SKOGVVIPUIIGIIIVIIGIITIIGIIIIL LLL LIT LL hhh hhh CAPT. SAHIL KHURANA SEC-7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI-75 (#91) 9871866290, 9971663490 _. METEOROLOGYge Sa UP ee ee 6 oe. ee Meteorology is a science of Atmosphere. * The Atmosphere in its dry state is a mixture of many gases of which Nitrogen and Oxygen accounting for about 99 %. GASES % BY VOLUME 9% BY WEIGHT T ( 2 Nitrogen my Ze ee $j ——____ | %S eg 2 sant ~ ~ Argon 95 95 { Inert Gases = DS: 3 L LbLELLLEEUGLLEELEEL ff OIN2 and 02 are in 4: 1 by volume: Fi ZS Aneando2 ares: 1 by weight, me! UG There are others gases as mentioned abéve but they ore present in such small amounts that their traces are negtigible Airis never dry. Water vapour is always present in varying amounts. Water haves like.a gas, The max. water vapour that can be present in relation to other.gases''s about 3 to 4%. Q The Earth és surrounded by a layers of air, called the Atmosphere. All weather occurs within the atmosphere, and meteorology is the study of this weather. O The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of gases, principally nitrogen (78%) and. oxygen (21%). Water is present in the atmosphere, in either vapour, liquid or solid form. Particles of dust, smoke and other impurities are also held in suspension in the ait. Q The atmosphere may be conveniently sub—divided into the layers shown. itis the troposphere which is of special interest, since it & contains the vast majority of weather. SAHILKHURANA SEC ~ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866200 LbObD | Ay 4 b b 4 1 {> 4 L 4 lols < Won ee Bo \ ge x} “cfm by ae a schoo) giabras emp | Sa “F iow! i Wa [ew. Porerce\ pp Zit =e Devaey L Hubb ne eee iene wend ord a iy £> v K eofoPhus® In nek 0 Suagr be ue ojos! pk Ds atlaurplet~ Krab Avo=) : - MertEh oF — A DEFINITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE — > a) = — — —~ — = =~ S1-20K», = \y 2D) ha a K The spheroidal gaseous envelope surrounding a heavenly body. ‘O —~ There are five layers in the atmésphere. From the surface upwards these are —— ac th re, le the ; oe : —~ 5 Oe Sere 3 =I] im (36,0 5er4) { 6 se | > sas Troposphere, E™ O a. iS ot ar? ~ UU é <> |{- 86 Xm aK? e/ — X + stratosphere, Ps ya — e wo eee a ae — Z ou > AC “Thermosphere Z ~> AC Exosphere. Oe ofS > =< ax _That layer of the earth's atmosphere where temperature decreases = with an increase in height. This is called Lapse rate. Sola = + e i Conkle of of the total aemoseheria weight. mf se des os) ~= = SAHILKHURANA 2 ‘ee Cee ee Se Hog ti" 09871866290 = gene i sso" / a ™~ = =O Contains almost all the weather: C1 Ieextends up to 8 kms at Polés and 16 Kms at Equator. \7Km Wen Frets THE TROPOPAUSE \' of us _ LAYER Br Q Marks the boundary (ESRI te oes e AE ES ROSPREES € less than 2 deg/1000° O itis not uniform in height - it varies with;- [PAatitude. | Polar low height) Peake _ PF Season of the year. (Winter lower} - &f Temperature prevailing on the day. Mt Time of day. ae Height of Tropopause is 36000" (\t ee “ Aleight of Tropapause is lower in poles (3 2) ‘because equatorial tropopause height is nearly twice the height of Polar Tropopause_ 40 Temperature at the Tropopause ver the equator is less than the Poles ia Near the equater the height of the tropopause is about 16 Kms. = AA (RRERERSEIES tne height of the tropopause ts amamesng a Resa THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TROPOPAUSE HEIGHT The significance of the tropopause height is that it usually marks;- «G@jthe riaximum height of the doud. PLELEDDLLELELELELEELGELLELI SI Sapte presence of Jetstream. ib x dite presence of Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): orthe ‘maximum wind speed. ‘SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC -7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290STRATOSPHERE O The Stratosphere extends from Tropopause up to 50 Km. O The Temperature remains steady up to 20 km and there after increases with height. OF The upper boundary of the Stratosphere is called Stratopause where the temp is of the order of 0° C. Ozone at about 25 km and above which > cbsorbs ultraviolet radiation of sun and causes the increase of temperature in this layer. C There is a concentration Q Stratosphere is a stable region with, Lyery low humidity and no. weather occurs. O However, Very rare type of cloud is found called “Necreous” (Mother of Pearls) occurs between 20 to 30 km in'Winter. SOLAR RADIATION BREAKS THE 02 MOLECULE The pressure of Atmosphere is the force exerted on the surface of unit area by the air. * When the air is at rest the pressure exerted is called static pressure or simply Barometric pressure. ff ‘ * When the Giris in motion, the pressure exerted is called Dynamic: Pressure * ‘i Meteorology , we are only concerned with the Static Piessuie » The Airis held toearth by gravitational attraction _ > Pressure decreases with height The Pressure is measure with the help of Aneroid Bardmeter or Mercurie Barometer. Unit of pressure is Hpa or inches PRESSURE CHANGES WITH HEIGHT. ~ (1 Hpa moreis more at height than at mean sea level AE MSL . 27 jeet At 20000 feet 50 feet At 40060. )feet 100 feet “> Pressure maximum at 1000 and 2200 hours and minimum at 0400 and ¢ 1600 hours at local time SAHIL KHURANA SEC— 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866260ee | ‘ \ wv a v4 5 t \ ciepaaisemateallp 20,000 ft pacohpa[& 5 000d ; as sae Be = 3 Tam Ba E aS _iyles 100: is 008 fe sites \ | at aaa ( 4 - 7 10,000 pF VY, et 7 aay ae a eS =~ eae ae “ =a f sfee eel C eg “be zea = er i : ‘ ‘ ’ 1 : a 1 2 } y era \ =< tplised? gd : aes! “ ; t 1 + a t ’ More 4, = 4IObPH - igi ebiar= ’ bo a. — grr Bf ao ae) ‘ - ied 1 a eet) Vent (ey) gen use (MSU: ee oans POU ObEboObbL Ebb Lei bi bir biubbetitil dy ¥ U a — aan ap SEnEe | Pressure (Pa) | Approximate Height (i), a | @a 850 | §.000:amsi Pal | a 700 10.000 msi i #500 7 18000 emsi—=—| | AS 24 000 ams! | | BeaGG 30000 ams} | geeaoS a0 000s! <<“ / “100 153. 000msi.< BOP 68000 amsis — MSL f 2000 f ams! | 20 000 ams! 40 000 ams! pm TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON PRESSURE “Pressure Falls more réipidly itt cold air as cold air Is heavier. "| Pressure falls slowly and gradually in warm air. "Over the same Height, In cold air it will be less compared to over warm air QFE = Actival aetodrome press (QNH = Station level pressure reduced to mean Sea level pressuré assuming ISA conditions * QNE- 1013.2 Hpa or 29.92 inches. FE. jon level pressure reduced to mean sea level under exi conditions. ‘Not set on Sub Scale. Only used in Met. SAHIL KHURANA, StC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871865290epee or PPE PPPPPRAPPPPPPPPPLPLrplrsDSAHl 3 SSP Seb Seole- fe | SSSetting on | Altimeter reading at | Altimeter when Flying Altimeter Aerodrome) | r Zero. | Height above Aerodrome Qn. Elevation Altitude QNE Pressure Altitude Pressure Altitude or Flight \/| a d assures plies We devel > HEIGHT Vertical Distance from ground. > ALTITUDE ~ Vertical distance from mean sea level (MSL) > ELEVATION — Vertical distance of a fixed polit dbove mean sea level » PRESSURE ALTITUDE — When 1013.2 Hpa Gr 29.92 “set on subscale the altimeter reads PA > FLIGHT LEVEL — When 1013.2 Hpa or 29.92 “set on subscale. Pressure Altitude 8000 feet, Flight Level Would be FL. 80 ANTICYCLONES. CHiytn), * This is a region of félutively high pressure, appearing as roughly The highest pressure is in the centre. Itis also referred to as a high, : * x Bobars are generally more widely spaced than in a depression. Air will flow out of the centre of the high pressure toward areas of lower pressure. This is called divergence. ; Toteplace the diverging ar, air descends. This is called subsidence.” This results in a relatively low pressure at height. PLELELELEEEELELLELEELELELLELULLGI SAHIL KHURANA SEC -7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09371866290** Fr * RP HH | HF SF FL LuaLEEELLLEELEELELELELLELLLELEG i bb byt r: » 10 et ‘Air circulates clockwise around a high in the Northern Hemisphere and counter clockwise around a high in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as flowing out of the high. RIDGES - Ridges are an extension from a high pressure system. They are more rounded thon troughs; more like a U shape. “An Elongated HIGH” Pe berressions (Low) > Adepression is a region of low pressure: also be referred.to-as 4 low ora cyclone. , » The low pressure in the centre causes air to flow into the low. This is called convergence. . ' > |The surface wind blows counter cldckWise around a low in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere TROUGHS-A trough is the extension of isobars out. from a depression in the Shape ofa V, or in simple language “ An. Extended low” COL- Area sandwiched between 2 léw and 2 high pressure areas. Area of almost uniform pressure A col is a region of very little pressure variation between two highs and two lows 7 WEATHER AT LOW ne il Cover from near the surface to the tropopause. piation T psaasranareoriSTS ight or “moderate. Heavy” Stowers “ang thunderstorms possible beca cure Of the air [YSibity) “Good out of preaipiiation but poor in precipitation (Temperatare’ ita,” Depends on the pressure gradient of the Isobars’ but normally se | Song. SAHIL KHURANA SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290rnnAAADNAHAPKKFPNSRPSLLLSLMANIM <* ©PED bb bbb bbbbbbOETLLLE bE Ebb bbbobcl ili dy uu AWEATHER AT TROUGH "| Focirontel ouslis, the cloud types depend on he ype of front wih (es for non-rontal troughs, CB and CU can be expactad ‘Precipitation, || Showers ns. Hail-with ef o at ster Lit to moder ss “i & ‘Good except in precipitation. | Mcdetate with possiblity ofausisandisauals \ WEATHER AT HIGH None because of the warming effect of subsidericay | None. In sunnier, azy conditions caticoaer ter fogey conditions Capex #] Devends on the type: Hot otinislimmér, @i odin winter, [poe Cowete: r3 oSidiby prob fsoboas an A FLYING FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO LOW PRESSURE, THE ALTIMETER QVERREADS. HIGH LOW HIGH (Dangerous FLYING FROM LOW PRESSURE'TO HIGH PRESSURE, THE ALTIMETER UNDERREADS. LOW HIGH LOW jes joining places of equal pressure «ASALLOBARS —Lines joining places of equel pressure change, «PRESSURE GRADIENT ~ Rote of fall of pressure horizontally. Usually expressed qasighange of pressure per 100 nms ~ "PRESSURE TENDENCY ~ + Tendency of pressure to change. Found out by comparing present pressure with pressure taken 3 hour earlier. SAHIL KHURANA SEC ~ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866299Meee ey Cee eae ee eee ee ee ee EO eae \ ©2 * In India calculated from 24 hours. Low Area of low pressure enclosed between ISOBARS with low. pressure inside * Associated with bad weather Winds back TUDO bbDbEbSSLLELLEELLELLLLELELELILI SG SAHIL KHURANA SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 9871866290a cAace GE ak ae uo v fe sreenry Solan podislion ei - pcommsicatots SRK Redialion covnits 7 Ar Vrsuar Riad ~ 4% UV gehllelo: —Refdig pan geo 2 Guede KoA Bo% olhede. # pyiurmah nonlin of Temps RE MOL on Sand. bess othr bteanr+> plone? crawae ~tticlod ganador a peartta ered sbtsc.DLL ) TEMPERATURE a Temperature is the degree of Hotness /coldness of a body. Ll J et There are three scales which may be used to measure temperature O caf The FAHRENHEIT scale: #32 to 4212 degrees. 2 =32 21.8 ae Lo -®) The Celsius ( or Centigrade} i 0 to + 100 degrees. The KELVIN (or Absolute) scale: = Obl Vote eR + Upper ait temneratures are taken using @ RADIOSONDE CHEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE F-32 Cc 273 to +373 degrees. Solar Radiation - Radiation from the sun is.of Short wave-length (A) and passes through the atmosphere almost without heating it at all. The process whereby the surface is heated by solar radiation is called 5 INSOLATION. (INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION) ATION OUR ENVIOURMENT IS HEATED IN. SS iclying in contact with the earths surface by day will be heated conduction” a “hy conduction, At night air in contact with the earths surface will be cooled by conduction. Because of the air's poor conductivity, the air at a higher level will remain at the same temperature as during the day and result. inversion will ee eee enna toe eae ne ee A.) “Cofvection=Air heated by conduction will be less dense and will therefore This will produce uj ents called thermals or convection currents. fll take the warm oir to the upper levels, thus helping to heat the ‘ati here. apperetmese! ee nent) (Condensation - As the air is lifted it will cool by condense out as visible droplets for! ° SAHIL KHURANA SEC 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 1 99713656260 “eft BA A, ieLLEELLELELI y PLLLEEEEOEbEbEBDELELELEELELLEL 4 this occ occurs latent heat will be released. d by the water vapour and this will. heat the atn atmosphere The sun is at its highest elevation at noon, but. ‘for two to three hours after this time, the earth is receiving more solar radiation than itis giving up os terrestrial radiation. AS a result temperature is highest at about 14:00 ES SI SI SING BSE TOD 4) From 14 :00 onwards, the temperature falls continuously until a littl On Oe Wares. tue temperotiire falls con sunrise. The lowest temperature occurs at about 0500 but. for DGCA 10 Min = after Sunrise. Be am He The Stevenson Screen The thermograph is housed in Stevenson screen for © Swxrno. rrect temp. measurement (4 Feet / tae) Chet ES chen aide aunt 9? isoTHERM ett ; PERFORMANCE Temperature affects the performance of the aircraft. Its is affected by the density of the air. Higher the temp. lower the density, adverse effect on engine performance higher temperature means longer runway required for takeoff SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866200Mot Mk ARRAnRRAANRAANRNHAADAD HANNA AAT»PELELELEDEEEEBGELELLELELIELEELELELEL AUR DENSITY 4)" Mass of the air contained i it volume Gm/M3 4 Moist air has lower density than dry air, pressure and temperatur being constant Demaiconstay 0 Warmer the air; lower th: it 0 Higher the altitude, lower the density y Higher the altitude, lower the densit +0 Lower the pressure, lower the density 0 Rensityis almost half.at 6 km (20000. feet) of the surface value Rensibitsioimos thal fave Kaa 2000 vA i at sea level is lower near equator and greatest at poles 50 urfoce density increases with increasein latitude. — Increases with increase in latitude. em ers OF DENSITY ON PERFORMANCE OF AiRCRAFT IN LOWER DENSITY Slower rate of climb 22 Landing and takeoff runs are longer 7 Low density means higher density altitude O-” Density altitude = Pressure altitude if density of a place same ISA The amount of water vapour in air will also effect density. The more water vapour in the air lower the density of the air (The reason increasing humidity decreases air density is that the density of water vapour is about 5/8 that of dry air) ‘AESURFACE : The density at poles is higher since the temperatures lower. AtHEIGHT : The density at equator is higher since the temperature is low: SAHIL KHURANA ‘SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290 15GAS aon LATENT — > MEKT DS RELE A SED. FAL 1 |) papa ni = ~ e . Ronn PP PP PPSa6 HUMIDITY LATENT HEAT The latent heat of a substance is the heat absorbed or released without change of temperature when the substance changes state. + When ice changes to water, or water changes to water vapour, latent heat is absorbed. ‘When water vapour changes to water, or water changes to. icéJatent heat is released. x EVAPORATION -is the change of state from liquid to vapour. » CONDENSATION - is the change of state from vapour to liquid. Condensation causes cloud and fog to form. Condensation will reijuire minute impurities or particles called condensation nuclei; without these nuclei, the vapour would ‘become supersaturated which is 100% Hurhidity but still in gas form: SUBLIMATION Sublimation is the change of state directly from water vapour to ice without water droplets being formed: Latent heat is released. This process is also known as deposition. Erigls tH sonprast The change of state from ice directly to water vapour is also called sublimation SATURATION. OAs water evaporates into the air, there comes a point in which the air «can no longer accept any more water vapour. ¥ < °U The amount of vapour that air can hold is dependent on its temperature and pressure. Q The higher the temperature, the more water vapour the air can hold. OD When the oir contains the maximum amount of water vapour it can hold, it is described as being saturated. ULLELELELEELELELELLELLELLELLEIEIITL ‘SAIL KHURANA ‘SEC 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290[pop? ‘ — = ' fore: Jpn of 11,0 BoP Y Salorcbed RH Ret Heamiclits NbakeKe Hamifite = eek eR RK KK RAS Sa PKR CH ES O_RPawv SUPER-SATURATION ‘As mentioned earlier, condensation only occurs if there are condensation nuclei present: if no nuclei are present, then the water remains as vapour and the air is described as super-saturated. This means there can conceivably be a relative humidity greater than 1007. HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT MEASURED IN TERMS OF : RELATIVE HUMIDITY, ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY © * RELATIVE HUMIDITY - Ratio between the amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere ond the amount of water vapours that it cai hold at the ‘same temperature ‘Absolute Humidity is the weight of water vapour in unit volume of air. Absolute Humidity is usually expressed in grams/m3. WET BULB TEMPERATURE The lowest temperature to which airmay be cooled by the evaporation of water is known as the wet bulb temperature. eer. HYGROMETER OR PSYCHROMETER ( ® e**-44 fe ) Humidity is measured in terms of Temperatures DRY BULB AND WET BULB. U Faris dry, water will evaporate from the muslin covering the wet bulb ond latent heat will lower the temperature. O [fair is Saturated, no evaporation will occur and thermometers will jread the same. The difference between Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperatures is a measure of ‘Hurhidity content of the Atmosphere. If the difference is large, the ‘aémosphere is DRY and vice versa __. | Meaning with no difference in the temperatures Airis said to be fully saturated. Mapp epebub el bbb id bli lu vue SAHIL KHURANA SEC—J, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290PULLLELELELEEELEELELELLEELELLELLELELLGSEI 18 DEWPOINT TEMPERATURE Dewpoint is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure for saturation to occur. Q The Dewpoint will only change if the amount ‘of water vapour in the air changes. O When Dry Bulb Temperature = Dewpoint then Relative Humidit 100% and a little further cooling and some air movement will produce cloud or fog. } Q Do not confuse the Dewpoint with Wet Bulb Temperatures. Q The Dewpoint has a small lapse rate of about sn ee D: NOT IN COURSE Example: Dry Bulb Temperature 20°C Wet Bulb Temperature 15°C Wet Bulb Depression = Dry Bulb Temperature - Wet Bulb Temperature = 5°C Dewpoint Temperature = Wet Bulb Temperature - Depression = 15° - 5° = 10°C Humidity Mixing Ratio (HMR) is the weight of water vapour contained in unit ‘mass of the air. The Humidity Mixing Ratio is usually expressed in grams/kg. HMR in temperate latitudes usually between 5 & 50 grams/kg. SAHILKHURANA ‘SEC—7, DARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866250ath L- ALa& DALE bec. oj prabbest aj Lali head. t. peagoood! oe wee Clod* Sark = DACA Bit lt bemidity ne ne alnandy proyen on be cee outaln . S <PEDELELLOLELEBLDIELEEEELEEELEGLEEELIALIG LR OA": : Be aes on Loooegt / -40'C )CcE ded) JABATICS AND STABIL, Jods FA od atl, Agorbalic Roaster vg tle exchange of Since , Air is not a very good conductor, so thére is very heat with the surrounding environment. Asa bubble of air rises, the pressure in the surrounding atmosphere goes down and the bubble expands. This leads to the temperature within the bubble decreasing. This is called ADIABATIC COOLING. f Ifa bubble of air descends, it compresses and the temperature increases. This is called ADIABATIC WARMING. THE RATE AT WHICH AIR COOLS OR WARMS DUE TO RISING OR SINKING IS CALLED ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE. : THE DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE j 2 = When dry air (unsaturated air) is forced to rise) it cools at what is call the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR). This has been found to be 3°C/1000 ft. (1°C/100 M). This is the same regardless of how close to saturation the air At the marked line the air becomés-saturated and condenses to form a cloud Thus latent heat will be released: due to which the lapse rate of cooling reduces to 1.8 °C and calléd SATURATED LAPSE RATE SATUARTED ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE Q Once the air reaches saturation, water va| pour starts to condense if the air is cooled any further. & This process of condensation releases latent heat, as discussed in earlier chapters. =U This means that the temperature does not decrease as muchas if it v4 were dry, due to this extra heat being added into the system. The rate J is referred to as the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR). C1 Lapse Rate of 1.8°C/1000 ft. or.6°C 100M f c Cw e SAHIL KHURANA 0.6 C/oom SEC~ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI [oBC Stored 5 09871865290“AgsowvTE STABILITY a co kmulh ==> [pare 9 SALE DEL At DALR. SALE * oC vee @) soot 100 Ogt | Boi = be So oO Wy Dey Solr obid Bin Aix: Pel PPP PLPPLPPPPLPLLLSL SLL ALL A A A aM 2 a / / i| die | di LbTUUEUEE bb bbbbbbE Ebb bEbELELbEbEbLOEEEIEL ELS 20 STABILITY OF THE AIR A nit that is warmer than its surrounding environments less dense and tises. This is called instability. {+ Bir thatis colder than its surrounding enviroamentis more dense and sinks. This is called stability: J * Airthat is the same temperature as its surrounding environment neither rises nor sinks. It is neutral. PE + The stability of the atmosphere depends on the relationship Between the ELR and the DALR and SALR. THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE QCA. This the lapse rate of the airin the envirofiment, that is, in actual'the air surrounding the adiabatic system, not within the system itself. ACU The ELR is variable. The average ELR\s 1.98°C /1000 (xs) The surface temperature is 15°C. The dry air cools at 3°C, faster than the surrounding environment is lapsing. This means that at each level the dry bubble of air is colder than the surrounding environment, and therefore more dense, so it wants to sink. The saturated air cools at 1.5°C , again faster than the lapse rate of the environment. Sat each level, the saturated bubble is colder and it too wants to sink. This situation is known as absolute stability since, regardless of whether the Saturated or not, the air is STABLE. O The unsaturated air cools at 3°C/1000 ft and at each level is warmer than the surrounding environment. Thus, it's less dense and, therefore, tends to keep rising . O The saturated air cools at 1.5 ° C/1 000 ft. At each level it is warmer than the surrounding environment, hence less dense. It too tends to keep rising. SAHIL KHURANA ‘SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 03871256290: 1 fasowre Insemey’ wY foun * = ea, * DALE SALE. ELL 5 frocap. Bo0r}t- Ce = bi t qovogt C2 We C) re loc 1 yooogt- , a 15¢ ewe B® 8 FY PF AT Jaa pe ° iets iy Sahenaltd Ta ; A ALA bnatebly DALK ZELR> SALA ELL UC/p oof a Sark. iste pace, wrt ‘Oa on ise Fe lé’c 5 o-ef! O ge joo 0 eh © wh eae A i " oft —2#- Ae 2 205 - Zoe a === ps Sate 2 s wa Pe Da ad witol ge DabreKe |PELELELEbDOEEELOEEELELELELELLELEEI ILI U We call this situation ABSOLUTE INSTABILITY. pce O The environmental temperature is lapsing at 2°C/1000 ft. The unsaturated air is cooling at 3°C/1 000 ft. and at each level it is cooler than the surrounding environment, so it wants to sink. Q The saturated air, however, is cooling at 1.5°C/1000 ft, so at each level it is warmer than the surrounding environment and it tends to rise. Q This situation is called CONDITIONAL INSTABILITY. The air is stable \ when unsaturated, but unstable when saturated. ELR > DALR ns oan | Absolute Stability ELR < SALR < DALR | SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290(AX stapiuity summary A 4 nb't LObBDLEEEEELELELLEbEELIUI LI 2 eee ee ee 4 Absolute Instability ELR > DALR > SAIR’ U7 Conditional Instability DALR > ELR > SALR ACSTABLE a THE ELR CONTROLS STABILITY. (A Ifthe ELR is less than 1.8°C / 1000, the air is stable - etc G1 Stable weather Bad visibility | (v2 wll sink Jeon) V2 Light turbulence A stratiformcioud (eayer [4e-de) 41 Intermittent to continuous precipitation * K UNSTABLE L® if the ELR is greater than 3°C//7000 fb, the air is unstable - absolute instability. v-® Unstable weather Godd visibility _7® Moderate turbulence © camutitoma cloud Cer geV VerticaDevreloprot C1eke) Lo Showery precipitation eae Vartpia Avyt) Ifthe ELR is between. unstable if saturated - conditional instability. ae ELR= DAL QD, ok Socllad guatys Y delle for Day HE. iris stable if dry and_ SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290,ELR > E Sod Oss pee Das tnt gS ee as Lap Rote BALA S Davy Abiobetie Loh one ant Janes ALR: dus peed wits D nie ep db Pf penenMELLEL DEEEbEEBLELLELEELLELLEELEEIEYY Clouds are signposts in the sky which indicate to the pilot about possible weather problems, such as: UO Turbulence. Turbulence. LG Poor Visibility. Poor visibitity, 0 Precipitation. LA, Icing, s& CLOUD AMOUNT Cloud amounts are reported in OKTAS (1/8ths). It is ass: the sky is _ divided into 8 equal parts. Cloud is formed by air being lifted and cooled adiabatically until the water vapour condenses out as water droplets. The height at which this occurs is. CLOUDS ARE SEEN AT THE POINT WHERE THE DEW POINT MEETS THE DALR. 4¢ coun c1as: Clouds are classified in three basic forms: CATION WA Stratiform A level sheet of horizontal development, layered and if of Stratocumulus, with some discernable shape. \ ¢-~ Cusaulifarm vertical development cloud, rounded ar _-* Cirriform Fibrous, feathery cloud - high level. heaped. SAHIL KHURANA, SEC~ 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 08871866290