FROM THE Starting Year Ten Dear Friends, 1's ard to believe that we're into Volume X of Seaways’ Sips i Scale, Ie seems like it was just 4 few months ago that we were rushing about to compleie incorporation papers, secure financing, find authors and a printer and pu i all together into a viable magzzine Inoue chit year, We mekled Ships dm See taco Seavey moving fom a nautical esearch maygucine with some ship rodeling to a ship modeling magazine with some aautical research vsith grext subsesther approval. Over the years we hhawe been able to add about awenty pages to the magazine's length, improve the quality of the paper, upgrade the design, ancl add four color photographs to the four cover pages: We now publish more ship modeling antcles nd pages per year than any other similar magaine in the We have been able te English language! merest che best ship modeling authors in writing for us, both well-recognized professionals ane! erly talented amateurs, We have madea serious attempt to bradclen our coverage ofall ship modeling venues, that i, suitic display models of all eras and types and operational ‘models in both sail and power formats, We have macle a ser ‘ous effort to publish articles dealing with models made using, all available contemporary materials, including wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic and resin, We have also ackled a new section fee true beginners, which was created in an attempt to edu- =e and encourage fist-time modelers and then move them SEAWAYS’ SHIPS PUBLISHER up along the ranks, OF course, there is sil plenty of material for the intermediae and achanced modeler. Finally, we have developed an Internet and World Wide Web presence, Weare the only magiine of this ype to have a Web ste, an e-mail ship modeling club, and a chat room, Although the maga puters and Net connectivity continue to spread throughout the general public, we will be able to offer more s caine including conferences, special courses, and follow-up ne is complete in and of itself, fon maguaine articles dat involve the authors themselves Atsome point over the years you've probubly read the mise sion statement located at the (op of pase 2 *Sectweays’ Ships in Scale is the workshop and resea th guide for ship meclclers ofall levels. Published and edlted by ship nodelers, our magavine i dedicated to mutual education ia 1 and science of ship modeling,” Please also note that “Teach Shipmodeling.” We're very serie ‘os aboot ic all and wwe wan to enlist your help, At Seaways Publishing, we realize fully that we have the largest subscriber base in shipmodeling’nautical research publishing only because of your continuing support, and we work hard 10 aintain it IF you have suggesions or new ideas that you ‘think might improve the magavne or the Internet offerings, please send in a note or e-mail me; I will be grateful for your purticipation—and fil is ‘uae new suite i “Thanks again and Happy Year Ten! Clayton A. Feldman, MLD. Publisher IN SCALE SUBSCRIPTION FORM ‘YES, please enter my subscription to Sea o Year wo Years RATES $4995 us $5600 Canada $38.00 86800 Omycheek or ‘ViswNasiercarl also aecepred ‘Omeney onler in U.S. funds on U.S. banks enclosed tn the amount of §_ i" SHIPS IN SCALE for: MAILTO, Seaways Publishing, Ine 2271 Constitution Drive San Jose, CA 95124 ail tips ba Scale «January/February 1SEAWAYS' SHIPS"SCALE PERATURE ARTICLE! BuUDING te Dune Wasa Usino mir Kaoaventanper Memon, hy Ameil Klein Powe B Tuowson. by Robort Malcomson Rona Coun 1 MINOR. ‘by Gus Agustin Suny Soars Cision: Boy Cetennonen Scuooxse, Par 6 by:Jobn M. Bobbitt FFRexbsi SL00P ts Misr by Mat Leupold Parooaariay GUDEUNES FoR S by Clayion A. Feldman Using FRexctt aN Sia Conve by Ree: William J. Romero [Maxine Mstartnr: Barnes & Warer Cases, Patt 1 by Antonio Méndez C. al Bows, sncays’ Stes 1N Se 2 Ship tn Scbe «Volume X. NumberSeaways’ BEGINNERS’ SCHOOL “Jy Nropnvre Stpwonere’s acest by George F Campbell USS Ovnta: BUILDING A Reswy Kr, Pret by Bob Santos Deck STRUCTURE..j by Ben Lankford VA Nwnen Dicroniny FoR SiiPvopEuNG Browne, Jef Bar 5: St S1RUCTURE TRH SSBIETON. by Clayton A. Feldman DEPARTMENTS FROMTHE PUBLISH. en by Clayton A. Feldman Lersees To THE EDITOR... SOLNDIGS.. by Scottie Dayton Book Review: Watton ro Deeapvovarm:Waesmp Divecrmerr 1860-1905. by Jon Godsell Book Rivisw: Moni Suurwnvctn; 1972-1997; AN ANruaLO«y. by Clayton A. Feldman Kens iy Reeve Caune Criet’s HMI Resome OCEAN-GONG SANAGE TUG, by slantin Meyer SOURCES OF SUPPD. by Jobr O. Kopf Sips Sale e fomarsitobreary 3Dear Mr Raines: My interest in modeling boats is directed primarily on 406 scale model shins built on the Great Lakes between 1885 and the 19206. vo of the articles in Seaways Vol. VIN, No. 5 were espe: ally interesting to me: Don Staulers ‘Carving the Hull of he Haron Brave, and George Bullit’s “Deck Beam Cambers.” ‘Three of my four seratehbuilt lake hulls were built using the bread-and- bbuter methed, Except for the bottom lift, the insides of each Bt were cut out [hate 10 acimit it bur some eleven years ago I bought a Haron Brave kit with a roughly pre erwith the response of the destenars af the period 10 these technological changes, Incluled are the advantages the dad. santages, as the case may be, of various ‘gpesof armour guns and munitions. Accounts of events dung this period ane abo dea with in commenthble deta, ‘These include, for instance the loss of the turret ship HMS Capra, and an explana tion of why the battleship HMS Victoria foundered so quickly after her collsion with HMS Camperdown, The analyst the damage to ships turing the Spanish- American Wat andl the Russ fapanese War vs, lamsure, wile ofinterest torenters, have ever taken the suthor is himself recently rere warship designer, thus making bis views ton this complex subject refieshing and informative, He has written many books: ancl uts published men with che design of warships Acai papers des ‘of his other books, this vo! vue is precke and cleat The ilasteaions uve profuse an! interesting. I wool clef any modeler not £0 find some inspirstion far a new model within this book, Ie 12. Supsin Sates Volume X Number F BOOK REVIEWS expensive, but should «loved one ask svhat © purchase for you for that speci ‘occasion, (would thoroughly recommend that yousteerthem towaru this book. Zam sure that it will pay dividends fr all eon- cemed Available from the Naval Institute Pres. ISDN 1 86176022 1 Model Shipwright, 1972-1997; An Anthology Balted by John Bowen Review by Clayton a Feldman i a C: ut 10Uioaee ve bo this venerable querer ght to-crow: iy mark the end of one en, edi torJohn Bowen has presented a very ice: selection of his fivorite articles from 1972 forward, covering most ers andl types, both Satie ane operational. This jour type magne has alas been leader in the ship modeling field and is articles offen become cissics. Some of my «avn favorites are found in ths summary work, EAS ee ees ks 16 ep efile, sapotete oad. Sg Shai ules oe inp Decapans Saeisneine ye including Harold Hahn's °A. Colonial Shipyzue Diorama of about 1765," Dana McCalip’s 1752. ketch Speedlerell (his fname is misspelled in the table of con tents), one part of David White's won Aerial series “Traditional Wooden Shipbuilding,” and Bill Wiveman’s fine model of the stemavheeler Rar West There is ako one of now-retired master miniatiast Donald Menarry’s collector models, HS feinar of 175%, aang wh Junin Camarat’y museumrorbeter (iy ‘dassflation) moilel oF the Continental Irigaue Confeteray. FF you do not have 8 very complece set of past iasues (perhaps even if you Alot), this would be a aise book 10 acquire. Its only fault seems to be a slightly reduced reproduction quaity of both text andl photos, as compre! with the magazine self ‘The spectaculir quality of the dust jacket color photos stands out in comparison. ‘This is a7” by 9-12" hardcover of 192 pages, published by Coma Maritime Press of 33 John Street, London WCIN 2AT, Englanc. The price in England is $20; US. price is not aiven, It should be available in the US,Micro-Mark Premium File Hanale Stores Re Own Micra File Se ELA SAE Ki uilers Ogotzer : Gott ET Applicator Assures Exact Placement of Glue end Safe Application of Accelerctor sia sae 2275 Aovaving Punch Cute Perfet Ho ines P50 “Tool Maker's Surface Gauge ‘Gives You Precise Marking ‘ability cis ‘Mlero-Dril for Delicate Hane Driling SAVE 25% ea tear $5.95 Contour Gauge CCopios Any Shape Tnotantly ‘Metal Forming Plier Set Bonds any Shape You Need gta” REY “OURBIG™ NEW CATALOG seater za VISIT OUR WAREHOUSE STORE! ‘Wades Symp» Thus te 8ymn Fray IpmSpm»Situray Tlamspm ‘onshe Miter Master! {or Clean, Sharp Mitors in Plastic and Wood OUR NO-RISK GUARANTEE eer erate 1-800-225-1066 { MICRO-MARK = can sa CeBuilding the DUKE WILLIAM Using the Kammerlander Method by Ameil Klein 9 Gernang a fret kn of pln frame construc [= techalve ls ginng popular among ules of Igora ship exis, yas developed by Gebhard Xammetave aptesinal ber vose wot ppearsn bi fay esq ts se enough rableaterge nen proesionls to bil rods ha porch the stan of those produced for museums Heal tt poe at Tepoke to Kamm abut his tod he ‘Aleta: You use molds to build your models. But tha’s not really s new technology: What ces your use of molds dif ferent ftom orhers? Kammertander: Probethly woo things Hist, use pleaser for my molds. No wood. plastic, silicon, o” any of the other ‘materials thal I have tried procluced as satisfactory restdts Second, I bond and jorm all my: wood usinggat metod that’s suprisingly simple. Nevordbeless, tbe resulis are estromely realistic in appearence Lbink the models specs for them- seltes Klein: The method used 10 Dui molds for your models is a topic in itself, something we could talk about at another time, perhaps even make it the subject of another article for Ships in Scale. For now, le’ just tale about how you bead 4 Shi in Scale» Volone X, Number 1 wood. Your models are bul, i seems, almost emiely with beat and formed wood Kanmerlander: Yes, hats true, Live so many model buitders, 1 t00 derive great pleasure from working with twood. I build mostly bitorical ship models and the bulls of these, lie the originals they represent, are buat mostly with // forned components. To achieve scale auabentciy in the 2s that I build, almost everything bes to be bent or // formed. Originally, 1 developed ims wood bending, 4 sySem simpy to but dinghies ancl otter models. / Of that stee and type. Yow know, models that would be mound on arger basrtat crak. to fost, ere was no Mntention to bua bi meds eth the inetlort. However, the edeantages of the sytem became eters. 7HE DUEE Wau UL LIE THETECINNQUE EECUDED ME A (LE THE Ig A MODEL OF A SIGLEMAGTED CUTER THA RUNRING SONA ‘TE SHPS OF re toVL NAP BUNT PURCHASED AND CAPURE, 1881855, SE (0.01776155. SNCEA FNSHE® MODELTOO OFTEN HOES THE ANY STHUCTIRAL DES EHPLOVE, GEBHARD KAMUERLANDER DECIDED TOBULD SECOND HULL ‘AsO LEAVE I UNFNISED, PLACED NEXT TO THE COMPLETED KODE, THE UNI ISHED HLL 15 NCEESPLAY TOUCH, SUCH A DOLE HULLDISPLAY ALORS WW STO SEE THE DETALED PLING ON-FRAME WRK THAT HAS GONE NTO THE UIOING OFA MODELPHOTO THE KAMMERLANDER RANE ON FRAME BULONG TECHIGUE REQUIRES ONL A EW SOLE COMPONENTS: (1) APLASTER MUD, (8A D-SONAT SO.DERNG RON, ‘Ax (2) HE URPOSE-ESIENED SOLDERNG IRON TPS FOR SMALER HODES UP TO ABOUT SINCHESIN LING, THE TURNED ALUMNI TPIS ALL HATS NEIDEDTO PLY "THENECESSAIY HEA AND RESSIREFOR AL BENONG TASKS. FOE LAKGERMOGELS ROM SK NCHS TO A FOOTINLINGT, WOOD BENING TASS AE HORE EASILY ACCOM USED WT THE PURGOSEDESGNED TH'SHORN HOUNTED ON THERON THE KEE. LING CN THE BOARD WAS HEATPRSSUE BINT USING THE TURNED ALLMNU TH increasingly obrfous to me as] continued (9 work wht b Klein: What exactly is the so-called. “Kammertander methot” or sistem? Kammertander: Basically, t's an efectwe way of bend: ingen forrnne wood, cana on using thas bert endl for edt woud so produce e mente the’s out the excesive investment of tine required by so many other methods—metbods used! jor years by experienced itorically accurate, with model builders Klein: So we'ne really talking rather thaa model bu technique: Kammerlonder Acinally, i’ both, Lot's look at weod firs. Reanniful woods—the material we medel builders derive so much pleasure fron-—sbould never be hrivalized the way they so often are I don't believe wood was ever 2meant to be lortared into shape. I don believe ft was ever ‘meant to be abused the way so many of us modd builders do, Have you noticed that most of the commercially avait- able wood bending devices do just that They abuse wood. They're torture racks that crimp pinch and literally jan wood into shape, Unfortunately, in te process, they 00 16 Sbips i Scbe «Volume X. Number ‘often destroy the strectureof that beatae natural material Klein: And your method, you say, loesn' do shat, Will you explain, then, how you achieve the shapes you need for your modes? Kammertandder: Ws, of course, but before we wall about my method, sou bave to tuderstened soneetbine bora wood, sae its structure. As we all know, #' cellular Hundveds to Uvonsands of cells can be contained in a single piece of wood thed éstised tn model building. These wood cells ave the capacity to let water in and out. Bult in most cases, wood can “ake on” water a. nate that's about five times greater than the rate at which i can leave the wood cells. That imbalance in the water ranger vate is importante keep in mind. It plays a major role in the bonding process. W's also what causes so many of us to achieve less than satisfactory results with our bending processes. Klein: Why is that? What's the problem? Kammerlander: Simply this: 100d is allowed to absorb water to the point where ts cells fil, and then beat is applied, he cellular strucuere of he wood will most likely be destroyed. The results, dha is, what bappens to the wood, wilPHOTO 2 AFTELTHE TRANSOM, KIELSON, AND SUINARK ARE PRED OR THCKED “TO TH PUISTE NOLO, ASQUAREEDGED FEI USED TO CAEFULY CUT ORT: £5 (SLOT) NTO THE MELSON TO ACCEPT THE FRAMES, THE NEEL TSF WL E {A296 LATER, GLUNG ONTO THE HEELSON AFEL ALL THE RAVES HAVE BEEN gD w Pace. ‘To 4, ATE A MORTS HAVE BEN NOKHED NTO THE MELSON, THE F- "TG OF Te FORMERS PROCEEDS. THE FORMER, THIN VENEER STRIPS THAT HAE {EEN CUT TO LENGTH AHEAD OF TA, ARE HIRST GLUED NTO THE MATEO | WOTCHED}KELSON WH CA ACHESVE. THEN, USING MEAT AND PRESUNE, THE INONDUAL FOES AE WORKED OOWN OVER THE PLASTER MOLD USING THE URPCSE-CESIGNED TIP MOUNTED IN THE ZOWATT SOLDERING RON. THE AMERLANDER PLASTER MOLD, HOLES ANE PEOYDED TO ACCE AND HOLD IN RACETHEFRANES AS THEY DIY AND SET FROM THE PAESSIRE AND HEALTHERE AE, (OF COURS, MER WAYS TOHOLD TE FRAME ENOSIN LACE {Stk TO APP PRESUME FOR THE CUT WTH SMALL HAMMER CR YOUR FING [HOTD 6 AN ALMOST COMPLETED HULL. THE MODEL A 1:30 SCALE GERMAN ‘OAS, WOR BOAT RODUCED FROM THE OEGINAL 1910 HAMBURG DOCKYARD ANS FORTHE VESSEL THE WODEESLOA'S UST 9) HEAT AX PRESIRE THA SOSVATTSDLDIRING RCN. THE ONS TED [WIE THE PURPOST-OESGNED TURNED ALUMINUM ALLOY TH THE STEMS BENG ELD IN FLAC WT THCKS AS THE BUILDER SRAPS THE STEM AND KEL TO THE EQURED FORM, SHAPNG WOOD TS WAY CAN BE DONE DRECRY ON THE SHER LANOF THE NODAL, SULT TO A SCALE OF 150, ME OVERALL LINGTH OF THE OOM, NEUEN TS {ATER LONG RURKING BOWS 122.5 THE HILL THIS PICTURES ONT {DNA MACINE VE, A VEX CONVENIENT TOOL TOR WOLOING MORES OF THIS SITE DURNG TE LATTER PHASES OF CONSTRUCTION. Ships Sate sJannansery 17be totally wsatifactory. Water wupped in the woot Gomember, the water can't get ont es fast as it cent enter) will bermelly explode when suiciont beat is epplied to the wood to bend t. Wed thet, ofcourse, isdestractive Kein: So what's the answer? Sinimer the wood in pot of ‘water? Or hold it over steams? Kammerlander: Ive found wettber wo be satifiriory Direct seaming and cooking ave effective ways to destroy. the cellar strucaire of your wood, something yon don't ever wart to do, I'S ninth, by the way. that oldtine, fil. size ship builders used those metheds. What shipwriahts dd was wel the wood with mopsand brushes. Then ther tt fires 18 Slips n Sale» VluneX Nuno # 'HOTO 9A. SHP' 1OM' AND ONGHES SUCH AS THESE CAN BE SULT BY ALMOST WF MODEL BULDER LUST FEW HOURSUSING TE KAAMERLANDEN CONSTRUE THON TECNIGUES. BECAUSE THERE'S NO MAJOR INVESTMENT OF TIME OR MONEY, FRILONNG A LITLE ONE SUCH AS THE ODLS RTURED HERES AN EXELLENT WAY 170 XPERNENT WH THE TECINIGUE. THE HODELS SHOWN ARE 25° LOA. HOWEVER GEIHARD HAS PLSTERFORUSFOR DINGHIES THAT CAN BE BULT 0 A SALE OFIUST 1:16, TO GE 17° LOA. PHOTO 8. SOME TUROPEAL MCDELRS {288 VSNG THSE ULTRA SWALL ORNS TO BULD LFEBOATSFORBIGGER HODHLS ‘AUHAS FOWEREDTUGS, BYVARAINGTHEDSTANCES BETWEEN FORME, THEY ARE IBLE TO ACCOMMCOAT MOST SCALES THAT THEY BUILT. under it as welght was applied. the process nas acwualy suette gente, Klein: So what’ the answer for mel builders? amanertandter: Be yenite, se gentle bet after burners, the woeel for e short time in woter—cold weucr: Let's ay you care working with a formeror ea plea tout is figgersubmicrysel ine the water cane then allowed to “take one mest far bond Ibvee to five mirmites, bu not nsec longer ibe longest tie needed, Ive found, ixabout fifleen msnntes Tso ic tino till depend on the hardness of the weed yon're song, Soabingg ‘imeiskeprshort on purpose. The idea fie o phe cols wits water: Remember what we'l call the “in.fresimesfesterthen-PHOTO 40 KanERLnOEA MCOELOF a 187 GMA COASIL WORKROAT NOTEDFORTHER SPD EAWORTHNES, AND LARGE CAIGO CPV THESE SNALLCRAFT ‘Wet USe0FiusntyTO TRANSPORT PISHABLE FOODS BETWEEN AND AMONG THE COASTAL VLLAGES AND TORS OF SCHLESVIGHOLSTENIN TE ISNT OF DENAARC LT TOA SALE OF 175. THE MODELS LENT OETA, NCLUDNG BOWSPAIT AND DINGHY, § UST SHORT OF 12° PHOTO 11 MIGHY ITALED MODE. OFAN ATH CENTURY WHALER BU TOA SCAIEOF 14010 PRODLCE AN OVERALL LNG OF UST OVER 7 Sips Sate « eomar'sobruany 19A: ill HS PHOTOS 104.8 THE HUL OFTHE 1762-1788 OE WLUAN, ARTALLY FLAKED ‘220 FLY PLANED, RSLS UKE HS AN BE ACHIEVE BY AUNT ANY MODEL [ULDER WHO 1 WLLNG TO WORK AREFULY USING THE KAMERLANCER BULO- ING TEGINIQUES FRAMES EXTINDING ABOME THE BLWABKS. ARE SIMPLY SAPD (OF WHA TOOL NO MORE SECIAL THAN NGEINAL CLPPER! ox ratio ne talked alone minute Klein: Alter the three to five minute immersion period, ‘what then? Kanmertander: Toe wood is taven ou of the water and set aside for an additional tbree to five minutes. By the way, when the wood comes out of the water you want it 10 be completely ‘wetted out," but not sopping wet, You quickly get a feel for wheats right for your particular wood. Afier what we'll call the rest period, the woods ready to for, Klein: Ready toapply the heat? Kammertander: Yes, but also pressure. After a tot of experimenting. ve found a 20-30:vaat soldering tron 0 he best for the application of beat and pressure. Fuse aun alt minum alloy tip that Ive developed afer experimenting uit varios metals Regular adumunium (Stoo sof. Heruds off ‘outa the wood when pressure ts applied. a soldering tons regular tp is also 100 Sofi Ir ets to0 hes, even with a 2006ett Iron. The alumtruan alloy tip bes proven to be the best far: i's mounted on a bronze peg. that locks tito tbe iron witha set-sereu just like the now's regtlar tip. Ati, we've found that ee solelertvgs iron larger than 2030 twats gener ‘aes ar too och lea for this process. t burns the wood during the hosnding process. With a 20.30.1attivon, the boas Amst right. In fact fine temperature adiusiments can be macde hy sliding the tip slightly in or ont, Yo bend larger Pieces. Isupplement nay alraminnim alloy tip witha bending ead that Five also developed. That, co, mounts in a stan: dard 2030walt soldering iron, Anal that’s it, Nowhing else needed jor bending. Fxeept pressure Klein: Pressure? oro 12. Ts A RW OF THE DUKE WILIAM HULL PASTALLY COMDLETED TSA 6908 IBEAO COMPLET AO NOBEL OF COUIE. AU IE KOT ABAB IDEA TONE "THE ROCK BALLAST SITING OEE DOHN ON THE KIELSON THE PUMP REACHING DOWN NTO THE IGE. THE AE STRNGERS. THE OID PLA. THE DECK RAMS THE CAR. LUNES, THE HANGNG INES, THE STANCHONS—THE WORKS. CAPING ALL YOUR FORTS WUT A BECK ML DENY VIEWER THE OPFORTINT TO SE WHAT YOUVE BE {WH CARE AND PDE. 20 Shs Sale «Volume X. Number 1PHOTO #5. HS 30W QUARTEL VIEW OF THE CARAVEL SHOWS DECKDET, NCLUDING THE PLANKLON-FLAME 1.7 DINGHYKammerlander Yes, pressure. ket's Took at the actu contraction of one of my models and we'll see bow the combination of heat, moistore, and pressure care nsed to enel and form the wood for is components. Take a eel, for example. Mier the wood fs soaked in water and allowed 10 rest for an esual amount of time, as we've jst said. the keels ready to form (0 shape, The “wetted out” woed is helel in pluce on a board, using tacks or ‘pins at one end. Then, the soldering ron alloy tip 6 pressed down jirmly ‘onto the wood using one band for the tron as the other bard slowly bends the wood into the required shape sing tbe iron'sbeat and the pressure The tron is moved along the wood slowly: The Ree! will take, and bold, the shape you give to 1 with the Peat land pressure, This can bedone direct- Byover te plan of te keel PHOTO 18, LOOKING LOWN ATIMESIARIONID 8OW OF THE UKE WIL, 3 FOSSBLETO te HOW SF, Klein: Sonow ve havea heel that's auTErrecrv, BEWNG CAN 0010 AMOEEL OF TS SE ent w the eoerect shape. What follows? Kammerlander: What we actually have isa beckon, the ‘part the boel will be mounted to, Hua the keel thee we'l also need is made in the same wary. Anyway, the keelson istered in place om the plaster mold avd CA glued to the wasn, ‘and the model is reads forthe formers or frames, The process ofapplving em isratber simple and sraightforsart 22 Sipe Sole «Vsone Neon irs. the frante postions are clearly indicated on all my Plaster molds. Holes in the molds show exactly where each frie will be ited. But before a frame car be applied to the adel, @ notch or mostise bas to male fir itn the boelson. ‘Tis best accomplished wi a small, sqnewroedged fie. MI the mortises hat is, each slo for each franue, bave to he filetHOTS 2. MODEL OF A MASTED COASTAL OMY GMGHTY BARD OW E1920 {Aunla Vsti £0 FOFULAR TODAY ON TH NORM Sta COAST THE BOAT VAS ito the kevlson Then, with all the mortises cut, and with all the notebes Jor the frames medle, i's time to put te frames in place on the mold, ‘he timber tent need for each frame bas to be deter mined. That's easily done by measuring with a piece of card hat itsfrom boleto-bole Starting at the stern, the wetted out {rane fs center-positioned into tts note in the keelson anda drop of CA is applied to the joint. Heat from the soldering iron is used 10 set the joint. Then, pressure and beat are applied to the frame, The tip fs worked down and firmly pressed aginst the plaster mold all the way down 10 the bole. Bach frame must it perfectly agaist the mole. 1H be bel in place by the bole t's inserted into, Again, it's impor- ant thot the frame follow the exact shape of the plaster mold. Accurate shapnng is espectally important for the frames near tbe stern and bor. bt there'll be no real problems encoun lered with dis. The heat und pressure at you apply with toe iron will set" te frannes ie place. They'll bold their sap act frame iseapplied tr the same manner. Wher all are int place yore bave ct model that looks wory nucle what the original sbipteright het at this stage before plandine. Klein: Ancl the planking? Kammertander: That, too, bavelves usinag tbe iron os yort 40 along. Bau for planking, you'tl apply pressure only at each frame, Never benceen them. That way: the timber planking will fair to the right Shape. Klein: Your planking methoel appears tobe quite racional, (OF THe aL CRAFT WEED HORMIERY GENIE JANEURS AREA, MARTE Lagu On THEMLIN REIS, AS TROISSORTIS OF FOODSTURS, As HODEL OF IM MS BLANKON-ANE CONSTBUCTON METHOD, DETHTUNG OF THE BOAT MAES Kanumerlander: Yes it is, Perhaps the onty thing worth pouting out here ise use of a window scraper blade. I ford them to be the best ool for tapering planes. Toey're simply bammered or pushed through the plant. You ean fine them at most stores that sel of industrial cleaning equipment. Klein: What about achesives? Whar glues do you use? Kanmerlander: 'vetried just about everything available. Right now I'm using a slghily thinned CA. This isthick CA that thin down tothe desired viscosity by adding thin CA. Klein: The d y Kanmerlander: ses, because 1 use a hypodermic needle with a £2 opening asa dispenser, the CA bas to have the right viscosity You ware the CA to form « droplet at the end of the needle when youre ready to glue something slein: Gebnard, sn talingabout the so-called Kummertaner Leehnique with historical ship model builders or the tnternet, the response L sno chat. yet is ofien, "There's nothing nes ‘Weve been doing that foe years.” Kemamerlander: Yes, I onow. But that’s usally from poo" ple whe heave never aceally alt model using this toc nique. Hove in Cormany, once they do, they become deeply innterested bn the process. Many adopt it for their own build. ing Tsey look for ways 10 apply it} encourage model bustles ta experiment with this technique Ameil Klein Maarheckste. 20 51668 Prinzurtay Sips a Seale «anna ebranry 23SEAWAYS'’ BEGINNER'S SCHOOL Pore THE JNEOPHYTE SHIPMODELER’S JACKSTAY by George B Campbell Editor’s note: The Neophyte and much of ischaraeter, The diageams elevation, profile, orsheer plan, Ieshows Shipmodieler’s Jackstay és a guide 40 1A, 1B, and IC are given on actual thespacing ofthe sections ®” and of the lechniques of modeling from a wood builders’ plans andarcusvally ako given "B" waterines, each noted 2 bit It is not @ description of the con- on serious moxleling plans. ‘The lines line, and also shows the “C” cued ruction of any certain model or ype given on LA are transverse sections lines, which are known as buttocks. of eesse, We give thanks to Model Expo through the hull at equally spaced pos Waterlines are usually identified as WL, LPP glenng us permésion fo share this ions. Sometimes alditional sectionsare —WiL2, ete, and buttocks see identified ‘ood with you. howd between these posidons and nearby leiters, Diagram 1G 1s vasiously Ue extemities for grewter aecuntcy — known asthe halFbreacth plan or water SCALE These lines are also known asbody plan, ne. Waterlines appear as curved lines, fre most popular kitshaveascake body sections, hall sections oF just sec: while the buttocks and sections are which 18° equals 1 foot. Jn tions. One half of the diagram—the lei straight lines. Diagrasn 1D is @ perspec other wonls, 1 foot on the real side—represents the forwird part ofthe tive view that embodies all the Hines, ship is reduced in the medel 10 1/8" ship, while the aight side represents the although a drawing ike this is of no par length. By using quick arithmetic, you after part of the ship. “ simplify things, ticular: tein shipbuilding cn figure that 18" goes into 1 foot 96 each section és noted oa the diagram It may be easier to. undenstand why: times. Thus, 18" = 1" scale ean ako he as" although they should actually he the curved lines appesarstexight in some: defined as 1:96 sive identified individually by: number or views yee take some simple object lke leer: You can trace the appearince of a stusige and slice it in a sees oF these sections in the other views as straight cuts extencing both crosswise es ate not mysterious (Figure stright lines and lengthwise, as well as horizontally D. They picture the ship’ physiognomy Diagram LB is variously known asthe lengthwise, then expose the cut surface 24 Sbipsin Scale « Votue X Nando 1A A oA IC-PLAN FHGURE , Shp UNeS OF A SHS BOAT OF THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Fingers beorind OT had. Tote cub away THEINSOE TOTHE HARK USING VERTICAL PASSES WII THE GCUGE AN CHIL WHO LOSS MUCH HABAPlayed level FIG.A Sh Width 9 etl pe Center line Center fine FIGURE 4 UNG A SMALL LANE, FORA LEVEL SURFACE ALONG THE CENTERLINE OF HE HULL and note ts shape. quer oF dope, Ocherwbe, if the goed inside te this ling, using vertical passes he ves shown in figure Lis of A contains eniough resin, ie is fable 1 withthe gougeand chisel Slight cuts on shp'sbou oftheeaty eghicerh century. appear as smal blisters uncer the paint- the deck susace will not mater as Sheet col nish. Bo withstand handling in ship- planking will cover the deck at a faer ‘THE MACHINE-CARVED ment, certain fragile parts of the hull are stage. Irthe bulwark is left too thick, the WOOD HULL bften intentionally cut rather thick, rl wie will not cover the thickness of he hulls chat ace supplied in most These thik pares are the bulwarks, the the bulwarks and the timberheads model kits are made of basswood or keg aad transom, Whore athicknessof 116" orlessisincl- poplar and are machine-carved fo 1a ‘efor you beggin any cutting, study cated—which fs more the rule than the rsswoodl is per- the plans, As fist step, you should fair exception—you may “cheat” by le taper upward in the bulwatks sonably accurate Hines wun wood for mod- and smooth the topsides and rail con- cling, purposes. A top grade poplar tour as needed before you chin the bul- thereby giving them strength with a (shiteweod) is excellent, but there can wars. IF necessary, the bulwarks cin be minimum loss of appearance (i sriation in quality. One fault thinned with a chisel and gouge. Asa Turning next t0 the outside of the ined thickness with a hull the frst siep is to forma level sur then cut awaylrom the — face along the cencer line ofthe hull. In hans the hest bea st of pine is ts resin content. Its well 10 guide, mark th seil in the wood juices with a coat oflac- pene igure Solid Forecastie 26 psn See Nour % SlanderCurved beams to support deck ond ; | f_retain camber Number of beams dependent on sise of model FIG.6 Ledge to support geck beams.on each side. [POURE 6 TOR FUL AN GEEK WT THE QUARTER AND FORECASTLE DECK ABOVE, YOUWIL HAVE TO CHSEL OUT THE TWO LATER DECKS THEN FRAME AN SHE Ast THE AGA fother words, @ flat surfixe on which a oweesinded, roundedeline hull with sate 1 deck, Note that on fgates there centerline maybe scribedas a measuring sco, not reallzing that smooth, were no bulkheads at the enor ulde during construction igure 4), rounded edges are anathema to the —break—of these decks to cue up the ‘This may be done with a somal plane, seale-hound. Keep the edges andl angles main deck, To hold the model, make a Aver that, mack the centerline with a erip and clean. This will tke seme visehold Gigure 7), Thisinvolves dling pencil. Alsomakea mark on dhisflatsteip. doing, but the sharpness will make your two pilot holes into the hull ow the Keel that i approsimately the width of the efforts worthwhile line bee, New shave andl fr the bl Kit hulls are often cut to their top- The quarter and forecastle: deck ieee the Rats. This will ye youth most deck. A frigate will have an eamsmay be fired ently (igure 6), hut shape of the ouside. Use a wide chisel exposed waist down to the main deck the decking should be delayed some: for this. A few passes with a file (not a (figure 5), Ifyou wish a full main deck what until you are ready to install the: rasp will densifyand level any unwant- with the quarter and forecastle deck cannon on the main deck ed bumps. Finish with a fine sandpaper, above, you will have to chisel out these You wil note that the height of the Sanding calls for particular care. Do (0 later decks, then rot round edges wiich should have plank them in again (Rgure 6), This will relationship to the angles. Often a modeler will view hs — give you thestem-to-stern sweep ofthe the shorter men of tia ume and shyet- “tween decks apparently had yery litle ri for sre FIG.Z, Bote Pisce cl on sie of model Vise hold ‘ie Sate «Jsmuaryionnnry 27Frank B.Thomson: Erie Canal Boat by Robert Malconson Ikhough its alos fn a bed of src the Pranie Buchanan thomson proxy represents breed of estore tha: once num. beret in the thousands, but are now long gone. And the unique repesitory in which i resis, the Weighlock Thuilding in Syracuse, New York, sf ting display case forthe rch history of JNorta American canals, The buildings Jocatec on the original path ofthe E anal, the forefther of the systems of vterways that spread lke spilerwebs ‘across the United Staves andl Canala curing the 1800s, Proposals for the digging of a canal to link Lake Brie anc the Hudson River date back to 1724 Ic cook until 1792 for the state of New York to pass legis tion for theestablshment oflock navigatien, which led to the construction of locks that breached the ridge between Lake ‘Ontario and the Mohawk River: Piscusslans thar heace up ater ISW0 were stalled by the War of 1812, but eventually led 1 the passing ofa law approving the ite Cara in 1816, Fist ‘excavations began the following spring, Sections oF he canal were opened! in 1819 ad the projet was Finished in 182 two years ale of schedule, On 4 November of that yea ne advncate of the water ise >to New York where he eeremo. Governor DeWitt Clinton, a long vay, along with his offal entourage, completed 4 across the sate From Bla niously poured a keg af Take Fie water into the harbor 39 Spain Sate = lines X Nebr PHOTO. THE OLD LOCK CHANBERIN THE WEIGHLOCKBULD. {@ ING ON ERE BOULEVARD IN SYRACUSE IS KOME TO THE HE “The route for the Esse Canal was 368 evils in lenygls and carried ve sels up and dawn hreugh 655° of lockage Fach of the 77 locks was macle of stone blocks and measured 90" by 15% lifting traffic as much as, 12°. The rest of the waterway was dug to be 28° wide at the bottom, 40° on the surface of the water, and 4° deep. Since the canal was eat across coun- ty rather than_making use of river courses, 32 aqueduets were con structed to carey i acoss valleys Completion ofthe Erie Canal marked an important sep in the development of the northern United States because it ally improved she transportation system, Prior to its inception, a ton of goods sent by roa! from Bullalo 10 New York cost about S100 in freight charges and took 29 days to artive, Alter 1825, a simar loud Cest $6 €0 trinspors ard the tp could be made in eight days oF less. By 1845, the $7 rl lion spent ro construct the fie volls, Dur tl was recouped throughs he west four decatles, over $42.5 million doles tics, Other waterways were dug eo connect with the Erie and, by 1850, morethan 4001 miles of canals had bees built sees the United Stes oats that cruised the Birks Canal were limited in size by the dimensions of the boeks through which they: weal pas. h, bur they Some passongrer earners extended £0 1007 in lePHOTO 1, THE CARGO HOLD HOUSES EBS EXLANING THEUSEOF CANAL BONS. swore restricted to long stretches between locks, Most vessels swore made to ft the Jecks as closely as possible with typical dlimersions being 78! long, 14 12" wide, and 3.1/2" in draft Beginning in 1936, the Erie Canal was enlarged te include a channel that was 70° wide and 7 deep, with locks 18° wide ani 110° in length, ‘The dimensios oF typical eraft of the time increased 097 by 17 12’ by 6 12 By 1519 there were 75 canal beats opening in the viciity lof Syracuse, That number leaped € & worl OF throughout New York state in 1843, Accoruling to the inven: toy ken ‘oped among the esi, There were 40 packet boats, which 89 ine beats, 126 vessels cat, distinctive Amerkan styles had devel fl for passenger alone, while 30 tips cate «NokemeX Bunbeor 1 ‘owned hy companies that specialized in Iransporting, freight and passengers. were the main conveyance of immi gents who were heiding westward Bulk cargo. was carried by more simply ‘constructed deck scows. Their bottoms slanted upwari slightly toward the square bows and steras, making them structure co the most common ‘the 8B73 open scows, each of which svas essentially "a hole in the water: “The final wwo types of vessels seen on the Erie Canal also operated on lnkes and, 2s a result, featured rounded bows: and watertight hatchesand decks. There ‘were 379 simple lake oats in service in| 4815 and 118 more complex cre named ‘ullhed” boats. The cargoes ofthis kt ter type were protected by full length ‘cabins. these vensels were rated together ‘When eravelling on te lakes, bichind sceamers, since they lacked the sails rigged on the eanal boats thet oper ake ated on larger boxtes of water like Champlin. While in motion on the canal, propul sion for all the beats wats provided by rales, Managed by a tender nicknamed the “hoggee. the animals truged along the towpath harnessed to the long line that hauled the erat on shits that lasted for six hours According to custom, eackt vessel hutd its own mules that took turns resting aboard the boat hetween shifts, usualy in the forward cabin ifthe boat carried no passengers. ‘The towpath was on the north side of the & hhoggees going in both directions. When boats confronted one another, the eastbound craft had the ‘ightofway, which meant that the other hud (0 stop on the south bank, allewing the tow line to sink to the bouton ofthe canal. The hoggee would stop his mule on the ouside 6 the path with the Fone on the road so that the au eros, There Dot batts, Packets had sightorway oFer line bats, which had rightof and was shaved by meles and a pecking oreer governing the overtaking, ‘over fight boats, Not all of the canal boats were dedicated to freight and passengers. Some served is foe breakers, dump scons, Fat Iibearies, dormitories for tavelling university studenss 36 swell as hom ig» for circus performers and preachers “The state were assigned 10 eel repair scons thaservice specie sections of the canal, Steambouts made their appearinve on the waerway in 1825, but they were vastly Despite their {by the mulepulled lange numbers, details about the cansenac- tion of canal bots ane lacking. As with so ¥ examples of ely shipbuilding, the vessels were put together by exper tenced crafesmen who haul litte time 10 devote t0 recording their functional works of at Arch igations have reaped some detailed infor ‘mation about the beats. government contact forthe bul ing of repair scow in 1875 reveals the follwing dimensions and species, Overall, the scow was 70" long. It vas 14 -1/2' wide on top, 13 1/2' wide on the bettom, and 11° wide at the wop of the tens ts sides measures 41/2 in height anil the decks were tone foot below the top ofthe sides. The bow and stern decks extended 6" long to cabins hat were 12" Iong and 41/2" the running boar. The intervening secion ofthe eraft was the uncoveret old, White pine planks measuring 4" in thick: ness were bolted £0 loors, timbers andl camps of white cal. Pine was also used for decking and for the cabins, The box was to be named the Abram Scouen and kent asa ser vice craft for “Section No, 7 OF the Be Cana Increasing’; underwater surveys of likes and portions of the canal still in existence are discovering, numerous wrecks, and their dimensions. § typical find is the coal seow sunk on Lake Seneca near Droscon. It measures 81° 6 inlength, 126° 4 0. Reports on these bin at the stern, in wich, and 7" in depth, witha single several covered holek for receiving its PHOTO 9. THE THREE BUAKS HUNG INTHE CABIY CO HOT 00 STC TO THE ‘ROWOID CONDTIONS DPERENCED BY PASSENGERS ON THELNE BOAT. archeological investigations are avalible at the Erie Canal Museum in Syracuse ricuse was the virtual centre of the Erie Canal ‘great beneficiary of the commerce it promated. ‘The city developed rapidly around the canal, especially when the ‘Oswego Canal was joined 10 the main channel in 1828, Aur ving structure from the & the Bie Carl Museum, Iti the weigh-tock buling, con ly days of the canals home te structed in 154950, the weigh-lock building was a roofed structure secembling 4 lock. In manner similar to the weighing of eansport tucks toxlay, canal boats were diverted from the Spt ae « Juaritermary 3maint channel into the lock, which was closed andl desined through under ‘ground tunnels, As the water level Low fered, the boat settled ont a cradle attacherl to 4 scale. ‘The weigh master determined the tell an the cargo by comparing, the weight of the boat with ins registered weight ‘There were seven weigh-lecks in the Erie canal system, but the building Syracuse is the only one tb survive into ‘modern times. In fact, itis sal toe the last remaining ficlity of is kind in the world. It served its function untd 1883, when tolls were abolished, Nter that it was used! to house administrative offices while the lock was use as an em! ‘eydlry dock. In 1957, a full 50 years alter the canal had been file in, the building \was abandoned. It seemed destined for destruction untl a group of private cit ‘ens formed an onganzavon that even: tually established the Bie Museum on iis premises in 19% Canal The building is fisted on the US. National Register of Historie Places and today also serves the Syracuse Usban Cultural Park Visitor Contre seocs. Inacliion ta sealing room, aspecit ‘evhibit Tall, and several galeries depicting the growth of Symicuce, the Cand Miascuim deserdes the function oF the \weighstock and features. neplica ofa canal boat in place within the off chamber The boat the Frank 8 Thomson, construct: ced to depict an authentic line boat. its dimensions, based on data obtzined through archeclog ane 65) long, wie, and 3.5° draught, The Thomsou is not alloal, since the Jock has been file with g As with most vessels of iis ert, the Thomson hes shor ravel upon which the canal beat rests decks at bow and stern, In between is # long superstructure, This section is divided into three areas, a small cabin For the ‘crew at the stem, a slightly larger cabin for passengens new the bow, and the hokl into whieh through panels in the sides, The color scheme fs based on a nineteenth century peintof & canal boat. The hull is sky blue swith white trim and some superstructure pink with whitetrim, The cabin interior all white with rel decks, and! dhe holds ark brown. The boxt ‘would have slipped along the canal under the watchful eye oF its captain, He hal to mae sure Ht did nox exceed the four mnile-perhiour speed! limit for fear ofa ine. If be was an inde limited pink seroll work, while pendent operator, dhe explain seieeted thet to make suse the boat did not “By light (without a «argo or wel plans, sry 32 ps See «Vane % Number 7 passengers) t00 often, He also had t0 handle the bills of lad fing and the tolls charged by weigh masters. Usually crow of six, comprised of two deck hands, two mule handlers, a steersman, anda cook, would work the boat day and nigh Often, a family would operate a canal boat withthe wie cook ing for the crew and one af the oder children helping tocendl the mules The crew quarters were cut of bourds for the passengers who could otherwise fll atop theircabin, st on the erampest foredeck, of stall along the tow path, There were no restric+ tions on the number of passengers that could embark for & trip, so the cabin was apr to take on the appearance of seer age-ike accommodations on cross-Allancie voyage. A wash basin in the cabin was reserved for women, while the men's basin was on deck, At sundown, collapsible bunks. were Femoved from the lockers in the cabin anil hung. in place. blanket wasalso draped vo divide the men and wemen dri the nigh, whether they were married oF pot. During the hot summers, passengers commonly sept on the Boor of the ‘cabin oF outside on the deck, Immigrants chose to travel by line boats rather than packets since the fee forthe latter was 4 per mile, whereas the line boat fee was penny and 2 hale Aliner lee the Brunk Buchanan Thomsen was Wkely 10PHOTO #1 THE YEW SHOWS THE EE CANAL ASIT CUT SRACHSE THRCUGH TS ‘MODLE THE WEIGH LOCK BUIDING Is SIBLE DAY UP THE UGHE-HAND SDE. OTETHE TOWPATH ON THE LIFT SDE OF THE CANAL, (COURTESY OF THE Et ‘nae use) conry any freight imaginable in itslong hold although salt was the most prominent luling seen in the vicinity oF Syracuse, In 1825 the hold would fave been crammed with bavrels af sah rendered! fram the local salt springs. The tol or salt that year ‘was 5¢ per ton per mile. So lucrative was the commodity that ‘by 1800 the sal indhistey near Syracuse covered 6,{0D.aeres oF nd, supplying the United Staves with half ofits needs, The profits from the market fue! summed Syrteuse into «banking Ccentneard one of the most important cltlesin New York sate ‘he Erie Canal was closed in 1917 and replaced by the much grander, coneree sructures of the Bele Barge Canal From ‘earliest clays, the canal hud coussed through the ver ter of sid 18005 ycuse, which owes its rapid expansion dus imost exclusively to the waterway and the pros perty it yielded The old route forming the major thoroughtire, Irie Canal Muse filled during the 19205, e Boulevard, While the isthe most signifieant reminder of the ciy’s canal cays, there are several places nearby where steiches of the original canal have been revitalized for history minded tourists. The Camills Frie Canal Park, located just west of Soracuse, features seven miles of the seitervan; three PHOTO 1. A UNE BOAT ON THE ERE CANAL, WITH TS FAMILY AND CRE (COURTESY OF HE EE COUNTY USM) PHOTO 12.THEWEIGHLLDCKURDING ASI APPEARED 1963, (COUITESY OF THEE CAL MUSEUM) ourbouts, and aceess to the 18 Nine Mike Greek Aquetluc. The Chittenango Landing Canal Bost Museum hus been developed atthe ste of aboatyard and includes archeological eshibits, including the remains of 2 recendly-excavated canal boat, This museum is fificen miles east of Syracuse, Robert Maleomson 58 Woaxlrow Sireet ‘St, Catharines, Ontario. 128 285 CANADA ‘eam: robert nsaleomsondesempatica ct For Further Reading: A Cotalboxt Primer Museum, 1981, (8 secon Abeer Sooner Eerie Canal 98) Incudes plans for the state repair For more information att the Erie Canal, cont a Aut, Cusuor of Collections and Kshibitions, The Erie Canal Museum, 318 Fie Bla, Fast (Rte. 5) New York, 18202. Tel New York State Archives, 503. Ise Cuhural Syracuse, Research Services, Hiluction Center LIDA0, Allany: NY 12236, Dis bs See «Jammer 33Royal Caroline in Miniature he Royal Caroline was built at Daptford by Allin in 1749. She Tula keel length of 72'2", a gun deck length of 90° 1°, 1 beam of 24 depth in hold of 1 and tonnage of 2 Pierced for eight 4-pounder cannons, she also haul © along the bulwarks. Her erew consisted ofsexenty ‘The Royal Caroline ax renamed Rayed Chartete on 27 July 1761 in honor it 12 pounder swivels fof Poncess Chaslotte of Mecklenburg eng H. “The best plan showing all the decors welt, who kuter married King tions is the elevation: halrendth and body sections appewas No, Lof Plate 48 in Chapman's Architecnura Navalis Meratoria 1768 (igure 1). A photo: graph of Plate 49 is aailable from the Seienve Museum i London, England, 34 Sins Seale «Volume X. Suber I by Gs Agustin listed as Negative No, 4402, ‘The best painting ofthe ship isa ve tiled! sarboard brogdsidesbow view lone by J,Cleveley the Elder now on dis play in Greenwich, England, There are ‘ovo other paintings of her; one reputed te be by Cleveley, showing the yacht in PHOTO 1. MY HAND GINS A GOOD ICON OF “HE Sze CF THE MODEL ‘oxo diferent positions, and anpther of her caught in sgje by 1-D. Mann. Bots ane i private collects and neidher are ‘ery useful for moxteting [GURE 1. NUABER 1 OF PLATE #7 IN CHAPMAN'S /RCHTECTREA NAMI HERATORA 1758.‘The Cleveley painting shows a very colorful vessel. The gilt carving reuced an ships belonging 1 the Roya) Navy at this ime, vas still 0 be retained fer some years on noval yachts, The blue background to the frieze carving is very evident and there is a lor of red about the decks and the rls Her boat on the booms has 2 color scheme to match, The Royal Yacht Caroline” depicted in Anatomy of the Ship by Se Bellabartat andl Giorgio Oseulati great asset in building this model. The photwgraphy of Belabarba’s model and ent line ceawings Found in the extremey helpful MODEL ‘The model shown i this article was, built 2 116" = 1 192 scale). Lelecke ce vanted (© present the model in an Admiralty Boar dockyarl style with the appropriate launching Mags With plans and drwsings hand, 1 aemed myself wth 4 sketch pad 0 out Hine the provess ancl buikling require ments needed! for the model. Miniatures equine 4 ning in the beginning because you have tw seratch-build from the keel to the tops in this ease this included the Megs. Of urmost importance is the ability to think small and imagine yoursel? walk: the decks or leaning on the bars of the capstan For myself like 10 have a very clean ‘work area, This prevents me from being dlstracted from my project, In aekition, if Ihappen to drop somethingeitheron the table or floor, have an exsier time finding it, The walls around the work area are cleared 10 allow For taping up of plans, sketches, photos, and other reser fence material, During, each phise of ke amount of pane Dullding, void unnecessary clutter by keeping out only those tools tha are required for the work in progress. As 1 prepare to start my work, Halso prepare myself mentally For thie project, Istorted with cheery sweodl planks (/16" x 3° ¥ 24°), from Midwest Products i Hobart, Ireian, ‘These were cut into squares (which Tl refer to as waters) yer than the h grain running vertically, Once Thad a sufficient number of wafers, 1 glued them into solid block, the length of the hull, with Elmer's (white) water soluble glue. At completion, this block encom- passed the height, width and length of the hull (gure 2a) ‘Templaces for saons were made out of cardstock taken from the plans. (I had earlier reduced the plans down 10 the seve 1 would be using 10 bul the model) she anil icth oF the bull, with the NOUHE 24, 8, 2°€-1OR THE BLOCK EXCOMPASING NOM OF GNEORS, YOIDONS, WALES, 240 HE traced the profile of the hull onto the side ofthe black and proceeded 40 ‘eur our oa my hands, Once this was done, Tea hull model ved it as you would a solid checking it periodically ‘against my templates at strarexie points Jocated along the hull. This ensure that 1 wasn't cai more wood than necesstey. § iS used 10 bring the hull «0 its final shape. When this was compkted to the dimensions requited (Rygre 2b), a cen: terline was scared into the hull on the top. 1 marked all my reference guide- lines along the side of the bull in ink, Figure 2c shows the lecations of gu ports, windows, wales, and also the lor and shert timbers on the frames. Ca Imad 10 be saken from this point on to done sold dannging the outside surface, 1 found it helps to hold the model ani cebsesve I fiom every angie w makesure there eno unexpecteal bumps snl hollows. Thin battens can be held ainst the hull in onder te judge the fairness of the hull Once this part was completed, the hrall was soaked in| ‘zone (os water) 10 Foosen the glue ond herween the wafers. usd an old cectangular butter Aish id for thisjab in order to keep she wafers in their proper order. After t process was completed, etch frame wrefully cleaned, numbered and lad out in order an a blotter to ds. The next step was to mark the inside molded edge of cach frame. The irick was 10 make them all uniform so that any inside planking would not waver over bumps and hollons along the length ofthe hull ‘The mos’ time-consuming pat of the project—hellowing each frame waer— Followed. Extreme ean: had to be taken sa thatthe frames dict splitwhile [was cutting andl handling them. 1 began to y glue the frames imo pais 0 Ua cOuk cut the stort eimbers aay (Once | had all of them glued, I stared ptting the pairs together in the order they were numbered until at lave 1 had the completed hull assenvated Hips See nuarytebraary 3B