CS1101

Discrete Mathematics 1

Chapter 01
The Foundations: Logic
 Today’s Topics

•1.4 Predicates and Quantifiers

•1.5 Nested Quantifiers

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (1/22)

Predicate:
𝑥 is greater than 3

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (1/22)

Predicate:
𝑥 is greater than 3

The subject The predicate

We can denote the statement "𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3" by 𝑷 𝒙

where 𝑷 denotes the predicate "𝑖𝑠𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3" and 𝒙 is the variable.

The statement 𝑷(𝒙) is also said to be the value of the propositional function 𝑷 at 𝒙.
Once a value has been assigned to the variable 𝒙, the statement 𝑷(𝒙) becomes a
proposition and has a truth value.

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (2/22)

Example1:

Solution

We obtain the statement P(4) by setting x = 4 in the statement

“x > 3.” Hence, P(4), which is the statement “4 > 3,” is true.
However, P(2), which is the statement “2 > 3,” is false.

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (2/22)

Example1:

T F

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (3/22)

Example2:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (3/22)

Example2:

F T

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (4/22)

Example3:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (4/22)

Example3:

T T F

T F
F T

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (5/22)

Quantifiers:
Expresses the extent to which a predicate is true over a
range of elements.

Quantifier

Universal Existential Uniqueness

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (5/22)

Quantifiers:
Quantifier

Universal Existential Uniqueness

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (6/22)

Quantifiers:
Quantifier

Universal Existential Uniqueness

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (7/22)

Quantifiers:
Quantifier

Universal Existential Uniqueness

∃! 𝒙𝑷(𝒙)
∃ 1 𝒙𝑷(𝒙)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (8/22)

Quantifiers:
Quantifier

Universal Existential Uniqueness

∃! 𝒙𝑷 𝒙 , ∃ 1 𝒙𝑷(𝒙)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (9/22)

Translate into English – Example1:

Express the statement “Every student in this class has studied calculus.

Solution 𝑃(𝑥): 𝑥 has studied calculus.

𝑆(𝑥): 𝑥 is in this class.
The statement can be expressed as  x ( S ( x ) →
P ( x ))

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (10/22)

Example2:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (10/22)

Example2:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (10/22)

Example3:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (10/22)

Example3:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (11/22)

Example3:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (11/22)

Example3:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (12/22)

Example4:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (12/22)

Example5:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (13/22)

Example6:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (13/22)

Example6:

T T F
F T F

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (15/22)

Translate into English – Example2:

Translate the statement ∀𝑥(𝐶(𝑥) ∨ ∃𝑦(𝐶(𝑦) ∧ 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦))) into

English, where 𝐶(𝑥) is "𝑥 has a computer", 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is
"𝑥 and 𝑦 are friends," and both 𝑥 and 𝑦 is the set of all students
in your school.

Solution
Every student in your school has a computer or has a
friend who has a computer.

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (16/22)

Translate into English – Example3:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (16/22)

Translate into English – Example3:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (16/22)

Translate into English – Example3:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (16/22)

Translate into English – Example3:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (17/22)

Translate into Logical Expression – Example1:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (17/22)

Translate into Logical Expression – Example1:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (17/22)

Translate into Logical Expression – Example1:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (17/22)

Translate into Logical Expression – Example1:

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (18/22)

Precedence of Quantifiers:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (18/22)

Logical Equivalences Involving Quantifiers:

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (18/22)

Logical Equivalences Involving Quantifiers:

1) We assume that ∀𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 ∧ 𝑄 𝑥 is true for all values x in the domain.

2) Then, 𝑃 𝑥 is true for all values x in the domain. And 𝑄 𝑥 is true for all
values x in the domain.
3) Then, ∀𝑥𝑃 𝑥 is true. And ∀𝑥𝑄 𝑥 is true. ∀𝑥𝑃 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑥𝑄 𝑥 is true.

1. We assume that ∀𝑥𝑃 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑥𝑄 𝑥 is true for all values x in the domain.
2. Then,∀𝑥𝑃 𝑥 is true. And ∀𝑥𝑄 𝑥 is true. Then, 𝑃 𝑥 is true for all values x in
the domain. And 𝑥𝑄 𝑥 is true for all values x in the domain.
3. Then, 𝑃 𝑥 ∧ 𝑄 (𝑥) is true for all values x in the domain ∀𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 ∧ 𝑄 𝑥 is
true.

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (19/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (19/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
"Every student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (19/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
"Every student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (19/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
"Every student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

"There is at least one student in your class who has not taken a course
in calculus"

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (19/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
"Every student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

"There is at least one student in your class who has not taken a course
in calculus"
¬∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙)
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 Predicates and Quantifiers (19/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
"Every student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

"There is at least one student in your class who has not taken a course
in calculus"
¬∀𝒙𝑷(𝒙) ≡ ∃𝒙¬𝑷(𝒙)
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 Predicates and Quantifiers (20/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (20/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
“At least one student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (20/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
“At least one student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (20/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
“At least one student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

"Every student in this class has not taken calculus"

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (20/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
“At least one student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

"Every student in this class has not taken calculus"
¬∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (20/22)

Negating Quantified Expressions:

𝑃(𝑥) is the statement "𝑥 has taken a course in calculus" and
the domain consists of the students in your class.
∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) :
“At least one student in your class has taken a course in calculus"

The negation of this statement is

"Every student in this class has not taken calculus"
¬∃𝒙𝑷(𝒙) ≡ ∀𝒙¬𝑷(𝒙)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (21/22)

Example1:
What are the negations of the statements
∀𝒙(𝒙𝟐 > 𝒙)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (21/22)

Example1:
What are the negations of the statements
∀𝒙(𝒙𝟐 > 𝒙)

¬∀𝒙(𝒙𝟐 > 𝒙) ≡ ∃𝒙¬(𝒙𝟐 > 𝒙)

∃ 𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝒙)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (22/22)

Example2:
What are the negations of the statements
∃𝒙(𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐)

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 Predicates and Quantifiers (22/22)

Example2:
What are the negations of the statements
∃𝒙(𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐)

¬∃𝒙(𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐) ≡ ∀𝒙¬(𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐)
∀ 𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 ≠ 𝟐)

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1.5 Nested Quantifiers

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Nested Quantifiers

❑ One quantifier is within the scope ofanother

Example: “Every real number has an inverse”is
 x  y(x + y = 0)
where the domains of x and y are the real
numbers.
❑ We can also think of nested propositional functions:
 x  y(x + y = 0) can be viewed as
 x Q(x) where Q(x) is  y P(x, y)
where P(x, y) is (x + y = 0)

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❑ EXAMPLE : Assume that the domain for the variables x
and y consists of all real numbers.
The statement
∀x∀y(x + y = y + x)
says that x + y = y + x for all real numbers x and
y. (the commutative law for addition)
the statement
∀x∃y(x + y = 0)
says that for every real number x there is a real number y
such that x + y = 0.
(every real number has an additive inverse)

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 Order of Quantifiers

Examples:
1. Let P(x,y) be the statement “x + y = y + x.” Assume that
U is the real numbers.
x yP(x,y) and y xP(x,y) have the same truth value.
“For all real numbers x, for all real numbers y, x + y = y + x.”
2.Let Q(x,y) be the statement “x + y = 0.” Assume that U is the real
numbers. Then x yQ(x,y) is true,
“For every real number x there is a real number y such that Q(x, y).”
But ∃y∀xQ(x, y) is false
“Thereis areal numbery suchthat for every real numberx, Q(x,y).”
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Question on Order of Quantifiers

Example 1: Let U be the real numbers,

Define P(x,y) : x . y = 0
What is the truth value of the following:
1.  x  y P(x,y)
Answer: False
2.  x  y P(x,y)
Answer: True
3.  x  y P(x,y)
Answer: True
4.  x  y P(x,y)
Answer: True
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Nested Quantifiers

Example 2: Let Ube the real numbers,

Define P(x,y) : x / y = 0
What is the truth value of thefollowing:
1.  x  yP(x,y)
Answer: False
2.  x  yP(x,y)
Answer: False
3.  x  y P(x,y)
Answer: False
4.  x  y P(x,y)
Answer: True
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Quantifications of two Variables

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