考研数学

公式默写手册

小崔说数
B /

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lim f ( x ) = A  _______________________.
x → x0

2
1
sin x 1 n
① lim = ___ ② lim(1 + ) = ___ lim(1 + v ) v = ___
x→0 x n → n v →

x→0 x ____ ____ _______ _______ _______ ______.

1 − cos x ~ ____ (1 + x ) − 1 ~ ____ x − ln( x + 1) ~ ____

x − sin x ~ ____ x − arc sin x ~ ____ x − tan x ~ ____ x − arc tan x ~ ____

(C ) = _______ ( x n ) = _______

(sin x) = _________ (cos x) = _______

( a x ) = _________ (e x ) = _______

(log a x ) = _________ (ln x) = _________

(tan x) = _________ (cot x) = _________

(sec x) = _________ (csc x) = _________

(arcsin x) = _________ (arccos x) = _________

(arctan x) = _________ (arccot x) = _________

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(u  v) = _______ (ku ) = _________

u
(uv ) = _______ ( ) = _________
v

d (u  v) = _______ d (ku ) = _________

u
d (uv) = _________ d ( ) = _________
v

y =  f ( x)
g ( x)
3 , y  = ___________________________________ .

−1 dx d 2x
4 x= f ( y ), = _________ = _________.
dy dy 2

 x = x (t ) dy d2y
4  , = _________ = _______________.
 y = y (t ) dx dx 2

5 u ( x), v( x) n

(uv ) ( n ) = ________________________________________________________ .

1 f ( x) x = x0

f ( x) = __________________________________________________________ .

① e = ________________________________________________
x

② sin x = ______________________________________________

③ cos x = ______________________________________________

④ arcsin x = ___________________________________________

1
⑤ = ______________________________________________
1− x
1
⑥ = ______________________________________________
1+ x

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1
⑦ = ______________________________________________
1 + x2

⑧ ln(1 + x) = ____________________________________________

⑨ arctan x = ____________________________________________

⑩ tan x = ______________________________________________

1 ds = ______________

2 k = ______________ R = _____

b
1  a
f ( x ) dx = _________________

2 f ( x) [ a, b] f ( ) = ______________

 ( x)
8 [ f (t ) dt ] = ______________________________
 ( x)

b
9  a
f ( x ) dx = ________________________

10

 f ( x ) dx  = ________

1 d [  f ( x ) dx ] = ________


2  f ( x )dx = ________  df ( x) = ________

11

1
 x dx = ____________
 0dx = ____________ x dx = _______________
n

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 a dx = ____________  e dx = _______________
x x

 sin xdx = ____________  cos xdx = _______________

 sec xdx = ____________  csc xdx = _______________

2 2

 tan x sec xdx = ____________  csc x cot xdx = _______________

 sec xdx = _________________  csc xdx = ___________________

 tan xdx = _________________  cot xdx = ___________________

1 1
 1− x 2
dx = ______________  a − x2
2
dx = _________________

1 1
 1+ x 2
dx = ________________ a 2
+ x2
dx = ___________________

1 1
x 2
− a2
dx = _______________  x2  a2
dx = __________________

12

a
1 −a
f ( x ) dx = ______________________
 
2 0
2
sin n xdx =  2 cos n xdx = _________________________
0

a +T
3 f ( x) T a a
f ( x ) dx = __________

b
4 
a
f ( x ) dx = _______________

13
+ 1 1 1
1 xp
dx ______________ 
0 xp
dx ______________

1
+ 1 1
 2 x ln p x
dx ______________ 
0
2
x ln p x
dx ______________

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14

① X Y

S1 = ________________ S 2 = __________________

S1 = ________________ S 2 = ________________

 x = x (t )
C  ( a  t  b) x = x(a), x = x(b) x
 y = y (t )

S = _______________.

2 /

y y ( x ) a  x  b) s = ____________.

r = r ( ) a   b s = ______________.

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 x = x (t )
C  ( a  t  b) s = __________________.
 y = y (t )

① y f ( x) (≥O) x a x b x

x Vx = ____________

y V y = ____________

② x g ( y ) (≥O) y c y d y

y V y = ____________

x Vx = ____________

4 /

y = f ( x) x a x b x

S = ___________________.

15

y + p ( x) y = q ( x) ____________________________.

16

y  + p ( x ) y = q ( x ) y n , n  0, 1

_______ ____________________________.

17

1 y ''+ py '+ qy = 0 p, q

________________

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r1 , r2 y = ____________________

r y = _____________________

a  bi y = _____________________

2 y ''+ py '+ qy = f ( x) p, q

x
① f ( x ) = e ( a0 + a1 x + an x n )

y * = __________________________________________.

x
② f ( x ) = [ Pm ( x ) cos  x + Qn ( x ) sin  x ]e (max{m, n} = l )

y * = __________________________________________.

18

y  + p( x) y  + q( x) y = 0

y  + p( x) y  + q( x) y = f ( x) ( f ( x)  0)

1 y1 ( x )，y2 ( x ) C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) _______________.

y1 ( x )   y2 ( x )  y = ___________________.

2 y1 ( x ) y2 ( x ) y1 ( x ) − y2 ( x ) _______________.

3 y ( x) y ( x) y ( x) + y ( x)

_______________.

4 y C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) ,

y = y ( x ) + C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) _______________.

5 y1 ( x ) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f1 ( x )

y 2 ( x) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f 2 ( x )

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C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) ________________________________ .

19

x 2 y  + p1 xy  + p 2 y = q ( x ) .

x = ____ y = ______ y = ________________ t y

 ________________________________.

20

f x ( x0 , y0 ) = __________________________ f y ( x0 , y0 ) = __________________________

f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0 )  __________________________

 ____________________________________________________________.

21

z = f (u, v), u = u ( x, y ), v = v( x, y )

z z
= _______________________ = _______________________
x y

F ( x, y, z ) = 0 F ( x, y , z ) ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) F ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0

z z
Fz ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  0 z = z ( x, y ) = ______ = ______.
x y

22

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z = f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0 ) f x ( x0 , y0 ) = 0, f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0

A = f xx ( x0 , y0 ), B = f xy ( x0 , y0 ), C = f yy ( x0 , y0 )

__________________ ( x0 , y 0 ) z = f ( x, y )

1 ________ ( x0 , y 0 )

2 ________ ( x0 , y 0 )

23

1 l = (a, b) l o = ________________

f
2 = ________________________________________
l ( x0 , y 0 )

3 grad f ( x0 , y0 ) = ___________________________

24

1  f ( x, y )d = ______________________________
D

①  f ( x, y )d = _____________________________________
D

②  f ( x, y )d = ________________________________
D

D x  f ( x, y )d = __________________________
D

D y  f ( x, y )d = __________________________
D

D y=x  f ( x, y )d = ________________

D

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+


2
4 e − x dx = _______
−


25 u n lim u n = ______
n →
n =1

26


1  aq n −1
_________________________
n =1


1
2 p n p
______________________
n =1


1
3  n ln p
n
______________________
n=2


26  (−1) n −1
u n (u n  0)
n =1

 (−1) n −1
u n (u n  0) ① ___________ ②__________ .
n =1

27

 
1  an x n x = x0 ( x0  0) ___________ a x n
n

n =1 n =1


x = x0 ___________ a x n
n

n =1


2 a x n
n
x = x0 ______.
n =1

28

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
an +1
a x n
n
lim
n → an
= ____ lim n an = _____
n →
R = _____
n =1

______________ .

29

1 f ( x) = ___________________________________

2 a0 = _______________ an = __________________ bn = ____________________

30

f ( x) S ( x ) = ______________________________

31

1 f ( x) = ____________________

2 f ( x) = ____________________

3 2l

f ( x) = __________________________________

a0 = ____________________ an = ____________________ bn = ____________________

32

1 /  = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),  = ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )    = ______________

2 /  = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),  = ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )    = ______________

 = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),  = ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ),  = ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) _____________

= _________________ , , 

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33

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

A( x − x0 ) + B ( y − y0 ) + C ( z − z0 ) = 0

________________ n = __________________.
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
2

x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= = ___________ s = ___________.
a b c
 x = x0 + at ,

 y = y0 + bt ,
 z = z + ct ,
 0

 A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,

 A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D2 = 0.

34

 f ( x , y ) = 0,
L xOy 
 z = 0.

① L x _______________________

② L y _______________________

① ____________________ ② ____________________

③ __________________ ④ ________________

⑤ __________________ ⑥ __________________

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⑦ __________________

35

 F ( x, y, z ) = 0 M ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )  

M ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) _________________________________.

______________________________________________________.

________________________________________________.

 x = x (t )

  y = y (t ) M 0 ( x (t 0 )， y (t 0 )， z (t 0 ))  Γ
 z = z (t )


(x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) t0 ( x(t 0 )， y (t 0 )， z (t 0 ))  (0，

0，0)，

 M0 ___________________________.

___________________________

____________________________________________.

36

1 _________________,

 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = ______________________________.



2 _________________

 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = ______________________________________________.



37

1 →

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 a≤ t≤  (第一类 )

C : x = x (t ), y = y (t ), z = z (t ) 
t  [ (起点),  (终点)] (第二类 )

 f ( x, y, z )ds = _______________________________________.
C

 Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = ________________________________________________________.

C

2 →

S : z = z ( x , y ), ( x, y )  Dxy f ( x, y , z ) S

 f ( x, y, z )dS = _________________________________________.
S

3 → →

S : z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) Dxy P ( x , y , z ) , Q ( x, y , z )

, R ( x, y , z )

 Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ______________________________________________.

S

z = z ( x, y ) S “___” S “___”

n = (cos  , cos  , cos  ) = _________________________.

38

D L L P( x, y ), Q( x, y ) D

  L
Pdx + Qdy = ____________________________.

 S

P( x，y，z )，Q( x，y，z )，R( x，y，z ) 

 Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ____________________________.

S

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Γ S Γ Γ S

P( x, y, z ), Q( x, y, z ), R ( x, y , z ) S

 Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =  ________ ds = _______________________.

 S

39

F ( x, y , z ) = ( P , Q , R ) P，Q，R

(1)

→
F S  F  dS = ____________________________
S

→
F x y z divF = ______________________

→
F   F  ds = __________________


→
F x y z rotF = ______________________.

40

S z = f ( x, y ) , Dxy S xoy , f ( x, y ) Dxy

f x ( x, y ) f y ( x, y ) A = _____________________.

2 /

① D  ( x, y ) ,  ( x, y ) D ,

( x, y ) x = __________________ y = ____________________

( x, y ) x = ____________ y = ______________

②   ( x, y , z ) ,  ( x, y , z )  ( x, y, z )

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x = ______________ y = ________________ z = __________________

( x, y, z ) x = __________ y = __________ z = ___________.

① D  ( x, y ) ,  ( x, y ) D x y

Ix , I y I x = ______________ I y = ______________.

②   ( x, y , z ) ,  ( x, y , z )  x y

z Ix , I y Iz I x = ______________________

I y = ______________________ I z = ________________________.

4 /

S ( x, y )  ( x, y)  M 0 ( x0 , y0 )

m0  ( x, y) S F = {Fx , Fy }

Fx = ______________________________________

F y = ______________________________________

 ( x, y , z )  ( x, y , z )  M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

m0  ( x, y , z )  F =  Fx , Fy , Fz 

Fx = ______________________________________

F y = ______________________________________

Fz = ______________________________________

41

① C (Q) = __________________

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② R(Q) = ______________

③ L(Q) = ________________

① ________ ________ ________

_________________________________________________.

ed = ______________________

es = ______________________

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1 __________________

n
2 a ik A jk = ai1 A j1 + ai 2 A j 2 + + ain A jn = ______________
k =1

a ki Akj = a1i A1 j + a2 i A2 j + + ani Anj = _______________

k =1

a11 a12
1 = ________________
a21 a22

a11 0 0 a11 a12 a1n a11 0 0

0 a22 0 0 a22 a2 n a21 a22 0
2 = = = ____________

0 0 ann 0 0 ann a n1 an 2 ann

0 1 0 1   1
2 2   2
3 = = = _____________________

n 0 n   n 0

1 1 1
a1 a2 an
4 = __________________

a1n −1 a2n −1 ann −1

kA = ________ AT = ________ AB = ________

A k = ________ A* = ________

6 A m B n

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A O A C A O O A C A O A
= = = ________ = = = ____________
C B O B O B B C B O B O

7 A B ______________.

8 i , i = 1, 2, ,n A A = ________________.

1 A* = ________________

2 A* A = ______________

1 A B ______________ .

n A  __________________________________________

 A _____

 r ( A) = _____

 A _______________

 Ax = 0 _______________
 b Ax = b _______________
 A _______________

−1 −1
A   A
  = ______________   = ____________
 B B 

1 ( AB )T = ________ ( AB )* = ________ ( AB ) −1 = ________

2 ( A* )T = _________ ( A* ) −1 = ________ ( AT ) −1 = ________

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3 ( kA)T = ________ ( kA)* = ________ ( kA) −1 = ________

1 A B  ________________

2 Eij −1 = ______ Ei −1 ( k ) = ______ Eij −1 (k ) = ______.

3 Eij = ______ Ei (k ) = ______ Eij ( k ) = ______.

(E )
* *
 Ei (k )
*
4 ij = ______ = ______  Eij ( k )  = ______.

5 Eij T = ______ Ei T ( k ) = ______ Eij T (k ) = ______.

1 ________ r ( Am n ) __________.

2 A AT ______________________________

3 r ( A + B) ______________.

4 ______________ r ( A, B) ______________.

5 r ( AB) __________________.

6 A r ( AB) = ________ , r ( BA) = ________.

7 Amn Bns = O ____________________________.

8 A n r ( A ) = ____________________.

 A 
9 r ( A, AB) = __________ r  = __________.
 BA 

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A C  P M
   = __________________________
B D Q N

 1T 
 
( 1  2  3 )   2T  = __________________________
T 
 3 
T
A D
 
2
B E  = ____________________
C F 


9 /

1 1 ,  2 , , m

 ________________________________________________________

  i (i = 1, 2, , m) m −1

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) ______

 x1 
 
x2
 ( 1 ,  2 , ,  m )   = 0 ____________
 
 
 xm 

n n  ______________________.

2 1 ,  2 , , m

 ________________________________________________________

  i (i = 1, 2, , m) m −1

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) ______

 x1 
 
x2
 ( 1 ,  2 , ,  m )   = 0 _______________
 
 
 xm 

n n  ______________________.

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10

1  1 ,  2 , , m

 k1 , k 2 ,...k m  = k11 + k 2 2 + ... + k m m

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) = _________________________

 x1 
 
x2
 ( 1 ,  2 , ,  m )   =  _________
 
 
 xm 

2 1 ,  2 , , s 1 ,  2 , , m

 _____________________________________________

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) = ___________________________________

 (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) X = ( 1 ,  2 , ,  s ) ________

3 1 ,  2 , , s 1 ,  2 , , m

 ________________________________________________

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) = ___________________ = ___________________

11

n 1 ,  2 , , n 1 ,  2 , , n 1 ,  2 , , n

1 ,  2 , , n P = ______________________________.

( y1 , y2 ,..., yn )T 1 ,  2 , , n ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )T

( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n )T = ______________________________.

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12

A mn A = (1 ,  2 , , n )

1 Ax = 0  _____________________  _____________.

A n Ax = 0  _____________.

2 Ax = 0  ___________________  _____________.

A n Ax = 0  _________.

13

r ( A) = r , A mn

1 Ax = 0 _____________________.

① __________________ ② __________________ ③ __________________

14

A mn A = (1 ,  2 , , n )  = (b1 , b2 ,..., bn )T

1 Ax =   __________________________  ___________________.

2 Ax =   ____________________________  ___________________.

3 Ax =   ____________________________  ___________________.

A n | A | 0  ________________________.

A n | A |= 0  ________________________.

15

r ( A) = r , A mn Ax = 

1 Ax =  __________________________.

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2 Ax =  ____________ .

16

1 1 ,  2 Ax = b 1 −  2 ________

2 1 ,  2 Ax = 0 k11 + k 2 2 ________

3  Ax = b  Ax = 0  + ________ .

17

A mn A = (1 ,  2 , , n ) B ml B = ( 1 ,  2 , , l )

1 Ax = B  ______________________________  ______________.

2 Ax = B  ______________________________  ______________.

A n | A | 0  ________________________.

A n | A |= 0  ________________________.

18

1 Ax = 0 Bx = 0  ________________

2 Ax = 0 Bx = 0  ___________________________

3 Ax = 0 Bx = 0  ________________________

19

1 tr ( A) = ______________ = __________________ A = ______________

2 A n i A m i m.

3 n A  A  

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A A + kE kA Ak f ( A) A −1 A* AT P −1 AP

20

1 A~ B

① ________________

② ____________________________________

③ _________________________

 ________________________________

 ________________________________________________________

 ________________________________

21

① ________________________________________

② ________________________________________

③ ________________________________________

2 Q ____________.

3 1 ,  2 ,  3

1 = ____________

 2 = ____________________

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 2 = ________________________________

22  ________________________________

23

1 p = ___ q = ___

2 p = ___ q = ___

3 p = ___ q = ___

4 p = ___ q = ___

24 /

 ________________________________

 ________________________________

 ________________________________

~
 B /

① A B ________________

② A B ________________

③ A B / ________________

④ A B ________________

⑤ A / ________________

① A  B = _____________ A  B = _____________

② A  ( B  C ) = _____________ A  ( B  C ) = _____________

③ A  ( B  C ) = _______________ A  ( B  C ) = _______________.

④ A  B = _______________ , A  B = _______________.

1 A   ____________.

2 ______________________.

3 A1 , A2 , , An i  j , Ai A j =  , i , j = 1, 2, ,n

P ( A1  A2  An ) = __________________________.

4 A P ( A) = ____________.

5 P( B − A) = ________________________.

6 P( A + B) = ______________________.

~
 B /

P( A  B  C ) = ____________________________________________________.

1 A, B P( A)  0 P ( B A) = ____________.

① ______ P ( B | A) ______

② P( | A) = ______

③ P ( A | B ) = ________________

④ P ( A1 + A2 ) | B = __________________________________

⑤ : P( A)  0, P( AB) = __________________

1 A, B  ______________________

2 A, B  P ( B | A) = _________  P ( B | A) = __________

A, B, C  ____________________________________

A, B, C  ____________________________________

A1 , A2 , , An P ( Ai )  0, i = 1, 2, ,n P( B) = _______________.

A1 , A2 , , An P ( B )  0, P ( Ai )  0, i = 1, 2, ,n

~
 B /

P ( Ai B ) = _________________________________.

1 F ( x) X F ( x) = ___________________.

① ________ F ( x) ________

② F ( −) = ________________ ， F (+) = ________________

③ _____ F ( x0+ ) = _____________

④ ____________

3 X ~ F ( x)

① P{ X  a} = ________________

② P{ X  a} = ________________________

③ P{ X  a} = ________________________

④ P{ X  a} = ________________________

⑤ P{ X = a} = ________________________________________

⑥ P a  X  b = _____________________________________

⑦ P a  X  b = _____________________________________

⑧ P a  X  b = ____________________________________

⑨ P a  X  b = ____________________________________

1 X F (x ) f ( x)  0 (−  x  +)

~
 B /

x F ( x) = ___________________ f (x ) X

① ________________________

② ________________________

③ P{a  X  b} = __________________

④ X x  R P  X = x = ________.

X ~ U ( a， b ) X F ( x) = ________________________.

① X ~ E ( ) X F ( x) = ________________________.

② X ~ E ( ) s  0, t  0, P{ X  s + t X  s} = ________________.

① X ~ N ( , 2 ) ________

② X ~ ________ f ( x) = _______________________

_______ ________ ________

③ a  (a)  (−a) ____________________

④ X ~ N (  ,  2 )  ____________ ~ N (0,1)

⑤ X ~ N (  ,  2 )  P{ X 1  X  X 2 } = ____________________

~
 B /

0-1

10

x、y F ( x, y ) = ________________ ( X， Y )

① x, y  R ____________________

② F (−, y ) = ____________________ F ( x, −) = __________________

F (−, −) = ____________________ F (+, +) = __________________

③ F ( x, y ) x y ______

④ F ( x, y ) x y ______ F ( x, y ) = ________ , F ( x, y ) = ________

~
 B /

FX ( x ) = ____________ FY ( y ) = ____________

FX Y ( x y ) = ____________ FY X ( y x ) = ____________

4 X,Y  ________________________

11

1 ( X ,Y ) F ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) x、y

F ( x, y) = ________________ f ( x, y ) ( X ,Y ) .

① f ( x, y ) ______

+ +
②  
− −
f ( x, y )dxdy = ____

③ ( x, y ) D P ( X , Y )  D = ________________

④ f ( x, y ) ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) = ________________

f X ( x ) = ________________ fY ( y ) = ______________

f X Y ( x y ) = ________________ fY X ( y x ) = ________________

4 X,Y  ________________________

12

G G f ( x, y ) = ______________.

~
 B /

( X， Y ) 1 ,  2 ,  1 ,  2 

① ( X , Y ) ~ ________________________

② X ~ ____________ Y ~ ______________
③ X Y ____________

④ X Y ____________

X Y k1 X + k 2Y ~ ______________________________

X Y k1 X + k 2Y ~ ______________________________________

13

X1, , Xn FX 1 ( x1 ), FX 2 ( x2 ), , FX n ( xn ) M = max  X i 
1 i  n

N = min  X i 
1 i  n
.

FM ( z ) = ________________________________________________________________.

FN ( z ) = ________________________________________________________________.

14

① EX = ______________

② EX = ______________

① X P( X = xi ) = Pi Y = g ( x) E (Y ) = ________________

② X f ( x) Y = g ( x) E (Y ) = ____________________

3 Z = g ( X ,Y )

( X ,Y ) f ( x, y ) E ( Z ) = ______________________________

~
 B /

EX = ____________________ E (Y ) = _______________________

① E (C ) = ________ C

② E (CX ) = __________

③ E ( X + C ) = ________________

④ E ( X  Y ) = ____________________

⑤ X Y E ( XY ) = ____________________

15

1 DX = ______________________________

① D (C ) = ________ C

② D( X + C ) = ____________

③ D(CX ) = ______________

④ D( X  Y ) = ________________________

X Y D( X  Y ) = ________________

16

1 Cov( X , Y ) = __________________________

① Cov( X , X ) = ________________

② Cov( X , C ) = ________________

③ Cov(aX , bY ) = __________________

④ Cov ( X 1  X 2 , Y ) = ________________________

~
 B /

⑤ Cov ( aX 1 + bX 2 , cY1 + dY2 ) = ________________________________________________.

⑥ X ,Y Cov( X , Y ) = ________.

17

1  XY = __________________

① ______  XY ______  XX = ________

② X ,Y  XY = ________

③  XY = 1  ____________________  XY = −1  __________________

④  XY = 0  ____________  ________________  ______________________

 ____________________

18

X  2  0

__________________________.

19

X 1 , X 2 , ... E ( X i ) =  , D( X i ) =  2 i = 1，，
2 ， n

__________________ ~ N (0,1) .

20

1 X = ___________ S 2 = ______________

k Ak = _____________ k Bk = ______________

~
 B /

EX = ________ DX = ________ ES 2 = ________

21

1 2

X 1 , X 2 ,.. X n N (0,1) Y = ________________ n

2 Y ~ __________.

① E[  ( n )] = ________ D[  2 ( n)] = ________

2

② 12 ~  2 ( n1 ),  22 ~  2 ( n2 )  12  22 , 12 +  22 ~ ____________

③ X ~ N (0,1) X 2 ~ __________

④  __________  __________

2 t

X ,Y X N (0,1) Y  2 (n) __________ ~ t ( n)

① T ~ t ( n) T ________

②  ________

3 F

X,Y X ~  2 ( n1 ), Y ~  2 ( n2 ) _________ ~ F ( n1 , n2 )

1
① F ~ F ( n1 , n2 ) ~ _________
F

② F1− ( n1 , n2 ) = ____________

~
 B /

22

X N ( , 2 ) X 1 , X 2 ,.. X n X X S2

① X ~ ____________ ____________ ~ N (0,1)

( n − 1) S 2
~ ____________  D ( S ) = ____________
2
② X S 2 ___________
 2

③ ___________ ~t (n − 1)

n
1
④
 2  (X i −  ) 2 ~ _____________
i =1

23

EX = ___________ EX 2 = ___________

① P{ X = ai } = p ( ai ; ) i = 1, 2,... L( ) = _______________

② f ( x; ) L( ) = __________________

①    ________________

② ˆ1 ˆ2 ____________________ ______________ ˆ1 ˆ2 .

24

 (0    1) 1 ,  2 P{1     2 } = ________

(1 ,  2 )  ________

~
 B /

1−

2


2

2

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

~
B /

~
 B /

lim f ( x ) = A  lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = A

x → x0 x → x0− x → x0

2
1
sin x 1 n 1
① lim =1 ② lim(1 + ) = e lim(1 + v ) = v
x→0 x n → n v → e

x→0 x sin x tan x arcsin x arctan x ex −1 ln( x + 1)

1 2 x2
1 − cos x ~ x (1 + x ) − 1 ~  x x − ln( x + 1) ~
2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
x − sin x ~ x x − arc sin x ~ − x x − tan x ~ − x x − arc tan x ~ x
6 6 3 3

( C ) = 0 ( x n ) = nx n −1

(sin x) = cos x (cos x) = − sin x

( a x ) = a x ln a ( e x ) = e x

1 1
(log a x ) = (ln x) =
x ln a x
(tan x) = sec 2 x (cot x) = − csc2 x

(sec x) = sec x  tan x (csc x) = − csc x  cot x

1 1
(arcsin x) = (arccos x) = −
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1
(arctan x) = (arccot x) = −
1 + x2 1 + x2

~
 B /

(u  v) = u   v (ku ) = ku 

u u v − uv 
(uv ) = u v + uv  ( ) =
v v2
d (u  v) = du  dv d (ku ) = kdu

u vdu − udv
d (uv) = vdu + udv d( ) =
v v2
 f ( x ) 
y =  f ( x)
g ( x)
3 , y  = e g ( x ) ln f ( x )  g ( x ) ln f ( x ) + g ( x ) 
 f ( x) 

−1 dx 1 d 2x y 
4 x= f ( y ), = =−
y ( y )3
2
dy dy

dy / dt
d( )
 x = x (t ) dy dy / dt d2y dx / dt / dx
4  , = =
 y = y (t ) dx dx / dt dx 2 dt dt

5 u ( x), v( x) n

(uv ) ( n ) = C n0 u (0) v ( n ) + C n1u (1) v ( n −1) + C n2 u ( 2) v ( n − 2) + ... + C nn u ( n ) v (0)

1 f ( x) x = x0

f ''( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) = f ( x0 ) + f '( x0 )( x − x0 ) + ( x − x0 ) +2
+ ( x − x0 ) n + R ( x )
2! n!

x 2 x3 xn
① e = 1+ x +
x
+ + + + ...
2 3 n

x3 x5 n −1 x 2 n −1
② sin x = x − + − + ( −1) + ...
3! 5! (2 n − 1)!

x2 x4 x 2n−2
③ cos x = 1 − + − + ( −1) n −1 + ...
2! 4! (2 n − 2)!

x3
④ arcsin x = x + /
6

~
 B /

1
⑤ = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + + x n + ...
1− x
1
= 1 − x + x − x + + ( −1) x ...
2 3 n n
⑥
1+ x
1
= 1 − x + x − x + + ( −1) x + ...
2 4 6 n 2n
⑦
1+ x 2

x 2 x3 x 4 xn
⑧ ln(1 + x) = x − + − + + (−1) n −1 + ...
2 3 4 n

x3 x5 x7 n −1 x 2 n −1
⑨ arctan x = x − + − + + (−1) + ...
3 5 7 2n − 1

x3
⑩ tan x = x + /
3

6 /

1 ds = 1 + ( y ') 2 dx

| y '' | 1
2 k= 3
R=
k
1 + ( y ') 2  2

7
b
1  a
f ( x ) dx = f ( )(b − a)   [ a, b]
b

2 f ( x) [ a, b] f ( ) =
a
f ( x ) dx
b−a

 ( x)
8 [ f (t ) dt ] = f ( ( x)) '( x) − f ( ( x)) '( x)
 ( x)

b b
9  a
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) a = F (b) − F ( a )

10

 f ( x ) dx  = f ( x)

1 d [  f ( x ) dx ] = f ( x)dx

2  f ( x )dx = f ( x) + C  df ( x) = f ( x) + C

~
 B /

11
1
 x dx = ln | x | +C
1 n +1
 0dx = C x dx = x ( n  −1)
n

n +1
1 x
 a dx = a +C  e dx = e +C
x x x

ln a

 sin xdx = − cos x + C  cos xdx = sin x + C

 sec xdx = tan x + C  csc xdx = − cot x + C
2 2

 tan x sec xdx = sec x + C  csc x cot xdx = − csc x + C

 sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x | +C  csc xdx = ln | csc x − cot x | +C
 tan xdx = − ln | cos x | +C  cot xdx = ln | sin x | +C
1 1 x
 1 − x2
dx = arcsin x + C  a2 − x2
dx = arcsin
a
+C

1 1 1 x
 1+ x 2
dx = arctan x + C a 2
+x 2
dx = arctan + C
a a
1 1 x−a 1
x 2
−a 2
dx =
2a
ln
x+a
+C  x a
2 2
dx = ln x2  a2 + x + C

12

 0, f ( x )为奇函数
a 
1  f ( x ) dx =  a
 0
−a
 2 f ( x ) dx, f ( x )为偶函数

 n −1 n − 3 2
  n  n − 2 
 
3
n为奇数
0 sin xdx = 0 cos xdx =  n − 1 n − 3
2 n 2 n
2
 1 
    n为偶数
 n n − 2 2 2

a +T T
3 f ( x) T a  a
f ( x ) dx = 
0
f ( x ) dx
b b
4 
a
f ( x ) dx = 
a
f ( a + b − x ) dx

~
 B /

13

+ 1  p  1, 发散 1 1  p  1, 发散

1 x p
dx 
 p  1, 收敛
0 x p
dx 
 p  1, 收敛

+ 1  p  1, 发散 1
1  p  1, 发散

2 p
x ln x
dx 
 p  1, 收敛
0
2
p
x ln x
dx 
 p  1, 收敛

14

① X Y

b d
S1 = a
[ y2 ( x ) − y1 ( x )]dx S2 = c
[ x2 ( y ) − x1 ( y )]dy

1  2 1  2
2  
S1 = r ( ) d S2 = [ r2 ( ) − r12 ( )]d
2 

 x = x (t )
C  ( a  t  b) x = x(a), x = x(b)
 y = y (t )
b
x S= 
a
y (t ) x(t ) dt

2 /

①
b
y y ( x ) a  x  b) s=  1 + y 2 dx
a

~
 B /

b
r = r ( ) a   b s=  r 2 ( ) + r 2 ( ) d
a

 x = x (t ) b
C  ( a  t  b) s=  x2 (t ) + y 2 (t ) dt
 y = y (t ) a

① y f ( x) (≥O) x a x b x

b
x Vx =   f 2 ( x )dx
a

b
y

V y = 2 xf ( x ) dx
a

② x g ( y ) (≥O) y c y d y

d
y V y =   g 2 ( y )dy
c

d
x Vx = 2  yg ( y ) dy
c

4 /

y = f ( x) x a x b x

b
S = 2  | f ( x ) | 1 +  f ( x )  dx
2

15

y=e  (  q ( x )e 
− p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx
y + p ( x) y = q ( x) dx + C )

16

y  + p ( x ) y = q ( x ) y n , n  0, 1

y1− n = z z '+ (1 − n) p( x) z = (1 − n)q( x)

17

1 y ''+ py '+ qy = 0 p, q

~
 B /

r 2 + pr + q = 0

y = k1e 1 + k 2 e 2
rx r x
r1 , r2

r y = k1e + k 2 xe
rx rx

a  bi y = k1e cos bx + k 2 e sin bx

ax ax

2 y ''+ py '+ qy = f ( x) p, q

x
① f ( x ) = e ( a0 + a1 x + an x n )

y * = e  x ( A0 + A1 x + + An x n ) x k k = 0,1, 2

x
② f ( x ) = [ Pm ( x ) cos  x + Qn ( x ) sin  x ]e (max{m, n} = l )

x
y * = e [ A( x ) cos  x + B ( x ) sin  x ] x
k
k = 0,1.

18

y  + p( x) y  + q( x) y = 0

y  + p( x) y  + q( x) y = f ( x) ( f ( x)  0)

1 y1 ( x )，y2 ( x ) C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) .

y1 ( x )   y2 ( x )  y = C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x )

2 y1 ( x ) y2 ( x ) y1 ( x ) − y2 ( x ) .

3 y ( x) y ( x) y ( x) + y ( x)

4 y C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) ,

y = y ( x ) + C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) .

5 y1 ( x ) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f1 ( x )

y 2 ( x) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f 2 ( x )

~
 B /

C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) y  + p ( x ) y  + q ( x ) y = C1 f1 ( x ) + C 2 f 2 ( x ) .

19

x 2 y  + p1 xy  + p 2 y = q ( x ) .

1 dy 1 dy 1 d 2 y
x = et y = y = − + t y
x dt x 2 dt x 2 dt 2

 y (t ) + ( p1 − 1) y (t ) + p 2 y (e t ) = q (e t )

20

f ( x0 + x , y 0 ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) f ( x0 , y0 + y ) − f ( x0 , y0 )
f x ( x0 , y0 ) = lim f y ( x0 , y0 ) = lim
x→0 x y →0 y

f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0 )  z = A x + B y + o( x2 + y2 )

f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) − f ( x0 , y0 ) − f x ( x0 , y0 ) x − f y ( x0 , y0 ) y
 lim =0
x → 0
y → 0 2 x + 2 y

21

z = f (u, v), u = u ( x, y ), v = v( x, y )

 z z u z v z z u z v
=  +  =  + 
 x u x v x y u y v y

F ( x, y, z ) = 0 F ( x, y , z ) ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) F ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0

z F z Fy
Fz ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  0 z = z ( x, y ) =− x =− .
x Fz y Fz

~
 B /

22

z = f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0 ) f x ( x0 , y0 ) = 0, f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0

A = f xx ( x0 , y0 ), B = f xy ( x0 , y0 ), C = f yy ( x0 , y0 )

AC − B 2  0 ( x0 , y 0 ) z = f ( x, y )

1 A0 ( x0 , y 0 )

2 A0 ( x0 , y 0 )

23

1
1 l = (a, b) lo = ( a, b)
a + b2
2

f f ( x0 + t cos  , y0 + t cos  ) − f ( x0 , y0 )
2 = lim+
l ( x0 , y 0 )
t →0 t

3 grad f ( x0 , y0 ) =  f ( x , y ) = ( f x , f y )

24

1  f ( x, y )d = f ( , )  S D ( ,  D)
D

2 ( x ) 2 ( x )
b
 f ( x, y ) dy  dx =  dx 
b
①  f ( x, y )d =    a 1 ( x)  a 1 ( x )
f ( x , y ) dy
D

 r2 ( )
②  f ( x, y )d =  d  r1 ( )
f ( r cos  , r sin  ) rdr
D

 0, f ( x, − y ) = − f ( x, y )

D x  f ( x, y )d =  2 f ( x, y ) d  , f ( x, − y ) = f ( x, y )
D  
 D1

~
 B /

 0, f ( − x, y ) = − f ( x, y )
D y  f ( x, y )d = 
 2 f ( x, y ) d  , f ( − x, y ) = f ( x, y )
D
 
 D1

D y=x  f ( x, y )d =  f ( y, x)d

D D

+


2
4 e − x dx = 
−

25~31 /


25 u n
lim u n = 0
n →
n =1

26


| q | 1，收敛
1  aq n −1
 (a  0)
n =1 | q | 1，发散

1  p  1，收敛
2 p n p 
n =1  p  1，发散

1  p  1，收敛
3  n ln p 
n  p  1，发散
n=2


26  (−1) n −1
u n (u n  0)
n =1

 (−1) n −1
u n (u n  0) ① un ② lim u n = 0
n →
.
n =1

27

 
1  an x n x = x0 ( x0  0) | x || x0 | a x n
n

n =1 n =1


x = x0 | x || x0 | a x n
n

n =1

~
 B /


2 a x n
n
x = x0 x0
n =1

28


an +1 1 1 1
a x n
n
lim
n → an
= lim n an = 
n →
R=

(− , ) .
 
n =1

29


a0
1 f ( x) = +  ( an cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1

1  1  1 

     
2 a0 = f ( x ) dx an = f ( x ) cos nxdx bn = f ( x ) sin nxdx
− − −

30

 f ( x )， x为 f ( x )的连续点

f ( x) S ( x) =  1 − +
 [ f ( x ) + f ( x )]， x为 f ( x )的间断点
2

31


1 f ( x) = b n sin nx
n =1


a0
2 f ( x) = +  an cos nx
2 n =1

3 2l

a0 
n n
f ( x) = +  ( an cos x + bn sin x)
2 n =1 l l
1 l 1 l n 1 l n
l − l  
a0 = f ( x ) dx an = f ( x ) cos xdx bn = f ( x ) sin xdx
l − l l l − l l

32

1 /  = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),  = ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )    = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z 2

~
 B /

i j k
2 /  = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),  = ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )    = x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2

 = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),  = ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ),  = ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) [ ,  ,  ] (   )  

x1 y1 z1
= x2 y2 z2 , , 
x3 y3 z3

33

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

A( x − x0 ) + B ( y − y0 ) + C ( z − z0 ) = 0

( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) n = ( A, B, C )

x y z
+ + =1
a b c
2
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= = ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) s = (a, b, c)
a b c
 x = x0 + at ,

 y = y0 + bt ,
 z = z + ct ,
 0

 A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,

 A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D2 = 0.

34

 f ( x , y ) = 0,
L xOy 
 z = 0.

① L x f ( x,  y2 + z2 ) = 0

~
 B /

② L y f ( x 2 + z 2 , y ) = 0

x2 y2 2 x2 y2 z 2
① + =z ② + + =1
a 2 b2 a2 b2 c2

x2 y2 z 2 x2 y2 z 2
③ − − =1 ④ + − =1
a2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2

x2 y 2 x2 y2
⑤ + =z ⑥ + =1
a 2 b2 a2 b2

⑦ x 2 =ay

35

 F ( x, y, z ) = 0 M ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )  

M ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) n = ( Fx ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) , Fy ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) , Fz ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) )

Fx ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( x − x0 ) + Fy ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( y − y 0 ) + Fz ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( z − z 0 ) = 0

x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= = .
Fx ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) Fy ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) Fz ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )

 x = x (t )

  y = y (t ) M 0 ( x (t 0 )， y (t 0 )， z (t 0 ))  Γ
 z = z (t )


(x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) t0 ( x(t 0 )， y (t 0 )， z (t 0 ))  (0，

0，0)，

→
 M0 l =  x(t0 )，y (t0 )，z (t0 ) 

x − x0 y − y 0 z − z 0
= =
x(t 0 ) y (t 0 ) z (t 0 )

x(t 0 )( x − x0 ) + y (t 0 )( y − y0 ) + z (t 0 )( z − z 0 ) = 0

~
 B /

36

 x = r cos 

1  y = r sin  .
 z = z,


 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =  f (r cos  , r sin  , z )rdrd dz

 

 x = r sin  cos 

2  y = r sin  sin 
 z = r cos  ,


 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =  f (r sin  cos  , r sin  sin  , r cos  )r sin  drd d
2

 

37

1 →

 a≤ t≤  (第一类 )

C : x = x (t ), y = y (t ), z = z (t ) 
t  [ (起点),  (终点)] (第二类 )


( x ) + ( y  ) + ( z  ) dt
2 2 2
 f ( x, y , z ) ds =  f ( x (t ), y (t ), z (t ))
C

 Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =

C


 [ P( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) x(t ) + Q( x(t ), y(t ), z(t )) y (t ) + R( x(t ), y(t ), z(t )) z (t)]dt
2 →

S : z = z ( x , y ), ( x, y )  Dxy f ( x, y , z ) S

 f ( x, y, z )dS =  f ( x, y, z ( x, y )) 1 + ( z x ) 2 + ( z y ) 2 d 
S Dxy

3 → →

S : z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) Dxy

P ( x , y , z ) , Q ( x, y , z ) , R ( x, y , z )

 z   z 
 Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy =   [ P ( x, y, z )  − x  + Q ( x, y , z )  − y  + R ( x, y , z )]dxdy
S Dxy

z = z ( x, y ) S “+” S “ ”

~
 B /

1
n = (cos  , cos  , cos  ) =  ( − z x , − z y ,1)
1 + ( z x ) + ( z y )
2 2

38

D L L P( x, y ), Q( x, y ) D

Q P
 L
Pdx + Qdy =  ( x − y )dxdy
D

 S

P( x，y，z )，Q( x，y，z )，R( x，y，z ) 

P Q R
 Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy =  ( x + y + z )dV
S 

Γ S Γ Γ S

P( x, y, z ), Q( x, y, z ), R ( x, y , z ) S

dydz dzdx dxdy

  
 Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =  (  F ) ds =  x y z
.
 S S

P Q R

39

F ( x, y , z ) = ( P , Q , R ) P，Q，R

(1)

→
F S  F  dS =  Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy
S S

→
P Q R
F x y z divF = + +
x y z

~
 B /

→
F   F  ds =  Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
 

i j k
→
  
F x y z rotF =
x y z
P Q R

40

S z = f ( x, y ) , Dxy S xoy , f ( x, y ) Dxy

z 2 z
f x ( x, y ) f y ( x, y ) A=  1+ (
x
) + ( ) 2 dxdy
y
D xy

2 /

① D  ( x, y ) ,  ( x, y ) D , ( x, y )

 x  ( x, y ) d   y  ( x, y ) d 
x= D
y= D

  ( x, y ) d    ( x, y ) d 
D D

 xd  yd 
( x, y ) x= D
y= D

 d  d 
D D

②   ( x, y , z ) ,  ( x, y , z )  ( x, y, z )

 x  ( x, y , z )dv  y  ( x, y , z )dv  z  ( x, y , z ) dv

x= 
y= 
z= 

  ( x, y , z )dv   ( x, y , z )dv   ( x, y , z ) dv

  

 xdv  ydv  zdv

( x, y, z ) x= 
y= 
z= 

 dv  dv  dv

  

① D  ( x, y ) ,  ( x, y ) D x y

Ix =  y  ( x, y ) d  Iy =  x  ( x, y ) d 
2 2
Ix , I y
D D

~
 B /

②   ( x, y , z ) ,  ( x, y , z )  x y

Ix =  ( y + z 2 )  ( x, y , z ) dv
2
z Ix , I y Iz


Iy =  ( x + z 2 )  ( x, y , z ) dv Iz =  ( x + y 2 )  ( x, y , z ) dv
2 2

 

4 /

S ( x, y )  ( x, y)  M 0 ( x0 , y0 )

m0  ( x, y) S F = {Fx , Fy }

Gm0  ( x, y )( x − x0 )
Fx =  3
d
S
[( x − x0 ) + ( y − y0 ) ]
2 2 2

Gm0  ( x, y )( y − y0 )
Fy =  3
d
S
[( x − x0 ) + ( y − y0 ) ]
2 2 2

 ( x, y , z )  ( x, y , z )  M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

m0  ( x, y , z )  F =  Fx , Fy , Fz 

Gm0  ( x, y , z )( x − x0 )
Fx =  3
dv

[( x − x0 ) + ( y − y0 ) + ( z − z0 ) ]
2 2 2 2

Gm0  ( x, y , z )( x − x0 )
Fy =  3
dv

[( x − x0 ) + ( y − y0 ) + ( z − z0 ) ]
2 2 2 2

Gm0  ( x, y , z )( x − x0 )
Fz =  3
dv

[( x − x0 ) + ( y − y0 ) + ( z − z0 ) ]
2 2 2 2

41

① C (Q) = C 0 + C1 (Q )

② R(Q) = PQ

③ L(Q) = R(Q) − C (Q)

① C (Q ) R(Q) L(Q)

~
 B /

1 /

Q / Q P
ed = = −Q ( P )
P / P Q( P)

Q / Q P
es = = Q ( P )
P / P Q(P)

~
 B /

1 Aij = (−1)i + j M ij

n  A , (i = j )
2 a ik A jk = ai1 A j1 + ai 2 A j 2 + + ain A jn = 
k =1  0, (i  j )

n
 A , (i = j )
a ki Akj = a1i A1 j + a2 i A2 j + + ani Anj = 
k =1  0, (i  j )

a11 a12
1 = a11a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

a11 0 0 a11 a12 a1n a11 0 0

0 a22 0 0 a22 a2 n a21 a22 0
2 = = = a11a22 ann

0 0 ann 0 0 ann a n1 an 2 ann

0 1 0 1   1
2 2   2 n ( n −1)
3 = = = ( −1) 2
12 n
n 0 n   n 0

1 1 1
a1 a2 an
4 =  ( ai − a j )
1 j  i  n

a1n −1 a2n −1 ann −1

kA = k n | A | AT = | A| AB = | A || B |

A k = | A |k A* = | A |n −1

6 A m B n

A O A C A O
= = = A B
C B O B O B

~
 B /

O A C A O A
= = = (−1)mn Am Bn
B C B O B O

7 A B A= B

8 i , i = 1, 2, ,n A A = 12 n .

 A11 A21 An1 

 
1 A =
*  A12 A22 An 2 
 
 
 A1n A2 n Ann 

2 A* A = | A | E

1 A B AB = BA = E

n A  n B AB = E BA = E .

 A 0

 r ( A) = n

 A

 Ax = 0
 b Ax = b
 A 0

3
−1 −1
A   A −1   A  B −1 
  =     =  −1 
 B  B −1  B  A 

1 ( AB )T = B T AT ( AB )* = B * A* ( AB ) −1 = B −1 A −1

~
 B /

2 ( A* )T = ( AT )* ( A* ) − 1 = ( A − 1 ) * ( AT ) −1 = ( A −1 )T
1 −1
3 ( kA)T = kAT ( kA)* = k n −1 A* ( kA) −1 = A
k

 A, B同型
1 A B  
 r ( A) = r ( B )
1
2 Eij −1 = E ij E i − 1 ( k ) = Ei ( ) Eij −1 (k ) = Eij ( − k ) .
k
3 Eij = −1 Ei (k ) = k Eij ( k ) = 1 .

1
(E )
* *
 Ei (k )
*
4 ij = − Eij = kEi ( )  Eij ( k )  = Eij ( − k ) .
k
5 Eij T = E ij E i T ( k ) = Ei ( k ) Eij T (k ) = E ji ( k ) .

1 0 r ( Am n ) min m,n .

2 A AT r ( A) = r ( AT ) = r ( AAT ) = r ( kA) (k  0) .

3 r ( A + B) r ( A) + r ( B) .

4 max{r ( A), r ( B)} r ( A, B) r ( A) + r ( B) .

5 r ( AB) min r ( A), r ( B ) .

6 A r ( AB) = r ( B ) , r ( BA) = r ( B ) .

7 Amn Bns = O r ( A) + r ( B) n .

 n , r ( A) = n

8 A n r ( A ) = 1, r ( A) = n − 1 .


 0, r ( A)  n − 1


 A 
9 r ( A, AB) = r ( A) r  = r ( A)
 BA 

~
 B /

A C  P M  AP + CQ AM + CN 
  =  
B D Q N  BP + DQ BM + DN 

 1T 
 
( 1  2  3 )   2T  =  1 1 +  2  2 +
T T
 n  nT
T 
 3 
T
A D
   AT BT CT 
2
B E =  T 
C D ET FT 
 F 

9 /

1 1 ,  2 , , m

 0 k1 , k 2 ,...k m k11 + k 2 2 + ... + k m m = 0

  i (i = 1, 2, , m) m −1

 r (1 ,  2 , , m )  m

 x1 
 
x2
 ( 1 ,  2 , , m )   = 0
 
 
 xm 

n n  1 ,  2 , , n = 0 .

2 1 ,  2 , , m

 k1 , k 2 ,...k m 0 k11 + k 2 2 + ... + k m m = 0

  i (i = 1, 2, , m) m −1

 r (1 ,  2 , , m ) = m

~
 B /

 x1 
 
x2
 ( 1 ,  2 , , m )   = 0
 
 
 xm 

n n  1 ,  2 , , n  0 .

10

1  1 ,  2 , , m

 k1 , k 2 ,...k m  = k11 + k 2 2 + ... + k m m

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) = r (1 ,  2 , , m ,  )

 x1 
 
x2
 ( 1 ,  2 , , m )   = 
 
 
 xm 

2 1 ,  2 , , s 1 ,  2 , , m

 i 1 ,  2 , , m

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) = r (1 ,  2 , ,  m , 1 ,  2 , , s )

 (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) X = ( 1 ,  2 , , s )

3 1 ,  2 , , s 1 ,  2 , , m

 1 ,  2 , , s 1 ,  2 , , m

 r (1 ,  2 , ,  m ) = r ( 1 ,  2 , ,  s ) = r (1 ,  2 , ,  m , 1 ,  2 , , s )

11

n 1 ,  2 , , n 1 ,  2 , , n 1 ,  2 , , n

P = (1 ,  2 , , n ) ( 1 ,  2 , , n )
−1
1 ,  2 , , n

~
 B /

( y1 , y2 ,..., yn )T 1 ,  2 , , n ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )T

( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n )T = (1 ,  2 , ,  n ) ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )T

12

A mn A = (1 ,  2 , , n )

1 Ax = 0  1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A) = n

A n Ax = 0  | A | 0

2 Ax = 0  1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A)  n

A n Ax = 0  | A |= 0

13

r ( A) = r , A mn

1 Ax = 0 x = k11 + k 2 2 + + k s s

① Ax = 0 ② 1 ,  2 , ,s ③ s = n − r ( A)

14

A mn A = (1 ,  2 , , n )  = (b1 , b2 ,..., bn )T

1 Ax =    1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A)  r ( A,  )

2 Ax =    1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A) = r ( A,  )  n

3 Ax =    1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A) = r ( A,  ) = n

A n | A | 0  Ax = 

A n | A |= 0  Ax = 

~
 B /

15

r ( A) = r , A mn Ax = 

1 Ax =  x =  * + k11 + k 2 2 + + k s s

2 Ax =  n − r ( A) + 1

16

1 1 ,  2 Ax = b 1 −  2 Ax = 0

2 1 ,  2 Ax = 0 k11 + k 2 2 Ax = 0

3  Ax = b  Ax = 0  + Ax = b .

17

A mn A = (1 ,  2 , , n ) B ml B = ( 1 ,  2 , , l )

1 Ax = B  B 1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A)  r ( A, B)

2 Ax = B  B 1 ,  2 , , n  r ( A) = r ( A, B)

A n | A | 0  Ax = B

A n | A |= 0  Ax = B

18

 A
1 Ax = 0 Bx = 0  r ( A) = r  
B

 A
2 Ax = 0 Bx = 0  r  n n A B
B

 A
3 Ax = 0 Bx = 0  r ( A) = r ( B ) = r  
B

~
 B /

19

1 tr ( A) = 1 + 2 + n = a11 + a22 + + ann A = 12 n

2 A n i A m i m.

3 n A  A  

A A + kE kA Ak f ( A) A −1 A* AT P −1 AP

1 A
 +k k k f ( )  
 

       P −1

20

1 A~ B

① r ( A) = r ( B )

n n
② A, B A= B trA =  aii =  bii = trB
i =1 i =1

③ r ( E − A) = r ( E − B)

 A n

 A i i ri

 r ( i E − A ) = n − ri

21

① 

②  

③ n 

~
 B /

2 Q Q T = Q −1

3 1 ,  2 ,  3

1 =  1

[ 2 , 1 ]
2 = 2 − 1
[ 1 ,  1 ]

[ 3 , 1 ] [ 3 ,  2 ]
 2 = 3 − 1 − 2
[ 1 , 1 ] [2 , 2 ]

22  A B

23 /

 x0 f = x T Ax  0

 A

 A 0

~
 B /

① A B A+ B

② A B AB

③ A B / A B = 

④ A B A− B

⑤ A / A

① A B = B  A A B = B A

② A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  C A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  C

③ A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C ) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C )

④ A B = A B , A B = A B

1 A   P( A)  0

2 P() = 1, P() = 0

3 A1 , A2 , , An i  j , Ai A j =  , i , j = 1, 2, ,n

P ( A1  A2  An ) = P ( A1 ) + P ( A2 ) + + P ( An ) .

4 A P ( A) = 1 − P( A)

5 P( B − A) = P( B) − P( AB)

6 P( A + B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( AB)

P( A  B  C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) − P( AB) − P( BC ) − P( AC ) + P( ABC )

~
 B /

P ( AB )
1 A, B P( A)  0 P ( B A) =
P ( A)

① 0  P ( B | A)  1

② P( | A) = 1

③ P ( A | B ) = 1 − P( A | B)

④ P ( A1 + A2 ) | B = P ( A1 | B ) + P ( A2 | B ) − P ( A1 A2 | B )

⑤ : P( A)  0, P( AB) = P ( B A) P ( A)

1 A, B  P( AB) = P( A) P( B)

2 A, B  P ( B | A) = P( B)  P ( B | A) = P( B)

 P ( AB ) = P ( A) P ( B )

A, B, C   P ( AC ) = P ( A) P (C )
 P ( BC ) = P ( B ) P (C )


 P ( AB ) = P ( A) P ( B )
 P ( AC ) = P ( A) P (C )

A, B, C  
 P ( BC ) = P ( B ) P (C )

 P ( ABC ) = P ( A) P ( B ) P (C )

n
A1 , A2 , , An P ( Ai )  0, i = 1, 2, ,n P( B) =  P ( A ) P ( B A ).
i i
i =1

A1 , A2 , , An P ( B )  0, P ( Ai )  0, i = 1, 2, ,n

~
 B /

P ( Ai ) P ( B Ai )
i = 1, 2, , n.
P ( Ai B ) = n

 P( A ) P( B A )
i i
i =1

1 F ( x) X F ( x) = P{ X  x} (−  x  +)

① 0  F ( x)  1

② F ( −) = xlim F ( x ) = 0 ， F (+) = lim F ( x ) = 1

→− x →+

③ F ( x0+ ) = F ( x0 )

3 X ~ F ( x)

① P{ X  a} = F (a)

② P{ X  a} = 1 − P{ X  a} = 1 − F (a)

−
③ P{ X  a} = F ( a ) = xlim
→a
F ( x) −

−
④ P{ X  a} = 1 − F ( a )

−
⑤ P{ X = a} = P{ X  a} − P{ X  a} = F ( a ) − F ( a )

⑥ P a  X  b = P  X  b − P  X  a = F (b) − F (a )

⑦ P a  X  b = P  X  b − P  X  a = F (b ) − F (a )
−

⑧ P a  X  b = P  X  b − P  X  a = F (b) − F (a )
−

⑨ P a  X  b = P  X  b − P  X  a = F (b ) − F (a )
− −

1 X F (x ) f ( x)  0 (−  x  +)

~
 B /

x
x F ( x) = P{ X  x} =  f (t ) dt f (x ) X
−

① f ( x)  0 −  x  +

+
②  −
f ( x ) dx = 1

b
③ P{a  X  b} = a
f ( x ) dx

④ X x  R P  X = x = 0.

 0, xa
 x−a

X ~ U ( a， b ) X F ( x) =  , a xb
 b − a
 1, xb

1 − e −  x , x  0,
① X ~ E ( ) X F ( x) =  (  0).
0, x  0,

② X ~ E ( ) s  0, t  0, P{ X  s + t X  s} = e − t

① X ~ N ( , 2 ) x=

x2
1 −
② X ~ N (0，
1) f ( x) = e 2
( −  x  + )
2

 ( x)  ( x) x=0

③ a  (a)  (−a)  (a) +  (−a) = 1

X −
④ X ~ N ( , 2 )  ~ N (0,1)

X2 −  X1 − 
⑤ X ~ N (  ,  2 )  P{ X 1  X  X 2 } =  ( ) − ( )
 

~
 B /

P ( X = k ) = p k q1− k , k = 0,1
0-1 X ~ B(1, p) p pq
0  p 1 p + q =1
P( X = k ) = C nk p k q n − k , k = 0,1,2,  , n
X ~ B(n, p) np npq
0  p 1 p + q =1

X ~ P ( ) k  
P( X = k ) = e −  , k = 0,1, 2,  ,   0
k!

P ( X = k ) = (1 − p ) k −1 p , 1 1− p
X ~ G (n, p)
k = 1, 2,  ,0  p  1 p p2

( x −  )2
1 −

X ~ N ( , )
2
f ( x) = e 2 2
,   0, −   x  + 2
2 

 1
b − a , a xb
 a+b (b − a ) 2
X ~ U ( a, b)  ( x) = 
 2 12

 0, 其他

 e −  x , x0 1 1
X ~ E ( )  ( x) =  , (  0
 0, x0  2

10

x、y F ( x, y ) = P{ X  x, Y  y} ( X， Y )

① x, y  R F ( x, y )  0

② F (−, y ) = xlim F ( x, y ) = 0， F ( x, −) = ylim F ( x, y ) = 0

→− → −

lim F ( x, y ) = 0, lim F ( x, y ) = 1.
F (−, −) = x →− F (+, +) = x →+
y →− y →+

③ F ( x, y ) x y

④ F ( x, y ) x y F ( x, y ) = F ( x + , y ) , F ( x, y ) = F ( x, y + )

FX ( x ) = ylim
→+
F ( x, y ) FY ( y ) = xlim
→+
F ( x, y )

~
 B /

F ( x, y ) F ( x, y )
FX Y ( x y ) = FY X ( y x ) =
FY ( y ) FX ( y )

4 X,Y  F ( x, y ) = FX ( x )  FY ( y )

11

1 ( X ,Y ) F ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) x、y

x y
F ( x, y) =   f (u , v ) dudv f ( x, y ) ( X ,Y ) .
− −

① f ( x, y )  0

+ +
②  
− −
f ( x, y )dxdy = 1

③ ( x, y ) D P ( X , Y )  D =  f ( x, y )d
D

 2 F ( x, y )
④ f ( x, y ) ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) =
x y

3
+ +
f X ( x) =  −
f ( x, y ) dy fY ( y ) = −
f ( x, y ) dx

f ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
f X Y ( x y) = fY X ( y x ) =
fY ( y ) f X ( x)

4 X,Y  f ( x, y ) = f X ( x )  fY ( y )

12

 1
 , ( x, y )  G
G G f ( x, y ) =  G .
 0, ( x, y )  G

2

~
 B /

( X， Y ) 1 ,  2 ,  1 ,  2 

① ( X , Y ) ~ N ( 1 ,  2 ;  1 ,  2 ;  )
2 2

② X ~ N ( 1 ,  1 ) Y ~ N (2 , 2 )
2 2

③ X Y  =0

④ X Y

X Y k1 X + k 2Y ~ N ( k1 1 + k 2  2 , k12 12 + k 22 22 )

X Y k1 X + k 2Y ~ N ( k1 1 + k 2  2 , k12 12 + k 22 22 + 2 k1k 2  1 2 )

13

X1, , Xn FX 1 ( x1 ), FX 2 ( x2 ), , FX n ( xn ) M = max  X i 
1 i  n

N = min  X i 
1 i  n
.

FM ( z ) = P max( X 1 , X 2 , , X n )  z = P  X 1  z , X 2  z , , X n  z

= P  X 1  z P  X 2  z P  X n  z = FX1 ( z ) FX 2 ( z ) FX n ( z ) .

FN ( z ) = P min( X 1 , X 2 , , X n )  z = 1 − P min( X 1 , X 2 , , X n )  z

= 1 − P  X 1  z, X 2  z, , X n  z = 1 − P  X 1  z P  X 2  z P  X n  z

= 1 − 1 − FX1 ( z )  1 − FX 2 ( z )  1 − FX ( z )  .

 n 

14

n
① EX = x p i i
i =1

+
② EX =  −
xf ( x ) dx

n
① X P( X = xi ) = Pi Y = g ( x) E (Y ) =  g ( xi ) pi
i =1

~
 B /

+
② X f ( x) Y = g ( x) E (Y ) = −
g ( x ) f ( x ) dx

3 Z = g ( X ,Y )

+ +
( X ,Y ) f ( x, y ) E (Z ) =  
− −
g ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) dxdy
+ + + +
EX =  
− −
xf ( x, y ) dxdy E (Y ) =  
− −
yf ( x, y ) dxdy

① E (C ) = C C

② E (CX ) = CE ( X )

③ E( X + C) = E( X ) + C

④ E ( X  Y ) = E ( X )  E (Y )

⑤ X Y E ( XY ) = E ( X ) E (Y )

15

DX = E[ X − EX ] = E ( X ) −  E ( X ) 
2 2 2
1

① D (C ) = 0 C

② D( X + C ) = D ( X )
2
③ D(CX ) = C D ( X )

④ D( X  Y ) = D( X ) + D(Y )  2Cov( X , Y )

X Y D( X  Y ) = D( X ) + D(Y )

16

1 Cov( X , Y ) = E ( XY ) − E ( X ) E (Y )

① Cov( X , X ) = D ( X )

② Cov( X , C ) = 0

③ Cov(aX , bY ) = abCov( X , Y )

~
 B /

④ Cov ( X 1  X 2 , Y ) = Cov ( X 1 , Y )  Cov ( X 2 , Y )

⑤ Cov ( aX 1 + bX 2 , cY1 + dY2 ) =

acCov ( X 1 , Y1 ) + adCov ( X 1 , Y2 ) + bcCov ( X 2 , Y1 ) + bdCov ( X 2 , Y2 )

⑥ X ,Y Cov( X , Y ) = 0

17

Cov ( X , Y )
1  XY =
D ( X ) D (Y )

① −1   XY  1  XX = 1

② X ,Y  XY = 0

③  XY = 1  Y = kX + b, k  0  XY = −1  Y = kX + b, k  0

④  XY = 0  X , Y  Cov( X , Y ) = 0  D( X + Y ) = DX + DY

 E ( XY ) = E ( X ) E (Y )

18

X  2  0

2
P{ X −    }  .
2

19

X 1 , X 2 , ... E ( X i ) =  , D( X i ) =  2 i = 1，，
2 ， n

X i − n
~ N (0,1) .
i =1

n

20

~
 B /

1 n 1 n
1 X =  Xi
n i =1
S = 2
 ( X i − X )2
n − 1 i =1

1 n 1 n
k Ak = 
n i =1
X ik , k = 1, 2,... k Bk = 
n i =1
( X ik − X ) k , k = 1, 2,...

2
EX =  DX = ES 2 = DX =  2
n

21

1 2

Y = X1 + X 2 + + X n2
2 2
X 1 , X 2 ,.. X n N (0,1) n

2 Y ~  (n) .
2

① E[  ( n )] = n D[  2 ( n)] = 2n
2

② 12 ~  2 ( n1 ),  22 ~  2 ( n2 )  12  22 , 12 +  22 ~  2 ( n1 + n2 )

X 2 ~  (1)
2
③ X ~ N (0,1)

④   2 ( n )  12− ( n )

2 t

X
X ,Y X N (0,1) Y  2 (n) ~ t ( n)
Y /n

① T ~ t ( n) T y

②  t ( n)

3 F

X / n1
X,Y X ~  2 ( n1 ), Y ~  2 ( n2 ) ~ F ( n1 , n2 )
Y / n2

~
 B /

1
① F ~ F ( n1 , n2 ) ~ F ( n2 , n1 )
F
1
② F1− ( n1 , n2 ) =
F ( n2 , n1 )

22

X N ( , 2 ) X 1 , X 2 ,.. X n X X S2

2 X −
① X ~ N ( , ) U = ~ N (0,1)
n / n

( n − 1) S 2 2 4
~  ( n − 1)  D ( S ) =
2 2
② X S2
2 n −1

X −
③ ~t (n − 1)
S/ n

n
1
 (X −  )2 ~  (n)
2
④ i
2 i =1

23

1 n 1 n
EX =  Xi
n i =1
EX =  X i
2
n i =1
2

① P{ X = ai } = p ( ai ; ) i = 1, 2,... L( ) =  p ( x ; )
i
i =1

② f ( x; ) L( ) =  f ( x ; ) i
i =1

①    E (ˆ ) = 

② ˆ1 ˆ2 E (1 ) = 1 , E ( 2 ) =  2 D(ˆ1 )  D(ˆ2 ) ˆ1 ˆ2 .

~
 B /

24

 (0    1) 1 ,  2 P{1     2 } = 1 − 

(1 ,  2 )  1−

1−

 
2 (X − U  2 , X + U 2 )
n n

S S
2 (X − t 2 ( n − 1) , X + t 2 ( n − 1) )
n n

( n − 1) S 2 ( n − 1) S 2
( , )
 2
2 2 ( n − 1)  2  ( n − 1)
1−
2

H0

H0