MSA Physics, Quantitative Reasoning, and Data Interpretation Module

PHYSICS,
~UANT T TIVE REASONING,

& DAT A INTERPRETATION
MODULE
>JS.,A
ACADEMIC A VANCEMENT STITU
Philippine Copyright
2014
_by
Merle S. Alfercz
Author
Gerard S. Alferez
Project Director
and
)WSft. Publishing House

Franco Street, Vista Verde Executive Village, Imelda Avenue, Cainta
Philippines
Tel. Nos. 646-8243 Fax: 646-8245
web: www.msainstitue.com • e-mail: msatutorial@yahoo.com
Publisher
Year 2017 Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any

form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors or
.>£S.)l Publishing House.
Cover Design: .Joey 0. Pelayo
Published and Printed
by
.}WS.ft. Publishing House

Franco Street, Vista Verde Executive Village!, Imelda Avenue, Cainta, PHILIPPINES
Table of Contents
Physics
Scalar and Vector 1
Motion 7
Fundamental Forces and Newton's Laws 19
Friction and Normal Force 24
Torque and Equilibrium 26
Work, Power, and Energy 31
Momentum, Impulse, and Collision 36
Fluid Mechanics 41
Heat and Thermodynamics 49
Electricity 55
Magnetism 63
Waves 69
Optics 75
Modern Physics 80
Final Test 83
Quantitative Reasoning
Test 1 97
Test2 101
Test 3 105
Data Interpretation 109

Physics
Scalar and Vector
Lecture
Physics is branch of science that deals with matter, energy, and their interaction with each
other.
Mechanics - a branch of Physics that studies the relationships among forces and motion
Scalar- quantities described by magnitude only

Vector -quantities described by both magnitude and direction
Resultant Vector- a vector which may represent all the other vectors' effects
Methods in Vector Addition:
a. Graphical
Parallelogram
• A graphical vector addition method wherein all the given vectors originate
from the origin
• May only add two vectors at a time
Polygon
• Vector addition wherein instead of all vectors originating from the origin,
the next vector is projected from the arrowhead or "tip" of the previous vector
• Also known as the "tail-to-tip" method
• The resultant vector is obtained from connecting the tail of the very first
vector (which is at the origin) to the tip of the final vector.
b. Component Method
The Component method is the most accurate way of computing for the
resultant vector, there will be no error committed from inaccurate projections or
drawing of vectors. A pre-requisite skill in adding vectors analytically is resolution
into their components. In resolving vectors, the x- and y-components follow a sign
convention which is the same for the coordinates on the Cartesian plane.
}tf"S_,A. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE I

.)W'S.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Example: 400 m, 45° N of E

500 m, 45° W of N
Step 1. Get the x- and y- components of each vector by using SOHCAHTOA.

Then, tabulate the results.
X y
400 m, 45° N of E 400 cos 45° 400 sin 45°
500 m, 45° W of N -500 sin 45° 500 cos 45°
Notice that the x-component of the second vector has a negative sign.
Being directed in the North-West direction, the second vector will be positioned in
the second quadrant, where the xis negative and y is positive.
Step 2. The next step in computing for the resultant is to add all the
x- andy-components (separately). The sums will be denoted as :EX (summation x)
and 1:Y (summationy) for the x- andy-components, respectively.
X y
400 m, 45° N of E 200.J2 200h
500 m, 45° W of N -2so.J2 250.Ji
Sum LX= -50$ LY= 450~2
Step 3. LX and LY are the respective x- and y-components of the resultant,

since the resultant may be likened to the hypotenuse of a right triangle (analogous to
resolving vectors into their x- andy- components), and with LX
and LY
as the
"legs" of that triangle. Using Pythagorean Theorem, the magnitude of the resultant
vector is
2 )ll'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)tf'.Sft. Physics
R= ~ ( - 50..Jir +( 450..Ji r
=100.J41
Step 4. The next information to be determined is the resultant vector's direction.

A very simple form_ula to give us its direction is
0 = tan- 1 = tan- 1 450Ji = 83.66°

-soJi
Where is it directed? We have only found out the angle of its direction, but we still
do not know its general direction. To determine its general direction,
we have to look at the components of the resultant. Notice that LX is negative
and LY is positive, thus, the resultant must lie in the second quadrant. Next thing
to remember is that by using the formula given above, the angle is always measured
with respect to the x-axis, thus the only directions we will be able to get are: N ofE,
N of W, S of W, and S of E.
The resultant vector is 100.J4i m, 83.66° N ofW.
• It will be important to consider both direction and magnitude when adding or

resolving vectors.
• Vectors acting on the same direction may be added together easily, and vectors
acting on opposite directions may be subtracted from each other. Vectors acting
perpendicular to each may be added using Pythagorean Theorem, with the
hypotenuse as the magnitude of the resultant .
.}l(Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 3

)ll'S)'. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Examples:
1. Job went spelunking. In a particular cave that he has to explore, he will have to walk
60 meters 60° N of E, then 120 meters W to get to the center of the cave.
How far is the cave's center from the opening?
Solution:
The distance between the opening to the center of the cave is the magnitude of the
resultant of the two vectors Job traversed.
Get the x andy components of the two vectors.
X y
60 m, 60° N ofE 30 30-/3

120m, W -120 0
LX = -90 LY= 30J3

To get the magnitude of the resultant we use R = ~(L X )2 + (LY )2
R=~(90)2 +(Jo.J3f
=.J 8100 + 2700
=60.fj m
2. Two boats are towing a broken vessel towards the docks. The first boat pulls the
broken vessel with a force of 100 MN at 60° N ofE. How much force should the
second boat pull the broken vessel, if it pulls at 30° W of N, so that the vessel
moves towards North? (Note: 1 MN= 1 x 10 6 N)
Answer: F2 =100 MN
4 )t£Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Scalar and Vector
Exercise
Directions: Choose the best answer. Shade the letter ofyour choice.
1. Which of the following is a vector quantity? 0000

a b C d
a. Tme c. Heat
b. Work d. Momentum
2. Which of the following is a scalar quantity? 0000

a b C d
a. Acceleration
b. Electric Field
C. Weight of the body
d. Temperature
3. For the resultant of two vectors to be maximum the angle between 0000
them should be a b C d
----
a. 0° c. 60°
b. 30° d. 90°
For nos. 4 and 5

A BMX rider goes 5 km north, 4 km east, and 1 km south to arrive
at the competition area.
4. Find the total distance traveled by the BMX rider. 0000

a b C d
a. 10 km c. [4'fkm
b. 4,fikm d. s,fikm
5. How far and in what direction is he from his initial position? 0000
a b C d
a. 4,fikm,45°NofE c. 2.[f3 km, 45° N ofE
b. 4,fikm,60°NofE d. 2 /f3 km, 30° N of E

}t£S.,A. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
)W'S.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
For Nos. 6 and 7

Mr. Banner ordered 20 boxes of pizza. In order for the delivery boy
to arrive at his house, he traveled 4 km 30° N of E and 4 km
60° N ofE.
6. Find the magnitude of the displacement traveled by the delivery boy. 0000
a b C d
a. 2+2fikm C. 2~ 4+J3 km
b. 4~ 2+.Ji km d. 4~3+-J2 km
7. Find the direction of the displacement traveled by the delivery boy. 0000
a b C d
a. 30° N ofE c. 45° N of E
b. 60° N ofE d. 30° E ofN
For Nos. 8 and 9
In one of his mission to find a cure for T- Virus, Chris Redfield was
captured by the Umbrella Corporation. Claire, his sister, plotted a
mission to rescue him. Her mission is to infiltrate the base of the
Umbrella Corporation where her brother was imprisoned. If she
traveled 7 km east, 4 km north, and 3 km west:
8. Find the total distance traveled by Claire. 0000

a b C d
a. 4.{ikm C. 8 km
b. 14 km
9. How far is Claire Redfield from her initial position? 0000

a b C d
a. 4.{ikm C. 8km
b. 14km
6 )'I'S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Motion
Lecture
Rectilinear Motion - motion along a straight line (horizontal and vertical)
5 Basic Motion Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM)
- 4• d = v.t+.!..at 2
1. d=vt I 2
2 2
2.
-v=_,;;,_
v1 __+v;
5. d
= Vl -V;
2 2a
Vf -V;
3. a = _,;;,_ __
t
where: d (displacement)- how far an object is from where it started moving
t (time) - how long it took an object to travel
v (average velocity) - refers to the approximate velocity an object travels

over a given period of time
v1 (final velocity) - refers to the velocity of the object at a moment after it has
covered a certain distance, or after a certain time has elapsed

V; (initial velocity) - refers to the velocity of the object at a moment before it
has covered a certain distance, or before a certain time has begun
• Note that there are actually three types of velocities: 1) average, 2) final, and 3) initial.
It is important to effectively distinguish among the three which the given velocities may
pertain to. Initial and final velocities are also called instantaneous velocities.
a (acceleration) - refers to how much does the velocity change as time progresses
• acceleration is obtained if there is a
1. change in speed (magnitude)
2. change in direction
3. change in velocity
..
.)tf'Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 7
)ll'S.,A. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Examples:
1. If a runner runs at a constant velocity of 8 m/s, how long will it take the runner to
finish a 200 m track?
Solution:
d
Since the runner runs a constant velocity, we can use v = -
t
Manipulate the formula then substitute the values.
200
t= ;£ = 25 s
s;n'Js
2. Given below is a graph of velocity as a function of time.
12
10
!
0
8
6
'6
0
~ 4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (s)
Based on the graph,
a) What is the acceleration of the body?
Solution:
VJ-Vi
Use a= and because the acceleration is constant, any value ofv; and v
1 1
can be used. Substitute the values:
VJ-Vi
a= --------
t
4m/s-2m/s
=-----
2s
=lm/s 2
8 .)WS~ ACADEMIC AD~AN~EMENT INSTITUTE

.)ICS.ft. Physics
b) From t = 4 s to t = 8 s, what is the distance covered by the body?

Solution:
Since the velocity from t = 4 s to t = 8 s is changing, we need to get the average
-
velocity v to get the distance covered by the body.
- 8m/s+4m/s
v=-----
2
=6mls
d =(6mlt)(4t)
=24m
3. A car, travelling at 25 mis, has to slow down to 10 m/s so that it could be able to
make a turn over a road 3 0 m away.
a) What is the car's acceleration?
Solution:
2
V -V~
Using d = 1 ' , manipulate to find a.
2a
V 2 -v.2
The equation becomes a= 1 ' . Substitute the values.
2d
2 2
a= ...;...._
(10m/s) ________________
-(25m/s)_
2(30m)
= -35
- mls2 or -8.75m/s 2
4
b) How long does it take the car to reach the turn?

Solution:
Use d =; t , then manipulate to find time t:

d
t=-=
V
}lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 9

}l!l"Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
First get v:
- 10 m Is+ 25 m Is I
v=------=11.5m s
2
then get t:
30m
t=---or 1.71s
11.5ml s
• Free-fall- motion of an object along a vertical line

- the acceleration is contant which is equal to
m
g = +9.8-2 , when the object moves downward
s
m
g = -9.8- , when the object moves upward
s2
4. A ball was dropped from the top of a 50-m building.

a) How long did it take the ball to reach the ground?
Solution:
Use d = v;t + .!.. gt 2 since the ball was dropped vi = 0 mis

2
Manipulate to find time t: t = I¥

Substitute the values:
t=~2(50)
10
=Jw' s or 3.16s
b) How fast was it moving just before it strikes the ground?
Solution:
v2 -v?1
1
Use d = , since this is a free fall problem a becomes g. Manipulate the
2a
equation to find v1 .
JO jll'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

..)lf'.Sft. Physics
2
v1 =~2dg =~2(50m)(10m1s )
=10.fw mis
5. A coin was thrown vertically upward and it rises to a height of 10 m.
With what speed was it thrown?
Solution:
V 2 -v.2
Use d = f ' then manipulate and substitute the values to find initial velocity.
2g
2 2
- VJ -V;
d- -------~ V; = ~ -2gd
2g
=~ -2(-10)(10)
=10fi ml s
Projectile Motion - motion characterized by having a simultaneous vertical and
horizontal movement
- the path is called the trajectory
Basic Formulas in Projectile Motion
Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion

v. =Vicos9 V.I y = V.I sin 8
'·
Vx=Vi.=Vr. V y = V.ly + gt
= V xt
1 2
X y = v..,.. t + -gt
2
V = .Jv / + VY
2
where:
V;
-~
(initial horizontal velocity) - velocity at which the object initially moves horizontally;
it is constant because air resistance is normally neglected
..}lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 11

)II"&~ National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
v,, (initial vertical velocity)-velocity at which the object, initially moves vertically
8 (''theta" means angle) - direction where the projectile was launched
Vy (final vertical velocity) - velocity at which the object travels vertically, during a
particular moment
x (horizontal displacement) - how far projectile is, horizontally, from where it was
launched
y (vertical displacement) - how much higher or lower a projectile is from the level it was
launched
v (instantaneous velocity) - refers to the objects "real" velocity as it is the resultant of
the projectile's vertical and horizontal velocities
v.r (final horizontal velocity)-velocity at which the object travels horizontally during a
particular moment
Examples:
1. RJ, playing darts, throws one horizontally, with the velocity of 10 m/s over a dart
board. If the bull's eye was directly aligned with where RJ has thrown his dart
and the distance between RJ and the dart board is 5 m, how far does he miss the
bull's eye?
Solution:
The unknown in the problem is the vertical distance. The equation that can be used is
1 2 • 1 2
y = v1y t + -2 gt but v,y = 0 thus the equation becomes Y = gt
2
X X
Since time is still unknown, use vx =1 __,. 1 = ;- then substitute the values.
X
t = S Ji =0.S s
10 ,.a{Is
1 2
We use time t in equation Y = gt
2 •
y= .!.(10)(0.s)2
2
=1.25m
12 )ll"Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

~~ Physics
2. Usain is running and jumps with a velocity of 10 mis, 30° above the horizontal.
If he covers a horizontal distance of 5 meters, what is the maximum height he reached
during his jump?
Solution:
Get the maximum height using y = v,, t + ~ gt 2

Solving for v,_•. :
v.ly =v.I sin8
=10sin30°=5 mis
. d t he time
Fm . . vx = -X
t usmg ~ t,0101 = -X ( equation o f time
0
• )
t Vx
Solving for vX :
v.Ix =v,. cos8
=10cos30°=5.J3 mis
Substitute the values to the equation of time.
X 5,i 1 Jj
ttotal = Vx = 5./3 ,ifs= Jj = 3s
Solve for time at which maximum height is reached.
fi
t _ t,otal _ -. 3 _ VfJ~
max height - - - -
2
T -6 8
To get the maximum height, use Y = v,Y t + ~ gt then substitute the values.
2
y=(s>( f )+ ~< >( f J2

10
sfj s 10/j+s
=--+-=-...:....---m
6 12 12
}W.,S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 13

)ll"Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Circular Motion - motion followed by an object traveling in a circular path
21tr
v=--
t
where:
ac (centripetal acceleration) - acceleration that keeps an object, in circular motion,

in orbit
v (velocity) - linear rate at which the object revolves
- always directed tangent to the path of the object
r (radius) - distance of the object from the axis of revolution
Using Newton's 2nd Law, it may be inferred that because the object is accelerated,
there is a (net) force present in the system. Since F = ma, then
mv2
F'c =mac , which then becomes Fe =- -
r
where:
Fe (centripetal force) - force that keeps the object in circular motion

- "center-seeking" force
m (mass)
Centrifugal force - force believed to react with the centripetal force

- directed away from the center
- fictitious force
Examples:
1. A race car will round a curve with a diameter of 3 0 m. What is the maximum spee<l: at
which the race car can round it if the average time to complete the curve is 30 s?
Solution:
To get the maximum speed of the race car, we need to use the equation for the
tangential speed for circular motion which is
14 )ll"S.)'. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

.)W.Sft. Physics
21tr
v=--
T .
Then substitute all the given values.
21tr 21t(15m) m m
V =- = -~---'- = 7t - = 3.14-
T 30 s s s
2. A ferris wheel with a radius of 10 mis turning on its axis at the center. The tangential
speed of the passenger on the ferris wheel is constant and equal to 7 mis.
a. What is the magnitude and direction of the passenger's acceleration?
b. How much time does it take the ferris wheel to make one revolution
Solution:
2
a. To get the centripetal acceleration, we use a = ~, then substitute the given
r
values.
2
( 7m/s )
a
C
= ~-..;,__
lQm
= 4.9m/s 2
b. To get the time it takes for the ferris wheel to make one revolution, use the
relationship of v and T.
21t(l0 m)
T = -21tr = _.;.____,;_ = -201t S= 2.97t s
V 7m/s 7
_)WSft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 15

Motion
Exercise
Directions: Choose the best answer. Shade the letter of your choice.
1. Based on the graph below, which of the following statement/s 0000

is/are true? a b C d
30"-+------------------
1- 20
-
- ~ 15 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - i a F - - - - - - - - - - -
(.)
0
J 10 +---------~-----------
5 -'-------41~--------------
0 -+-------.-----.-------,------,-----,
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (s)
I. The object is moving with a constant acceleration.

II. The velocity of the object is directly proportional to time.
III. The distance travelled by the object is directly proportional
to time.
IV. At t = 2 s to t = 4 s, acceleration of the object is equal to
2.5 m/s 2 •
a. I only c. I and IV only

b. III only d. I, II, III, and IV
2. A man throws a golf ball vertically upward on a top of 10 meter 0000

building with a speed of20 mis. One unfortunate event, he was not a b C d
able to catch it and thus it fell on the ground. How long did it take
for the golf ball from the maximum height to reach the ground?
a. [6s C. 2 S
b. .fi, s d. 1 s
16 _)li'S~ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

3. Three identical stones were thrown from a height of 20 m from the 0000
ground. Stone A was released from rest. Stone B is thrown vertically a b C d
downwards with a speed of 5 mis. Stone C was thrown vertically
upward with a speed of 5 mis. Which of the balls will reach the
ground with the greatest speed?
0
a. stoneA c. stones B and C
b. stone C d. stones A, B, and C
4. Two identical balls A and B were released at the same time from the 0000
a b C d
same height of 20 meters. Ball A was dropped while ball B was
thrown horizontally with a speed of 5 mis. Which ball will have the
most time of flight?
00-
a. ballA
b. ball B
c. Both objects have the same time of flight
d. cannot be determined
5. Which of the following statements is/are true about an object moving 0000
a b C d
in a uniform circular motion?
I. The summation of the vertical forces of the object should be equal

to centripetal force.
II. Its velocity always changes in direction.
III. Its velocity is always parallel to its acceleration.
IV. Its acceleration is directed radially outward from the center of the
circular path.
)"Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 17
i1
l
.)11'..Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
a. I and II only c. I only

b. I, II, and III only d. II only
6. A remote controlled car is moving along the xy-plane. The plots of 0000
the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) components of its position as a a b C d
function of time (t) are shown below. What is the magnitude of its
velocity at t = 4s?
6 12 ..-. 16
5 14 ,......
.......
';;' 1 0 - + - - - - - - - - ~ -
§ 12
0
:~ 8 -t---------t-----
8-6-t----~----
:€ 10
~ 8 .......
•
- c.. 6
Ct:
.._.C 4 -+------4------- -=
~v
u 4
2 2 -t----------- ·e~
·t: 2
~ 0-t--------- ~ 0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
t (s) t (s)
a. 4.Jii mis c. 4 mis
b. Ju mis d. ~mis
2
7. What should be the speed of a race car to go around a curve of 0000

50 m if the road is banked at angle 45°? Neglect friction a b C d
a. 10.Js mis
b. sfwm1s
c. 500 mis
d. 50 mis
18 .}lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Fundamental Forces and Newton's Laws
Lecture.
Four Fundamental Forces
1. Gravitational force
- a force that gives rise to the weight of an object
- acts between all particles in the universe
Gm1m2
- mathematically expressed as Fg = where:
r2
Fg = gravitational force (Newton) m1 = mass of object 1 (kilogram)

G =Universal Gravitational constant m2 = mass of object 2 (kilogram)
r = distance of two objects (meter)
2. Weak-interaction/weak force
- a force which is responsible for the occurence of the radiocative decay of
atomic nucleus
- about 10 26 times stronger than gravitational force
3. Electromagnetic interaction/ Electromagnetic force

- a force that exists between charged particles
- about 1037 times stronger than gravity
.
- mathematically expressed as Fe= kl'hq2I
--2 - where:
r
k =9 X 109 N . m 2 I C 2
q1 =charge of particle 1
q2 = charge of particle 2
r =distance of separation
If the charge of two particles is the same, the force between them is repulsion. If the
charge between them is different, the force between them is attraction.
)11'...Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 19

.>f'Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
4. Strong nuclear interaction/ Strong nuclear force

- strongest of all the forces (about 1039 times stronger than gravity)
- the force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
Newton's Laws of Motion
Sir Isaac Newton - proponent of"The Three Laws of Motion"
First Law: Law of Inertia
- An object will persist in its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.
· Inertia - tendency of an object to persist in its state of motion
Second Law: Law of Acceleration
- If an object experiences a net force, it will accelerate, and the direction of the
acceleration is the same as the net force. Acceleration is directly proportional to
the net force, and inversely proportional to its mass.
· Force - a push or pull
In equation form, Newton's Second Law is,
"'i:.F=ma
a= LF a a
1
m m
· Forces are vector quantities, and thus, adding them would require the use of
vector addition.
· Forces can only be added if they are acting on the same object. No object may
cause a force to affect itself.
Third Law: Law of Interaction

- For every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction.
F = -F
,..ilf"S..}\. Physics
Example:
An object weighing 100 N, was initially moving at 2 mis. It was given a push which
caused it to reach a velocity of 5 mis after travelling 20 m. How much force is used to
move the object?
Solution:
Use F = ma however, a is unknown. The equation that can be used and manipulated
v i - v.2 v 2 - v.2
to find a is d = 1 1
~a= 1 ' . Substitute the values to find a:
2a 2d
52 -22 21 2
a=--- - or 0.525 mis
2(20) 40
To find the amount of force F, mass must be calculated first using the formula of
weight W= mg. Manipulate then substitute the values.
m=W =lOON or kgx,Jm's2 =lOkg

g 104
The amount of force can now be calculated as:
F=ma
2
= (10 kg)(!~ m/s )
= 21 N or 5.25 N
4
.}t£S)'. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 21

Fundamental Forces and Newton's Laws
Exercise
1. Ifwe have two very large objects with equal mass with the same 0000
relatively large charge, which of the following statement/sis/are true? a b C d
I. The two objects will attract each other because of gravitational

interaction.
II. The two objects will repel each other because of electromagnetic
interaction.
III. The two objects will attract each other because of
electromagnetic interaction.
IV. The two objects will stay at the same position since their masses
and charges are equal.
a. I only c. III only

b. II only d. IV only
2. Which is not an action-reaction pair? 0000

a b C d
a. Your right hand's push on your left hand - your left hand's
push on your right hand
b. Your weight- pull of the earth on you
c. Weight of an object on the table - force exerted by the
table on the object
d. Force exerted by your feet on the ground - force exerted
by the ground on your feet
3. Margaux weighs 13 0 N on the surface of the Earth and weighs 0000 -

39 N on the surface of Io, one of Jupiter's moons. What is the a b C d
magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of Io?
a. 10 m/s 2 c. 3 m/s 2
b. 5 m/s 2 d. 2 m/s 2
22 )'I'S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

4. A book is at rest on a table. Which of the following forces is/are 0000
equal in magnitude to the weight of the object by Newton's 3rd Law? a b C d
I. The force exerted by the book on Earth.

II. The force exerted by the Earth on the book.
III. The normal force exerted by the table on the book

b. I and II only d. I, II, and III
5. Based on the figure below, box A is on top of box B which is on top 0000
of a table. If the boxes and the table are all at rest, which of the a b C d
following statement/sis/are true?
I. The force exerted by box B on box A is equal in magnitude to the

weight of box A.
II. The force exerted by the table on box B is equal in magnitude to
the total mass of box B and box A.
III. The force exerted by the table on box B is equal in magnitude to
the force exerted by box A on box B.
a. I only c. I and III only

b. I and II only d. I, II, and III
.}W.,S_A. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 23
L
Friction and Normal Force
Lecture
Friction
~ a force that opposes motion
- represented by the formla Ff = µFN where:
F1 (frictional force) - magnitude of friction
µ ( coefficient of friction) - ratio of relative frictional forces for different types of

surfaces in contact
FN (normal force) - force on an object that is exerted by the surface on which it is

placed; always perpendicular to the surface
Examples:
1. Consider a 3 kg block at rest on a plane that is inclined at an angle of 30° with the
horizontal. What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the plane on
the block?
w
Solution:
Since the block is at rest, L Fy = 0 and L Fx = 0

To get the magnitude of the normal force F N' we should determine the vertical forces
acting on the block.
24 .)ll'S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

2
O=FN -3 kg(10m/s )cos30°
FN =15,fiN
2. Rena was dragging a box with a force of 200 N. This causes the box to
accelerate at a rate of 3 m/s 2 • When Rena weighed the box over a weighing scale,
she found out that the box weighs 250 N. What would be the coefficient of friction
between the surface and the floor?
Solution:
Solve for the mass of the box.

w
W = mg ~ m =-
g
m =W = 250 N = 250 kg · _prrs1' = 25 kg

g 10m/s2 10 _prrs1'
Since the box is accelerating LFx = ma but LFx = Fpush -Fi . Thus, the
equation L~ =ma becomes Fpush - Fi= ma. Substitute the values using the
derived equation.
200 N - µ 250 N = (25 kg){3 mis)

-125N
µ= -250N
=0.5
.}tf'S_)l ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 25

Torque and Equilibrium
Lecture
Torque - the moment of force

- measure of how much force is necessary to cause an object to rotate about
an axis, from a given distance
- represented by the formula , = Fr sin 0 where:

i-(torque)
F(force)
r (radius)- direct distance from the object to the axis of rotation
- distance from where the force is applied to the axis of revolution
8 (angle) - angle between the force and direction of the radius
Torques are vector quantities, thus it is to be described with directions.

For convenience, torques are assigned negative or positive signs as direction.
Torques are positive if they are rotating counter-clockwise, and negative if
clockwise.
Equilibrium - a state of balance; either at rest ir moving/rotating with a constant

velocity
- objects are in equilibrium if their net forces or net torques are equal to
zero
The two conditions for equilibrium are:
\: L F = 0 The sum of all the forces acting on the object is zero

2. I>= 0 The sum of all the torques acting on the object is zero
26 .)ll'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)W.S.}l Physics
Examples:
1. MSA board with a mass of 50 kg was attached to 315 building. If the value of the
rope's tension tied to the building horizontally (T 1) is 400 N, find T 2 •
MSA
Since it is in equilibrium, the summation of the forces acting on the body is

zero. L Fx = 0 and L FY =0 but L Fy = T2 sin 30° - W . Then, manipulate and solve
forT 2 •
o= T2 (~)-sokg(1om1s2 )
O= T2 G)-sooN
T2 =lOOON
2. A 10 m board, of negligible weight, is to support 3 weights: 25 N ,50 N, and 10 N.

The board was suspended on the ceiling, with a wire supporting it at the 6 m mark.
The 25 N and 50 N weights were placed on opposite ends, with the 25 N weight
placed on the farther end from the wire. Where should the ION weight be placed so
that equilibrium is attained?
Solution:
To achieve equilibrium
I
I
~!<- - - 10 m ------~
I
I
;E 6m
)'{Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 27
L
)ll"S.A, National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
To achieved equilibrium, the net torque must be equal to zero, L 't =0. We need to
put the 10 N weight closer to the lighter weight to make it balance.
L = +
't 't1 't2 + 't3 = 0
L 'tccw = L 'tcw
Since the net torqus is equal to 0, we can say that the counter-clockwise torque is
equal to the clockwise torque.
L'tccw = (25 N){6 m) + (IO N){x)
L 'tcw = (50 N)( 4 m)
Solve for x.
(25 N)(6 m) + (10 N)(x) = (50 N)(4 m)

l0x N = 200 Nm - 150 Nm
l0xN = 50Nm
50j(m
x = IO j(
x=5m
The 10 N weight should be placed 5 meters away from the 6 meter mark.
3. A unifom 100 N pipe with length of 4 meters is used as a lever. Where must the
fulcrum be placed if a 300 N weight at one end is to balance a 100 N at the
other end?
+ - - - - - - X -----+--4-X----if
lOON
l ZS
Answer: 2.5 m
28 )W'S_)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Friction, Normal Force, Torque, and Equilibrium
Exercise
1. Blocks Y and Z, weighing 2 000 N and 1 000 N, respectively, 0000

rest on a horizontal beam AB. If the reaction proceed at A is twice a b C d
as great as the reaction produced at B, how far from B will the weight
of block Z act? Refer to the diagram below.
.,
A -------7 m-------8
a. 4m C. 3m
b. 5.5 m d. 2m
2. Consider the figure below. 0000

a b C d
The coefficients of the static and kinetic friction are 0.80 and 0.25,
respectively. If you push the box downward along the ramp,
what is the minimum amount of force that you must apply on the box
to make it start moving?
a. 12.5 N c. 40.fi N
25.fi N
b. 2 d. 40 N
.)W'S)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 29

)ll'Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
3. The box in the figure below is in equilibrium. Find the value ofFN. 0000
a b C d
~
F, --1--3-0-kg-l
a. 400 N C. 200 N
b. (100"'3 + 300 )N d. (100"'3 -300 )N
4. Box A with a mass of MA is at rest on a frictionless surface. 0000
Box B with a mass M 8 is on top of it. The coefficeints of static a b C d
and kinetic friction between Box A and Box B are µ 5 and µk
respectively. If you push the lower box with a force F,
what must be F to keep the two boxes moving together?
F ~
A
....
c. µk {MA+ Ms)g
d. J.'s(MA +Ma)g
5. Consider the figure below. Find the mass of the board. 0000
a b C d
MSA
a. 600 N c. 300 N
b. 60 kg d. 30 kg
30 }l!(Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

I
J
Work, Power, and Energy
Lecture
Work - transfer of energy that involves using forces to move objects

- W=Fdcos0 where:
W(work)
F (force)
d (displacement)- how far the object was moved
8 (angle) -angle of separation between the directions of the force and displacement
• Three conditions where there is no work:

I. F = 0 (no net force is present in the system)
2. d = 0 (the object does not move)
3. the direction of force and displacement are perpendicular to each other ( 8 = 90°)
Energy -the capacity to do work

- in order to do work, energy must be expended
Basic Types of Energy

I. Kinetic Energy - energy possessed by any object in motion
1 2
- KE= -mv where
2
KE (kinetic energy)
m (mass)
v (velocity)
2. Potential Energy - stored energy as the result of its position
- amount of energy possible to be converted into kinetic energy
PE= mgh where
PE (potential energy)
m (mass)
g (acceleration due to gravity)
h (height) - distance above the ground where the object is
elevated, and to be released
31
}WS_A ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
l
..}ll'Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
• An object must be carried above the ground to have potential energy, but not all
objects elevated from the ground would have potential energies. Only those who are
capable of"falling," and thus acquiring kinetic energy, would have potential energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one type
to another.
states that the sum of all energies of an object at a given instant, will be the same at
any given instant, provided that there are no non-conservative forces.
Conservative force - capable of changing the form of energy but can maintain the
total amount of the mechanical energy
Non-conservative force - a force whose work it generates is dependent upon the

path taken, or moved by the object (i.e. friction).
In equation, the law of conservation of energy is:
K.E1 +PE1 = KE2 +PE2 where:
KE 1 (kinetic energy 1) - kinetic energy at the first position
PE 1 (potential energy 1) - potential energy at the first position
KE 2 (kinetic energy 2) - kinetic energy at the second position
PE 2 (potential energy 2) - potential energy at the second position
w
Power - rate of doing work - P =- where
t
P(power)
W(work)
t (time) - how long did it take to accomplish the work done
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts
32 .)11".Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

I
r!
Ji
.)tf'.Sft. Physics
Examples:
1. How much work is done by a person lifting a 50-kg box 1.5 m from the ground?
Solution:
Use the formula W = Fd cos0 but Fis unknown. Thus, the equation for F can be
represented as F = ma or F =mg. Now, the equation of work becomes
W = mgd cos 0. The angle 0 will be zero since the direction of the object is
parallel to the application of force. Substitute the values.
W = (50 kg){IO m/s 2 ) cos 0°

= 750J
2. An automated pulling machine has a power rating of 2500 W. How high will it be
able to pull a 25 kg object in 5 s?
Answer: 50 m
3. Jazz, while playing soccer with her friends, kicked the ball with much enthusiasm.
The ball was able to rise 2.5 above the ground, before it fell.
a) With what velocity was the ball kicked by Jazz?
Answer: 5./2 mis
b) What was the ball's velocity midway going up?
Answer: 5 mis
c) What is the work done on the ball if the ball has a mass of 0.1 kg?
Answer: 2. 5 J
33
.}tf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
Work, Power, and Energy
Exercise
1. Which of the following given situation is the work done greatest? 0000
a b C d
a. A skater lifting his 80 kg partner 2 meters above the ground.
b. A truck carrying a 1 000 kg transformer to a distance of
1500 meters.
c. A boy pulling a huge box with a force of 100 N, 10 meters
to the right.
d. A man pushing a 150 kg box along the ground by a 200 N
force directed 60° above the horizontal with a distance of
10 meters.
2. The human heart is a powerful and extremely reliable pump. 0000

Each day it takes in and out an average of7500 L of blood. Assume a b C d
that the work done by the heart is equal to the work required to lift
this amount of blood to a height of a Filipino woman (1.5 m).
The density of blood is 1.05 kg/m 3 • How much power does the
heart do in an hour?
a. 0.0328 Watts
b. -125 Was
tt
4
C. 1.18125 x 106 Watts
d. 1.125 x 105 Watts
3. A cannon ball was shot in a projectile from the ground with a speed 0000
of 50 mis. How high is it when its speed is 20 m/s? a b C d
a. 145 m C. 95m
b. 105 m d. 110 m
34 )W°Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

4. A proton with a mass of 1.67 x 10-21 kg is travelling at 10% of the 0000
a b C d
speed of light. Find its kinetic energy. (c = 3 x 10 8 mis)
a. 2.5 x 10-25 J C. 7.515 X 10 13 J

b. 2.5x10-10 J d. 7.515x10-13 J
5. If friction forces are negligible and the roller coaster car has a velocity 0000
of 5 mis at point A, which of the following statement/sis/are false? a b C d
100 m
50m
I. At point C, the velocity of the roller coaster is 45 mis.

II. At point B, the kinetic energy of the roller coaster is at its
maximum value.
III. At point C, the potential energy of the roller coaster car is at its
minimum value.
IV. At point D, the velocity of the roller coaster car is 50 mis.
a. I and III only c. IV only

b. II and IV only d. III only
• Q '
J..-Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE . 35
Momentum, Impulse, and Collision
Lecture
Momentum - the measure of how much force is needed to put an object in motion
to rest
- object's inertia in motion
- it is expresed as p = mv where
p (momentum)
m (mass)
v (velocity)
• Momentum is a vector quantity, so it has to be added using vector addition.
Impulse - change in momentum

- it is expressed as Ap = mv1-mv; where
Ap (impulse)
m (mass)
v (final velocity)
1
v1 (initial velocity)
• Newton's 1st Law guarantees that an object's motion will persist unless there is an
external force. Thus, the happening of an impulse presupposes the existence of an
external force.
Ap=Ft where
A p (impulse)
F(force)
t (time) - how long does the force act on the system
36
)W'S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
I
!
j
)tf"S.ft. Physics
Law of Conservation of Momentum
The sum of the momentums of objects before collision is the same as the sum of the
momentums of the objects after collision.
Mathematically expressed as mi v1 + "'2 v2 = m1v1 ' + mi v 2 ' where :
m 1 = mass of object I
m 2 = mass of object 2
v 1 = velocity of object I before collision
v 2 = velocity of object 2 before collision
v1 ' = velocity of object I after collision

v2 ' = velocity of object 2 after collision
Collisions
The two types of collisions are:
I. Elastic - collisions which does not only conserve the momentum of the objects,
but also their kinetic energies
Before After
2. Inelastic - collisions where only momentum of the objects are conserved

- the energy lost during collision has been given off as heat to the
surroundings or used in deformation
Before After
37
)W'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
l
)li£S,_A. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Examples:
1. Sophia, a highschool softball varsity player, was on a practice for the incoming
playoffs. In a particular moment, her teammate threws a 500 g ball to her with an
initial velocity of 4 mis. When she was able to catch it, her hand moved slightly to
the left and the ball was put to rest 1 second after. How much force did Sophia exert
when she caught the ball?
Ft= m( v1 _v;)
m( v1_v;)
F = ---------
t
0.5kg(0-4ml s)
=-------
ls
=-2N the negative sign indicates direction
2. Two identical balls collide head on. The initial velocity of the first ball is 1 mis while
the other one is 0.5 mis. What will be the final velocity of the second ball if the first
ball stopped when they collide?
Answer: 0.5 m/s 2
3. A 7500 kg dump truck travelling at 7 mis east collides with a 2500 kg van moving at
15 mis west. After collision, the two vehicles were stuck together. With what speed
and in what direction did the two vehicles move?
Answer: 1.5 mis, East
38
~.,Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
Momentum, Impulse, and Collision
Exercise
I. A small fish was swimming west at a velocity of IO mis. A big fish 0000
was swimming east at 3 mis. The moment they met, the big fish ate a b C d
the small fish. At the instance the big fish ate the small fish, what was
the immediate magnitude of the velocity of the big fish if its weight is
3 times as large as the small fish?
27 mis 19 mis
a. 4 c. 4
1 33 mis
b . -mis
4 d. 4
2. A 2 500 kg van moving to the right with a speed of 10 mis collides 0000
with a stationary food cart that is 1000 kg. After the collision, the a b C d
food cart moves 5 mis. Calculate the final velocity of the van.
a. 2.5 mis c. 10 m/s

b. 8 mis d. 30 m/s
3. Consider two boxes, of masses m and 2m, at rest on a horizontal 0000

a b C d
plane. If you push the first box for 5 seconds and then the other for
the same length of time, exerting equal amount of force on each box,
the change in momentum of the lighter box is _ _ _ _ the change
in momentum of the heavier box.
a. twice c. one-half
b. equal to d. four times
.)K°Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 39

.)1£S)'. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
4. A 4 kg brick fell with a speed of 8 mis. How large is the force needed 0000
if the brick is to be stopped at a time of 0.001 second? a b C d
a. 22 N c. 22 000 N
b. 32 N d. 32 000 N
5. A policeman pulls the trigger of his pistol which is 100 times heavier 0000
than its bullet. Which of the following statements is/are true, if the a b C d
velocity of the bullet after pulling the trigger is 320 mis?
I. The initial velocities of the pistol and the bullet are zero.
II. The recoil velocity of the gun will have a less magnitude and
opposite direction compared to the bullet.
III. The recoil velocity of the gun has a magnitude of 1.6 mis.
IV. The final velocities of the pistol and the bullet are zero.
a. I only c. I and II only

b. IV only d. III and IV only
40 )'f'..,Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
j
Fluid Mechanics
Lecture
Fluids - any substance that is able to flow

- includes both gases and liquids
Hydrostatic Pressure
pressure exerted by a fluid at rest

it is expressed as P = pgh where:
P (hydrostatic pressure)
p (density) - density of the fluid
g (acceleration due to gravity)
h (height) - height reached by the fluid inside a given container
• Hydrostatic pressure does not depend on the width of the container that encloses
the fluid. It is the height reached by the fluid that determines the pressure exerted by
the fluid along the walls of its container.
• Water's density is 1000 kg/m 3 or 1 g/cm3 •
Properti~s of fluids at rest
1. Cohesion - attraction between like particles

2. Adhesion - attraction between unlike particles
3. Surface Tension - tendency of the surface to contract in an area and thus,
behaving like a stretched tube or membrane
4. Capillarity- the rising of a liquid in a fine, hollow tube, or in narrow spaces
Pascal's Principle
Pressure change is distributed equally, undiminished at all points.

• Implies the direct proportionality relationship between force applied and area
applied in. Greater force is needed to be applied to a greater area to produce the
same amount of change in the pressure.
}WS..}l ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 41

\'I
i
)'-J'Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
F',. F2
expressed as A =AI 2
where:
F 1 (force 1) -force applied to in the first point

A 1 (area 1) - area covered of the first point
F 2 (force 2) - force applied to in the second point
A 2 (area 2) - area covered of the second point
Archimedes' Principle
A body wholly or partially submerged in a fluid will be acted upon by the fluid's
buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
• An object placed into a fluid would weigh lighter. This is because the buoyant force
pushes the object up, thus reducing the object's weight. The loss in weight of the
object is also equivalent to the buoyant force.
use FB =Wair - wfluid where:
FB (buoyant force) - force exerted by any fluid to against any object submerged into
them
Wair (weight in air) - the weight obtained by weighing the object above or away from the
fluid
wnuid (weight in fluid) - the weight obtained by weighing an object while submerged
in water
Flow rate - the rate at which a volume of a fluid travels

- use Q = Av where:
Q (flow rate)
A (area) -the area of the passage where a fluid flows
- cross sectional area that the fluid passes through
v (velocity) - the rate at which a particle of the fluid moves
• Flow rate and fluid velocity are different from each other. Flow rate answers the
question, "How much fluid flows," whereas velocity answers, "How fast does the
fluid flow?"
42 }'-f'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
J
)tf'S)l Physics
Continuity Equation
states that the flow rate at any point of the fluid's path is the same at all points
mathematically expressed as A1v1 = A2v2 where:
A 1 ( area 1) - cross sectional area at point 1
v1 (velocity I) - fluid velocity at point 1
A 2 (area 2) - cross sectional area at point 2
v2 (velocity 2) - fluid velocity at point 2
Bernoulli's Equation
The total pressure experienced by a non-viscous fluid flowing steadily is the same at
all points.
. 1 2
mathematically expressed as Ji +
2
pvt + pghi = P2 + 21 PV22 + pghi where :
P 1 (pressure 1) - outside pressure at point I
p (density) - density of the fluid
v 1 (velocity I) - fluid rate flow at point 1
h 1 (height 1) - height of the fluid at point 1
P 2 (pressure 2) - outside pressure at point 2
v2 (velocity 2) - fluid rate t1ow at point 2
h 2 (height 2) - height of the fluid at point 2
• as velocity increases, pressure decreases and vise versa
43
}tf'Sjl ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
i
..,M"Sft, National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Examples:
1. AU-tube contains water on one part and mercury on the other. A certain force was
exerted on the side containing water, causing the water level to fall IO cm.
3
How high will the mercury level rise on the other spout? {PHg = 13 600 kg/m )
Solution:
In a U-tube, pressure experienced on both sides are equal, thus P1 =P2 •

Then, the equation becomes p 1gh 1 =p 2gh 2 • Manipulate the equation and substitute
the values to find ~-
h 2 = A,i~1
P215
1000 ~(O.lm) 1
- - - - - - - - =-m
13600~ 136
2. An object weighs 40 Nin air, while 32 N when it was submerged in water.

a) How much water was displaced (mass)?
Solution:
Use Fe = Win air - \\'in fluid

=40 N -32 N=8 N
Recall that Fe = weight of the fluid displaced

=mg
Manipulate and solve to find mass:
m=Fs
g
8 kg·m/s2 =0.8 k
10 m/s 2 g
44 }tf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

.>LS.ft. Physics
b) What is the object's density?
Solution:
F8 =mg
8N=mg
8 kg·m/s 2 = mg
m
Since density is P =V, mass can now be represented as m = pV. The equation
8 kg. m/s 2 = mg becomes 8 kg· m/s 2 = pVg. Dividing both sides by g, the equation
now becomes 0.8 kg= pV. Note that the density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 •
o.8kg=(1000 !~ )v
V= 0.8kg
1000 kg
m3
=0.0008m3
Volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the object. Get the density of
the object using the amount of volume calculated.
m
p=-
v
4
= kg = 5 000kg/m3
0.0008m3
.}lf'Sj,\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 45
l
}ll"S)\. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
3. An open cylindrical tank, whose radius is 0.5 m and height is 1.5 m, is placed on top
of a crate 1 m tall. If Ed, the neighborhood prankster, bores a hole at a level almost
at the base of the tank, with what velocity does the water immediately come out?
Assume that Ed would be using a sharp object of radius 2 cm to bore a hole.
Solution:
1 2 1 2
Use P1 + pvl + pghl =P2 + PV2 + pgh2 and simplify the equation by
2 2
cancellation of similar variables shown in both sides of the equation.
Then, the equation becomes:
1 2 1 2
-VI + ghl = -V2 + glzi
2 2
g(hi -h2)= ~ v/
V2 = ~ g ( hl - hi)
V2 =~2(10)(2.5-1.0)
=./30mls
46 _}l('S_A. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Fluid Mechanics
Exercise
1. As shown in the figure below, a u-tube has water 50 cm high 0000

and 25 cm high of an unknown fluid. What is the density of the a b C d
unknown fluid?
50cm 25cm
a. 2 kg/m 3 c. 2 000 g/cm3

b. 2 kg/cm3 d. 2 000 kg/m 3
2. A straight pipe has a constriction in it as shown in the figure below. 0000

At point I the diameter is IO cm, while at point 2 it is only 2 cm. a b C d
At point 1, v 1 = 4 m/s and P 1 = 220 kPa. Find v 2 •
ilOcm
•A ~ !2cm
•B
~ f
t
a. 8m/s C. 50m/s
b. 20m/s d. 100 mis
3. An object "weighs" 700 gin air and 400 g when submerged in water. 0000
What is its density? a b C d
a. 0.0003 kg/m 3 C. 2 333.33 kg/m 3

b. 3 000 kg/m 3 d. 2 777.77 kg/m 3
}W.Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 47
l
..)WS.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
4. Based on the figure below, what volume of water will escape per 0000
second if the hole has a diameter of 2 cm? a b C d
m3 mJ
a. 0.05n- C. 0.207Z'-
s s
mJ mJ
b. 0.00ln- d. 101r-
s s
5. The large piston in a hydraulic lift has a radius of 500 cm. 0000
What force must be applied to the small piston with a radius of a b C d
50 cm in order to raise a car of mass 1 5 00 kg?
a. 100 N C. 200 N
b. 150 N d. 250 N
48 JWS> ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Heat and Thermodynamics
Lecture
Thermodynamics - deals with the relationship of heat and work
Heat - transfer of energy because of temperature differences between objects
Temperature - measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles present in a
substance
Calorimetry - process of measuring quantities of heat exchanged

- mathematically expressed as Q = mcAT where:
Q (quantity of heat) - how much heat was transferred or absorbed

c (specific heat) - measure of how much heat is needed to be absorbed to raise or
to be given off to lower the temperature of a certain amount of
a substance by 1 degree Celsius
• Specific heat of water is 4.19 J/gC 0 or 1 cal/gC 0

m (mass) - quantity of the substance
AT (change in temperature) - difference between the final and initial

temperature of the substance after it has
absorbed or given off heat ( AT=Ti-1';)
+ Q if the object has absorbed heat

- Q if the object has give off heat
Effects of heat absorption or transfer:

1. object's temperature will change
2. object's phase may change
To determine the amount of heat needed if change in phase occurs, use
Q=ml;, and Q = mL1 where:
Q (quantity of heat)
m (mass)
}lf'S)'.. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 49

'I
I
.}K"S.)\.. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation I
L V (latent heat of vaporization) - amount of heat needed to be absorbed to change

an amount of a substance from liquid to gas
phase, or to be given off to change from gas to
liquid phase
• Heat of vaporization of water is 2260 J/g
L1 (latent heat of fusion) - amount of heat needed to be absorbed to change an

amount of a substance from solid to liquid phase, or to
be given off to change from liquid to solid phase
• Heat of fusion of water is 334 Jig

• The same conventions of positive/negative signs are followed for quantities of heat
absorbed/given off due to phase changes.
• Only one of the effects of heat absorption or emission may happen. No substance
may simultaneously change phase while its temperature is changing and vice versa.
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law
If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
• Thermal equilibrium means that temperature is the same .
First Law
The change in the internal energy of an object is equal to the amount of heat
absorbed by the object less the amount of work performed by the object.
mathematically expressed as dU =Q- W where:
AU (change in internal energy)- change in the sum of the total kinetic and
potential energies of all the particles present in
an object
Q (quantity of heat)
W(work)
50 )'l',S)'. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)lf'.S.ft. Physics
Q is positive if the object absorbs heat, and negative ifit gives offheat. Wis positive
if the work is done by the object, and negative if it is done on the object.
mathematically expressed as W = PAV where:
W(workdone)
P (pressure)
AV(change in volume) - difference in the final and initial volume
occupied by an ideal gas. within a closed
container {AV= v1 -V;).
Second Law
Heat flows spontaneously from a hotter source towards a colder object.
No engine will be able to convert all the heat it has absorbed into mechanical work.
entropy - measure of disorderliness or randomness
Third Law
As the temperature of the system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and
entropy approaches its minimum value.
Examples:
1. How much heat is needed to transform 200 cm3 of water from 10°C to 50°C?
Solution:
The density of water is lg/cm3, thus, 200 cm3 has a mass of200 g. To determine the
heat required, use Q = mc!::,.T then substitute the values using the specific heat
capacity of water. In this problem, let's use c = 1 cal/gC 0 •
Q=mc!::,.T
= 200 ft (lcal/gC 0
){ 4o)C)
= 8000 cal
}lf'.,Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 51
i
:NJ
I
I
2. How much power is required if a motor will stir a 2 kg of water in 20 minutes?

Assume that all work goes into heating the water to increase its temperature
by 6°C.
Solution:
w Q
Use P = - --+ P = - and solve first for heat using Q = mc~T .
t t
Q=2000 t(¢ }6~)

=50 280J
You can now use the equation P - Q - 50 2801

---
t 1200 s
419J
=--or Watts
10s
=41.9 Watts
3. During an experiment, Joan dropped 200 g aluminum at 15 °C into 350 g of water

at 25° C. What is the temperature of both aluminum and water as they reached
thermal equilibrium.(cAI = 0.91 J/gC 0 and c wat er = 4.18 J/gC 0 )
Solution:
Qin =-Qout
mc~T=-mc~T
mc(T1 -T;)=-mc(T1 -1';)
200 / ( 0.91 JI ,ic 0 )(Tr -15 JC)= -350 ft (4.l 9J/ft°C )(Tr - 25 JC)
182 Tr -2730 = -1466.5 Tr+ 36662.5
T _ 39 392.5
f - 1 648.5
Tl 11 255 oc or 23.9oc
471
52 )ll"S~ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
j
Heat and Thermodynamics
Exercise
1. How much heat is required in order to transform 10 grams of ice at 0000

0°C to water at 30°C? a b C d
a. 300 J c. 4 597 J
b. 1 257 J d. 5 265 J
2. From the table below, which substance requires the least amount 0000
a b C d
of heat to lower the temperature of its unit mass by one degree?
Substance Specific heat Latent heat of Latent heat of

((J/gOC) fusion (J/g) vaporization (J/g)
Water 4.19 334 2256
Mercury 0.138 11.8 272
Copper 0.39 134 5069
Silver 0.234 88.3 2336
a. water c. Copper
b. Mercury d. Silver
3. How much power is needed to raise the temperature of0.5 liter of 0000
a b C d
water to boiling point from 30°C in 200 seconds?
a. 175 Watts C J_ Watts

. 40
1467 W
b . -2- atts d. 220 Watts
)ll"S~ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)ll'S.}\.. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
4. A 50 gram copper initially at 80°C is placed inside a silver beaker 0000

with a mass of 200 grams filled with 100 grams of water both at a b C d
10°C. Which of the following statements is/are true?
I. The final temperature of the three objects will be less than 80°C.
II. Copper loses heat while silver and water gains heat.
III. The temperature of silver and water increases and the temperature
of copper decreases.
IV. The temperature of copper, silver, and water will eventually
be qual.
a. I and II only c. I, II, and III only

b. I and III only d. I, II, III, and IV
5. How much heat is given off when 0.1 liter of water is cooled from 0000
85°C to 15°C? a b C d
a. 29 330 J C. 30 J
b. 7 000 J d. 7 J
54 .}tf'..,S~ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE .

Electricity
Lecture
Electrostatic force - force of attraction/repulsion between any two charges.

Coulomb's Law
The electrostatic force that exists between any two charges is directly proportional
to the product of their charges, and inversely related to the square of their
separation distance.
.
mathematically expressed as ~ =k
Iq• q2 I where:
r2
Fe (electrostatic force)
k (Coulomb's constant) - 9 x 109 Nm2/C 2
q 1 ( charge 1) - charge of the first particle
q 2 ( charge 2) - charge of the second particle
In multiplying q 1 and q 2, the sign which represents their charges should not be
disregarded.
The charge of an electron is -1.602 x 10-19 C. The charge of a proton is the same
magnitude as of an electron's, only it is positively charged.
r (radius) - separation distance among the charges
If F e is positive, the electrostatic force that exists between the 2 charges is

repulsive, and it is attractive if Fe is negative.
Electric field (E) - a field that distorts the surroundings of a charge, making charges
affected by the field move accordingly, depending on the charge that emits
the electric field, and the charge affected by the field
Electric Potential Energy (EPE) - the amount of energy needed to move to charges,
infinitely far from each other, a certain distance from each other
}lf"Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 55
,I
:L
)'l"S~ National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
If Electric Potential Energy (EPE) is negative, then it means that the charges will
move toward each other, and does not require energy to move them from infinity
towards each other. On the other hand, if EPE is positive, then energy is
required to move them towards each other, as by nature they will move away
from each other.
Capacitance - a measure of the ability of capacitors to store a certain amount
of charge
C = !l_
V
Electric Potential - amount of energy possessed by each charge over a certain region
or area of space
EP = EPE = J = V
q C
Ohm's Law
The current in a circuit is directly proportional with the potential difference across
opposite terminals of the circuit, and inversely proportional with the total resistance
in the circuit.
mathematically expressed as I =; where:
I (current) - rate of flow of charges

V (potential difference) the difference in the electric potentials of the two
regions, where charges would be allowed to move
- also referred to as voltage
R (resistance) - the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges

- affected by the physical composition and dimension of the
conductor, and surrounding temperature
Series Circuits - type of circuit where current is restricted to only one path
• In a series circuit, since only one path is allowed, the current in the whole path is
the same current that passes through all resistors.
56 )'l"Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)tf"S.ft. Physics
Parallel Circuits - type of circuit where the current is able to follow multiple paths,
each path having equipotential starts and ends with the other
paths
• In a parallel circuit, since each path have equipotential starts and ends,
the potential difference or voltage across the ends of each path are the same.
Formula Comparison for Series and Parallel Circuits
Series Parallel
Current across
each resistor
l1 = l2 = ... = 1n = IT l1 + l2 + •.. + In = IT
Voltage across
V1 +V2 + ... +Vn=VT V1=V2= ... =Vn=VT
each resistor
1 1 1 1
Total resistance R1 + R2 + ... + Rn = RT - + - + ... + - = - -
R1 R2 Rn RT
Electric Power - rate at which energy is transformed from electric energy into other
forms of energy
- mathematically expressed as P = VI where:

P (electric power)
V(voltage)
I (current)
Other formulae for electric power can be derived using Ohm's Law. The formulae
v2
P = - and P = 1 2 R , where R may also be used.
R
The electric power here may stand for the electrical power rating of an appliance,
that of a circuit or even a single resistor. The values for V, I, and R just have to be
adjusted to fit the power being looked for.
}tf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 57
l
)ll"S)'.\. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Examples:
1. 3 charges are placed along a straight line. The leftmost charge,+ 3 C, is 20 cm away
from the middle charge, +5 C. The middle charge is 30 cm away from rightmost
charge, -2 C. What is the net force experienced by the middle charge?
Solution:
Making a diagram is a useful tool in solving the problem.
3C 20 cm 5C 30 cm -2C
0---------0-------------0
To get the net force experience by the middle charge, we can use Coulomb's Law.
F =kq1q2
e
r2
Since the middle charge q 2 is in between two charges q I and q 3 , we can get the
summation of the forces experienced by q 2 on both charges.
9
F =(9xl0 )(3){5)
21 0.22
= 3.375 X 1012 N
9
F _(9xl0 )(5){-2)
23 - 0.32
=-l.0xl0 12 N
Add the two forces experienced by q 2 since they have the same direction.
FTotal = F21 + F23

=3.375x10 12 N +(-1.0x10 12 N)
=2.37 x 1012 N
58 )ll"S)'.. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
_}
_
.)WS.),\. Physics
2. In the circuit below,
R2
2Q
Rl
lQ
+
lOV R5 R3
-I 12Q 4Q
R6 R4
SQ 6Q
What is the
a) total or equivalent resistance of all the resistors present?
Solution:
This circuit is a combined series and parallel circuit. Since R2, R3, and R4 are in
series, get their total resistance.
R 234 =2Q+4Q+60
=120
R 234 is in parallel with R5
I 1 1
--=--+--
R2345 12 0 12 0
2
=--
120
R2345 =6 0
R 2345 is in series with the remaining resistors R 1 and R 6 • We can get the total
resistance of the circuit.
RTotal =R1 + R2345 + R6
=1Q + 6 Q + 5 0 =12 Q
)tl'Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 59

)lf"Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
b) total current passing through the circuit?
Solution:
From Ohm's Law, we can get the total current passing through the circuit.
=--
12Q
5
=-A
6
c) power of the who le circuit?
P=IV
=~A(lOV)
6
50 25
=-or-Watts
6 3
d) voltage across the Rl resistor?
V1 = ITR
=(!A)(ln)=!v
e) voltage across the 3 n resistor?
Vs =ITR2345
=(! A)(rn)=5V
60 )ll'S)'. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Electricity
Exercise
1.
~
I 2A Based on the diagram, the voltmeter should 0000
read - - - - a b C d
40
a. 8V b. 2V c. 6 V d. 16 V
2. The power rating of Alex's gaming computer is 1500 W. How much 0000
voltage does his computer needs ifit draws a current of 5 amperes? a b C d
a. 60 V b. 110 V c. 220 V d. 300 V
For numbers 3-4:
60
+ so 40
3. -===- 30 V What is the total current Jr running 0000
through the circuit? a b C d
26 A ~A
a. 3 c. 45
d. !A
45 A
b. 13 3
4. What is the voltage at resistor 40? 0000

a b C d
360v 120v
a. C.
13 13
1sov 1sov
b. d.
13 13
.)W'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 61

)11"8.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
5. \\'hat is the total resistance of the circuit? 0000

a b C d
+ 24V
lOQ
3Q
a.
303 n C. 21 Q
31
210 Q
b. 2!._g d.
303 31
6. What is the total current Ir running through the circuit? 0000

a b C d
248 A
a. C. 3.12 A
101
260 A
b. d. 4.35 A
101
7. What is the total power, PT, of the circuit? 0000

a b C d
a. 9.75 W C. 12 W
b. 59W d. 75 W
8. The air condition unit of Belle's room broke down. While trying to 0000
fix it, she noticed that the capacitor exploded. If the capacitor acquires a b C d
0.005 coulomb when 75 volts is applied, its capacitance is _ __
a. 0.7 microfarad
b. 7 microfarad
c. 70 microfarad
d. 700 microfarad

Magnetism
Lecture
Magnetic force - force exerted on a moving charge across a magnetic field

- use Fm= qvBsin0 where:
Fm (magnetic force)
q (charge) - magnitude of the charge that passes through the magnetic field
v (velocity) - velocity of the charge moving in a region having a magnetic field
B (magnetic field) - like an electric field, this also has the ability to affect the
motion or behavior of other charges experiencing the field
8 (angle) - angle of separation from the velocity of the charge to the magnetic
field
• Unlike the electric field, the magnetic field will only be able to affect the motion of
other charges if they are moving within the magnetic field.
• Again, unlike the electric field, the direction of the magnetic force is not in the same
plane as the direction of the magnetic field nor the velocity of the charge: it is
in a plane perpendicular to both.
--
F
• The direction of the magnetic force also depends on the charge of a particle.
(±) charge e charge

-.:.. ®11 ®lf
F
q
L --
v
--
F
}'f"Sjl. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 63
.L
• A convenient way to determine the direction of the magnetic force is what is known
as the "right-hand" rule. Using your right hand, point your four fingers away from
yourself, your thumb upward and your palm towards the left. This would serve as
your guide in finding out the directions of any of the three. The four finger stands for
the direction of the magnetic field, your thumb for the velocity of the charge and your
palm for the for the force. Adjust your wrist so that you could point the right part of
your hand in the right direction.
Magnetic flux - amount of magnetic lines that passes through a given area
- it is represented by <I> B = BA cos 0 where
<I> 8 (magnetic flux)

B (magnetic field)
A (area) - the cross sectional area where the magnetic flux passes
through
8 (angle) - angle of separation between the magnetic field lines and
the direction normal to the plane of the area
- the area that the magnetic field lines will pass through must not be closed; if it is,
then = O
Sources of magnetic fields:
I . moving charge
2. current-carrying conductor
• In the same manner as only moving charges are affected by magnetic forces,
only moving charges are able to produce magnetic fields of their own.
• There are no magnetic monopoles. Magnetic field lines emitted by a moving charge
must be received by another moving charge.
Electromagnetic Induction - the process of making magnetic field sources generate

electricity
64 )ll'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

J
.)lf'.Sft. Physics
Faraday's Law
any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf)
to be induced in the coil
~<I>
mathematically expressed as e= -N ~tB where:
E ( electromotive force) - voltage

N (number of turns)- the number of turns of the conductor which
is experiencing a change in magnetic flux
d/ (rate of change in flux) - the rate at which the magnetic flux
de})
changes with the passage of time

Lenz's Law
A conductor which experiences a change in magnetic flux, will also be able to

experience a potential difference across its ends. The potential difference
experienced is such that the current generated will oppose the change in the
magnetic flux.
• Two things that may cause the magnetic flux to change:
1. varying area of the conductor
2. varying number of magnetic field lines
Examples:
1. How much force, and in what direction would a 0.5 C charge, moving at 200 mis
towards the right, experience as it enters a region of uniform magnetic field of
0.25 T, directed up?
Solution:
Use a diagram to show the direction of the field and the charge.
0 -200-mis~
0.5 C
---+
B
}lf'Sft ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 65

.)ll'Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
To get the magnitude of the force the charge will experience, we can use
F8 = qvB sin 0 then substitute the values.
F8 =(0.5){200)(0.25) sin 90° = 25 N
Using the right hand rule, the direction of the force the charge will experience is out
of the page.
2. A 50 loop circular coil has a radius of 5 cm. If the magnetic flux through it is reduced
from 0.8 Weber to 0.5 Weber in 0.5 seconds. Find the induced emf.
Solution:
. ~08
Use Faraday's Law to get the mduced emf e= - N ~
8 =-so(o.s-o.s) =-so(-o.3)
0.5 0.5
= 30 Volts
66 }'f'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Magnetism
Exercise
1. Which of the following is true when the magnetic flux through a 0000
coil at 100 turns is reduced from 0. 75 Weber to 0.25 Weber in a b C d
0.1 second?
a. The induced emf in the coil is 120 volts

b. The induced emf in the coil is 220 volts
c. The induced emf in the coil is 300 volts
d. The induced emf in the coil is 500 volts
2. A 1.5 coulomb charge is moving 200 mis to the right entering a 0000
uniform magnetic field of2.5 Tesla. If the magnetic field is directed a b C d
up, how much force and in what direction will the charge experience?
a. 120 N, into the page

b. 333 N, into the page
c. 750 N, out of the page
d. 1 875 N, out of the page
3 . A uniform magnetic field IO T exists in the + x-direction. An electron 0000

shoots through the field in the + y-direction with a speed of a b C d
6
5 x I 0 mis . Find the magnitude and the force experienced by the
electron.
a. 5 x 10 7 N, to the+ y-axis
b. 5 x 10-1 N, to the -y-axis
c. 8 x 10-12 N, to the+ z-axis
d. 8 X 10- 12 N' to the - z-axis
)'l'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 67

.)K'S,A. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Prepa ration
4 . A uniform magnetic field 8 T exists in the -y-direction. A proton 0000

shoots through the field in the + x-direction with a speed of a b C d
3.5 x I Q5 mis. Find the magnitude and the direction of the force
experienced by the proton.
a. 4.48 x 10- 13 N , to the -z-axis

b. 4.48 x 10- 13 N, to the + z-axis
c. 2.8 x 10-6 N, to the - x-axis
d. 2.8 X 1 o-6 N, to the + z-axis
5. A beam of protons is directed between two charged plates, as 0000

indicated in the diagram below. In which direction will the beam curve a b C d
when it gets between the plates?
Positive
Beam
a. A C. C
b. B d. D
68 )K'S)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Waves
Lecture
Waves - a disturbance that carries energy

,.i
- mathematically expressed as v = 1/ or v = T where:
v (wave velocity) - rate at which wave travels

A("lambda"; wavelength) - the distance between successive identical parts of a wave
f (frequency) - number of cycles/oscillations/wavelengths that pass through a given
point for a certain period of time
amplitude - height of the wave
Period - time it takes for one wavelength to pass through a given point
- mathematically expressed as T = __!__ where:

I
T (period)
f (frequency)
Types of Waves:
1. Transverse Wave - type of.~ave whose oscillations/vibrations are perpendicular

to the direction of its propagation
a . Crest - highest point on the wave
b. Trough - lowest point on the wave
2. Longitudinal Wave - type of wave whose oscillations/vibrations are parallel to the

direction of its propagation
a. Compression - region where the oscillations are closest to each other
b. Rarefaction - region where the oscillations are farthest from each other
)K'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

69
Properties of Waves:
1. Reflection - the bouncing off of waves as it hits a medium
• The Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. It is mathematically expressed as 0; = 0R where:
0; ( angle of incidence)
0 n (angle of reflection)
2. Refraction - the changing of the wave's velocity as it passes through one medium to
another
• Fermat's Principle of Least Time
Light will take the path that will need the least time
Index of Refraction - the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum, with its speed in
the medium
C
it is represented by n = - where:
V
n (index of refraction)
c (speed of light in vacuum) - mis
v (speed of light in the medium) - mis
• Snell's Law
As light passes through a medium of greater density, the greater will be its
deflection towards the normal line.
use n1 sin 01 =n2 sin 02 where:
n 1 (index of refraction I) - index of refraction at the first medium

0 1 (angle 1) - angle between the normal and direction of the wave at the
first mediwn
n 2 (index of refraction 2) - index of refraction at the second medium
0 2 (angle 2) - angle between the normal and direction of the wave at the second
medium
70 .)ll'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
,
_
:j
___;;;,_
)lf"Sft. Physics
Total Internal Reflection - as light passes through a medium of higher to lower

density, the light deflects farther from the normal line; as a consequence, there would
be times that the wave, instead of being refracted, would be reflected back.
• The angle of incidence, reflection and refraction are always measured from the
normal line, and not from the surface of where it reflects, or refracts.
3. Interference - the meeting of two waves resulting in the superposition of their

amplitudes
Two types of Waves' Interference

• Constructive Interference - happens when two identical parts of two waves
meet, resulting in the formation of a wave of greater intensity
• Destructive Interference - happens when two exactly opposite parts of two

waves meet, resulting in the cancellation of both waves
4. Diffraction - the spreading of waves as it passes through an opening or
an aperture
5. Polarization - the confinement of wave propagation in one plane
Examples:
1. Chris, playing with a rope tied to a post, swings the rope up and down, until she was
able to produce waves which have 40 cm wavelengths. She also found out that
3 wavelengths every 4 s reaches the post. How fast do her waves travel?
Solution:
Use v = 'J...f and since there are 3 waves for every 4 seconds the frequency
is f = I Hz. Substitute the values:

4
v=')...f
=(40cm)(! Hz)
=30cm/s
.}lf"Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 71

)11"8)'.. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
2. An unknown component of electromagnetic wave is travelling in vacuum. If it takes

one wave to complete one oscillation in 1 µs , what is its wavelength?
Solution:
Manipulate the formula v = ~ to find the wavelength then substitute the values:
A,= vT
·= {3xl08 m I ~){txl0-6 ~)
=3xl0 2 m
Sound Waves - a type oflongitudinal, mechanical waves that require a medium for its
propagation
Intensity- average rate at which energy is transmitted by the wave
Loudness - magnitude of auditory stimulus that can be perceived
Doppler Effect
- The apparent shift in the frequency of the perceived sound due to relative motions of
the sound source and the observer.

Waves
Exercise
1. From the diagram shown above, the frequency of components 0000

C and D compared to components A, B, and visible light a b C d
are - - - - -
Visible Light
a. lower c. the same

b. higher d. cannot be determined
2. What should be the frequency of red light if its wavelength is 0000

a b C d
700nm?
a. 4.3 x 10 14 Hz c. 4.29 x 10 5 Hz
b. 4.3 x I 0 9 Hz d. 4.29 x 10-3 Hz
3. When waves are refracted, which of the following statements 0000

I. Its frequency changes.

II. Its wavelength changes.
III. Its speed changes.
IV. Its period changes.
a. I only c. III only 0000

a b C d
b. I and II only d. I, II, III, and IV only
)ll'Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 73

4. An avocado is perceived as green because _ _ _ __ 0000

a b C d
a. it reflects only green light
b. it absorbs only green light
c. only green light can pass through it
d. only green light hits the avocado
5. Based on the table below, which of the following statements 0000

Substance Index of Refraction

Air 1
Water 1.31
Crown glass 1.5
diamond 2.419
I. Light travels fastest in diamond.

II. Light travels slowest in air.
III. Light travels faster in water than to crown glass.
IV. Light travels slower in diamond than in water.
V. Light travels faster in crown glass than in air.
a. I only c. III and IV only

b. I, II, and V only d. II, III, and IV only
74 }t.(Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

i
A
Optics
Lecture
Optics - study of light
Mirror - any shiny surface which is able to reflect light
Types of Mirrors:
1. Plane mirrors - mirrors that are flat

- image produced are erect, virtual and same size as the object
2. Spherical mirrors - mirrors which are curved
a. Concave mirrors - converging mirrors; reflects all light to a common point

called focus
b. Convex mirrors - diverging mirrors; reflects light away from the focus
• An image is virtual if the image is not formed by real rays of light. An image formed
"behind" the mirror is a virtual image. A real image is always formed outside the
mirror and may be projected on a screen. The mirror/lens equation is expressed as:
1 1 1
-+-=- where :
0 i f
o (object distance) - how far is the object from the mirror

- always positive
i (image distance) - how far is the image produced from the mirror
- positive if the image is formed on the same side of the object
on the mirror, negative if it forms "behind" the mirror
f (focus)- distance that corresponds to half the radius of curvature of any mirror
- positive for a converging mirror, and negative for a diverging mirror
75
..}1£S)'.. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
L
)tf"Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
Lens - a substance that allows light to pass through, allowing image formation
Types of Lenses:
1. Converging ( convex) Lens - lens that refracts light so that it all converges at a
point called the focus
2. Diverging (concave) Lens - lens that refracts light away outward
An image produced by a lens is real, if it is produced by real rays of light. Image
should form behind the lens. Virtual images from a lens form in front of the lens
Image distance is positive if the object is formed behind the lens, and negative if it
forms in front of the lens.
The focus of a converging lens is positive, and negative for a diverging lens.
Magnification - ratio of the size of the image formed with the size of the object
i h.1
- mathematically expressed as M = - - = - where:
O h0
M (magnification)
i (image distance)
o (object distance)
h. (height of the image)
h '0 (height of the object)
M> l image is magnified +M image is erect

M< l image is diminished -M image is inverted
Examples:
1. A diverging lens of focal length 10 cm forms an image of an object placed 20 cm

from the lens. Find the image distance and the magnification of the system.
Solution:
1 1 1
Use the lens equation - +-: = f , manipulate to find the image distance.
0 l
1 1 1 3
-=----=--
i -10 20 20
. 20
l=--
3
76 _M"S_ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
_j
}ICS)'. Physics
Magnification of the system can be calculated using M = _ !_.

0
20
-3 1
M=--=-
20 3
Since magnification is less than 1, image is diminished.
2. How far must a girl stand in front of a concave spherical mirror of radius 120 cm in
order to see an erect image of her face four times its natural size?
Solution:
The erect image must be virtual; hence image distance is negative. Since it is stated
that the image is four times its natural size i = -4o. To get the object distance o,
. I muror
we use sp h enca . . -l + -l
equat10n = fl . s·mce f.1s not given,
. get f usmg
. f = -R
0 i 2
f = 120 =60
2 .
Solving for o:
1 1 1
-+-=-
0 i f
1 1 1
-+--=-
0 -4o 60
3 1
-=-
4o 60
4o=180
o=45cm
The girl should stand 45 cm in front of a concave mirror.
77
}tf"S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
.l
Optics
Exercise
1. A 5 cm candle is placed 3 0 cm in front of a concave lens whose 0000

focal length is 10 cm. Which of the following describes the image a b C d
formed?
a. It is 1.25 cm long and inverted

b. It is 1.25 cm long and upright
c. It is 3 cm long and upright
d. It is 3 cm long and inverted
2. A 12 cm object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave lens with a 0000

focal length of 15 cm. Find the distance and the orientation of the a b C d
image produced.
a. 6 cm behind the lens, diminished and upright

b. 30 cm behind the lens, magnified and inverted
c. 6 cm in front of the lens, diminished and upright
d. 60 cm in front of the lens, magnified and inverted
3 · How many images will be formed if a girl stands in front of two 0000
plane mirrors standing at a 30° angle to each other? a b C d
a. 5 images c. 12 images
b. 11 images d. infinite
4. What kind of spherical mirror must be used, in order to give an erect 0000
image 1/3 as large as an object placed 18 cm in front of it? a b C d
a. convex mirror c. plane mirror

b. concave mirror d. pocket mirror
78 .}tf'Sj\_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

5. Based on the diagram below, F is the focal length of the convex 0000
lens. There will be no image projected on the screen if an object is a b C d
placed
Convex Lens
4F 3F 2F F
0
Screen
I. between F and the lens

II. at F
III. at 2F
IV. at 3F
V. at 4F
a. I only C.Ill, IV, V only

b. Ill only d. I and II only
.)ll'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 79
l_
Modern Physics
Lecture
Theory of Relativity
Two Postulates of Theory of Relativity
• The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference
• The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is
independent of the motion of the source.
Consequences of the Postulates of Theory of Relativity
• Relativity of Simultaneity-Events that are simultaneous for one observer may not
be simultaneous for another.
Imagine two observers, one seated in the center of a speeding train car, and another
standing on the platform as the train races by. As the center of the car passes the
observer on the platform, he sees two bolts of lightning strike the car one on the
front, and one on the rear. The flashes of light from each strike reach him at the same
time, so he concludes that the bolts were simultaneous. As for the observer seated in
the center of a speeding train car, he noticed the front strike before the rear strike,
because from his perspective the train is moving to meet the flash from the front,
and moving away from the flash from the rear.
• Time Dilation - Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's
"stationary" clock
Think of an old fashioned pendulum clock that has one second between ticks,
as measured by an observer in the clock's rest frame. If the clock's rest frame is
/
moving relative to another observer, he measures a time between ticks that is longer
than one second.
• Length Contraction- Objects are measured to be shortened,in the direction that

they are moving with respect to the observer
80 }tf'S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
..Ji
.)WS.ft. Physics
An observer at rest (relative to the moving object) would observe the nioving object
to be shorter in length. That is to say, that an object at rest might be measured to be
200 feet long; yet the same object when moving at relativistic speeds relative to the
observer/measurer would have a measured length which is less than 200 ft.
Photoelectric Effect- the emission of electrons when light strikes a surface.
Experimental Observations on Photoelectric Emission

• Only frequencies above the threshold frequency are able to eject electrons .
• Energy of the ejected electron is independent of intensity.
• Increasing the frequency of the incident beam, keeping the number of incident
photons fixed increases the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted.
• Electrons are emitted instantaneously
Radioactivity - process wherein substances exhibit radiation by emitting different

subatomic particles, or continuous emission of waves.
Types of Radioactive Emissions:
1 . Alpha (a) Decay - occurs in nuclei with too many protons causing excessive repulsion
-an alpha particle iHe is emitted by the nucleus
. 1s
- general equation . zAX --+24 ne
r:r:
z-2 y
+A-4
222 4 218
Example: 88 Ra --+2 He+ 86 Rn
2. Beta (P)Decay
Three types of Beta Decay:
a. p- Decay - occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too great in the nucleus
- an electron is emitted by the nucleus upon the change of a neutron
into a proton and electron
- generally equation is 1x --+z+1 Y + p-
Exarnple: ~~ Co --+~i Ni+ p-
}tf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 81

b. p+ Decay-occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too small in the nucleus
- a positron is emitted by the nucleus upon the change of a proton
into a neutron and positron
- general formula is Jx ~z-1 Y + p+
Example: ff Na ~ri Ne+ p+
c. Electron Capture- occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too small
- happens when a nucleus captures one of its own orbital electrons
and emits a neutrino
-general formula is ~X +_~ e ~z-1 Y +v
3. Gamma (r) Decay-occurs when the nucleus is at an excited state
- the excited nucleus falls to a lower energy state emitting a photon
with high energy known as a gamma particle
- general formula is ~x· ~~ X + r
82 ·)ll'Sft.. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Physics
Final Test
1. An object was thrown straight downward at a speed of 2 mis. 0000

After some time, its velocity is 10 mis. How far has the object fallen a b C d
during this time interval?
a. 3m c. 2.5m
b. 4.8m d. 5.25 m
2. Which of the following is true about an object having uniform 0000

circular motion? a b C d
I. The linear speed of the object is constant.
II. The velocity of the object has constant magnitude and

changing direction.
III. The acceleration of the object has constant magnitude

and direction.
a. I only c. I and III only

b. I and II only d. III only
3. In which situation is the work done greatest? 0000

a b C d
a. a 50 N crate raised to a height of 5 m
b. a 5 kg sack of rice lifted to a height of 5 m
c. a man carried a 10 kg bag of gravel to a distance of IO m
d. a 20 kg boy climbed a flight of stairs 2 m high
}lf"S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 83
I
'l
l
)W'S..}\. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
4. Which of the following is possibly true about an object in 0000

equilibrium? a b C d
I. The object is moving at constant velocity.
II. The object is accelerating.
III. The object is not rotating.

b. II and III only d. I and III only
5. Analyze the situations given below. Which situation emphasizes the 0000
a b C d
application ofNewton's First Law of Motion?
I. A great force is needed to accelerate a massive object.
II. Sliding forward of a box when the train is slowing down.
III. Falling short upon jumping off a rowboat.

b. II only d. I and II only
6. The classical belief about light is that it is a wave. Which best 0000
explains this idea? a b C d
I. Light bends upon encountering an obstacle.
II. Light sometimes bounces back upon hitting a surface.
III. Light emerging from two apertures form a pattern of dark and
bright bands.
a. I only c. I and II only

b. II only d. I and III only
84 .}lf'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

}1£S)'. Physics Final Test
7. Myla on her way to MSA Makati takes three straight roads. 0000
a b C d
The first road is 40 m toward east, the second is 30 min the south
direction, and the last road is 80 m in the west direction.
Calculate Myla's displacement when she is at MSAMakati.
a. 50 m north of east c. 40 m west

b. 50 m west of north d. 50 m south of west
8. Which of the following statements below is Archimedes' principle? 0000

a b C d
a. The absolute pressure at a depth h below the surface of a
liquid that is open to the atmosphere is greater than the
atmospheric pressure by an amount of p gh.
b. Any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid is

buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body.
c. A change in pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is

transmitted undiminished to every point of the liquid and to
the walls of the container.
d. The product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along
the pipe is a constant for an incompressible fluid.
9. A 20 g red ball rolling to the right at 2 mis hits a stationary 40 g blue 0000
ball. If the red ball end up moving at 1 m/s to the left, how fast and a b C d
in what direction did the blue ball go?
a. 1.5 mis to the right c. 1.5 mis to the left

b. 0.5 mis to the right d. 0.5 mis to the left
}lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 85

.)11'..S),l National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
10. Which of the following nuclear reactions given below are examples 0000
of alpha and beta decay? a b C d
I. 23s
92
u Th
~ 234
90 III. 1
1 H+ 73 Li~ 42 He+ 24 He
7
II. 12c*~12c
6 6 IV. 4 Be~ 'Li
3
a. I and II only c. II and IV only

b. II and III only d. I and IV only
11. Light slows down upon entering a medium of higher density. 0000
Which of the following diagram below correctly shows the bending a b C d
oflight?
Air Air
a. Glass c. Glass
Air Air
Air Air
Glass Glass
b. d.
Air Air
12. The energy carriers of light are called photons. Which photon of 0000
light listed below carries the highest energy? a b C d
a. Blue c. Green
b. Yellow d. Red
86 .}lf'S_)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)tf'Sft. Physics Final Test
13. A circuit is a closed path to which charges flow. Which of the 0000
following statements below is true about electrical circuits? a b C d
I. There is equal current flowing through resistors in series.

II. There is equal voltage across each resistor in series.
III. The effective resistance is less in series resistors than in parallel.
a. II only c. II and III only

b. I and III only d. I only
14. A block of wood with mass m, rests on a surface inclined at an 0000

a b C d
angle 0. If the block is not slipping, determine the magnitude of the
frictional force acting on the block.
a. Fr=mgsin8 c. Fr=mg
b. Fr=µmgcose d. Fr= µmgsin8
15. An external magnetic field acts on moving charged bodies. 0000

Given the diagram below, determine which is the correct direction a b C d
of the magnetic force exerted on the negative charge as it enters a
region of uniform magnetic field.
a. upward V B
b. downward
c. into the page
d. out of the page
16. A rock rests at the edge of a cliff 100 m above the ground until a 0000
strong wind caused it to fall. How fast is the rock falling when its a b C d
potential energy is equal to its kinetic energy?
a. 30 mis c. 25 mis
b. 10.Jio mis d. 12./5 mis
)ll'S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 87

)ll"S)'. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
17. Impulse is the change in an object's momentum. A 5 g marble is 0000

a b C d
moving toward a wall at a speed of 3 mis. It rebounds at a speed of
2 mis after hitting the wall. If the marble and the wall are in contact
for 5 ms, how much force did the wall exert on the marble?
a. 5 mN C. 5N
b. 10.Jto mis d. 1 mN
18. When a given mass of a material absorbs 200 J of heat, its temperature 0000
changes by 5 °C. How much heat is needed to change the a b C d
temperature of the same material of the same mass by 74 °C?
a. cannot be determined c. 1620 J
b. 3580 J d. 2960 J
19. Nikka walks at a steady rate. On the way, she received a message 0000
that she has to meet a person in 20 minutes. She then started a b C d
accelerating. After some time, when she is near the meeting place,
she decelerated to stop. Which diagram below correctly represents
Nikka's motion?
a. d d
c.
t t
d d
b. d.
t t
88 }tf'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)1£Sft. Physics Final Test
20. A Im rod supports two different masses m 1 = 5 kg and m 2 = 15 kg. 0000

a b C d
m 1 is suspended at the left end while m 2 is at the opposite end.
If a support is to balance the two masses, in which point should it
most probably be placed?
p Q R s
• • • •
a. at point P c. at point R
b. at point Q d. at point S
21. Which of the following frames given below is not an inertial frame 0000
of reference? a b C d
I. A muon falling at constant speed

II. A ship cruising at a steady varying velocity
III. A car parked on the sidewalk
a. II only c. I and III only

b. II and III only d. III only
22. Mr. dela Cruz can lift a 20 kg package in 10 seconds to a height 0000
of2 m. What is Mr. dela Cruz's power output? a b C d
a. 4 W C. 400 W
b. 0.4 W d. 40W
23. Two vectors are shown below. What is the appropriate direction of 0000
a b C d
the third vector that when added to the first two will give a zero
resultant vector?
c.~
b. ) d. ..(---
..>f"Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 89
Jll"Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
24. An object stands in front of a double convex lens of focal lengthf. 0000
By doing ray tracing, where will the image be formed? a b C d
_____ _!_r -------!------- V u

---------~----------.-----,---
r
Figure S
a. at point T c. at point U
b. at point V d. none among the choices
25. Reyah measures SO kg on the earth's surface. If she goes to a place 0000
a b C d
where the distance from the earth's center is five times as much,
what is her new mass and weight on this location?
a. mass is less than SO kg, weight is SON

b. mass is more than SO kg, weight is 25 N
c. mass is 50 kg, weight is 20 N
d. mass is 50 kg, weight is 100 N
26. All of the resistors in the figure below have a resistance of 2 Q _ 0000
If an ohmmeter is connectec to the open end of the circuit, a b C d
what effective resistance will it measure?
a. 5Q c. sn
b. o.sn d. 2Q
27. Which of does not belong to the group? 0000

a b C d
a. light waves b. water waves
c. sound waves d. string waves
90 .}lf'S)'. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

.}t£S.J'.. Physics Final Test
28. David kicks a stationary 400 g soccer ball giving it a speed of 0000
a b C d
20 mis. How much work was done by David on the ball?
a. 80 kJ c. 160 kJ
b. 160 J d. 80 J
29 · Verity is dribbling a ball while inside a train that is moving to the right 0000
a b C d
at constant speed v. Jane while sitting on a bench on the station
observes the motion of the ball at one instance. What will be the
observations of the two girls according to the Special Theory
of Relativity?
I. Jane measures a shorter time than that of Verity.

II. Verity observes that the path of the ball is a straight line.
III. The ball travels a longer distance in Jane's perspective.

b. II and III only d. I and II only
30. Ana pushes a 15 kg box on the floor by applying a 300 N force 0000
a b C d
along the horizontal. If the frictional force between the box and the
floor is 270 N. What is the acceleration of the box?
a. 38 mls 2 c. 2 mls 2
b. 20 mls 2 d. 18 mls 2
31. A block of an unknown material with an initial temperature of 1 000°C 0000

a b C d
is placed in a container with an equal amount of ice cubes at 0°C.
When the final temperature of the unknown material is 997°C
5
the ice cubes are liquefied. The heat of fusion of ice is 3.33 x 10 JI
kg. What is the specific heat of the unknown material if the water is
still at 0°C? Assume that the heat absorbed by the container is
negligible.
91
)11',Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
a. cannot be determined C. 9 X }0·6 J/kg °C
b. 1.11 X }05 J/kg °C d. 333 J/kg 0 c
32. The color of the object is the light it reflects. If magenta light hits an 0000
object that reflects both red and green, what color is seen on the a b C d
object?
a. yellow c. red
b. magenta d. green
33. The water in the larger pipe is moving at speed vr How fast does 0000
the water leave the smaller pipes? a b C d
2
Rv
__ l
a.
3r 2 R
3R2v1
b.
r2
34. In the microscopic scale, which of the following is the weakest 0000
fundamental force of nature? a b C d
a. Gravitational force c. Electromagnetic force

b. Weak nuclear force d. Strong nuclear force
35. In an ice skating competition, Lani and Ernest will approach each 0000
other and move together in one direction. Ernest moving at 2 mis a b C d
meets Lani who is approaching him at the same speed. If Ernest
is twice as massive as Lani, what is their velocity as they
move together?
a. 2 mis along Ernest's direction of motion

b. 312 mis along Lani's direction of motion
c. 213 mis along Ernest's direction of motion
d. 3 mis along Lani's direction of motion
92
)ll'S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
)t£S)'. Physics Final Test
36. A magnet is being drawn toward a metallic loop as shown 0000

a b C d
in the figure. What will be the direction of induced current
in the loop?
a. clockwise c. counterclockwise
b. upward d. downward
3 7. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding friction? 0000
a b C d
I. Friction always opposes motion.
II. The amount of frictional force depends on both speed and
area of contact.
III. Friction is independent of the texture of the surfaces in
contact.
a. II only c. I only
b. II and III only d. I and II only
38. A stone was kicked at an angle above the horizontal. Which of the 0000
a b C d
following statements below correctly describes the motion of
the stone?
I. The stone accelerates at 9.8 m/s 2 toward earth along the
vertical.
II. The velocity of the stone along the horizontal is continuously
varying.
III. The stone undergoes projectile motion.
a. III only c. II and III only

b. I and III only d. I only
39. Two charges q 1 and q 2 initially experience an attractive force of2N. 0000
a b C d
If q 1 is doubled, q 2 is quadrupled, and their separation distance is
doubled, what will be the new force felt by the two charges?
a. 4N C. 2N
b. 8 N d. cannot be determined
}lf',Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 93

)lf"S)'. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
40. Which of the following is/are true regarding the pressure exerted by 0000
a stationary fluid? a b C d
I. The pressure is dependent on the shape of the container.

II. Pressure increases with depth.
III. Pressure in independent of the density of the fluid.
a. I only c. II and III only

b. I and II only d. II only
41. A home appliance has a resistance of 400 Q . How much current 0000
a b C d
flows through the said appliance if its power rating is 256 Watts?
a. 1.6 A c. 0.8 A
b. 0.64 A d. 320A
42. Which of the following is not a product of Modern Physics? 0000

a b C d
I. Photoelectric effect
II. Atomic Spectra
III. Equivalence of Mass and Energy
IV. Wave Character of Light
a. II and III only c. II only

b. I and IV only d. IV only
43. Two athletes having the same mass are running at the track oval.
0000
The kinetic energy of the first athlete is 1200 J. If the second a b C d
athlete is running twice as fast as the first, what is his kinetic energy?
a. 300 J C. 1 200 J
b. 4.8 kJ d. 2.4 kJ
94
}lf"S_,l\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
)tf"S)'. Physics Final Test
44. A mirror forms an image using the mechanism of reflection. 0000

a b C d
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the image formed by
a plane mirror?
I. It is upright and as far behind the mirror as the object is in
front of the mirror.
II. It is bigger than the actual size of the object.
III. The right of the object becomes the left of the image.
IV. The image formed cannot be focused on the screen.
a. I and 1111 only c. IVonly

b. II only d. II and IV only
45. Heat is a form of energy that moves from one body to another. 0000
a b C d
Which of the following is true about heat?
a. Heat is measured as temperature in units of K, °C, or °F.

b. Heat moves from a colder body to a warmer body.
c. Heat is equivalent to the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a body.
d. Heat is the energy transferred between bodies with different
temperatures.
46. After four years, a sample is found to contain 1 g of radioactive 0000

a b C d
material. If the original amount of radioactive material contained in
the sample is 256 g, what is the half life of the material?
a. 0.5 year c. 1 year

b. 2 years d. 1.5 years
4 7. Which of the following are the basis of Einstein's theory of relativity? 0000
a b C d
I. The length of the object contracts along the direction of
motion of the frame.
II. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of
reference.
}tf'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 95

)lf"S.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
III. A time interval measurement depends on the reference frame 0000

in which the measurement is made. a b C d
IV. The speed oflight is constant in all inertial reference frames.
a. II and IV only c. II and III only

b. I and III only d. All of the above
48. Sabina and Malou are throwing balls upward. Sabina threw her ball 0000
straight upward, while Malou launched her's at an angle above the a b C d
horizontal. The two balls were given the same initial velocity v.
Which of the following statements are true about the flight of the
two balls?
I. The two balls will reach the same height.

II. Malou's ball will travel a longer horizontal distance than
Sabina's.
III. Sabina's ball will reach a height greater than Malou 's.
IV. The two balls will travel the same horizontal distance.
a. I and IV only c. II and III only

b. III and IV only d. I and II only
49. A charged particle moves toward a region of uniform electric field 0000
between two parallel plat~s. If the charge is deflected downward, a b C d
what is the polarity of the charge?
a. negative c. positive
b. neutral d. cannot be determined
50. Which law can be restated as "the magnitude of an induced emf is 0000
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux"? a b C d
a. Lenz's Law c. Ampere's Law

b. Biot-Savart Law d. Faraday's Law
96 )lf'Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Quantitative Reasoning
and
Data Interpretation
l
Quantitative Reasoning 1
Directions: Solve each problem carefully. Shade the oval that corresponds to your
answer.
1. Solve: 20-4( s- 2 )+_!_ 0000

3-6 2 a b C d
a. 36 b. 54 c. -96 d. 20
. 25t 2 + 125!
2. Fmd the value of P = if t =-1. 0000
t 2 +1 a b C d
a. 75 b. -75 c. -60 d. -50
3. Solve: -3(-3 l-51)+{-l-7+21)+1-·201 0000

a b C d
a. 0 b. 35 c. 40 d. 60
4. If x < y < 0 , which of the following is greater than L ? 0000

X a b C d
X y
a. - - b. -yX C. 0 d.
y 2x
3 1
6 x- x7x3
5.
3
2
= 0000
40 X 9- X 3-l X 6 a b C d
2
a. 56 b. -4 c. 63 d. -72
6. If 23+28+37+x+53=168and 23 + 28 + 40 + y + 50 = 120, 0000

find the value of x-y. a b C d
a. 36 b. 48 c. 56 d. 64
)11',.Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 97

1 3
7. If
1
=4 , find the value of x. 0000
1+-- a b C d
x-1
a. 1 b. 2 C. 3 d. 4
8. (0.17 x 0.28) +(0.3x 0.72) + (0.17 x 0.72) + (0.3x 0.28) = 0000

a b C d
a. 0.20 b. 0.47 c. 0.2344 d. 0.244
9. If r * 0andr = r-2 , what is the value of r? 0000

a b C d
1
a. -1 b. 0 C. 2 d. I
ab+4a-3b-12
10. Simplify:
ab+2a-3b-6
0000
a b C d
a-4 b+4 b+2 a+4

a. b. c. d.
a+2 b+2 a+2 b+2
a I
a9
11. Simplify: I a+4
-+--
0000
3 a a b C d
a+3 a 2 -3 a+4 a-3

a. b. C. d.
4 a+4 a-3 12
I I I 5
12. 2-x3-xl-x-=?
4 3 5 9
0000
a b C d
a. 2 b. 3 C. 4 d. 5
98 )ll'S...)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
,..j
.)WSft. Quantitative Reasoning
13. Find the sum: 23 +24+25 + ... +70+71 +72 0000

a b C d
a. 2370 b. 2375 c. 2628 d. 2752
14. If 3 and 6 are legs of a right triangle, then the hypotenuse is _ _ 0000
a b C d
a. 3/5 b. 9 c. 12[3 d. 7
l .,
15. ( 10 6 ) 3 ( 125 )-3 0000
a b C d
a. 4 b. 20 c. 24 d. 30
5 2 25 5 3
16. Solveforx: -+-x=-+-x+- 0000
3 3 12 4 4 a b C d
a. 2 b. -2 c. 7 d. -7
17. In a certain class, J_ of the male students and 3._ of the female 0000
2 3 a b C d
3
students read Harry Potter books. If there are - as many female
4
as male in the class, what fraction of the entire class reads
Harry Potter books?
1 3 2 4
a. b. C. 5 d. 7
2 5
18. The price of an item is increased by 25%. When the item was not 0000
a b C d
sold, it is decreased by 50% of the increased price. If the item now
costs P250, what is its original price?
a. P400 b. P300 C. P275 d. P200
}WS.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 99

)ll"Sft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAn Preparation
19. The denominator of a certain fraction is 3 less than twice the 0000
numerator. If 5 is added to both the numerator and the denominator, a b C d
the denominator becomes 1 more than the numerator. Find the original
fraction.
4 5 7 8
a. b. c. d.
5 7 11 13
For numbers 20 and 21

MSA's master artist, CJ, launches her first painting exhibition at
SM Megamall. One of her pai_ntings The Monkey, was sold to a wealthy man.
Her painting has a length of 15 inches shorter than thrice its width and a perimeter
of 98 inches.
20. Find the length, in inches, of the painting. 0000

a b C d
a. 16 b. 24 C. 33 d. 35
21. If the wealthy man paid P 673,200.00 for the painting, how much 0000
did he pay for every square inch of the painting? a b C d
a. Pl 250 C. P1300
b. Pl 275 d. 1 500
22. Lanie's bookshelf includes books of Geography, Philosophy and 0000

Math. If the ratio of Philosophy books to Geography books is a b C d
5 : 3 and Philosophy books to Math books is 6:4, what is the ratio
of the number of Math books to the number of Geography books?
I
a. 3: 4 b. 4: 3 C. 5: 4 d. 10 : 9
I
23. The average weight of ten people in an elevator is 145 pounds. 0000
If one person gets off of the elevator, the average weight of the a b C d
remaining people is 150 pounds. What is the weight, in pounds, of
the person who gets off of the elevator?
a. 90 b. 100 C. 120 d. 150
100 )ll"Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Directions: Solve each problem carefully. Shade the oval that corresponds to your
answer.
1. Jorge started smoking 4 cigarettes a day when he was 18 years old. 0000
a b C d
Each year thereafter, he increased his consumption by 2 cigarettes a
day. When he died of lung cancer, he was smoking 2 packs a day
(40 cigarettes). How old was he when he died?
a. 36 b. 48 C. 54 d. 60
2. Ces has a number of rare plants in her nursery. This Christmas, 0000
a b C d
she gave her 3 friends a plant, one after the other. To each friend,
Ces gave one-half of the plants that she still has, plus 2 more.
Finally, she was left with 1 plant. How may plants were there
originally?
a. 12 b. 24 C. 36 d. 48
3. Sol was offered two different jobs. The firstjob offers a starting 0000
a b C d
salary of P9,000 with a monthly increase of Pl 00~ while the second
job offers an initial salary of P8,400 and a monthly increase of Pl I 0.
After how many years will the jobs pay equally?
a. 5 years b. 6 years c. 7 years d. 8 years
4. An airplane flew 360 miles in 3 hours against a headwind. 0000

a b C d
The airplane made the return trip in 2 hours with a tailwind of the
same velocity as the headwind. What was the airspeed of the plane
without the wind?
a. 100 mph b. 120 mph c. 130 mph d. 150 mph
5. On a game show, a contestant is given four digits to arrange in a 0000
a b C d
proper order to win a car. What is the probability of winning if the
contestant guesses the position of each digit?
1 1 1 1
a. 24 b. 16 c. 6 d.
2
}lif"Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 101

)ll'S}l National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
6. The average of a set of numbers is 78. If 32 is included in the set, 0000

the new average becomes 76. How many numbers are there in the a b C d
original set?
a. 20 b. 22 C. 35 d. 40
7. Joan asked Jona to pick a card from a deck of cards. Find the 0000
probability of getting a black card or a number 6. a b C d
15 30 7 3
a. b. c. d.
26 49 13 26
8. The amount of time that 3 workers are doing a certain project has 0000
the ratio of 2:3:5. If they worked a combined total of 120 hours, a b C d
how many hours did the worker who worked the longest spend on
the project?
a. 40 b. 60 c. 70 d. 90
9. Numerico's age is twice Trixie's age. Frezel is 2 years more than 0000
twice Trixie's age. If the sum ofNumerico's and Trixie's age 2 years a b C d
ago is equal to the age of Frezel 4 years from now, find the present
age of Numerico.
a. 12 b. 20 c. 25 d. 32
10. A coffee brand that sells for P120 per kilo is mixed with another 0000
grade that sells P 180 per kilo. If the amounts of two grades of a b C d
coffee are 4 and 8 kilograms respectively, what should be the final
selling price to even up the capital?
a. Pl45 b. Pl62.50 C. P160 d. P175
11. The two legs of a triangle are 14 cm and 28 cm. What could be the 0000
length of the third side? a b C d
a. 12 cm b. 36cm c. 14 cm d. 45 cm
102 )ll'S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

I
.rJ
)lf"Sft. Quantitative Reasoning 2
12. How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the numbers 0000
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if repetition is not allowed? a b C d
a. 24 b. 30 C. 60 d. 120
13. Every choice has a corresponding point. A is worth 5 points, 0000

B is 4 points, C is 3 points, and D is 2 points. Michelle got a total of a b C d
100 points. If she has 3 more B's than A's, 5 C's more than twice
the number of A's and 6 D's less than the number of A's, find the
number of C's she got.
a. 12 b. 15 C. 17 d. 19
14. A chemist wants to mix a 3-liter solution that is 30% acid to a 0000
a b C d
solution that is 20% acid. How much of the 20% acid solution must
he use to obtain a 26% acid solution?
a. 1.5 liters b. 2 liters c. 2.5 liters d. 3 liters
15. Increasing the original saline solution by 12% and then increasing 0000
a b C d
the new solution by 25% is equivalent to increasing the original
saline solution by how many percent?
a. 37 b. 40 C. 35 d. 25
16. Dr. Jimenez wishes to have 15 gallons of an 80% formaldehyde 0000

a b C d
solution. In her inventory, she has a pure formaldehyde and
some 50% formaldehyde solution. How many gallons of pure
formaldehyde should she mix to obtain the desired solution?
a. 9 b. 10 c. 11 d. 12
17. The total travel time for a family to reach a campsite is 2 hours. 0000
a b C d
They drove for 81 km and hiked for 2 km. If they drove 50 kph
faster than they hiked, what is their average driving speed?
a. 40 kph b. 50 kph c. 52 kph d. 54 kph
}lf"Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 103

.Jl£S> National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
0000
18. Given a right triangle with sin 0 = : , what is tan 0 sec 0? a b C d
1
9 360 369 81
a. b. c. d.
40 1640 1600 1640
2 1t
0000
19. Evaluate: 1 - cos a b C d
6
1 1 J3
a. - b. C. I d.
4 2 2
20. The average speed of a train is 20 kph faster than that of a car.
In 20 hours, the train covers the same distance that the car covers in
0000
a b C d
30 hours. What is the average speed of the train?
a. 40 kph b. 60 kph c. 100 kph d. 120 kph
21. Alvin can finish a job in 6 hours. After working for an hour,
Joseph helped him and together they finished the job in 2 more hours.
0000
a b C d
How many hours will it take Joseph to finish the job ifhe will work
alone?
a. 4 hours b. 5 hours c. 6 hours d. 7 hours
22. Anthropologists can approximate the height of a primate by the size

of the umerus by using the equation H = l .2L + 27.8, where Lis the
0000
a b C d
length of the humerus and His the height of the primate. Dr. Acir,
an anthropologist, measured the height of a primate to be 66 ~nches,
what is the approximate length of the humerus of this primate?
a. 31.8 b. 36.5 c. 92.3 d. 107
23. If 5 workers can complete 9 chairs in 4 days, how long will it take
for 8 workers to complete 18 chairs?
0000
a b C d
a. 4 days b. 5 days c. 10 days d. 12 days
104 .}lf'Sft ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
__ J
Direction.f: Solve each problem carefully. Shade the oval that corresponds to your
answer.
1 . Simplify:
3y2
--+--
6y2 0000
25 49 a b C d
2.j33y 3y.§3
a. C. 35
49
y2 y.§3
b. d.
35 35
2. Find the product: ( zn2 rJ ( r2

z4n3 0000
a b C d
5 6
a. z 5n c. z 2n
6 5
b. z 5n d. z 2n
3 . .J12x3 -x& =? 0000

a b C d
a. x& b. & C. 2& d. 3x
4. Factor: x 5n+3 +x 3n+ 2 +x4n+5 0000

a b C d
a. x3n+2(x2n+1 +xn+3 +l)

b. x3n+5(x2n+l+x+I)
c. x3n+5(x2n+1 + x2n +l)

d. X 12n+10
)ll"Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 105

5. Simplify:
x 2 +x-12 0000
2
2x -9x+9 a b C d
x-4 x-4
a. C.
x+3 2x+3
x+4 x+4
b. d. - -
2x-3 x-3
. l"fy· x-6.fi
r +9
6 . Srmp 1 •
vX -3
0000
a b C d
a. x-3 b. rx +3 C. Ji-3 d. x+3
2
2
7. Solve for x: ~ + Jx-l = 2
X+3x+4
0000
a b C d
a. 3 b. -3 C. 1 d. -1
64x3 +27
8. Divide: - -2- - -
16x -12x+9
0000
a b C d
a. 4x-3 b. 4x-9 c. 4x+3 d. 4x
9. (3i + 2Xt-4i)= 0000

a b C d
a. 14-Si b. -Si C. -12i 2 + 2 d. 2 + 17i
3x 5 -2x 3 +3x 2 -4
10. Solve:
x-1 0000
a b C d
a. 3x4 +4x3 +x 2 +3x+4 c. 3x 4 -4x3 +x 2 -3x+4
b. 3x 4 +3x3 +x 2 +4x+4 d. 3x 4 -3x 3 +x 2 -4x+4
106 )ll"S)'. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)lf"Sft. Quantitative Reasoning 3
11. Simplify: 3 a+3 -6 .3 a+l +5 .3 a+2_ 243·3 a-4 0000

a b C d
a. 17 · 3 a+l b. 3 a+l C. 3°
12. Solve: [ 27x z-

y -3
6 9
y I
000.0
a b C d
3x 2 y 3x 2 z 3 x2 z3
a. b. c. d. 3x 3z 3
z3 y 3y
13. 6;256 +;317 -2i74 = 0000

a b C d
a. 8-i b. 8+i c. 1 d. -1
14. Rationalize: Ji 0000

.fii+.[i a b C d
x5-J;i x.J2x-y
a. c.
2x-y 2x+y
x.J2-xy x5-J;i
b. d.
2x-y 2x+y
15. Find for the values of a and b: 0000

a b C d
a. a=l4,b=-11 C. a= 4, b = 9
b. a= 2, b = -3 d. a= 3, b = 2
· { n+3 }
. 1·fy.
16 . S Imp 1 .
3 2 +8
2n +1
0000
a b C d
a. 6 b. 12 C. 18 d. 24
)lf".,Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 107

.)ll"Sft.. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
17. What is the remainder when 2x 4 -3x3 +3x 2 -5x-6 ·is divided 0000
by x-2? a b C d
a. -3 b. -4 C. 0 d. 4
18. What is the length of the line segment formed by connecting the points 0000
(3, -6) and (-1, 2)? a b C d
a. 4.fi, b. 4Js C. 6 d. 8
19. The intersection of the lines 6x - 2y = 2 and 4x + 3y = -1 lies in

what quadrant?
0000
a b C d
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
20. The slope of the line that is perpendicular to 3x + 4y = -3 is

--- 0000
a b C d
3 3 4 4
a. b. c. d.
4 4 3 3
21. If (a- b)2 = 5 and ab= 10, then what is the value of a 2 + b 2 ? 0000
a b C d
a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30
. . (x-y)(x+ y)
22. The operation x · · Y = 2 x+ y . Find the value of 4 :. -2. 0000
a b C d
3 4
a. b. C. 2 d. 4
2 3
23. Find the value of x. 0000

T
4fi
a. 12 - 4.[j
b. 4-[j + 4
a b C d
1 C.
d.
s.fj
8-fj
108 .)ll"Sft ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Data Interpretation
Lecture
Data Interpretation (DI) is the mathematical version of Reading Comprehension.

It deals with understanding, organizing, and interpreting the given data to arrive at
meaningful conclusions. Your success in this section rests on your calculation prowess
and your ability to pick out the easy questions. In most cases, DI is just the use of your
judgment, options, and good understanding of the questions. Remember, the DI section is
not only about solving the questions accurately but also solving them quickly.
Some tips and techniques in solving data interpretation questions:
1. Read the questions carefully. Do not waste time browsing through the data.
Remember: Only less information from the data are needed to solve a particular
problem.
2. Refer to the data for the needed information.
3. Try to look for the possible answer using elimination before calculating because
most often questions are answerable by this process. But remember that this
method always needs practice to perfect.
4. If elimination is not possible, calculate.
5. Approximation is the best tool to arrive at answers quickly. Most of the

questions only call for an approximation answer and it is possible to round off,
thus, saving time and effort. This can be learned through trial-and-error practice.
6. Whenever you try to calculate faster than your comfort zone, you are bound to
make mistakes. Try to build up your speed slowly.
7. Practice various questions to become comfortable with different types of

problems. This will help you understand by which method you can solve a
particular problem faster.
Jl'f'S.)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 109

)K"..Sj\. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) P repa ration
Many questions in Data Interpretation are about percents. You may be asked about
the rate of growth or percent decrease of a certain quantity in a given data. To so lve
questions about percents, here are some of the special percents with their fractional
equivalents, and the formula involved.
55~% = ~
11_!__%=_!__ 33_!__%=_!__ 1
25%=-
9 9 9 9 3 3 4
2 1
22~% = 772% =2 66~%=~ 50%=-
9 9 9 9 3 3 2
..,
44 4%= 4 88~%=~ 133_!__% = i 75% = .:_
9 9 9 9 3 3 4
12_!__% = _!__ 1 1
16~%=_!__ 10%=- 20%=-
2 8 3 6 10 5
83..!.% = ~
37 _!__%=I 3 3
30%=- 60%=-
2 8 3 6 10 5
62_!__% = ~ 7
70%=-
2
40% =-
2 8 10 5
9 4
90%=- 80%= -
10 5
Percentage = Base x Rate
Rate = Percentage -;- Base x I 00%
Base = Percentage-;- Rate
New Amount - Old Amount /

P ercent Increase = - - - - - - - - - - x 1000/ o
Old Amount
Old Amount-New Amount /

Percent D ecrease = - - - - - - - - - - x 1000/ o
Old Amount
110 .)K"S)\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Data Interpretation
Exercise
Directions: Use the information in the given charts or tables, then answer the
questions that follow. Choose the best answer among the given choices by shading
the oval corresponding to your answer.
F or numbers 1-7:
CONTRIBUTION TO GDP BY INDUSTRIES FOR COUNTRY M

FOR THE YEARS 2004 AND 2005
Contribution to GDP by Industries in 2004 Contribution to GDP by Industries in 2 005
Software and
Software and
IT
9%
rr
10%
8% 7%
Petroleum
Petroleum
44%
45% Cement
Cement
8% 7%
Ad & Media Ad & Media 23%

3% 3%
Total GDP Contribution: Php289 640 Total GDP Contribution: Php 317 000
1. Which of the industry sectors witnessed the maximum rate of growth 00000
during the period 2004-2005? a b c d e
a. Petroleum d. Cement
b. Software & IT e. Auto
c. Ad & Media
2 . Which of the industry sectors witnessed a negative growth during 00000

the period 2004-2005? a b c d e
a. Auto d. Petroleum
b. Defense e. Ad & Media
c . Steel
)K°Sft ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE \ll

)ll'S.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
3. What was the rate of growth witnessed by the Software & IT sector 00000
dwing this period? a b c d e
a. 1% d. 33%
b. 12% e. 44%
C. 22%
4. What was the rate of growth witnessed by the Petroleum sector 00000
during this period? a b c d e
a. 1.1% d. -8%
b. 12% e. -10%
C. 7.5%
5. What was the rate of growth shown by the non-petroleum sectors 00000
between 2004-2005? a b c d e
a. -4% d. 12%
b. 4% e. 25%
C. 7%
6. Between 2004 and 2005, which other industry witnessed a growth 00000
rate similar to that of the Defense sector? a b c d e
a. Ad&media d. a and b
b. Auto e. a, b, and c
c. Software & IT
7. The amount contributed by Software & IT sector in 2004 was 180%

of the amount contributed by_.
00000
a b c d e
a. Steel in 2004 d. Petroleum in 2005

b. Ad & media in 2005 e. Auto in 2004
c. Defense in 2004
112 )ll'Sft. ACADE_MIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

)lf'Sft Data Interpretation
For numbers 8-9:
Expenditure on Arms by Countries A, B and C
4.5 --·-- ·--- - ·r . -· - ····-·r - ...... -·1 .. ----·--- -·- ·-·-·· ~-··· -·--··-1
! '
4 ..... i
/ ...................... l
/ . ~
J
I
::
3.5 -- I • - .._--
/
j
# T
I
'" _.....
I
t ~
-..., - I
,,•
# ,,
I •
~ ......
..... II
,,
'- #
E 3 ...... /~ ~
0 ... ..-- ............
- '~ !
-
0
.. ..---
____.. ... ~# i
7'
~ 2.5 ~
- , i ,.-
'•
~#
)J
... ,
i
-- ...
l
:§. 2 -
.
........,..,. ~"' ..... ,. I
#
2!
.__ I
:::, - '
=a 1.5 - :
... - .
_,..~
-
C I
a,
e-
w
...... " - ·
1 -- "-'' I -
!/
~ !
!
0.5 ... :
'
0 I
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year
1--- A--• - 8 • CI
8. The amount spent by country C in 2005 is approximately what% 00000

more than the amount spent by countries A and B together in 1999? a b c d e
a. 13% d. 75%
b. 50% e. 179%
C. 70%
}lf'.Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE ll3

..)1£S.ft. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
9. Which of the following statements is/are false? 00000

a b c d e
I. Country A spends minimum amount of its budget on arms.
II. Throughout the years shown, Country C has spent the

maximum amount on arms.
III. An examination of the information for the last 3 years reveals

that generally all 3 countries are reducing their expenditures
on arms.
a. I only d. II and III only

b. I and II only e. None of these
c. I and III only
For numbers 10-18:
National Government Fiscal Position

1986 -2004
22
.._
" --
20 .,,___ --- .. ___..
) r-' /
18 4L
-,~ ( J~
____. ....
. -,. /
J :-
..
l~L
--.,--
-, I". t
16 '1 1--1
) ~( ~ .--
I L
I•
14
11'
12
~b ~q,
'C) ~
Year
• Revenue • Expenditure
114
)W..Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
)tf'Sft. Data Interpretation
10. Based on the graph, which administration has the best performance 00000
in terms of the fiscal position of the national government? a b c d e
a. Marcos ( 1984 -1986) d. Estrada (1998 - 2001)

b. Aquino (1986 -1992) e. Arroyo (2001 - present)
c. Ramos (1992 - 1998)
11. On which administration does the highest deficit occur? 00000

a b c d e
a. Marcos (1984 -1986) d. Estrada (1998 - 2001)
b. Aquino (1986 -1992) e. Arroyo (2001 - present)
c. Ramos (1992 - 1998)
12. Which of the following statements is(are) true, based on the given 00000
a b c d e
graph?
I. The National Government's expenditure is relatively constant

and maintained at 18%-20% of GDP from 1991-2004.
II. Budget deficit is due primarily to the poor efforts of the

government in collecting taxes and the rampant corruption.
III. There were only 3 years when the national government has
experienced a surplus.
a. I only d. I and III only

b. II only e. I, II, and III
c. III only
13. If the GDP in 2004 is$ 430.6 billion, approximately how much was 00000
a b c d e
the budget deficit?
a. $ 16. 79 billion d. $ 98. 79 billion

b. $ 86.12 billion e. $ 212.21 billion
c. $93.13billion
}tf'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 115

}ll'S)'.. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
14. If government expenditure for 2003 was $70 billion, what was the 00000
GDP for 2003? a b c d e
a. $ 13.44 billion d. $ 452.20 billion

b. $ 14.00 billion e. $ 546.45 billion
c. $ 364.58 billion
15. In 1994, what percent of GDP was the surplus received by the 00000
government? a b c d e
a. 1% d. 8%
b. 5% e. 10%
C. 7%
16. Which of the following statement is(are) true based on the graph? 00000
a b c d e
I. Government revenues increase from 1988 to 1992 and
decrease from 1997 to 2002.
II. The highest budget deficit was experienced in 1986 and 2002.
III. Budget deficit looks promising and the graph shows that for
2005, budget deficit will continue to decrease.
a. I only d. I and II only

b. II only e. I, II, and III
c. III only
17. What was the percent increase in government expenditure from 1988
to 1990?
00000
a b c d e
a. 19% d. 45%
b. 25% e. 60%
C. 37%
18. What was the percent decrease in government revenues from 1997 00000
to 2000? a b c d e
a. 6% d. 15%
b. 8% e. 21%
c. 12%
116 )lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE
)lf'...Sft. Data Interpretation
For numbers 19-26:
Profile of Congress
(Total Membership: 535)
House of Senate
Representatives
Party
292 Democratic 62
143 Republican 38
435 Total 100
Sex
418 Male 100
17 Female 0
Age
27 Youngest 34
77 Oldest 80
48 Average (arithmetic mean) 54
Religion
255 Protestant 69
107 Catholic 12
18 Jewish 5
4 Mormon 3
51 Other 11
Profession
215 Lawyer 63
81 Business Executive or Banker 15
45 Educator 6
14 Farmer or Rancher 6
22 Career Government Official 0
24 Journalist or Communications Executive 4
2 Physician 0
1 Veterinarian 1
0 Geologist 2
6 Worker or Skilled Tradesperson 0
25 Others 3
}lf'Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 117

)11"8)'.. National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) Preparation
19. In the Senate, if 25 male members were replaced by 25 female 00000

members, the ratio of male members to female members would be a b c d e
a. 4:1 d. 2:1
b. 3:1 e. 1:1
c. 3:2
20. Approximately what percent of the members of Congress 00000

are lawyers? a b c d e
a. 63% d. 52%
b. 58% e. 49%
c. 56%
21. If 5 senators are Catholic Democrats, how many senators are 00000
neither Catholic nor Democratic? a b c d e
a. 79 d. 31
b. 74 e. 21
c. 69
22. If all lawyers and all women in the House of Representatives vote 00000
for the passage of a bill, how many more votes will be needed for a a b c d e
majority?
a. 435 d. 0
b. 220 e. cannot be determined
C. 3
23. Which of the following can be inferred from the information given in
the table?
00000
a b c d e
I. More than 80 percent of the men in Congress are members of

the House of Representatives.
II. The percent of members who are categorized as farmers or

ranchers is greater for the Hous·e of Representatives than that
for the Senate.
III. The median age in the Senate is 57.
118 )l('SJ\_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

.)lf"Sft Data lnterpretation

b. II only e. I and III only
c. III only
24. What percent of the House of Representatives is female? 00000

a b c d e
a. 1% d. 20%
b. 4% e. 40%
C. IQ%
25. Which of the following statement is(are) true based on the table? 00000
a b c d e
I. Lawyers comprise about 40.18% of the House of
Representatives.
II. There are no geologists in the Senate.
III. Journalist or Communications Executive comprise about 5.52%
of the House of Representatives.

b. II only e. I, II and III
c. III only
26. The ratio of the number of Journalist or Communications Executive 00000

between the House of Representatives and Senate is _ _ a b c d e
a. 5:1 d. 8:1
b. 6:1 e. 9:1
C. 7:1
}l(Sj\. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 119

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PHYSICS,

~UANT T TIVE REASONING,

)WSft. Publishing House

Year 2017 Edition

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any

Published and Printed

.}WS.ft. Publishing House

Data Interpretation 109

Scalar- quantities described by magnitude only

Methods in Vector Addition:

}tf"S_,A. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE I

Example: 400 m, 45° N of E

Step 1. Get the x- and y- components of each vector by using SOHCAHTOA.

400 m, 45° N of E 400 cos 45° 400 sin 45°

500 m, 45° W of N -500 sin 45° 500 cos 45°

400 m, 45° N of E 200.J2 200h

500 m, 45° W of N -2so.J2 250.Ji

Sum LX= -50$ LY= 450~2

Step 3. LX and LY are the respective x- and y-components of the resultant,

2 )ll'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Step 4. The next information to be determined is the resultant vector's direction.

0 = tan- 1 = tan- 1 450Ji = 83.66°

The resultant vector is 100.J4i m, 83.66° N ofW.

• It will be important to consider both direction and magnitude when adding or

.}l(Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 3

Get the x andy components of the two vectors.

60 m, 60° N ofE 30 30-/3

LX = -90 LY= 30J3

4 )t£Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

1. Which of the following is a vector quantity? 0000

2. Which of the following is a scalar quantity? 0000

For nos. 4 and 5

4. Find the total distance traveled by the BMX rider. 0000

b. 4,fikm,60°NofE d. 2 /f3 km, 30° N of E

For Nos. 6 and 7

For Nos. 8 and 9

8. Find the total distance traveled by Claire. 0000

9. How far is Claire Redfield from her initial position? 0000

6 )'I'S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Rectilinear Motion - motion along a straight line (horizontal and vertical)

5 Basic Motion Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM)

v (average velocity) - refers to the approximate velocity an object travels

covered a certain distance, or after a certain time has elapsed

a) What is the acceleration of the body?

8 .)WS~ ACADEMIC AD~AN~EMENT INSTITUTE

b) From t = 4 s to t = 8 s, what is the distance covered by the body?

b) How long does it take the car to reach the turn?

Use d =; t , then manipulate to find time t:

}lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 9

• Free-fall- motion of an object along a vertical line

4. A ball was dropped from the top of a 50-m building.

Use d = v;t + .!.. gt 2 since the ball was dropped vi = 0 mis

Manipulate to find time t: t = I¥

JO jll'Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Basic Formulas in Projectile Motion

Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion

..}lf'Sft_ ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 11

12 )ll"Sft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE

Get the maximum height using y = v,, t + ~ gt 2

y=(s>( f )+ ~< >( f J2

}W.,S.ft. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 13

Circular Motion - motion followed by an object traveling in a circular path

ac (centripetal acceleration) - acceleration that keeps an object, in circular motion,