Chemistry Notes for 12th Grade:

Solid State:

Classification of solids: crystalline and amorphous.

Crystal lattice, unit cell, and types of crystal systems.

Solutions:

Types of solutions: saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated.

Colligative properties and Raoult's Law.

Electrochemistry:

Electrochemical cells: galvanic and electrolytic cells.

Nernst equation and applications of electrochemistry.

Chemical Kinetics:

Rate of a chemical reaction and factors affecting it.

Integrated rate laws and reaction mechanisms.

Surface Chemistry:

Adsorption and catalysis.

Colloids and their properties.

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements:

Methods of extraction of metals.

Refining of metals and thermodynamic principles.

The p-Block Elements:

Classification of p-block elements.

Properties, uses, and trends in the periodic table.

The d- and f-Block Elements:

Transition metals and inner transition metals.

Electronic configurations and properties.

Coordination Compounds:

Coordination entities, ligands, and coordination numbers.

Isomerism in coordination compounds.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes:

Nomenclature and properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes.

Reaction mechanisms and uses.

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers:

Nomenclature and properties.

Methods of preparation and reactions.

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids:

Nomenclature and properties.

Methods of preparation and reactions.

Amines:

Nomenclature and classification.

Basicity of amines and their methods of preparation.

Biomolecules:

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Structure and functions of biomolecules.

Polymers:

Classification and types of polymers.

Polymerization processes and uses.

Chemistry in Everyday Life:

Drugs and their classifications.

Cleansing agents and their action.