The Indian School, Kingdom Of Bahrain Class- 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE ECONOMICS CHAPTER-1_ DEVELOPMENT 1. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations. Ans: Height of students in a class with a large number of students, income of the people of a state, marks obtained by the students in a subject ete. are some examples where averages are used for comparing. 2. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain ‘Ans. Average income is an important criterion for development because average income is the total income of the country divided by the total population of the country. It tells about the actual earnings of an individual and the increase in the standard of living. If the average of a country is on a higher side, its chances of faring better on development index are more. Hence average can be a better criterion for development. \come, what other property of income is important in 3. Besides sizes of per capita comparing two or more societi ‘Ans: Equitable distribution of income and the purchasing power parity which is the ability of the people to purchase things are the other property of income taken into consideration while comparing two or more societies. 4, What is the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of the criterion, if any? ‘Ans: Per capita income is the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitations of the criterion are ‘¢ It does not show distribution of income. ‘* Itdoes not include factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy, health care etc. 5, In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? ‘Ans: World Bank uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses factors like literacy rate, health status and per capita income which helps in improving the quality of life and productive capacity of the people. 6.Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your examples related to development. ‘Ans: We use averages because it helps in comparing different quantities of the same category. It reveals the general performance level. For example to understand the economic development of country we calculate the average income of a country. Scanned with CamScannerThere are limitations for calculating averages because according to this criterion itis difficult to ‘understand the distribution of income of the people of the country. Few people may be very rich whereas majority are poor. Ithides disparities and does not show the actual performance. 7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra. Hence the per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be considered for calculating states, Do you agree? Discuss. ‘Ans: No, Per capita income is considered as a useful eriterion for comparing development. Kerala with a lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra /Haryana because human development ranking uses factors such as health, education and income to measure development. Hence average income cannot be neglected. it is considered as a development factor . To measure development and comparing countries World Bank uses per capita income, Human Development Index uses development factors like health, education, income ete. 8, Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India, What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now on? ‘Ans: The present sources of energy used by the people of India includes coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. These are non-renewable in nature. The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy, wind energy, bio-diesel, and nuclear energy as a source energy. These are renewable sources of energy. 9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? ‘Ans: Sustainable development refers to the judicious utilization of natural resources without compromising the needs of the future generations. ‘The issue of sustainability is important for development because if the resources are not used carefully utilized, development may become stagnant after a point of time due to the ‘unavailability of resources. This will affect development. It also prevents environmental damage and promotes the use of renewable resources. 10. “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”, How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss. ‘Ans: This statement wars against the use of modem technology in production which leads to ‘over exploitation of resources and causes damage to the environment. Human greed has resulted in irrational use of resources, resource depletion and degradation. So it is the responsibility of the people to use them wisely without wastage or causing environmental degradation and respecting the needs of the future generations. Scanned with CamScanner11, List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you, Ans: i) Soil erosion ii) Depletion of ground water iii) Deforestation iv) Ozone layer depletion v) Water pollution, Air pollution, Land pollution, 12, What should India do to achieve and become a developed country? i ‘Ans: i) India should improve the per capita income by achieving rapid industrial development and promotion of tertiary services. ii) Life expectancy of the people should be increased by improving the health status through ‘awareness and immunization, Providing maternal and child health care and improving the nutritional status of the people. iii) Literacy rate and Gross Enrolment Ratio should be improved by effectively implementing the constitutional provision of providing free and compulsory education upto the age of I4years. Scanned with CamScannera Ans Q. Ans, @. CLASS X ECONOMICS CHAPTER - 2 SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kinds of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India? In developed countries, the following changes took place 1. The relative share of agriculture in both GDP and employment fell. 2. The relative shares of Secondary and tertiary sectors both in GDP and employment increased, 3. Ultimately, the tertiary sector of the economy became the dominant sector of the economy. In India, the following changes have taken place. The relative share of agriculture in both GDP. and employment has fallen. The relative shares of secondary and tertiary sectors in both GDP. and employment have increased. However, this shift has been very slow. As a result, agriculture continues to be the main source sousce of employment in the economy, although it generates less than 20% of the GDP. Why should we be worried about underemployment? Underemployment is a situation in which a worker is able to work only below his ability and capacity, It is difficult to calculate the correct number of unemployed when people are underemployed. Only if every worker could be made to work to his full potential, his individual level of income will rise and, along with that, the aggregate national income of the country will also rise. Poverty will correspondingly decline, ‘Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as Right to work? Scanned with CamScannerQs. fold Every able and willing individual has been guaranteed a job for a minimum of 100 days ina year under the Act. If the government fails, it will have to provide unemployment allowance to the affected person. How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities? With provision of irrigation and marketing facilities, employment opportunities and income of the farmers will increase in a number of ways: (1) Construction of dams, canals and market buildings will generate direct employment. (2) With better irrigation facili ies, every farmer will be in a position to raise two or more crops a year from the same piece of land. Income of the farmers will also increase. (3) Provision of better marketing facilities will imply that the farmers will be in a position to get a better price for their produce. Their income levels will go up. (4) As income increases, farmers can use the surplus cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and agricultural equipment. Thus their agricultural productivity will improve. This in turn will result in increase in employment and income. In what ways can employment be increased in Urban areas? 1) Rapid industrialisation can create employment opportunities. (2) Special emphasis should be laid on promotion of labour-intensive and small scale industries. (3) IT Sector has a vast potential of growth in terms of employment. (4) Vocational Education should be imparted (5) Help to provide self-employment opportunities by providing loans at cheap rates, Do you think the classification of economic activities (0 primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how Yes, This type of classification of economic activities into 3 sectors helps us as follows: (1)We can easily find out the relative contribution of each of the sectors to the GDP. Scanned with CamScannerq Qs Q)It also shows the number of people employed in each of the sectors. (@)We can identify easily the problems faced by each of the sectors in the process of economic growth and thereby take the necessary remedial measures. Distinguish between disguised unemployment and open unemployment. Disguised unemployment: (1) It is a situation when the people are visibly employed but actually unemployed. (2)1 culture sector. (3) Here people share the benefits of others. Open unemployment: (1) This is 2 sit clearly visible as unemployed. (2) This can be scen in all sectors an do not get any income. the person does not have a job and is . (3) Here people For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss Employment and income are important in determining the economic well-being of the people. Employment supports a person financially and helps to avoid economic problems like poverty, unemployment etc. GDP shows the contribution of each seetor in the national income. YES, there could be other related issues like the number of workers employed in ench of these sectors, their productivity levels in these sectors. This would indicate the problems faced by cach sector and the corrective measures to be taken. We can also examine issues of income distribution, working conditions, sanitation, health ete. ‘Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy”. Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer. NO, I do not agree with the statement because (1)In terms of GDP: In fact, this sector is no the largest producing sector in India. In 1973-74 , the share of tertiary sector in GDP was about 35% which increased to about 68% in 2013- 14, Over the last 40yrs while production in all the 3 sectors has increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector. Scanned with CamScanner(Qin terms of employment: The rate of growth in employment of tertiary sector in 2011-12 was about 27% of total employment. iThus, it would be seen that the tertiary sector has emerged as the dominant sector of the economy. Q10 Give a few examples of public sector activities ad explain why the government has taken them up. Important public sector activities ai (AIndian Railways (2) National Defence (3)Atomic Energy (4)Primary health centres ‘Most of these are the basic needs of everyone. In the initial stage of development, their growth could not be entrusted to private sector. Therefore, the government took these responsibilities upon itself. The government provides these facilities to the people at low and affordable rates. Moreover, even now there are certain areas of activities in which private monopolies cannot be allowed to grow. Q11_ The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: ‘Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples Unorganised sector are governed by few rules and regulations, but even these rules are not strictly followed. ‘Wages: Unorganised sector workers are paid low wages. They work long hours but do not get overtime. They are under constant threat of being thrown out of job. Therefore, they accept whatever little wages are paid to them. Safety: Unlike organised sector, unorganised sector units do not observe any safety norms. Workers are forced to work in dirty and dangerous work conditions. Accidents are common. Health: Poor working and living conditions affect the health of these workers. They have no access to safe drinking water, clean drinking water, medical facilities ete. It affects their potential and this affects productivity. Scanned with CamScanner