Local Governments POINTS TO REMEMBER geal Government : The Local yexnment is a system in which the * nistration of local affairs is entrusted to |* Importance of the Local Governments, representative of the people inhabiting |* Meaning of the C it Pe reality. They know best the local needs Dekicccias kG eae pod aspirations * Why do we need Decentralisation of ortance of LocalGovernment: Local | Power ? porrment play a significant rol par mement play a signi ein solving |+ Stat ete ti fiat problems ofthe people. This institution Ce ene eee oe ne wides opportunity to the peopk eee people to govern |. Basic Features of Rural and Urban them: r Lobel GO-eETA eT Local Governments. ypes of Li ent in India: In |, india Local Governments are of two kinds— iar diana ath Amen crete) Hoi and Rural-Municipal Corporations and |* State Election Commission. State Voniipal Councils run by urban authorities ‘Finance Commission. nd Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishad run by rural authorities. status of Local Government in the Constitution : Local Government did not get due attention in the constitution. The issue of Local Government was left for the State Government. ‘ths issue of local government was added in the chapter of Directive Principles of the State Policy which is non-justiciable and primarily advisory in nature Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Local Goverment : Mahatma Gandhi was a strong supporter of grass root democracy for which he advocated the organisation of local government vwreas, It is because of the wish of Mahatma Gandhiji that the concept of ‘n the chapter of Directive Principles of State Policy. [J Torics OF THE CHAPTER CJ * The Local Governments, inrural and urban local government was introduced i NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS (SOLVED) Many villages would be adversely affected by the steel plant. Gram Sabha of one of the affected villages passed a resolution that éi before establishing any big industries in the, 1. Constitution of India visualised ge Panchayats as units of self- mment. Think over the situation ribed in the following statements and in how do these situations strengthen region, village people must be consulted eaken the Panchayats in becoming and their grievances should be redressed. (®) The Government has decided that all its expenditure would be donet the Panchayats. of local self-government. Government of a state has allowed a big company to establish a huge steel plant. (77)EPH. Consult me SENI 18 ¢ on demanding i hayat hep c (6, AVillage Panchayat Beton ae he for a building for villag oti funds for mofficials turned down the re allocated ing that funds are allo. government ‘her schemes and cannot be proposal say for certain ot! ‘spent otherwise ‘ @ The government divided © © Dungarpur into two and made village Jamuna Dungarpur has ceas' Government's books. ‘A Village Panchayat observed that water Daources of their region are depleting fast. decided to mobilise village youth to da village art of ed to exist in voluntary work and revive the old illage ponds and wells. (a) It is said that many villages would dversely affected by the steel plant. The Bia has passed a resolution against it. fies that the Gram Panchayat was not ied before the steel plant was decided by pvernment. This action of the state ‘will severely weaken the institution passed the resolution that village Minst be consulted and their grievances redressed. It will strengthen the ts as it can now move to courts for a against the unilateral move of the state ent. decision of the state government that its expenditure would be done through will surely help the finances of ats. If the state government does inthe decisions and the priorities , this will strengthen th At the same time the financial ef the local bods on ¢ pode eo sourees of revenue, oe idea for the creation of is that the people their development agen of the demand -school by go a funds for e alloted at ficial ‘and Sohana. Now village | | the cone oR SCHOOL POLITICAL SCIENCE XE (Nag will surely weake schemes, Clas becoming units gp Panchayats in government (qd) There is no mention here, wheg government has divided the village Dy two villages on the recommendatione. Panchayat under which it falls. Ifthe tions, ne this on its own, then surely this. eae Tr anchayati Raj insee has effected division on the recom ‘erned Panchayat. The action: weaken these institutions. (e) The mobilisation of village youth some voluntary work and revive the old: ponds and wells will make the presence, institutions felt. The village people will dewal synitia4 increased respect for the Grarh Panchayat Tif je total © the Panchayati Raj institutions would) jr wome” strengthened. (One Q. 2. Suppose you are entrusted) jp « Gran evolve a local government plan of a stat} packward what powers would you endow to i shan twen Village Panchayats to function as units tie Gram | local self-government ? Mention anyfn} (.) Offic powers and the justification in two ls isthe dist for each of them for giving those powes} is proport Ans. If I am entrusted to evolve a laif Castes to t government plan ofa state, the following} Resery; | Lwould endow to the Village Panchayais! hassignitfc function as units of self-government: (i) Civic Amenities : In the in better health and life of citizens, 6m Panchayats would have the powers 10) Provisions for basic civic amenities. Pasii) Social Welfare Activities: ‘anchayat would keep the records of bi death in the Village, family planning and! i e hodies. welfare ete. (ii) Agrieultu, ral Deve pee and policies related to’ i B fo fae Erne should be (iv) Devel, . Panchayats slopment Works : 0ypRNMENTS (Part-1 Indian Constitution at Work) 179 gaueational work ; The Gram auld be made responsible for the payats ation. I would give the Gram gry odors to open and maintain schools ¢ villages. (c) Before 73rd Amendment there was RO uniformity in the tenure of the Panchayati Raj institution in all the states. But now the term of each Panchayati Raj institution is five years. (d) Before 73rd Amendment in many states, there used to be indirect elections to the ations for the socially Panchayati Raj institutions. But under 73rd ps 28 P the 73rd amendment ? Amendment direct elections are held to the local Hghow these provisions have changed | bodies profile of the leadership at the village (e) Before 73rd Amendment there was no I. reservation of seats in the local bodies for . \ccording to 73rd Amendment Act, | Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. But reserved for the Scheduled Castes and under 73rd Amendment, seats are reserved for aud Tribes in proportion to their | the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in sation in the Gram Panchayat, Panchayat | proportion to their population in Gram ftiand Zila Parishad. Notless than V/3rdof | Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad. pial number of the elected seats reserved (f) Before 73rd Amendment there was no rom nnging to the Scheduled Castes. | reservation of seats for women. But now V/3rd Ip) One seat is reserved for Backward classes | of the total number of seats to be filled by direct ‘mam Panchayat where population of | election in every local bodies are reserved for in the Gram Sabhaareais more | women. y per cent of the total population of (g) By 73rd Amendment provisions have been {Gram Sabha area. made for the establishment of State Finance ic) Offi ‘Sarpanches of Gram Panchayat | Commission district are reserved for Scheduled Castes Q.5. Read the following conversation. the population of Scheduled | Write in two hundred words your opinion the total population of the district. about the issues raised in this conversation. n for the socially backward classes Alok : Our Constitution guarantees equality ntly changed the social profile ofloeal | between men and women. Reservations in local teal bodies have become more | bodies for women ensure their equal share in of the social reality they operate | power. Neha : But itis not enough that women should IQ‘. What were the main differences | be in position of power. It is necessary that the fveen the local governments before 73rd | budget of local bodies should have separate idment and after that amendment? | provision for women. ns, Following are the main differences dayesh: [don't like this reservation business. the local government before 73rd | Alocal body must take care of all people sm He endment and after that amendment. village and that would automatically take care c) Before 73rd Amendment there was no | of women and their interes Hormity in three-tier Panchayati Raj ‘Ans. This conversation is given on the issue Mure. dif Remaatateto tate, But now | of equal’ power of wouidlia gis aammalaaa bates haven ecihns three tier Panchayati | guarantees equality bebweermaaa aad: system, ‘According to Article 16 the State hy rae % e fore 73rd Amendment, Gram Sabbe Cee aet instal mandatory in all the villages But now | 0 * Jendment has made a provision for the story creation of the Gram Sabha. What are the provi 2023/11/6 18:56J.PH. Consult me SI IO! 180 rticle 39 (d) calls for both men and discrimination ions in local bodies - Resoryqual hare of PW? Nea wants te ge: of the local bodies So the separate provision for women and only then the a eeandition will improve. But in Vee w stdayesh, alocal body must take care » asa the village and that would iy take care of women. But here one Mp important that if we find the equal ur for men and women, it is not the women may get the success. togive them some reservations | As we know the women have been our society and the male candidate f them opportunity. If local body of all people in the village that tically take care of women and . But it would not be enough to condition of women. Without hey would not succeed to get the hey would not succeed to make he interests of women. © d the provisions of the 73rd . Which of the following es this amendment address ? rreplacement makes representatives ble to the people. minant castes and feudal land tethe local bodies, on ey isvery high. literate people take decisions about the nent of the village. ive, the Village Pancha: 1yats need ICAL SCIENCE-XI (Ney 0, R SCHOOL POLT fter the 73rd Amendment Ag, ions for women, Scheduled Gag! d Tribes made necessary iven 1/3 reservation i. ‘age Panchayat ete.) at all . have been reserved in fe Castes and: Scheduled Taba of their population. As the has 16.2 percent Scheduled ¢, and 8.2 percent Scheduled Tribes, about) jected members in local bodies are from social groups. This has significantly alters: social profile of the local bodies. The d castes and feudal landlords, who controlleg villages earlier do not wish to give up their po, |?” peopl Thue to this there is some tension and oonhgh 10) ies in the society. as (c) The subjects included in the juri ould of Panchayati Raj institutions are lisly) 2-0) G°¥" Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution, gf rihlesset °° subjects were inserted in this Schedule, wi) «am™nity: was inserted in 1992 by the 73rd Constitutini} 3, (6) The Amendment Act. Education including pris and secondary education is one of these: It is the responsibility of state governmenisi| ii frplemant (hesecompaiee ete (d) The Panchayats have been given: e levy, collect and appropriate such The ; uties, tolls and fees as in accordance with, *® dec provisions made by the State governments Bb}, f7v3sal provisions have also been made for! establishment of a state Finance after every five years to review the fi Panchayats and to make recomme! a what amount of grants to be given ‘anchayats by the State Governments. eae following are the dif Sorensen favour of! Sovernment. Give them ranking xplain why you attach significance to a particular ratior e dsaene ee ‘to you, 0 Panchayat of Ven 2 How? engaivasal @ Government can complete lesser cost with the invo community. (6) AS bodies (Vii the seats Scheduled proportion populationoY INTS (Pa Inne development plans made by the local le will have greater acceptability than ade by the government officers. ow their area, needs, problems ities. By collective participation ould discuss and take decisions js difficult for the common people to it their representatives of the state he national legislature. . The different justifications are given in of the local government. Their ranking be as follows c) People know their area, needs, problems riorities. By collective participation they discuss and take decisions about their life. (a) Government can complete the projects sser cost with the involvement of the local unity (6) The development plans made by the ill have greater acceptability than made by the government officers. (d) lis difficult for the common people to ct their representatives of the state or the al legislature decision of the Gram Panchayat of wvasal village was based on the rationale. ple know their needs and priorities and thould take decision about their life. 8. Which of the following according u involve decentralisation? Why are options not sufficient for tralisation? To hold election of the Gram Panchayat. Decision by the villagers themselves about hat policies and programmes are useful the village. Power to call meeting of Gram Sabha. ‘4 Gram Panchayat receiving the report from the Block Development Officer about Progress of a project started by the state ™mment. -1 :Indian Constitution at Work) (a) It is @ part of involvement bf | (0) Through the election they elect their representatives, who take decisions for the development of the village. (c) Itis also subsidiary in this procedure, (d) The Gram Panchayat, receiving the report from the Block Development Officer about the Progress of a project started by the state government, is the manifestation of the working of decentralisation. Q. 9. A student of Delhi University, Raghavendra Parpanna wanted to study the role of decentralisation in decision making about primary education. He asked some questions to the villagers. These, questions are given below. If you were among those villagers, what answer would you give to each of these questions? A meeting of the Gram Sabha is to be called to discuss what steps should be taken to ensure that every child of the village goes to the school. (a) How would you decide the suitable day for the meeting ? Think who would be able to attend / not attend the meeting because of your choice. @ A day specified by the BDO or the collector (i) Day of the village haat (iii) Sunday (iv) Naag Panchami / Sankranti Ans. According to me the most suitable day is the day on which the maximum participation of the members of the Gram Sabha is ensured. Such a day may not be a day specified by the Block Development Officer or the Collector. On Naag Panchami/Sankranti, many members of the Gram Sabha would be celebrating these festivals. On Sunday, the members of the Gram Sabha engaged in the district offices could easily attend but the women teachers wot my opinion the day of village haat most appropriate as most of the the village on this day to buy or: 2023/11/6 18:56cael POLITICAL SCIENCE-xrqy,, |, co! wy JOR SCHOOL. LPH, Consult me SE 182 was held on Sunday and on thus the teachers did not attend it. A gram s held to discuss the problems conger, village people. It is not heartening ty the Gram Panchayat only discusseq for the organisation of an education ( ite wo (ii) Religious place in the village: | (ii) Dalit Mohalla. (iv) Upper caste Tola (v) Village school. i sue would be the ee ee ae te gobo Cor alland | should have discussed the substantive pu? ». village school, Becaus s i ; e girls’ education, attendance ery body feels it hisvher own. At the r be a | lke 8 is ebucation = ot Pol mal ate school ; site ycceptableto all. Only thevillage | (qi) Imagine your class us the Gram be acceptable to all Discuss the agenda of the meeting and Gram Sabha meeting firstly a | some steps to realise the goal. Vthedistrict collector was read. It ‘Ans. When we consider our classastheg, ans: P22¢ epshould be taken to organise | Sabha, we declare first of all to amas fo crnment what should beits route. | meeting. The agenda of the meeting and develop™ ss about the children | 4. ‘The three t #0 school or about girls’ on Of the school building 1.Gram Ps ol. No women teacher 2. Block Sa s held on Sunday. about these | To discuss the problems of the ghij who never come to school. Poverty alleviation programmes. The condition of the village streets oe wp ince of people’s Cultural programmes. To arrange the funds for the abo} Ans. The th s of E a pan programmes. re the follow ann med as 3 BR cipaton. Yareiy a 8. Conclusion-Lecture by Gram Pradha | !.Gram Sa [MPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION T ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Maas, a aor ent? Q.3. Name the chief local self; pent cans the ies functioning in India. rs i eople. The Local | in Tae =. for passing the building plans of me from the entertainment tax oa cireus, melas, ete 5 What d p> ans of the Panchayati Raj ? nchayati Raj is anew system of local specially meant for the upliftment nent of the villagers. 2.9) Jppay organs of the Panchayati Raj are { fifa Praishad What are the three organs of the Panchayat ? as. The three organs of the Gram Panchayat fhe following: abha Panchayat a Panchayat )7.Mention one function of each of the of the rural local bodies. Or rite atleast one function of (i) The m Sabha (ii) The Gram Panchayat and The Nayaya Panchayat. ns. The Gram Sabha elects the members F Gram Panchayat. ‘ Gram Panchayat works for the “pment of agriculture and cottage industries village ; pac Wt Panchayat. settles. the minor Sof the villagers, Ry What is meant by the term the CorPoration ? What do you know '¢ Mayor of the Corporation ? : ;, Municipal Corporation is a local Mange anised for the big cities like Delhi Panchayati Raj ?Name the | gRNMENTS (Part-I :Indian Constitution at Work) son te-Mayor is the formal head of the Corporation, He is elected for one year by the councillors i.e. members of the Corporation Q. 9. What do you know about ‘State Election Commissioner’ ? (V.lmp.) Ans. For conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj Institutions, the State government is required to appoint a State Election Commissioner. The office of the State Election Commissioner is autonomous. The State Election Commissioner is an independent officer and is worked under the control of the Election Commission of India. Q. 10. What are the three - tier of the Panchayati Raj institutions ? vi Ans, Panchayati Raj may be described as a | complex system of rural self-government in India. The Panchayati Raj System as recommended by Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was been organised on a three-tier structure, Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat or Block Samiti at the block level and Zila Parishad at the district level. Q. 11. Write a short note on District Planning Committee, Ans. There should be a district planning committee established at district level in each state. This committee will prepare the draft of the developmental planning of the whole district combining the Panchayat planning and ‘Municipalities planning. - Q. 12. Write two provisions of 73" Amendment. Ans. (1) According to 73% Amendment the tenure of Panchayats in all the states is five years, (2) In all the institutions of 2. To promote and encourage institutions in the village.{JPH.Consult me spENIORSCHOUY= +—~— » 154 : : ce social 3. Tohelpthe rural people and reduce se!" | Corpora ' & Ind economicinjustiee ore me pe df eee roblems ™ ve the followin ‘ tO Sad frntertainment ax, Va ies Ts @ coffective! e cia | ohh rs it , squnctions of Zild | professional Tax, —00iS a itaaam of AEA, Write any threo function Protevalof Building Plans, Blectrictyty ek functions of Zila Parishad | from,Governm nt, House Tax. ip ‘Ans. The three functions @. 16. Describe any two defec, are Panchayati Raj. 1 To supervise and reat the ‘ans. 1. Elections to. ae ¥ f Panchayat Samitis of th 2 e : ‘A J Eee a uducts of Panchayat | S28 are marked by violence, con ; 0 approve, he ous casteism. th a ; >. Most of the Panchayats work iiisice achayat Samitis with | Jeqdership of the rich people and they wa si their interests. = ' ORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS) ‘ note on the compo- 3. He obtain cash grants from the . limp.) | Government for the development of the : : Be ain 4. He isa link between the State: : ° in the | and th r i Bicguirertnds | gy of theta oup of villages. Every . He makes plans for the welfaredg eresident of the village village. ; Bosco, of ageda'a Q. 4. What is the idea behii . hin i In short, we can | of Nyaya Panchayats ® vases ' of the Gram Panchayat. | functio: ee e Panchi chayat formed? Write a short note on Nyaya P iyat is formed by the * leofavillage. B Ans, Nyaya Pa i i mate Sob got, | tailtonal methods is for the vila es pla | dine is. It is for the vill members of the pt and cheap justice. and their head is Over 3 to 5 G " ri meted for three | me Nyaya Panchaga Thon ae ofmembers a person, it cannot anise ny othe Wat muaveandatthe | Nyaya Panchayat ae have a lady | Diwani and criminal Cuca o Sbelonging to | send any body ; Q.5, functions of the | Gram SabieGOVERNMENTS (Part-2 : Indian . ‘dian Constitution at Worky e Gram Sabha passes the annual budget ayat and give, me Re ’s it approval, bha gives suggestions to th culture and small scale industry in the ares * @. 6. Explain briefly the need and the ;nportance of local bodies, Need of local bodies = The local a vital role in the development Only the local People of an area and problems better and only lution to these problems. Its importance : When the co-operation people becomes available, the task te easier, in fact the co-operation of “ople is ensured, only through the local Ans. How does village community prepare better citizens? illage community prepares better e following manner villagers help and co-operate one ne joys and sorrows of their village are more tolerant and co-operative neighbours. illagers come to know about their Juties from the very beginning and y careful in performing their duties. re more loyal towards the society cribe the composition of Gram ram Panchayat is the executive of Sabha. The members of the Gram Yanchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. Every “dult who is a resident of the village has got the ote in the Panchayat elections. Any ‘ter who is 18 years of age can contest the p{vtion and become a member of the Gram ‘nchayat. The tenure of the Gram Panchayat “five years in different states. .9. Describe the composition of Finance fOmMission of States. What are its metions ? ‘Ans. The state are required to “PPoint a State France Commission every | {oars. The main function of the commission is to examine the financial position of the local Governments and make recommendations for strengthening of their finance. It has to review the distribution of revenues between the state and local governments on the one land and between the rural and urban local governments on the other. The setting up of an Finance Commission makes the allocation of funds to the rural local government a political 10. Briefly describe the composition of Zila Parishad. Ans. In some states, each Panchayat Samiti in the district, elects some members from. among ‘its member to Zila Parishad. The Presidents of all the Panchayat Samitis are ex-officio members of the Zila Parishad. All MLAs and MPs of the district are its associate members. But after the ‘73rd amendment, the members of Zila Parishad are now elected by the people. The chairman will be elected by the elected members. Now MLAs, MPs, Collector, Deputy Collector and ‘SDM will be its ex-officio members. There will be reservation for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and women. Q. 11. What are the means of income of Zila Parishad ? mp.) Ans. There is no specific provisions to the means ofineome of the Zila Parishads, However, the chief source of their income again happens to be the development grants given by the state government from time to time. In some states, the receives some amount as a contribution made by Panchayat Samitis. Yet in some other States, the Zila Parishads have been empowered to impose small taxes of various kinds, The Zila Parishad submits its annual Budget to the state government for approval. Q. 12. What are the provisions for reservation of seats in Panchayat ? ‘Ans. As per the 73rd Amend one third of the positions in institutions are reserved 2023/11/6 18:57Panchayats decentralisatis ve local successful. For th fence of India meant indepen rf ndia, Independence eee ing ever! village into 2 epublie, He wanted every village sustained and capable of managing He alsovi open sustained by the bottom Q.14. Write a very short Panchayat. z ‘Ans, Nagar Panchayat : Notified Area Committees are now called Nagar Panchayats. "These are established in the area which are now converting into urban from rural area., The members are elected by the people. Some members are nominated by the state government. The Member of Parliament and the Member of Legislative Assemblies are ex-officio members of the Nagar Panchayat. The tenure of Nagar Panchayat is of 5 years. If due to any reason Nagar Panchayat is dissolved before its maturity the fresh electi vithii maturity th ons within 6 months are Q. 15. Explain the rol ieee le of local bodies in ‘Ans. The local bodies a the democracy. A democratic qorseenentne top cannot succeed unl ieee less grass root di through the local bodies is provi eae. is provided for. The local must its affairs id with the zed the life as a pyrami jote on Nagar to be self | bodies impart sufficient political educati Beneral masses Thich ge variants aking them enlightened etizensoh the coca ocal bodies pl: i rte era rl also, leaders who gett institutions orien: Participate anchayati Raj is th india Fon in which the village ot co manage their own jay heir need then Ql aay overnment in a democy Joca ee The need oF impo overnment in a democracy is as Z ‘s makes the government, ) Thi § e Jevel democratic. It makes 7 ,ation of people in. Participation of local government _ better knowledgeable. It is only the pe in the area who know what. are and how they can be s (g) Local bodies are very | implementing the plans for ¢ Q. 18. What is the tenure of: Corporation ? Ans. According to 74th. normal tenure of a Municipal Co be5 years. However, it can bed The councillors, in turn, elect son The members of the Corporation and a Deputy Mayor for one yeai (2) 2023/11/6 atSEOWAseal: GOVERNMENTS (Pg 0 antibyidheltacs what is the three-tier panchayati Raj Institutions 2 “ans. In 1956, a committee was . government under the chairm: o vant Rai Mehta to suggest m station of the Communi System of appointed by anship of Shri easures for the ty Development uggested ‘k cannot be fulfilled ite ea | people. Hence these affairs entrusted to the elected resentatives of the local people and the government officers should co-operate with them. For this purpose the committee reommended the organisation of a three-tier autonomous body which will decentralise the power and the local representative grasping the utility of development programmes will nent them. Thus 1. Structure of Panchayats at village level. 2. Block Committees or Samitis at block level, and 3. Zila Parishads at district level, will be organised Q.2. What are the main functions of the Gram Sabha ? (V. Imp.) Ans. The main functions of the Gram Sabha are— . () The Gram Sabha el the Panchas of the. i) The Gram Sabha c ee ee eed 18 Q.3. What are 2. the main functi rear a neti eg ctibe ns. M; eae P, feces ain functions of the Gram G © ‘The Gram Panchayat makes arrangements for pure drinking water and undertakes disinfection drives of the wells, tanks, etc. It makes sanitary arrangements in the village. a Gi) (Git) Tt makes efforts for improving the health of the people, and for this purpose it opens hospitals and dispensaries. It makes arrangements for street. lighting. It also makes arrangements for providing Primary education to the children. It works for the promotion of agriculture. It makes arrangements for good seeds and acquaints the villagers with improved and scientific methods of agriculture. Q. 4. Describe the composition of the Panchayat Samiti. 4 Ans. In Panchayati Raj System the intermediary Panchayat or block Panchayat is called Panchayat Samiti.Panchayat Samiti consists of the following four types of members: (@ All the Panchas and Sarpanchas of the Panchayats in a Block elect some members from among themselves. In some states, Sarpanchas of Panchayats are ex-officio members of the Panchayat Samities. ‘All the MLAs and MPs of the district are ex-officio members of the Panchayat Samiti. Beet cent seats are reserve " eo Seats have been also reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. ‘The sub-divisional Magistrate and the Block Development Officers are the ex- officio members of the Panchayat Samiti. and functions mat ‘Ans. The powers and functions of & (iv) ©) (vi) @w wa @)_— its area ies to “ rf tributes among the bos ectyvestaers” abd Clete jest zhts the importa ghlig! instruments. It high of scientific methods in agt advances loans to the farme! agricultural production. industries 1D ulture. It rs for ad increasing Gai) It tries to promote cottage its area. ; (jo) Ie takes steps for the promotion of animal husbandry. ‘ (v) It makes sanitary arrangements in its area, Ji. How does local governments strengthen democracy ? (M4. Imp.) Ans. As we know the local government is government at the village and district level. Local government is about government closest to the common people. A local government involves itself with the day to day life and problems of ordinary citizens. Democracy is about a constructive participation. It is also about accountability. Strong and vibrant local ‘governments ensure both active participation and Purposeful accountability. It is at the level of local governments that the common people can be involved in decision-making concerning thei lives, their needs and above all tha ei development. Thus local gove; i strgngthen democracy governments . 7. What Panetiaieis Raj Sy si weaknesses of the gou00L POLITICAL SCIENCE nee a ve the differences in their p stil ava on caste system and, aren most of the villages, the poli snterfere inthe Workin Panchaya Pane) parties in the local selfeg " What was the cong; vB. be ‘ons about local governm 1992? “ ‘Ans. The subject of local gove assigned to states by the constitution, mentioned in the Directive Prine the policy directives to all gove country. Thus this provision wasn and primarily advisory in n Community Development P started in 1952, a three-tier P System of local government was for the rural areas. In many bodies did not have enough powers, to look after the local development, were much dependent on the central governments for finances, were not held regularly, In m elections was indirect, A. 9. Why was the years were important for local bodies in India ? Explain Amendments were Passed The 73rd Amendme byd 18:57 2023/11/6gystem has succeeded in ij n improving rhe by taking up welfare iMitions of villagers sye system has b mhe brought political in the villagers. They not only elect presentatives but also take p: ns in the villages art in Hevanchiayati Raj institutions work as nds for the people to enable them LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS) (vi) Miscellaneoug: A Municipal Committee makes arrangement for extinguishing the fire and maintains fire-brigade stations for this purpose. Q. 2. What are the subjects included in the Eleventh Schedule ? (M.Imp) ‘Ans. The matters or the subjects included in the jurisdiction of Panchayati Raj institutions are listed in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution, which was inserted in 1992 by the ‘73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. These 29 subjects are given below : 1. Agriculture including agricultural extension. 2, Implementation of land development, land consolidation, conservation. 4, Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development. 4, Animal husbandry, dairing and poultry. 5. Fisheries, 6. Soil forestry and farm forestry. ibe the composition and | ‘a Municipality. 1. De functions of write six functions of a Municipality. {ns. l Composition of a Municipality : cipal Committee is constituted for those ch have a population not less than it more than two lakhs. The town | into many wards. The voters of every one representative to the committee. wey are elected usually for three years. These members elect their Chairman and Vice- from amongst the Secretary, Health cer, Engineer ete Ul. The main functions Municipality Education Department? A Municipal Committee makes a proper arrangement of education for children in its area. It opens many yrimary and middle schools. ii) Water Supply Department : It: makes urrangements for the supply of fresh vater for the residents of its area. iii) Blectrie Supply Department + A Municipal Committee makes arr: for the supply of electricity, roads and streets for theresidential areas. : (iv) Health Department : The Munic ipal ommittee makes arrangement for the tablishment and mainte coud ion or the ispensari same tara: vaccinatio of the 189 to work as repres and Parliament pana anchayats have. succeeded tn Traine He attention of the government oils ro the system has helped i bringing a green olution in many parts of the country, especially in Punjab and Haryana. Agricultural Production has increased a good deal. tatives of state legislature reforms, land soil 9. Khadi, village housing 11. Drinking water 13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways fana other means of communication 14. Rural ae ification including distribution of electrics. curconventional energy sources. 16. ay alleviation es. 17. Education rere 023/11/6IPH. Consult me os, 24. child 190 es and dispensari primary health eon, Women and ‘amily welfare. 29. re Ae Saas Social welfare 27. Welfar » scheduled the weaker sections, ey tae wile nd scheduled tribes. a / Sistribution eat nm 29. Maintenance of community assets. Q.3, Explain the the Panchayati Raj. 9 ofeach of the three tiers. or Explain in brief the composition of Panchayats. Ans. Introduction : The Panchayati Raj System as stipulated by the 73rd Amendment Act has the three-tier structure (@ Gram Panchayat at the village level. (i) Panchayat Samiti at the block level. ( (iii) Zila Parishad at the district level. I. Composition of Gram Panchayat : Gram Panchayat is the executive of Gram Sabha, The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. Every adult whois a resident three tier structure of Mention one function of the village has the right to vote in the | Panchayat elections. Funetions : (i) The Gram Panchayat makes arrangement for pure drinking water and disinfecting the wells, tanks, etc. Gi) It improves sanitary villages. (cid) It makes efforts for improving the health of the people, and for this i hospitals and dispensaries," P's° 't Pens conditions in the of the Block Development Committee (BDC) i elected by the ) ie. Panchayat Samiti are of ),,a Finance Commission to Function: after the working of all the Gram py (ii) It trie ote agricultural practices in its a among the farmers improved and scientific equipments, 111. Composition of Zila the passage of the 73rd e 1993, the Constitution has constitutional validity and uniforn Panchayati Raj System. There Parishad in every district of a ste members. The chairman will be ele elected members. MLAs, MPs, Coll Collectors and SDMs will be # members. Each state government ‘position of these institutions and to allocation of funds and grants-in Functions : (i) Tries to working of the Gram Panchayats Samitis in the district, (i) The Pancha SRETERGT EREESRE 2.8 38. % universal adult. cae MLAsend Mra a ‘ex-officio mem oe 2023/11/6»VERNMENTS (Pa spac anchayat is an executive organ of te organ of ‘eyna. The Gram Sabha monitors ang the activities of Gram Panchayat gram PE Gra yunction Pprforms the following three categories of as of Gram Panchayat: nenities, elfare activities, ~ pevelopmental activities. | civic Amenities :In the interest of better «life of people, Gram Panchayat makes 1 for such civic amenities as sewerage illage sanitation, drinking water, oads and streets, arrangement of ic, The Gram Panchayat also makes ayat keeps the records of births and in the village. It tries to ensure the implementation of family planning and welfare programmes. Itis also responsible ir the activities related to animal husbandry and agricultural development. It takes care of he programmes of adult and continuing siucation in the village. 3. Developmental Work : The Gram Panchayat. is responsible for certain ‘evelopmental functions at village level, such. instruction of roads, tanks, irrigation cilities, schools, libraries, community halls, Paschayat Bhawan, etc. In fact, Gram Panchayat “appens to be the lowest level of popular agency ‘0 participate in the development processes at ‘he village level 5. Examine the main provisions of rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. made in nder 73rd art-1: Indian Constitution at Work) | finances of the Panchayats. The Panchayats have been given th ah have been given the power and Ue ‘al planning and mobilization ine AE es As per the provisions of arg Act elections should be held within a period months from the date of dissolution of the local body. It has been left to the State Legislatures to make provisions for constituting District Level Committees. In the Panchayats at both block and district level ex-officio memberships have been given to the members of Parliament and the State Legislatures. The minimum age required to become a member of these Panchayats has been reduced to 21 years. The provisions have been made for the establishment of an independent State Election Commission. The provisions have also been made for the establishment of a State Finance Commission after every five years to review the Certain areas where 73rd Constitutional Amendment shall not apply : According to Article 243 , nothing provided in this amendment shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1) and the Tribal Areas referred to in clause (2) of Article 244. Also no provision of 73rd Amendment shall affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, constituted under any law for time being in force for the hill areas of the district of Darjeeling in the state of West Bengal. Howeveritis provided that notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament by law can extend the provisions of 73rd Amendment to the scheduled areas and tribal areas referred to in clause (1) and (2) of Article 244 subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in such laws and no such laws shall be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution of Article 268. In 1996, a separate ‘act was passed extending the provision of the Panchayat System to these areas. Q. 6. What is the importance of local bodies in the modern times? {M.Imp.] ‘Ans. ce of the local bodies : j) Related with the daily life of the oe 1 The local self-bodies are directly related Pith the daily life ofthe people. There is noarea, of the citizen's life which is nottions. These institute ved to education, 541 eae, and try to ta the local people: (ii) Right solution o sini onuntry ike diy helonging to different religion pe enetoms, There are differ problems in the different parts ofthe country, The Union Government oF the § know the local vernments are unable to know t eae or he etizens, Only the local people know the local problems and they can suggest the right solution to the local problems. In this way the local self-bodies play an important role. (iii) These bodies lessen the workload of Central and State Governments : In the big countries like India where the population is in nillions and the area is very vast, the Central Government and the State Governments have many other important works and problems to solve. Therefore, they may not have much spare time to attend to the local problems. A need ee for local bodies well versed with the nature be deeipeobioms who can solve these problems and lessen the burden of Central a State Governments. ae (iv) They awaken i the Politi Consciousness : The local self-bodinn any = al self-bodies are sidered the best schools of d institutic iemocraey. These ions develop the qualities of the citi They awaken the political consci oe People and they experience the feelin sy tee and equality. Theref feelings ofliberty refore, for the fe Success of democra cy in any are essential, UnEY the local ns, languages, caste ent types , POLITICAL SCIEN sH00) tain the composi a yernment institutions, vaing to 74th Amend there have been introg urban local gi Jocal ‘Ans. Acco? whole country categories © institutions: Panchayats for a pop 1. Nagar nd twenty thousands. ‘9, Nagar Palika for @ popu twenty thousands to 3 lakhs, 3, The third category is N (Municipal Corporations) for big citi Inall urban local government seats are filled up by direct election| in local constituencies. But the State! can arrange for the representation wh come ten a experience and are the specialists of; In tion. Ward Committees are consti in the | areas whose population is more th Chennz The seats are reserved for the people and scheduled tribes in the The these categories for Legislature wants classes are alsoGOVERNMENTS (7or-1: Indien oy stitu Block Level and Zila Parish, it Level. These are ele Ds the people. They jopment of the area and work them er) Rural Water Supply p, be he proernana has bee EEE Jove potable water Facilities in atte villages gaan) villages people don't get clear a jiolesome water to drink. Pumping stations pre been st up with state funds to provaa® faking water. i Describe the strugieslame iuactions of a Municipal Corporation, ans. I. Structure : Organisation or Composition of the Municipal Corporation Is India, there are Municipal Compamiale isthe big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkats, (beanai ete. to solve the local problems of the jpople residing in these cities, The elections for Municipal Corporation are ie after every four or five years. All adult yerons whose names are registered in the list sfvoters have a right to vote. After the election tthe councillors is over, election of eldermen, hose number is predetermined is held and the Mayor and Deputy Mayor are also elected by the uneillors on the basis of single transferable ‘ute system. Mayor and Deputy Mayor are fected every years. Il Main Funetions of the Muniei Corporation » 1) Sanitation : The Munici «, sPonsible for the sanitary co “tes. Public roads are prop ai Watered. Suitable ar or drainage and sewa: othe tion sees that hot ‘Scientific it of) Public Heal oration makes tion at Worgy 198 WWrother important Corporation to make king water for the city s. (t) Roads and Bridges : It makes arrangement for the construction of roads and bridges within its area. It also gets the roads and the bridges repaired whenever necessary. (ti) Transport : The Corporation Provides licences and frames rules for taxis, scooters, tongas, rickshaws, cars, ete. (iit) Recreation : The Corporation issues licences for opening of cinema hall. Itlooks after z00 and museum also. (ix) Trade and Market ; The Corporation gives licences and other facilities to trade and industries in the area. (x) Miscellaneous Functions : i) Arrangement of cremation grounds.J. PH. Gon: “ati Raj institutions have bee” Tack of financial resour inctions. fats are held on and political Pancha 08 jy The Pane e gto Being er their elf ne elections of PS Se sere is not much scope for the ¢ ea srsons in the Panc ft hone Results in corruption and nepol ernment machinery continues to a mits hold Bae yat bodies, which jnst the very purpose of these institutions. ack of awareness and non—fulf s made by the: Suspicious to the utility of Panch: ment of e village ti Raj uggestions : (i) Effective measures ‘adopted to the prevent of corruption lous levels in the functioning of ats. ficient funds should be given directly ral as well as from state governments br all local bodies related with the Raj VALUE BASED QUESTIONS ollowing passage and answer the that follow racy is about meaningful It is also about accountability. nt local governments ensure both mn and purposeful accountability. ’s story is one of committed ‘engaivasal village Gram tless efforts to secure its rights were an example of a mission ity. It is at the level of local mon citizens can be involved concerning their lives, their ‘development. i: me SENIOR SCE {001 POLITICAL SCIENCE-XI (Ne ag (ii) New sources of income sho, ed to rural democratic institutions iv) Educational and mass media fy should be provided. Banks, Insurar snd foreign companies should provide fin and other helps. (v) In the interest of democracy the y ay be trained in the art of self-govern autonomy ...... We must be able to and introduce democratic pring ind fraternity) a sugi governme (vi) Itis necessary that in a democragy, which can be performed locally, should be ie, the hands of the local people of rural India gy their representation. Common people aren, familiar with their local government and problems that with the govrnment at the sa or national level. They are also more concer with what local government does or has fai to do as it has a direct bearing and impada} their day-to-day life. In this way strengthen lig Multiple rural government is like strengtheniay Choose t democratic processes. 1, The urbai @ P () G © M @G 2 The! is: @) NV @) y 4, Ident 73" 4 reser Answers: 1. Gita Rathore was Sarpanch of Jamon Talab Gram Panchayat. She was eleci# Sarpanch in 1995 from a reserved seat. 2. At the level of local government comin citizen can be inyolved in decision maki concerning their lives, their needs and above their development. 3. Strong and vibrant local governmet ensure both participation of local people # purposeful accountability of officials. 4. The following values are show 6 Rathore’s story : () Women empowerment (ii) Responsibility and accountability (iii) Social development ri (iv) Afforestation and water manageme™ (v) Environmental awareness. ‘ II. It is important to note ations apply not merely in Panchayats but also to mn or ‘Adhya atover pen is not merely in the general wor! put also within the seats reserves) heduled Tribes and is means that a seat may be a woman candidate ing to the Scheduled Castes or Thus, a Sarpanch would have ribe itr Adivasi woman. oman OF servations were provided by 73% in Panchayati Raj Institutions? e ‘d of the positions in all iti Raj Instituions are reserved for is reservation for SC & ST sdin Panchayati Raj Institutions? es according to you which nt ensure in eontext of MENTS (Por Indian Constitution a Win ent of Panchayati Raj ‘ovided reservations for women and ‘astes and Scheduled Tribes. 'd of the positions in all Panchayati " ons are reserved for women to Provide equal right to Meehan women empowerment. 3. Reservation for SC & ST are provided in Panchayati Raj Institutions on the basis of their Population, 4. The values which 78" amendment ensure in context of reservation are : (O Poverty alleviation (i) Education (iii) Women empowerment (iv) Welfare of weaker sections (o) Equality. Tostit * stitution pr Scheduled 0; 2. One-thi Raj Instituti OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS phiple Choice Questions : correct option I. The Local urban area i ©) Municipal Couneil ‘unicipal Committee ‘) Panchayat Samiti ‘ None of them ‘ow many meetings of Gram Sabha aeheld in a year ? ©) Three () Four Mo (@) One Yhois the head of a Gram Pam ©) Sarpanch () Pradhan 0 BDO @ Mew ileture ofa Muneipal Corporation (@) 18years (6) 19years (c) 20 years (d) 2lyears 7. Panchayati Raj System is based on. the recommendation of a committee known as : @ Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (0) Anil Dev Committee (d) day Raj Committee # & ts have been established in: @) Towns @) Villages (9 Smale, Bigs ‘body was set up in the British Regime at: (®) Kolkata —JOR SCHOOL POLITICAL SCIENCE X41 y, 4. 73" and 74” amendments were e in India to ce tieenenaneannes i a ten ait a tot a : ent Programme was constitutional status to ... ery 6. Sarpanchis... vd 7. Panchayat Samities work at 1. Rajasthan, 2. 1952, 3, ¢ 5. local bodies, 6. directly, 7, PRACTICE EXERCISES | INSWER TYPE QUESTIONS + 1, What do you understand by the local self-government? 2, What are the main functions of the Gram Sabha? 3. What is meant by the term ‘Panchayati Raj’? 4. Write a short note on the composition of Gram Sabha. 5. What are the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj? 6. Describe the composition of the Gram Panchayats. 7. What are the main functions of the Gram Panchayats? 8, Describe the composition of State Finance Commission. What are ite functions? 4 Indian flexibi articles 9. Describe the powers and functions of Panchayat Samiti. 10. Describe the composition of Panchayat Samiti 11. How does local self-governments strengthen democracy ? 12. What are the sources of income of Zila Parishad? SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : 1. What are the weaknesses of Panchayati Raj System? 2. What are the provisions for the reservation for the socially disadvantaged groups as 73rd amendment? Explain how these provisions have changed the profile of the! the village level. 3. Mention any five powers of a Village Panchayat as a unit of local self-governmept. 4, What were the main differences between the local governments before 73rd. and after the Amendinent? Explain the main provisions of the 73rd Amendment Act. What do you know about Nagar Panchayats? Describe the composition of a Municipal Corporation, ‘Explain the main differences between the Gram Sabha and the Gram Panchayat. [ ‘TYPE QUESTIONS : ‘the structure and functions of the Municipal Corporation. composition | of urban local government institutions. ‘subjects inserted in the Eleventh Schedule? se ‘structure of the Panchayati Raj system. Mention one Monty of seats are reserved for 8. «non by 73% Amendment Act very SHORT Al