ Nephron © Urea and ammonia (4) Ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption (3) 3. Study the given diagram and answer the questions that follow: Renal arteriole Renal arteriole (efferent arteriole) (Aferent arteriole) [ i Bowman’ eo omerulus (Malpighian Collecting tubule capsule) (second or aista convoluted tubule) Collecting tubule (fitst or proximal ‘convoluted tubule) Collecting duct Loop of Hen (a) Where does ultrafiltration take place? (6) Which structure contains the lowest concentration of urea? (c) Which structure contains the highest concentration of urea? (d) Which the structure (normally) contains the lowest concentration of glucose? (e) Where is most water reabsorbed? (f) State the reason for the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus. ev] Goyal’: ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination‘Ans, (a) In glomerulus. (b) Efferent arteriole (c) Afferent arteriole from renal artery (d) Collecting tubule (e) Proximal convoluted tubule with blood capillaries (The efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole. This creates a high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus. Cortex 4. Given alongside is a simplified diagram of the human kidney cut open longitudinally. Answer the questions that follow (a) Define exeretion. 2) (b) Why does the cortex of the kidney show a dotted ap- pearance? Why does the medulla of the kidney show Pelvis a striped appearance? 2 (c) Write two differences in composition of the blood flowing through the blood vessels, 'A' and 'B'. [2] ‘Ans. (a) The process of removal of chemical wastes especially nitrogenous waste from the body is known as a excretion. (b) As the cortex region contains numerous nephrons or kidney tubules, therefore, it shows a dotted appearance. As the medulla region contains several conical pyramids, therefore, it shows a striped appearance. (c) The blood vessel 'B is renal artery and the blood vessel 'A' is renal vein. So the blood vessel 'B' contains oxygenated blood with high concentration of urea and glucose whereas the blood vessel 'A' contains deoxygenated blood with low concentration of urea and glucose as compared to renal artery. 5, Study the diagram given and then answer the questions that follow: (a) In which region of the kidney the above structure is found? 2 (b) Label the parts indicated with 1, 2, 3, and 4 2 (©) Name the stages involved in the formation of urine 2 (d) What is the technical term given to the process occurring in 2 and 3? Briefly describe the process. BI Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination 5‘Ans. (a) The structure is a Bowman's capsule, which is a part of the nephron. ‘The Bowman's capsule is found in the cortex of the kidney. (b) 1 ~ Afferent arteriole 2 — Glomerulus 3 — Bowman's capsule 4 — Efferent arteriole (c) Urine formation occurs in two steps — ultrafiltration and reabsorption. (@) The process occurring in 2 and 3 is known as ultrafiltration. In the glomerulus, the blood flows under high pressure because of the narrow lumen of the capillary network of the glomerulus. This forces most of the components (both waste and useable materials) of the blood out of the capillaries. This process of the filtration of blood under high pressure in the Bowman's capsule is known as ultrafiltration, 6. The diagram given below represents an organ system in the human body. Study the same and answer the questions that follow a (ii) (ii) (iv) Ans. (i) (ai) %6 ty Identify the system of human, Name the structural and functional units of the part marked 1. 2 Label the parts marked 2 and 4. Mention the function of part 5 ipa] What is the fluid that accumulates in part 3? Which is the main nitrogenous waste present in it? QI Draw a neat, labelled diagram showing the longitudinal section of part 1 3] Excretory system of human, Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney. 2 — Ureter 4 — Sphincter muscles 5 — Urethra carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body, Goyals ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination(iii) Urine. Urea is the main nitrogenous waste present in urine. i Cortex Papia Longitudinal section of the human kidney 7. (a) Define (2) (i) Excretion, (ii) Ultrafiltration, (b) Write a short note on: BI (i) Osmoregulation (ii) Dialysis (iii) Tubular secretion ‘Ans, (a) (i) Excretion : The removal of waste products (toxic metabolic wastes) formed in the body, produced by metabolism and the substances present in excess, is called excretion. If the waste products are not removed, they may poison cells or may slow down the metabolism. (ii) Ultrafiltration : The filtration, taking place under tremendous pressure is called ultrafiltration, Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus. Water and small solutes are filtered while all solids and large molecules are retained. (b) () Osmoregulation : The process of control of water content and concentration of ions in the body is called osmoregulation, Osmoregulation is brought about by kidneys. Osmoregulation is very important as the blood plasma should be maintained at the right concentration. (ii) Dialysis : Dialysis is a process of separating small molecules from larger ones using a semipermeable membrane: in the kidneys and the glomeruli act as semipermeable dialysis bags. In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney machine works on the to purify the blood. principle of dialy (ii) Tubular Seeretion : This process is the reverse of tubular reabsorption. In this the proximal convoluted tubule removes waste materials from the blood and pass these into the filtrate by the process of secretion. Urie acid, ammonia, urea, creatinine and re removed by this process of tubular secretion. ules some other mol Gopal TE Bogs son Ban vi NTP Cla TO or Semester? Eamon 78. The diagram given below is that of a structure present in a human kidney. Study the same and answer the questions that follow : (i) Name the structure represented in the diagram. [1] (ii) What is the liquid entering part ‘1’ called? Name two substances present in this liquid that are reabsorbed in the tubule 2] (iii) What is the Muid that comes to part *2° called? Name the main nitrogenous waste in it. 2] (iv) Mention the three main steps involved in the formation of the fluid mentioned in (iii) above BI) (v) Name the substance which may be present in the fluid in part '2' if a person suffers from Diabetes mellitus. [1] Ans. (i) The structure represented in the diagram is a nephron. (ii) Glomerular filtrate. Water and glucose present in this liquid, are reabsorbed in the tubule. (iii) The fluid that comes to part '2' is urine. ‘Urea’ is the main nitrogenous waste 1n it. (iv) Three main steps involved in the formation of urea are — ¢ Ultrafiltration, the mechanical filtration in the glomerulus. @ Selective Reabsorption of usefull substances at the proximal convoluted tubule. Tubular secretion at the distal convoluted tubule. (v) Glucose 9, (i) Draw a diagram of an excretory unit of human kidney and label the following Bowman's capsule, Glomerulus, Collecting duct, Renal artery Bl (ii) Write the important function of the structural and functional unit of kidney. e) (iii) Write the functions of an artificial kidney. 2) Glomerulus Bowmanis capsule Ans. (i) Tabular pact of Branch of vein $— Collett duct Capillaries Uriniferous tubule with blood vessels i Gaal CSE Biology Question Bank vith MIP Class TO for Semester-2 Examination(ii) Functions of nephrons © It regulates the level of metabolites and electrolytes. @ Nephron also helps in the maintenance of blood pH. © Nephrons also control the blood pressure of blood. @ It maintain the level of salts, glucose, urea, water and other minerals in one’s body. (iii) Function of artificial kidney miful wastes, extra salts and water, control blood pressure. @ Helps to remove hi © Maintain the balance of sodium, potassium, salt in a patient whose kidney have tailed. BI 10. (a) Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label the following (i) part in which urine is produced (ii). part which stores the urine iii) part which connects (i) and (ii) (iv) part from which urine is passed out (b) Name the factors on which the amount of water reabsorbed along the tubular part of nephron 2) depends on? Renal vein Renal artery a) (Kidney vein) (Kidney artery) ) on | | Cy l¢$— + Urinary Bladder \/ | | (vrei i iW | (i) Kidney (ii) Urinary bladder (iii) Ureter (iv) Urethra (b) The amount of water reabsorbed depends on the quantity of excess water in the body and on the quantity of dissolved waste to be excreted ass 10 for Semester-2 Examination U8 ICSE Biology Question Bank wren The Nervous System and Sense Organs Summary The cells and the organs of the body do not work independently ~ their activities are coordinated, which means they work together, carrying out their various fu tain times and certain rates, according to the need of the body. \ctions at c: Coordination in mammals is achieved through two systems — nervous system and endocrine em, each with their own particular role. The nervous system deals with the rapid and short lasting responses, where as the endocrine ystem brin; about slower and long lasting responses. Nervous system consists of cells and tissue in multicellular animals. It conveys the information between sensory cells and organs. Functions of nervous systems are — To control and coordinate various body activities—both voluntary and involuntary. nt of the body. e + To regulate the internal environm + To react to the environment through the sense organs, It enables us to remember, to think and to reason out. All outside stimuli are perceived by the nervous system through the sense organs. ins and related diseases. ites, and axon * Neurology is the scientific study of nervous system and the receptor o1 Each neuron mainly consists of three distinct regions — the cell body, dend Cell body (Perikaryon) : Each cell body or eyton contains a well defined nucleus and nucleolus surrounded by a granular cytoplasm, NissI’s granules are rich in RNA and concerned with protein synthesis are prominent. Common cell organelles like lysosomes, mitochondria and golgi complex are found in cytoplasm. Only centrosomes is absent in nerve cell because these cells have lost the ability to divide The cell body controls the metabolisms in the axon and dendrites Dendrites are actually highly-branched extensions of the cytoplasm of the cell body. The fine branching nature of dendrites allows them to reach the tiniest part of the body from where they conduct nerve impulse to cyton Axon is a single long, thin fibre highly specialised to co neuron or muscular or granular tissue. Axon vary in length from millimeters in brain to a meter or more between the spinal cord and toes. duet nerve impulses away from the ‘Axon is enclosed in a multi-layered sheath called myelin sheath. Axon without myelin covering is called a non-myelinated axon Nodes of Ranvier are the non-myelinated Sensory (Afferent) Neurons transmit impulses from receptors to the brain and spinal cord. These are called afferent fibers. Motor (Efferent) Neurons carry messa efficient fiber to various organs. Connector neurons interconnect the sensory and motor neurons and are located in the brains aps between the segments of myelin sheath zes/instruction from the brain to the spinal cord through and the spinal cord Gonads ICSE Biology Question Bank with MIP Class TO for Semester? Examination aUnipolar neuron has a single and very short fiber. These fibres immediately divid and distal fiber. Dendrites are absent. Bipolar neuron has just two region: In multipolar neuron, the cyton is branched at many points, thus forming many poles. Synapse is a junction (region) between two neurons where information from one neuron is transmitted to other neuron without any protoplasmic connection. xon and dendrons. @ Central nervous system coordinates all neural functions. Human brain is protected by the cranial bones and meninges. The brain weighs approximately 1400g. Voluntary Action: These are the actions which need thinking and are performed knowingly i. these are controlled by conscious thought. e.g., : Speaking to a friend, writing a letter ete. Involuntary Action: These are not under the control of the will of an individual and are automatic response to @ stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain. It occurs without the conscious choice of an organism, e.g., : Touching a hot plate unknowingly, Reflex action: It is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus. e.g., Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot object. ¢ impulse’ passes during reflex action is called . Reflex are: The pathway through which nei reflex arc icc. it is pathway through which the reflex action occurs. Stimulus ——> Receptor Organ——>—— * (Skin) [Spinal Cord Eg. Heat Response <— Effector Organ ——<— (Muscles) E.g. withdrawal of hand ¢ Response : Responses are of three main types (a) Voluntary: Controlled by fore brain, e-g., talking, writing, (b) Involuntary: Controlled by mid and hind brain. eg., heart (c) Reflex action: Controlled by spinal cord. e.g.. withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object. ‘© Need of Reflex Actions: In some situations such as touching a not object, pinching etc. we need to act quickly, otherwise our body would be harmed. Hence, this response is generated from spiration. , Vomiting, re spinal cord instead of brain. lem of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into ¢ Human nervous system: The nervous sy the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system PNS). Human Nervous System a Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (cns) (PNS) v y y Brain Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves (Arise from (Arise from the bain) the cord) a (ovals ICSE Biloay Question Bank with MIP Class Ti for Semesier-> ExaminationForebrain, ¢ Human brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It has three major parts midbrain and hind brain, (a) Fore-brain: It is the most complex or specialized part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum, The main functions of forebrain are as follows : (i) Main thinking part of the brain, (i) Control the voluntary actions (iii) Store information (memory), (iv) Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and integrate it. (¥) Itis the center associated with hunger (6) Mid-brain: Controls involuntary actions (©) Hind-brain: It has three parts: () Cerebellum : Controls posture and balance, precision of voluntary actions. e.g., picking pen (ii) Medulla : Controls involuntary actions. e.g., blood pressure, salivation, vomiting (iii) Pons: Controls voluntary actions and helps in regulation of respiration. © Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure and a part of the central nervous system. It is made up of nervous tissue that extends from medulla oblongata in the brain stem to the lumbar region of vertebral column. It functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals. ¢ Human eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of about 2.3 cm. ¢ Most of the refraction for the light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the cornea. 's merely provides the finer adjustment to focal length required to focus. The crystalline le The ability of the eye to focus both near and distant object, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye. g from this defect can see distant objects clearly but cannot © Hypermetropia ~ A person sufi see nearby objects clearly. Myopia — A person suffering from this defect can see nearby object clearly but cannot see the far away object clearly. have an eye defect known as astigmatism, in which light from a point-source © A person may produces a line image on the retina. ffering from this defect can not see in all directions equally well ie., he cannot see multaneously. This condition arises either when the cornea or the @ A person 5 vertical and horizontal line s alline lens both are not perfectly spherical. cry: © Astigmatism can be corrected by using lenses having different curvatures in two mutually perpendicular directions ie. cylindrical lens of human eye, due to which an old person sight. not read and write © Presbyopia is a dete: comfortably. That is why presbyopia is also called old. © Sometimes, eye lens of the person becomes hazy (even opaque). This is called CATARACT, As a result, the vision of the eye decreases, sometimes leading to total loss of vision. © Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. 2 Examination Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester@ Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is the decreased ability to see color or differen color, People by birth cannot distinguish between certain color such as red and green: © Night blindness (nyctalopia) is the inability to see well at night or in poor light, It is often associated with an inability to quickly adapt from a well-illuminated to a poorly illuminated environment @ Detachment of reti tis a is an eye problem that happens when the retina (a light-sensitive layer of sue in the back of your eye) is pulled away from its normal position at the back of the eye. arts — the outer car, the middle ear In mammals, the car is usually described as having three and the inner ear. The outer ear is called the pina, which leads to audio canal. Pinna collects the sound wave and directs them to ear canal tapes is the smallest bone found in human body. Malleus, stapes and incus are collectively called the ear ossicles. eee ee The inner ear or membranous labyrinth comprises the cochlea, semicircular canal and the vestibule, Question Bank A. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark] 1. Nervous system consist of + (a) brain (b) spinal cord (d) all of these 2, Which of the following statements is/are correct about cerebellum? (a) It regulates the muscular movement for locomotion, (b) [tis a part of brain. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None 3, Nissl’s granules are rich in (a) DNA (b) mRNA (©) eDNA (d) RNA 4, Axon is enclosed in multilayered sheath called (a) myelin sheath (b) perikaryon (c) dendrites (d) unipolar neuron 8, Cell body of neuron is also known as (a) axon (b) cyton (c) bipolar neuron (d) synapse 6. Which nerves are attached to the brain and emerge from the skull? (a) Cranial Nerves. (b) Spinal Nerves. (©) Thoracic Nerves (d) Sacral Nerves Forebrain consists of (a) optic lobes (b) medulla (©) cerebellum () cerebrum 8. Which is the largest part of the brain (a) Cerebellum (b) Cerebral peduncles (c) Cerebrum (d) Medulla 9, Name the system that controls every activity that you do? (a) Nervous System (b) Exocrine System (©) Endocrine System (d) Respiratory System 10. What is the unit of nervous system? (a) Brain, (b) Spinal Cord (c) Neuron (d) Nerves Goval’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester—2 Examination aa 11. A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons over which nerve impulses pass when going fom one neuron to the next is called : (a) Neurotransmitter (b) Synapse (©) Axon (d) None of these 12, In our body involuntary actions are controlled by (a) Medulla in Hindbrain (b) Medulla in Forebrain (c) Medulla in Spinal Cord (@) Medulla in Mid! 13. Thos z rain are called: G@) Stimulus (b) Cerebral reflexes (¢) Spinal reflexes _(d) Reflex are 14, Pons, cerebellum and medull reflex actions which involve br ft are part of which brain? @ Forebrain (b) Midbrain (c) Hindbrain (d) None of these 15. Spinal cord originates fiom which part of the brain ? (a) Cerebellum (b) Medulla (©) Pons (a) Cerebrum 16. A human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens, This is due to (a) persistence of vision (b) nearsightedness (c) accommodation (d) farsightedness 17. Cinematography makes use of: (a) accommodation (b) persistence of vision (c) least distance of distinct vision. (d) bifocal lens system 18. The human eye forms the image of an object at its: (a) cornea (b) pupil (©) itis (d) retina 19, The change in focal length of an eye lens to focus the image of objects at varying distances is done by the action of the : (a) pupil (b) retina (c) ciliary muscles (d)_blind spot 20. It receives sound vibrations and passes to the ear drum (a) outer ear (b) middle ear (c) inner ear (d) eustachian tube 21. In human the life processes are controlled and regulated by (a) reproductive and endocrine system (b) respiratory and nervous system (c) endocrine and digestive system (d) nervous and endocrine system 22. In a neuron, conversion of electrical signal to a chemical signal occurs at/in (a) cell body (b) axonal end (c) dendritic end (@) axon 23. Electrical impulse travels in a neurons from (a) Dendrite — axon — axonal end + cell body (b) Cell body > dendrite — axon — axonal end (©) Dendrite -> cell body —> axon ~» axonal end (d) Axonal end > axon — cell body —> dendrite 24. The brain is responsible for (a) thinking (b) regulating the heart beat (©) balancing the body (d) all the above 25. Posture and balance of the body is controlled by (a) cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c) medulla (a) pons Goyal’s ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination26. Involuntary actions in the body are controlled by (a) medulla in fore brain (b) medulla in mid brain (c) medulla in hind brain (d) medulla in spinal cord 27. Which of the following is not an involuntary action? (a) Vomiting (©) Heart beat (b) Salivation (d) Chewing Answer . 1.@ 2© 3@ 4a) 5b) 6a) 7) 8&() 9%) 10. () ui.) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (©) 5. (b) 16. (c)_ 17. (b) 18.) 19.(c) 20. (d) 2. @ 22. (b) 23. (©) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (6) 27.0) B. Fill in the Blanks {1 Mark] 1. Each cell body contains a well defined nucleus and Only centrosomes is in nerve cell. The cell body controls the in the axon and dendrites. with the myelin covering is called axon . Human brain in protected by cranials and __ . Cerebrum is divided in the ri 3. 6. 7. Hypermetropia can be corrected by using __ 8. The retina contains about == number of rod cells that receive light signals, 9, In order to correct astigmatism we use __ lens. 0. 10, Ear drum is also called Answer 1. Nucleolus 2. Absent 3. Metabolism —_ 4. Dendrite 5. Meninges 6. Cerebral halves 7. Convex 8. 125 millions 9. Cylindrical 10. Tympanum C. Name the Following {1 Mark] |. The insulating sheath covering the axon is called . A nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers It controls reflex action, What is responsible for controlling the body temperature? The basic structural and fi tional unit of bri . The fluid that is present inside and outside the brain. . The part of brain which is concerned with memory GovalsTCSE Biolog Question Bank wih MTP Class T for Semester ‘umination 58. The central space of the brain, 9. Write the full form of CSF. 10, Write the full form of CNS. 1. Write the full form of PNS. 12, Write the full form of ANS. 13. Which part of the eye is grafted in a needy patient from a donated eye? 14, Which part of the car is shaped like a snail shell? 15, The three parts of ear contributing in hearing. 16. The region in the eye where the rods and cones are located. 17. The photosensitive pigments in the rods of the retina. 18. The part of the eye responsible for its shape. 19. The photoreceptors found in the retina of the eye. 20. The nerve which transmits impulse from ear to the brain. Answer 1. Neurolemma 2, Mixed nerve 3. Spinal cord 4. Hypothalamus 5. Neuron 6. Cerebrospinal fluid 7. Cerebrum 8. Ventricle 9. Cerebrospinal fluid 10. Central Nervous System 11. Peripheral Nervous System 12, Automatic Nervous System 13. Cornea 14, Cochlea 15, Eustachian tube, tympanum, utriculus 16. Retina 18. Cornea 19. Rods and cones D. Short Answer Type Questions-! [2 Marks] 1. How does the nervous system work? Give a suitable example, Ans. The messages traveling in your nerves are sent through billions of nerve cells called neurons. ‘The spaces between these cells are called synapses. The cells are linked to one another through chemicals called neurotransmitters that move across the synapses to the next neuron. This process continues until the message reach to the right place. For example, if you step on something sharp, the nerves in your foot send a message from neuron to the neuron up to your central nervous system that tells about the pain. Your brain and spinal cord respond with a message to your foot: Pull away now. 2. Give the divisions of nervous system. Ans. The nervous system is divisible into three regions: (i) Central nervous system: Includes brain and spinal cord. (ii) Peripheral nervous system: Includes spinal and cranial nerves. (iii) Autonomic nervous system: Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. 46 Goyal’: ICSE Biology Question Bank with MIP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination | emer3. Explain autonomic nervous system in brief? ‘Ans, The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. 4, What are the functions of tears ? ‘Ans. The functions of tears: (i) To lubricate the surface of eye. (ii) To wash away dust particles. (iii) To help in killing germs. (iv) To communicate emotions 5, Name the part of the human brain which is concerned with the following: (1) Seat of memory (2) Coordinates muscular activity. ‘Ans, (1) Cerebrum (2) Cerebellum. 6. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye? Name the muscles of the eye responsible for the same. Ans. The power of accommodation of the eye is the process of adjusting the focal length of the lens according to the near or distant objects. The ciliary muscles attached to the lens controls its curvature and alters its focal length. 7. What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision? ‘Ans, For a human eye with normal vision the far point is at infinity and near point is at 25 em from the eye. 8. A student has difficulty in reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from? How can it be corrected? Ans. The child is suffering from myopia. The child should use concave lens of suitable focal length. 9. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye? ‘Ans. The eye lens of a normal eye forms the images of objects at various distances on the same retina. Therefore, the image distance in the eye remains the same, 10. The human eye can focus objects at different distanc lens. Give the reason. s by adjusting the focal length of the eye Ans, Human eye can change the focal length of the eye lens to see the objects situated at various le due to the power of accommodation of the eye lens. distances from the eye. This is poss 11, What causes the change in focal length of an eye lens, Ans. The relaxation or contraction of ciliai muscles changes the curvature of the eye lens. The change in curvature of the eye lens changes the focal length of the eyes. Hence, the change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of ciliary muscles. 12, What is the least distance of distinet vision for a young adult with normal vision? Ans, The least distance of distinct vision is the minimum distance of an object to see clear and distinct image. It is 25 em for a young adult with normal visions, Goals 13 5 ICSE Biology Question Bank with MIP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination a7 ——— ——————————13. What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision? ‘Ans. The near point of the eye refers to the minimum distance of the object from the eye that can be seen clearly without any strain to the eye. This distance is 2em, for a normal human eye The far point of the eye refers to the maximum distance to which the eye can clearly see the objects, without getting any strain to the eye. The far point of the normal human eye Is at an infinite distance. E. Short Answer Type Questions-I! [3 Marks) 1, What conditions can affect your nervous system? ‘Ans. Your nervous system has lots of protection. Your brain is guarded by your skull, and your spinal Cord is shielded by small bones in your spine (vertebrae) and thin coverings (membranes). They are both cushioned by a clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. Still, things can go wrong with your nervous system. When a disorder damages any part, it affects the communication between your brain, your spinal cord, and your body. Examples of these disorders include ‘* Infections like meningitis, encephalitis, orpolio. © Physical problems like an injury, Bell's palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome. ‘* Conditions like Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer’s disease # Issues with your blood vessels, like strokes, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or subdural hematoma (when blood collects outside your brain, typically after a serious head injury). 2. Explain peripheral nervous system in brief ? Ans. The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions. The anterior horn cells, although technically part of the central nervous system (CNS), are sometimes discussed with the peripheral nervous system because they are part of the motor unit, In the peripheral nervous system, bundles of nerve fibers or axons conduct information to and from the central nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervation of involuntary structures, such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands within the body 3. Elucidate CNS. Ans. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It is one of two parts of the nervous system. The other part is the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The central nervous system is the body's processing centre. The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain. It carries messages to and from the brain via the network of peripheral nerves connected to it. Nerves also connect the spinal cord to a part of the brain called the brainstem. 4. What are the parts of the central nervous system? Ans. The nervous system is made up of basic units called neurons. The neurons are arranged in networks that carry electrical or chemical messages to and from the brain. The tissue of the central nervous system is made up of grey matter and white matter. Grey matter is made B Goyal’ ICSE Biology Question Bank with MTP Class 10 for Semester-2 Examination