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Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation
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Main page In physics, the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, named for Lev Landau, Evgeny Lifshitz, and T. L. Gilbert,
Contents is a name used for a differential equation describing the precessional motion of magnetization M in a solid. It
Current events is a modification by Gilbert of the original equation of Landau and Lifshitz.
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About Wikipedia The various forms of the equation are commonly used in micromagnetics to model the effects of a magnetic
Contact us field on ferromagnetic materials. In particular it can be used to model the time domain behavior of magnetic
Donate elements due to a magnetic field.[1] An additional term was added to the equation to describe the effect of
spin polarized current on magnets.[2]
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3 Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonczewski equation
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4 References and footnotes
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Landau–Lifshitz equation [ edit ]
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Page information In a ferromagnet, the magnetization M can vary internally but at each point its
Cite this page magnitude is equal to the saturation magnetization Ms. The Landau–Lifshitz–
Wikidata item Gilbert equation predicts the rotation of the magnetization in response to
torques. An earlier, but equivalent, equation (the Landau–Lifshitz equation) was
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introduced by Landau & Lifshitz (1935):[3][4][5]
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(1 )
Languages The terms of the
where γ is the electron gyromagnetic ratio and λ is a phenomenological damping
Deutsch Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert
parameter, often replaced by equation: precession (red)
Français and damping (blue). The
한국어 trajectory of the
magnetization (dotted
日本語
spiral) is drawn under the
Русский where α is a dimensionless constant called the damping factor. The effective simplifying assumption
Українська that the effective field Heff
field Heff is a combination of the external magnetic field, the demagnetizing field
Tiếng Việt is constant.
(magnetic field due to the magnetization), and some quantum mechanical
中⽂
effects. To solve this equation, additional equations for the demagnetizing field
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must be included.

Using the methods of irreversible statistical mechanics, numerous authors have independently obtained the
Landau–Lifshitz equation.[6][7][8]

Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation [ edit ]

In 1955 Gilbert replaced the damping term in the Landau–Lifshitz (LL) equation by one that depends on the
time derivative of the magnetization:

(2b)

This is the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equation, where η is the damping parameter, which is characteristic
of the material. It can be transformed into the Landau–Lifshitz equation:[3]

(2a)

where

In this form of the LL equation, the precessional term γ' depends on the damping term. This better represents
the behavior of real ferromagnets when the damping is large.[9][10]

Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonczewski equation [ edit ]

In 1996 Slonczewski expanded the model to account for the spin-transfer torque, i.e. the torque induced upon
the magnetization by spin-polarized current flowing through the ferromagnet. This is commonly written in
terms of the unit moment defined by m = M / MS:

where is the dimensionless damping parameter, and are driving torques, and x is the unit vector
along the polarization of the current.[11][12]

References and footnotes [ edit ]

1. ^ Yang, Bo. "Numerical Studies of Dynamical Micromagnetics" . Retrieved 8 August 2011.
2. ^ d’Aquino, Massimiliano (2004). "2.6.1 Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with Slonczewski spin-transfer torque term".
Nonlinear Magnetization Dynamics in Thin-films and Nanoparticles . PhD Thesis, University of Naples Federico II.
3. ^ a b Aharoni, Amikam (1996). Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism . Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
851791-7.
4. ^ *Brown, Jr., William Fuller (1978) [Originally published in 1963]. Micromagnetics. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.
5. ^ *Chikazumi, Sōshin (1997). Physics of Ferromagnetism. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851776-4.
6. ^ Iwata, Takao (1983). "A thermodynamical approach to the irreversible magnetization in single-domain particles".
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 31–34: 1013–1014. Bibcode:1983JMMM...31.1013I . doi:10.1016/0304-
8853(83)90774-6 .
7. ^ Iwata, Takao (1986). "Irreversible magnetization in some ferromagnetic insulators". Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials. 59 (3–4): 215–220. Bibcode:1986JMMM...59..215I . doi:10.1016/0304-8853(86)90415-4 .
8. ^ Saslow, W. M. (2009). "Landau–Lifshitz or Gilbert damping? That is the question". Journal of Applied Physics. 105
(7): 07D315. Bibcode:2009JAP...105gD315S . doi:10.1063/1.3077204 .
9. ^ For details of Kelly's non-resonant experiment, and of Gilbert's analysis (which led to Gilbert's modifying the damping
term), see Gilbert, T. L. and Kelly, J. M. "Anomalous rotational damping in ferromagnetic sheets", Conf. Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials, Pittsburgh, PA, June 14–16, 1955 (New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Oct.
1955, pp. 253–263 ). Text references to Figures 5 and 6 should have been to Tables 1 and 2. Gilbert could not fit
Kelly's experiments with fixed usual gyromagnetic ratio γ and a frequency-dependent λ=αγ, but could fit that data for a
fixed Gilbert gyromagnetic ratio γG=γ/(1+α2) and a frequency-dependent α. Values of α as large as 9 were required,
indicating very broad absorption, and thus a relatively low-quality sample. Modern samples, when analyzed from
resonance absorption, give α's on the order of 0.05 or less. J. R. Mayfield, in J. Appl. Phys. Supplement to Vol. 30,
256S-257S (1959), at the top left of p.257S, writes “As was first pointed out by J. C. Slonczewski, the observed torque
peak can be interpreted in terms of rotational switching effects (abrupt reorientations of M) which must occur when
K/M ≤ H ≤ 2K/M.” Therefore the interpretation given by Gilbert was not universally accepted.
10. ^ J. Mallinson, "On damped gyromagnetic precession," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2003-2004, July
1987, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1987.1065181.
11. ^ Slonczewski, John C. (1996). "Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers". Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials. 159 (1): –1–L7. Bibcode:1996JMMM..159L...1S . doi:10.1016/0304-8853(96)00062-5 .
12. ^ Wolf, S. A. (16 November 2001). "Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the Future" . Science. 294 (5546):
1488–1495. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.1488W . doi:10.1126/science.1065389 . PMID 11711666 . S2CID 14010432 .
Archived from the original on June 18, 2017.

Further reading [ edit ]

Gilbert, T.L. (1955). "A Lagrangian formulation of the gyromagnetic equation of the magnetic field". Physical Review. 100
(4): 1243. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100.1235. . doi:10.1103/PhysRev.100.1235 . This is only an abstract; the full report is
"Armor Research Foundation Project No. A059, Supplementary Report, May 1, 1956", but was never published. A
description of the work is given in Gilbert, T. L. (2004). "A phenomenological theory of damping in ferromagnetic
materials". IEEE Trans. Mag. 40 (6): 3443–3449. Bibcode:2004ITM....40.3443G . doi:10.1109/TMAG.2004.836740 .
S2CID 35628797 .
Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E.M. (1935). "Theory of the dispersion of magnetic permeability in ferromagnetic bodies". Phys. Z.
Sowjetunion. 8, 153.
Skrotskiĭ, G V (1984). "The Landau–Lifshitz equation revisited". Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 (12): 977–979.
Bibcode:1984SvPhU..27..977S . doi:10.1070/PU1984v027n12ABEH004101 .
Guo, Boling; Ding, Shijin (2008). Landau–Lifshitz Equations. Frontiers of Research With the Chinese Academy of
Sciences. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-277-875-8.
Cimrak, Ivan (2007). "A Survey on the Numerics and Computations for the Landau–Lifshitz Equation of Micromagnetism"
(PDF). Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. 15 (3): 1–37. doi:10.1007/BF03024947 . S2CID 195272703 .
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
M, Lakshmanan (2010). "The fascinating world of the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation: an overview". Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
A. 369 (1939): 1280–1300. arXiv:1101.1005 . Bibcode:2011RSPTA.369.1280L . doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0319 .
PMID 21320917 . S2CID 23275414 .

External links [ edit ]

Magnetization dynamics applet

Categories: Magnetic ordering Partial differential equations Equations of physics

This page was last edited on 6 June 2022, at 18:43 (UTC).

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