Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures.

A equation of motion, 775

Abelian theorem, 283 fixed-fixed vibration, 775e782
Absolutely integrable, 272 inertial force, 773, 781
Accelerometer transformation equations, rigid body mode, 779
451e453 strain energy, 19
Aerodynamic forces, 677e684, 691e692, 711, unconstrained vibration, 775e782
736e738, 837 Bessel equation, modified, 806
Aerodynamic force coefficients, 681e684 Bessel functions, 944e945
Aerodynamic force damping, 691e696, 701e702, first kind, 806, 944
714e715 modified first kind, 375e376, 614e615, 617,
Aerodynamic loading, 851e852 651, 944f
Aerodynamic stiffness, 685, 691e696, 739 modified second kind, 944f, 945
Aeroelasticity, 677e685, 706 second kind, 944f
Aliasing, 306, 310e312 Beta distribution function, cumulative, 645
error, 345e348 Biharmonic equation, 800
folding diagram, 311e312 Bivariate normal, joint moments, 550e555
Anderson, J. E., 461e462, 477e478 Bootstrap, 582e585
Angle of attack, 678e681 Boundary conditions
local elastic, 677e678 imposed (kinematic), 86
pitch, 679 natural, 86
rigid body, 679 Buffet, 709e717
yaw (side slip), 681 cross Power Spectral Densities, 711e712
Area matrices, 130e137 frequency domain, 712e713
Area moment, 525 loads, 709e710
Area moment of inertia, 763, 777 Power Spectral Densities, 711e712
A-set, 191 Rayleigh distribution, 715
Atmospheric flight loads, 676e717, 884e886 response calculation, 711e716
Atmospheric wind velocity, 686e687 statistical responses, 719e720
Autocorrelation function, 521 time domain, 713e716
AVerage Endpoints and Discontinuities, 340e345 time domain advantages, 718e720
Butterworth band-pass filter, 392e394
B implementation, 393f
Balloon, wind measurement, 686e687 transfer function, 393f
Band limited, 309e310 Butterworth low-pass filter, 287, 363e364,
Base coordinate system, 3 386e388, 387f, 391, 396, 397f, 398e401,
Base excitation test, 474e476 400f
Base signal, 303 response magnitude, 355e356,
Beams 361e364, 386e388, 387f, 390e391,
Bernoulli-Euler beam. See Bernoulli-Euler beam 393f, 401
Timoshenko beam. See Timoshenko beam
Beam torsion, 33e35 C
Bending rigidity, plates, 796e797, 799, 943 Calculus of Variations, 80e81
Benfield-Hruda, 112, 120e121, 126e127, 160 Campbell diagram, 844e845
Bernoulli equation, unsteady, 858e860, 892 Castigliano
Bernoulli-Euler beam first theorem, 23
classical, 84e87, 84f second theorem, 19, 21
elastic mode shape, 782 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, 322e324

947
948 Index

Cauchy Residue theorem, 322e324, Coupling, free fluid surfaces, 139e149

361 Covariance, 553e554
Cauchy-Riemann equations, 363 Craig-Bampton, 116
CauchyeSchwarz inequality, 253e254, 591 Cross-orthogonality check, 50e54, 60e61,
Cauchy’s Integral Formula, 322e324 253e257, 433
causal, 281, 284, 301, 361 Cumulative probability density function, 531e532
center of mass, 8e9, 27e30, 28f Cut-off frequency, 2e3
Central Limit theorem, 533 Cyclic convolution, 338
Chain Rule, 801 Cylindrical fluid tank mode shapes, 872, 881e891,
Cholesky decomposition, 499 890fe891f
Classical beams, 773
Classical harmonic analysis, 292e293 D
Combination d’Alembert’s Principle, 76e81
bivariate normal, 616 Damping
enclosure values, 617 finite element, 36e38
equation-based modal, 10
frequency content effects, 624e631 decibels, 355e356
time duration effects, 627 DFT. See Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
equations, 624 Differentiation, 167e168
central limit, 625e626 Direction cosine, 44
envelope function, 626e628 transformations, 43e45
Monte Carlo-based, 617e624 Dirichlet kernel, 294e295
multi-mode responses, 629e631 Discrete delta function, 315
Rayleigh, 616, 619f Discrete Fourier transform, 333e348
root sum square, 612e618 inherent errors, 345e348
Complex modes, 695e696, 906 properties, 337
Component mode subtleties, 340e345
substitution, 112, 119e129 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
synthesis, 111e129 block size, 334
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), 681 definition, 335
Computational poles, 483 inverse, 334
Consistent area matrices, 134e135 non-central, 334
Consistent mass matrix, 30e33 Discrete-time data
Constraint modes, 109e111, 174, 240, 719, sampling, 345e348
823e830 truncation, 345e348
rigid body, 113e114 Distributed forces, interpolation functions, 40e41
Constraints Distribution of peaks, moment generating inte-
holonomic, 89e90 grals, 645e650
non-holonomic, 89e90 Doppler radar, 686e687
Continuous time signals, 272e306 Drag, 677
Coordinate elimination, 48 Dynamic pressure, 679, 682e684, 698e699, 860
Coordinate system, 3e5 Dynamic reciprocity, 477
base, 3 Dynamic response, complex systems, 655
elements, 3e5
global, 3 E
grid points, 4e5 Earthquake response, 717e727
polar, 799e800 absolute sum, 725
rectangular, 794f, 800 frequency domain, 720e721
truncated modal, 112, 116 response spectra, 721e727
Coordinate transformations, 41e46, 94, 168e169 root sum square, 725e726
Coppolino, 480 time domain, 718e720
Correlation coefficient, 550 Elliptical integral, complete, 615e616
 Index 949

Enclosure, 519 transition band, 363e364

Enclosure level, 668 Final Value Theorem, 284, 330
Enclosure value, 519 Finite element
Enclosure with confidence level, 668 adjusting, 51e53
Energy bar, 15e36
kinetic, 7e9 beam, 15e36
strain, 6 beam consistent mass, 30e33
Engine force coefficient, 663 beam lumped mass, 27e30
Ensemble, 515, 519e520 beam mass, 27e33
Envelope function, 536, 585e599 beam stiffness, 16e26
time-varying, 402 beam torsion, 33e35
erf (error) function, 530e531, 642 distributed forces, 38e40
ergodic external forces, 38e41
forces, 713 Finite element damping matrices, 36e38
process, 521e522 Finite element method, 1
Euclidean norm-squared, 510 Finite element model (FEM), 1e15
Euler angles, 44e45 adjustment, 48e55
transformations, 45e46 Finite impulse response (FIR) filters, 361e380
Euler equations, 856e857 design, 371e379
Eulerian formulation, 853 implementation issues, 379e380
Euler’s constant, 598 linear phase, 364e371
Excitation FIR filters. See Finite impulse response (FIR)
buffet, 710e711 filters
buffet time history lengths, 715e716 First moment, distribution, 525
synthetic gust profiles, 689e690 First moment terms, 30, 225e226, 262e263
turbulence (gust), 686e691 Fixed-end moments and forces, 38e40,
Expectation, 473, 480 70e71
Expected, mean value, 525 Fluid “flexibility” matrix, 138
Expected value, definition, 520e521 Fluid motion
Experimental structural dynamics, 429 equations, 852e858
incompressible, 852
F inviscid, 852
Family, 515 irrotational, 852
Filtering, discrete-time signals, 348e402 vortices, 852
Filter response Fluid oscillation, 851e900
gain, 355e356 tank pressure, 851e852
magnitude, 355e356 Fluids
phase, 361e362 apparent azimuthal oscillations, 884e891
Filters control volume, 853e854
backward difference operator, 350e351 Eulerian formulation, 853
Butterworth low-pass filter, 287, 363e364, Lagrangian formulation, 853
386e388, 387f, 391, 396, 397f, 398e401, velocity potential, 858e860
400f Fluid-structure
cutoff frequency, 362e363 coupling, 138e139
finite impulse response, 349, 361e380 interaction, 129e149
infinite impulse response, 379e380 Force-deflection, bilinear, 674
pass-band, 362e363 Force displacement, 16e22
recursive, 380e381 Forces
roll-off, 363e364 conservative, 83
stable, 384 due to pressure, 130e131
stop-band, 362e363 follower, 707e709
time-invariant, 350 gravity, 92, 141
950 Index

Forces (Continued) swept-sine response, 406

non-conservative, 83 time-varying phase difference, 402
Forward difference Hurty/Craig-Bampton models, 116e117,
operator, 351 119e121, 124
Fourier Series, 288e306 Hurty, Walter C, 111e112
convergence, 293 Hydroelastic models, 129e149
fundamental frequency, 288
properties, 298e301 I
Fourier transform, 272e280 Identification and orthogonalization of mode
discrete time, 314e318 shapes, 500e501
Fourier transform pair, 304e305 IIR filters. See Infinite impulse response (IIR)
Frequency warping, 386 filters
Full mode acceleration, 174, 188e189, 205 Impact hammer, 456e457
Functionals, 80e81 Impulse response, 352
Inertial forces, 79
G Inertial frame of reference, 3
Gamma function, 282e283, 536 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), 697
incomplete, 536e537 Inertia relief matrix, 250
Gibbs In family, 519e520
oscillation, 291e292 Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, 380e402
phenomenon, 291e292 design, 384e394
Gamma parameters implementation issues, 394e402
rate, 536e537 linear difference equations, 380e402
shape, 536e537 Initial conditions, thrust transients,
Gaussian, 273 665e666
Generalized functions, 277e279 Initial Value theorem, 283, 326
Generating functions Integrable, 273
cumulant, 643e644 Integration, 167e168
moment, 643e644 Interface
Gibbs oscillation, 292 indeterminate, 177e178
Global coordinate system, 3 loading, 113e114, 120e124, 126, 128
Global damping matrix, 10e12 warping, 177e178
Global mass matrix, 7e10 Interpolation functions, 22e26
Global Positioning System, 686e687 beam finite element, 67e69
Global stiffness matrix, 4e7 Interpolation polynomials, 132e133
Gravity, 92 Inverse Poisson, Summation Formula, 304
computing loads, 655e662 Inversion formula, 322e324
Grid point, 2f, 3 Isometric, 302
G-set, 191
Gumbel parameters K
location, 541e542 Kabe, A. M., 477e478, 500e501, 676,
shape, 541e542 687e688, 717
Gust loads, 683e684 Kaiser windows, 375e376
Kinetic energy, 82, 84e85, 87, 90, 93, 95f, 98,
H 107, 116
Hamilton’s Principle, 80e87, 152e153, 155 displacement-dependent, 94e97
Hanning window, 290, 338e348 Kirchhoff plate theory, 793
Heavyside function, 282
Hermitian, 339 L
High-pass filter, ideal, 318 Lack-of-wind persistence, 685, 687
Hilbert space, 302 Lagrangian, 83e84
Hilbert transform, 402e409 Lagrange’s equations, 10, 23, 29, 87e97, 99,
analytic extension, 402 101e102, 105, 115e116, 142, 157
instantaneous frequency, 402
 Index 951

Lagrangian formulation, 83e84, 853 Model adjustment, 48e54

Laplace equation, 861e862, 873e874 constraints, 63e64
Laplace transform, 280 mode shape criterion, 50
bilateral two sided, 281 mode shapes, 50e51
inverse, 281, 285e288 natural frequencies, 51
properties, 284 Model checks, 211
Laplacian operator, 800 analytical to empirical, 252
Launch vehicle, autopilot, 707e708, 851e852 classical (real) modes, 235e239
Laurent series, 322e324 coordinate transformation, 240e242
Law of Universal Gravitation, 656e657 cross-orthogonality, 252e253
Leakage, 305e306, 340e345 damping, 228e234
L’Hôpital’s rule, 295e296 diagonal terms, 232e233
Lift, aerodynamic, 677 matrix formulation, 234
Likelihood function, 558e559 matrix grid-point geometry, 231e232
Linear fractional transformation, 385 matrix restraint, 229e231
Load accumulation matrix, 179 matrix symmetry, 232e233
Load path, 12e15 elastic modes, 234e240
Load transformation matrices (LTMs), 171e180 empirical damping, 257e258
checks, 246e248 first moment terms, 225
displacement, 191e192 flexibility, 250e251
modal domain, 195e197 grid point geometry, 216e219
mode acceleration, 197e198 Hurty/Craig-Bampton, 240e249
mode acceleration, full, 180e189 elastic modes, 244e245
mode displacement, 193e197 mass, 243e244
residual flexibility, 189e190 rigid body modes, 244e245
truncated modes, 193e195 stiffness, 242
Local angle of attack, 680 load transformation matrix checks, 246e248
Low-pass filter mass matrix
coefficients, 316e317 diagonal, 222e228
frequency response, 317f symmetry, 223
ideal, 316e318 natural frequencies, 256e257
LTMs. See Load transformation matrices (LTMs) non-classical (complex) modes, 239e240
Lumped area matrix, 136 physical coordinates, 214e240
Lumped mass, 27e30 rattle-space equations, 248e249
residual flexibility, 250e251
M restraint check alternate derivation, 217e218
Maximum Likelihood normal distribution, rigid body
558e560 mass, 223e226
Maxwell-Betti, 220 modes, 234e240
Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem, 220 vectors, 212e214, 213f
Mean stiffness matrix
definition, 520e521 diagonal, 220e222
expected value, 525 restraint, 215e216
square value, 522, 525e526 rigid body modes, 216e217
Median rank regression, 563 symmetry, 219e220
Membrane Models
inertial forces, 765e766 accuracy, 51e53
mode shapes, 771e772 Benfield-Hruda, 174e175
rectangular, fixed boundaries, 768e771 Hurty/Craig-Bampton, 174e175
Modal domain, 111, 191, 193e197 size reduction, 46e48
damping, 10e12, 119 Modes
Mode, 535e536 complex, 430e431
952 Index

Modes (Continued) Normalized incomplete beta function, 575e576,

normal, 430e431 610
Modes complex, 438e439 Normal modes, 240
normal, 438e439 Normal stresses, 677
Mode shape comparison, 50e51 Numerical analysis, 599e611
Mode shape orthogonality, 430, 892e893, 912 Monte Carlo, 599
beams, 907e910 order statistics, 601
fluids, 914 Nyquist sampling frequency, 309e310
general case, 915
plates, 910e913 O
string, 906e907 Operator, 349e350
Mode survey test, 429e430 Order statistics, 561e562, 601
ambient, 442 Orthogonalization empirical mode shapes,
accelerometers, 443e448 492e501
locations, 448e451 Constrained Orthogonalization,
transformation equations, 451e453 496e498
completeness, 433e438 least squares, 493e495
electrodynamic shakers, 455e456 Targoff/Anderson, 493
force transducers, 456 Triangular Orthogonalization, 498e500
frequency response functions, 472e477
multi-shaker correlated random, 469e471 P
orthogonality, 430e433 Paley-Wiener theorem, 281, 345e348
parameter identification, 471e472 Parameter estimation, 557e565
procedures Parameter estimators, comparison, 563e565
direct measurement, 460e471 Parseval’s identity, 302, 339
frequency response function superposition, Parseval’s theorem, 274
477e480 Partial fraction decomposition, 287
multi-shaker correlated random, 469e471 Payload fairing jettison, 671
multi-shaker sine dwell, 461e469 Plancherel’s theorem, 274
parameter identification procedures, 471e472 Plates
Simultaneous Frequency Domain (SFD), bending rigidity, 796e797, 799
480e492 circular, 799e830
SOREX, 477e480 fixed inner circumference, 823e830
Moments of inertia, 225e226 fixed outer edge, 807e811
Monte Carlo analysis, 599, 715 modes, 811e823
response duration, 621e624 unconstrained, 811e823
response phasing, 621e624 circumferential waves, 830e837
Moving average, 364e366 inertial force, 794e795
Multiplexing, 459e460 mode shapes, 799, 811f, 819f, 836e837
Poisson ratio, 796e797
N rectangular, 793e799
Natural frequency separable solution, 804e805
comparison, 51 simply supported, square, 797e799
criterion, 51 vibration, 832e833
Navier-Stokes equations, 856e857 Poisson ratio, 796e797
Network topologies, 394e395 Poisson Summation Formula, 306e307
Newton Pole, 286
Second Law, 78, 657, 757e758, 763e764, 854 simple, 286
Newtonian paths, 80 Potential energy, potential sources, 88e89
Non-linear response analyses, 672e676 Pressure modes, 145
Non-parametric statistics, 582e585 Probability, 513
Non-stationary, 521 distributions, 514
 Index 953

Probability density Response recovery transformation matrices

beta, 610 (RRTM), 171
binomial cumulatives, 606e607 Response spectra, 721e727, 837
bivariate normal, 550e555 thrust transients, 664
chi-squared, 573e575 Riemann sum, 310
functions, 514e519, 526e555 Rigid body mass, 223e226
gamma, 536e540 rigid body mode shapes, 228
Gaussian, 526e533 Rigid body mode, 89e90
Gumbel, 541e546 Rigid-body rotational acceleration loads,
lognormal, 546e550 706e707
noncentral T, 575e576 Rigid body vectors, 212e214, 213f
normal, 526e533 Rods
properties, 524e526 discretization, 760e762
Rayleigh, 533e536 fixed-free boundaries, 759e760
standard normal, 530e531 speed of propagation, 759
time history, 523e524 torsional vibration, 763e765
Products of inertia, 225 torsion inertial moments, 782
Propagation speed RRTM. See Response recovery transformation
rods, 759 matrices (RRTM)
string, 752
S
Q Sako, B. H., 688, 717
Q-Q plots, 555e557 Samples, 514e519
fitting, 561e563 Sampling, 305
Quantiles, 555 aliasing, 306
Quantization, 349e350 ideal impulse, 307e310
Nyquist frequency, 309e310
R period, 306
Rate gyroscope, 697 Schwartz space, 277e279
Rattle space, 248e249 Selective Orthogonal Excitation (SOREX),
Rayleigh distribution, 580e583 461e462, 477e480
Rayleigh quotient, 510 SFD. See Simultaneous frequency domain (SFD)
Real mode shapes from complex shapes, 510 Shannon Sampling
Reciprocal Theorem, 220 theorem, 306e307, 312e313
Reciprocity, response and excitation, 476e477 Shape functions, 132e133
Rectangular tank fluid boundary conditions, Shear building, 722e723
861e870 Shear stresses, 677
Rectangular window, 277 Signal
Reduction bounded, 351e352
Guyan, 107e108 Simultaneous frequency domain (SFD), 480e492
mass matrix, 107e108 dimensionality reduction, 483e486
model, 46e48, 103e109 Principal Orthogonal Decomposition, 486e488
rigid body mass, 226e228 progressive rank approximation, 488e492
stiffness matrix, 103e106 Singularity, fluids, 144e145
Region of convergence, 281 Slosh modes, 139e140
Regular function, 277e279 cylindrical tank mode shapes, 872e884
Removable singularity, 322e324 cylindrical tanks, 872e884
Replication, 303 rectangular tank, 861e870
Residual flexibility, 112, 189e190 rectangular tank, mode shapes, 861e870
Residual vectors, 190 spring-mass, 899
Residue Theorem, 326 Small sample statistics, 565e585
Response recovery equations, 171 parameter variability, 566e571
954 Index

Spinning disk area moment of inertia, 783e784

modal forces, 838e843 bending, 782e783
vibration reduction, 837e851 kinetic energy, 783e784
Square-integrable, 274 natural boundary conditions, 786, 788
Square root decomposition, 499 rotary inertia, 788e789, 792
Standard gravitational acceleration, 656e657 rotary inertia effects, 782e783, 792
Static-aeroelastic loads, 699 shear deformation, 782e784
unbalanced, 744e745 shear effects, 791
Static-aeroelastic solution dynamic model, shear modulus, 783e784, 791
701e706 strain energy, 783e784, 786
Stationary process Young’s modulus, 783e784
weak, 521 Transients
wide-sense, 521 configuration changes, 669e672
Statistics, 513e514 mass changes, 669e672
envelope function, 586e589 short duration, 662e672
largest peak, 597e599 thrust, 663e669
peaks, 589e597 turbulence (gust), 685e700
phase functions, 586e589 Transonic time of flight, 709e710
Stiffness piecewise linear, 673e676 Trimmed vehicle, 703
Stinger, 456 Tripartite plot, 721e722
Stress wave rods, 759 Truncated modes, 676
String Turbulence
fixed boundaries, 752e756 gust loads, 685e700
inertial force, 765e766 response calculations, 696e698
mode shapes, 753e754 statistical responses, 698e700
Structural connectivity, 12e15
Structural dynamic models, large systems, 75 U
Structural failure, 513 Upper tolerance bound, 668
Success criteria, mode survey test, 430e438 Upper tolerance limits, 571e582
normal, 571e580
T Rayleigh, 580e582
Target frequencies, 340e345
Taylor series, 854e856 V
membrane, 765e766 Variance, 522, 525e526
rods, 757e758 Variation, differentiation, integration, 167e168
strings, 750e751 Variation operator, 80e81
Tempered distribution, 277e279 Varied paths, 80
Tension Vibration
membranes, 765 beams, 773e792
string, 749 Bernoulli-Euler beam, 773e782
Test apparatus, 442e459 continuous systems, 749e946
Test article, 438e459 ergodic, 521e522
Test data acquisition, 459e460 fluid oscillation, 851e900
Time average, 521e522 membrane, 765e772
Time-invariant systems, linear, 350 peaks, 585e599
Time reversal, 316 plates, 793e837
Time signal, 272e306 rods, 757e765
Time-varying spinning disks, 837e851
amplitude, 406 stationary, 521
frequency, 406 statistical combination, 612
phase, 406 string, 749e756
Timoshenko beam Timoshenko beam, 782e792
 Index 955

Virtual inertia, fluids, 900e906 Z

Virtual work, 11e12 z-transform, 318e333
bilateral, 319
W Laplace transform, 319
Warping, interface, 177e178 partial fraction decomposition, 331e332
Wavelength boundary, winds, 687e688 properties, 325e330
Wetted surface, 130 time-reversal, 326
Wind features, short duration, non-persistent, 685 unilateral, 319
Wind tunnel tests, buffet, 710