Chapter 8: An Agrarian Republic (1790-1824) -The presidency of Thomas Jefferson -Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark explored the

e Louisiana Purchase, and met with the Mandans. -As the loyalty of Native Americans was depicted, Jefferson grew his ambition of westward expansion. North American Communities from Coast to Coast -National pride was forming, but international position was still uncertain -The Former American Colonies -Two-thirds of the nations people still lived in a long thin line of settlement within fifty miles of the Atlantic coast. (Most lived in small farms) -1790-1800: Population grew up to 5.3 Million -Growth by migration was greatest in trans-Appalachian West, inhabited by Native Americans. -1800-1850: Americans spread from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. -Spanish Colonies -1790s: The Spanish control crumbled -Tensions between the Spanish-born peninsulares, high officials and bureaucrats, and the native-born criollos of Spanish descent. -1769: The Spanish established a chain of 21 missions in Alta California that stretched north from San Diego to Sonoma. -Los Angeles functioned chiefly as a center of governmental authority -American traders were making inroads on Spanish-held territory along the Mississippi -Spanish officials tried to supervise the trade but real control rested in the hands of the Laclde and other French traders. -Haiti and the Caribbean -Sugar producing colonies: Spanish Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo; French Martinique, Guadaloupe, Saint-Domingue; British Barbados, Jamaica, and other small islands. (provided 80-90% of the European supply of sugar) -Enslaved Africans -Haiti: Toussaint LOuverture revolted, and Haiti became the first black nation in the Caribbean -British North America -Remained in former French colony of Quebec -Most of the inhabitants were American, either Loyalists driven out at the time of the Revolution or simply farmers in search of better land -Britain kept legislatures under strong executive control -Britain was on friendly terms with many of the native peoples who were part of the trade

-Russian America -Russian occupation of what is now Alaska posed another remote threat to the United States -Extension of its conquest of Siberia, driven by fur trade -Russian and Siberian fur trappers, known as promyshleniki became regular visitors -Russians sometimes took fur by force -Aleut Revolt of 1766 Russian authorities promised to end the abuse -Intermarriage with Aleut women created a large group of Russian creoles that assumed an increasingly prominent role in trade -Trans-Appalachia: Cincinnati -Rich and fertile land along the Ohio River system -Kentucky and Tennessee was admitted as states -Migration to the West was generally a family affair, with groups of kin moving together -Example of a community with rapid growth: Cincinnati -Started out as a military fort -Strong conflict with the Indian people -Became the point of departure to the Ohio River -Atlantic Ports: From Charleston to Boston -The Atlantic ports continued to dominate the nation economically and politically -Charleston: Souths premier port (rich from the links with the British West Indies with the trade of rice, cotton, and indigo) -Baltimore: Major port of the Chesapeake (rich from tobacco, connection with the slave-owning aristocracy of the Upper South) -Philadelphia: Commercial and banking skills of Quaker merchants (international trade networks to ship farmed goods) -New York: Pursuit of trade, accepted British auction system (British imports entered America through New York) -Boston: Capital of Massachusetts, carried a lot of merchant wealth (commercial wealth from shipbuilding, shipping, banking, and insurance) -These cities led the nation socially, politically, and economically A National Economy -Cotton and the Economy of the Young Republic -1800: US predominantly rural and agricultural -Working with hand tools and draft animals, self-sufficiency -Irregular incomes -South: Demand for cotton grew due to the industrial production of textiles in England and Europe -1793: Cotton gin was invented, mass-producing cotton

-Shipping and the Economic Boom -Shipping trade begun during the colonial era -Americas neutrality during the war between France and Britain enabled American merchants to trade European goods -Coastal cities urbanized with real economic growth -American lucrative international opportunities such as the China trade The Jefferson Presidency -New federal city of Washington (unfinished capital) -Rejected elaborate style of two Federalist presidents and their autocratic style of government -Marked the peaceful transition from one political party, the Federalists, to their hated rivals, the Jeffersonian Republicans. -Republican Agrarianism -Europe could not protect the life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness of the people -The Malthusian prediction: America may not have enough resources to support the growing population, and thus not every individuals may get guaranteed of their life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness -Jefferson believed that it would not be so true as long as America kept on expanding (dreamed of a nation of small family farms clustered together in communities- an agrarian republic) -Lure of the western lands fostered constant mobility and dissatisfaction rather than the stable, settled communities of yeoman farmers that Jefferson envisaged -Environmental damage, soil exhaustion, ruthlessness against the Natives