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For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Applied Linear Algebra, by Peter J. Olver and Cheri Shakiban. ISBN 0-13-147382-4.
Solutions — Chapter 2
Note: Identifying the complex number x + i y with the vector ( x, y )T ∈ R 2 respects the opera-
tions of vector addition and scalar multiplication, and so we are in effect reproving that R 2 is a
vector space.
2.1.2. Commutativity of Addition:
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 , y1 y2 ) = (x2 , y2 ) + (x1 , y1 ).
Associativity of Addition:
h i h i
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) + (x3 , y3 ) = (x1 x2 x3 , y1 y2 y3 ) = (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) + (x3 , y3 ).
Additive Identity: 0 = (1, 1), and
(x, y) + (1, 1) = (x, y) = (1, 1) + (x, y).
Additive Inverse: !
1 1 h i h i
− (x, y) = , and (x, y) + − (x, y) = (1, 1) = − (x, y) + (x, y).
x y
Distributivity:
(c + d) (x, y) = (xc+d , y c+d ) = (xc xd , y c y d ) = (xc , y c ) + (xd , y d ) = c (x, y) + d (x, y)
h i
c (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = ((x1 x2 )c , (y1 y2 )c ) = (xc1 xc2 , y1c y2c )
= (xc1 , y1c ) + (xc2 , y2c ) = c (x1 , y1 ) + c (x2 , y2 ).
Associativity of Scalar Multiplication:
c (d (x, y)) = c (xd , y d ) = (xc d , y c d ) = (c d) (x, y).
Unit for Scalar Multiplication: 1 (x, y) = (x, y).
42
For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Applied Linear Algebra, by Peter J. Olver and Cheri Shakiban. ISBN 0-13-147382-4.
Note: We can uniquely identify a point (x, y) ∈ Q with the vector ( log x, log y )T ∈ R 2 . Then
the indicated operations agree with standard vector addition and scalar multiplication in R 2 ,
and so Q is just a disguised version of R 2 .
♦ 2.1.3. We denote a typical function in F(S) by f (x) for x ∈ S.
Commutativity of Addition:
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = (f + g)(x).
Associativity of Addition:
[f + (g + h)](x) = f (x) + (g + h)(x) = f (x) + g(x) + h(x) = (f + g)(x) + h(x) = [(f + g) + h](x).
Additive Identity: 0(x) = 0 for all x, and (f + 0)(x) = f (x) = (0 + f )(x).
Additive Inverse: (− f )(x) = − f (x) and
[f + (− f )](x) = f (x) + (− f )(x) = 0 = (− f )(x) + f (x) = [(− f ) + f ](x).
Distributivity:
[(c + d) f ](x) = (c + d) f (x) = c f (x) + d f (x) = (c f )(x) + (d f )(x),
[c (f + g)](x) = c f (x) + c g(x) = (c f )(x) + (c g)(x).
Associativity of Scalar Multiplication:
[c (d f )](x) = c d f (x) = [(c d) f ](x).
Unit for Scalar Multiplication: (1 f )(x) = f (x).
43
© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced,
in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Applied Linear Algebra, by Peter J. Olver and Cheri Shakiban. ISBN 0-13-147382-4.
Distributivity: ! ! ! !
v1 (x, y) (c + d) v1 (x, y) v1 (x, y) v1 (x, y)
(c + d) = =c +d ,
v2 (x, y) (c + d) v2 (x, y) v2 (x, y) v2 (x, y)
" ! !# ! ! !
v1 (x, y) w1 (x, y) c v1 (x, y) + c w1 (x, y) v1 (x, y) w1 (x, y)
c + = =c +c .
v2 (x, y) w2 (x, y) c v2 (x, y) + c w2 (x, y) v2 (x, y) w2 (x, y)
Associativity of Scalar
"
Multiplication:
!# ! !
v1 (x, y) c d v1 (x, y) v1 (x, y)
c d = = (c d) .
v2 (x, y) c d v2 (x, y) v2 (x, y)
Unit for Scalar Multiplication: ! !
v1 (x, y) v1 (x, y)
1 = .
v2 (x, y) v2 (x, y)
♥ 2.1.9. We identify each sample value with the matrix entry mij = f (i h, j k). In this way, every
sampled function corresponds to a uniquely determined m × n matrix and conversely. Ad-
dition of sample functions, (f + g)(i h, j k) = f (i h, j k) + g(i h, j k) corresponds to matrix
addition, mij + nij , while scalar multiplication of sample functions, c f (i h, j k), corresponds
to scalar multiplication of matrices, c mij .
2.1.10. a + b = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , a3 + b3 , . . . ), c a = (c a1 , c a2 , c a3 , . . . ). Explicity verification of
the vector space properties is straightforward. An alternative, smarter strategy is to iden-
tify R∞ as the space of functions f : N → R where N = { 1, 2, 3, . . . } is the set of natural
numbers and we identify the function f with its sample vector f = (f (1), f (2), . . . ).
“ ”
2.1.11. (i) v + (−1)v = 1 v + (−1)v = 1 + (−1) v = 0 v = 0.
(j) Let z = c 0. Then z + z = c (0 + 0) = c!0 = z, and so, as in the proof of (h), z = 0.
1 1 1
(k) Suppose c 6= 0. Then v = 1 v = · c v = (c v) = 0 = 0.
c c c
e both satisfy axiom (c), then 0 = 0
♦ 2.1.12. If 0 and 0 e+0=0+0
e = 0.
e
44
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