Jungheinrich Diagnostic Tool Judit v4.37.001 01.

2023

Jungheinrich Diagnostic Tool Judit

v4.37.001 01.2023
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2023/

**Jungheinrich JETI Judit ForkLift v4.37.001 01.2023 Diagnostic Software ** Size:

1.25 GB (Winrar files, you will receive full after downloading and extracting) Type
of program: Diagnostic Software Type of vehicle: Forklift Interface Languages: EN,
CS, DE, DA, ES, FR, IT, HU, EL, EN, FI, NO, NL, PT, PL, RU, CN, US, TR, SL, SV
Database Diagnostic Language: Only EN Version: v4.37.001 OS: Windows 7,
Windows 10 32 & 64bit (Tested on window 10 pro-1607 version) Year: 01.2023
How To Install: Present Supporter: Present If you want to fix these projects, please
contact us, they will have another price. **JUDIT: FIX ETV PROJECT DATA =>
Contact US** JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETV C 20 (US) <\--> 03.2022 -- ET 2022
Project JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETV C 20 (CN) <\--> 03.2022 -- ET 2022 Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETV MB 214/216 <\--> 03.2023 -- ETVn TU 23 Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETV MC 320 <\--> 03.2023 -- ETVn TU 23 Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ERD 220i (Co) <\--> 06.2021 -- ERDi 2021 Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ERE 225i(Co) <\--> 102021-- ERDi 2021 Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ERE 225i(US) (Co) <\--> 10.2021 -- ERDI 2021 Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EFX41OI413SIFI <\--> 07.2002--042013 EFX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EFX413I <\--> 07.2002--042013 EFX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EFX8c loo IF <\--> 07.2002 --09.2004 EFX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EFXoc100SF <—> 07.2002—09.2004 EFX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT 125 IF <\--> 07.2002 -- 09.2004 EFX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EFX6c 125 SF <—> 07.2002 — 09.2004 EFX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EKS 308 F/S/I <\--> 012006-- 12.2009 KMS Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EKS31OkZS/F <—> 12.1998—122009 KMS Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EKS314 F/SI) <—> 04.2005--032010 KMS Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EKS5131515K/ISIFIZG <\--> 082004--102006 ETX K
Project JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EKX41O c--> 07.2003-- ETX K Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT EKX513/515KS!FI <\--> 022004--06.2007 ETX K Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETX513/515SIFIIS* <\--> 102004 --08.2011 ETX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETXAC 125 <\--> 012001 —092004 ETX Project

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JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETXAC 1251F <\--> 01.2001 --09.2004 ETX Project
JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETXAC 150 /AC 150 KI-1 <\--> 01.2001 --09.2004 ETX
Project JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ETXAC15OSX <\--> 01.2001--092004 ETX
Project JUNGHEINRICH JUDIT ELH24XX <\--> 01.2020-- ELH 24XX Project The
projects Are Working: JUMIOR 2SF2200(Co) <—> 032009—03.2010 EMC 110
BiO 2014 2SS2200 (Co) <\--> 03.2009 -- 03.201 0 EMC 110 BiO 2014
2WP4500(Co) <\--> 09.2007--O1.2010 EJE lxx 2007 2WP6000(Co) <\-->
08.2007--012010 EJE 2xx 2007 ECC1O <\--> 04.1998--012003 ECEdc 97 NP
ECC 1OAC <\--> 02.2003 -- 03.2004 ECEc 01 NP ECCSH2O <\-->
04.1998--102002 ECEdc 97 NP ECC SH 20 AC <—> 11.2002 -- 03.2004 ECEac
01 NP ECC SH 20 AC + ECE 320 <—> 11.2002-- 07.2009 ECC ECE 02 04 NP
T167 ECD22O(Co) <\--> 11.2012-- ECE 2xx 3xx 2011 ECD 320 (Co) <—>
O&2016-- ECE 3xx 2015 ECE116 <\--> 04.2004--07.2006 ECE 116 ECE118 <\-->
12.2006--032010 ECE 118 ECE118(Co) <\--> 04.2010--02.2014 ERE 120 2007
ECE118(Co) <\--> 04.2013-- ERE 120 2012 ECE2O -TC <\--> 07.1999-- 03.2003
ECEdc 97 NP ECE2OAC <\--> 07.2001 --03.2004 ECEac 01 NP ECE2OAC + ECE
220 + EZS 130 <\--> 07.2001— ECE EZS 01 04 NP T163 ECE2OAC +
ECE22O/310 + EZS3301350 <\--> 07.2001 -- ECC ECE EZS 01 04 NP T164 ECE
20 AC XL <\--> 06.2002 -- 03.2004 ECEc 01 NP ECE 20 ASDA/SAFEWAY <\-->
03.2000-- 09.2002 ECEdc 97 NP ECE2Ohebb&eStndpIttform; <\--> 091997--
12.2002 ECEdc 97 NP ECE 20 HP AC <\--> 12.2002-- 03.2004 ECE 20 AC HP
ECE2O Serie/Tesco <\--> 04.1998 --02.2000 ECEdc 97 NP ECE 20 Tesco <\-->
03.2000 -- 09.2002 ECEdc 97 NP ECE22OHPAC <\--> 04.2004-- 11.2007 ECE
220 3x0 ECE 220 XL <\--> 042004-- 03.2008 ECE 220 3x0 ECE2201225 <\-->
12.2006-- 07.2009 ECE 220 3x0 ECE 220i225 + ECE 225 HP <\--> 12.2006 --
ECE 07 NP T168 ECE 220/225 (Ca) <—> 08.2009 — 07.2011 ECE 2xx 3xx 2009
ECE22O/225 (Ca) <\--> 082011— ECE 2xx 3xx 2011 ECE22O/225 (Co) <\-->
05.2015-- ECE 2xx 2015 ECE22O/225(US)(Co) <\--> 012014-- ECE 2xx 3xx 2011
ECE22O/225 (US)(Co) <\--> 05.2015-- ECE 2xx 2015 ECE 220-ac <\--> 04.2004 --
04.2007 ECE 220 3x0 ECE225HP <\--> 12.2007--102011 ECE 225 HP
ECE225HP(Co) <\--> 11.2011 -- ECE 2xx 3xx 2011 ECE 225 HP (Co) <—>
08.2009 -- ECE 2xx 3xx 2009 ECE 225 HP ! HP-U (Co) <—> 05.2015 -- ECE 2xx
2015 ECE 225 HP I HP-U (US) (Co) <\--> 05.2015 -- ECE 2xx 2015 ECE225XL
<\--> 12.2007—12.2008 ECE 220 3x0 ECE225XL(Co) <\--> 012009--07.2011 ECE
2xx 3xx 2009 ECE 225 XL (Co) <\--> 08.2011 -- ECE 2xx 3xx 2011 ECE23O(Co)
<\--> 092017-- ECE 2xx 2015 ECE31O <\--> 04.2004--122007 ECE 220 3x0
ECE31O <\--> 01.2008—10.2011 ECE 220 3x0 ECE31O(Co) <—> 11.2011- ECE
2xx 3xx 2011 ECE 310 (Co) <\--> 08.2009-- ECE 2xx 3xx 2009 ECE31O/320(Co)
<—> 08.2015— ECE 3xx 2015 ECE3101320 (US) (Co) <\--> 08.2015-- ECE 3xx
2015 ECE 310/320 HP/HP-U (Co) <\--> 08.2015-- ECE 3xx 2015 ECE31O/320
HP/HP-LJ(US)(Co) C-> 082015-- ECE 3xx 2015 ECE32O <\--> 04.2004--12.2009
ECE 220 3x0 ECE32O <\--> 0L2008--072009 ECE 220 3x0 ECE 320 (Co) <\-->
082009-- 10.2011 ECE 2xx 3xx 2009 ECE32O(Co) <\--> 11.2011-- ECE 2xx 3xx
2011 ECR 327/ 336 <—> 06.2005 --02.2012 ECR 327 336 EJB14/16 <\-->
05.1999-- EJC 14 16 EJB25/35 (MMC) <\--> 081999 —092006 EJC 14 16
EJC11O/112 <\--> 12.2004--082007 EJC 110 112 EJC11O/112 <\-->
082007--102007 EJC 110 112 EJC11O/112(Co) <\--> 09.2007--082012 EJC lxx
2007 EJC 110/112 (Co) <\--> 08.2007 —10.2007 EJC lxx 2007
EJC11O/112(Qinqpu) <\--> 09.2006--062008 EJC 110 112
EJC11O/112(Qinqpu)(Co) <\--> 07.2008--092009 EJC lxx 2007
EJC11O/1121212(Co) <\--> 08.2012-- EJC lxx B12 2012 EJC11O/1121212(Co)
<—> 03.2018— EJC lxx B12 2018 EJC11OnI112n(Co) <\--> 10.2009-- EJC lxx
2007 EJCllOriÍll2n(NICHIYU)(Co) <—> 01.2011— EJC lxx 2007 EJC112RK(Co)
<\--> 092012-- EJC lxx 512 2012 EJC112z(Co) <-> 06.2016--12.2021 EJC 112z
2016 EJC112z(Co) <\--> 012022- EJC 2xx 2019 EJC14I16 <\--> 061998--022006
EJC 14 16 EJC 20125 c--> 06.1998-- 03.2005 EJC 14 16 EJC20125 <\-->
042005--122016 EJC 14 16 EJC212(Co) <\--> 08.2012-- EJC lxx 512 2012
EJC21212141216(Co) <—> 06.2008—08.2012 EJC 2xx 2008 EJC
212/214/216/220 -zí-b (Co) <\--> 06.2019 -- EJC 2xx 2019
EJC212/214/2161220-zJ-b(US)(Co) <—> 062019-- EJC 2zoc 2019 EJC212-216
<\--> 012006--082012 EJC 21x EJC212zÍ214zJ216z(Co) <\--> 122010-- BiC 2xxz
2010 EJC212z/214z/216z(Co) <\--> 012014-- EJC 2xx 2xxz Sn 2013
EJC214/216(BR)(Co) <\--> 03.2013-- EJC 2xx Sn 2011 EJC2141216(Co) C-->
04.2011-- EJC 2xx Sn 2011 EJC214/216(Co) <\--> 01.2014-- EJC 2xx 2xxz Sn
2013 EJC214/216(US)(Co) C--> 12.2011-- EJC 2xx Sn 2011 EJC22O <—>
08.2006--08.2012 EJC 220 NP EJC22O <\--> 09.2012-- EJC 220 NP EJCB12(Co)
<\--> 03.2018-- EJC 1oc B12 2018 EJCB12/814/B16(Co) c--> 04.2011-- EJC Bxx
NP EJC B121814/B16(US)(Co) <\--> 04.2011-- EJC Bxx NP EJC B141816 <\--‘
05.2005 -- 06.2011 EJC 14 16 EJCB14/816(US) <\--> 112006-- EJC 14 16
EJC8251835 <\--> 05.2005--112006 EJC 14 16 EJCZ14ÍZ16 <\--> 052005--
12.2007 EJC 14 16 EJC-Z14/16 <\--> 011999--042005 EJC 14 16 EJD118(Co)
<—> 10.2015— EJD 118 2015 EJD 120 (Co) <\--> 082020 -- EJD 220 2019
EJD2O-3 <—> 061998—072005 EJD 20 3 EJD 20-3 XL <\--> 052005 -- 05.2011
EJD 20 3 EJD22O <—> 062005--032010 EJD 20 3 EJD22O(Co) <\-->
012010--032020 EJD 220 2010 EJD222 (Co) <\--> 042020-- EJD 220 2019
EJDK18 <\--> 05.2005--052008 EJE lxx C20 EJD K18 (Co) <—> 062008 -- EJE lxx
2007 EJE112i(Co) <\--> 112011 --062014 EJE 112i 2014 EJE112i/114i(Co) <—>
08.2014— EJE 112i 2014 EJE 114/116/1181120(Co) <\--> 022018-- EJE lxx C20
2018 EJE 114/116/118/120 (US) (Co) <\--> 022018-- EJE lxx C20 2018
EJE116!118/120 <\--> 092003--10.2007 EJE lxx C20 EJE 116/118/120 (Co) <—>
04.2007-- EJE lxx 2007 EJE 116/1181120(US)(Co) <\--> 09.2007-- EJE lxx 2007
EJE 116/120 (Qinqpu) <\--> 09.2006 --09.2007 EJE lxx C20 EJE
116/120(Qingpu)(Co) C--> 102007--082009 EJE lxx 2007 EJE116nI12On(Co)
<\--> 09.2009-- EJE lxx 2007 EJE116nI12On(NICI-IIYU)(Co) <\--> 01.2011-- EJE
lxx 2007 EJE 120 (CAT)(US)(Co) <—> 02.2018— EJE lxx 020 2018
EJE12O(MIT)(US)(Co) <\--> 02.2018-- EJE lxx C20 2018 EJE 20/22/25 +EJE-R
20/22 <\--> 08.1999 —09.2003 EJE 20 25 EJE22O/22212251220r/222r <\-->
092003-- 112007 EJE 20 25 EJE 220/225 (Co) <\--> 05.2007-- EJE 2xx 2007
EJE22O/225(US)(Co) <\--> 082007-- EJE 2xx 2007 EJE22O/225(Co) <\-->
08.2018-- EJE 2xx 2018 EJE22Or/222r <\--> 05.2006-- EJE 20 25 EJE
220r/225r(Co) <—> 05.2015— EJE 2xx 2007 EJE 225 (US) c--> 05.2005
--10.2007 EJE 20 25 EJE 230 (Co) <—> 04.2013— EJE 2oc 2007 EJE 235 (Co)
<\--> 052008 -- EJE 2xx 2007 EJE 260 (MMC) <—> 092003-- 092006 EJE 20 25
EJE3O <\--> 06.2005--042008 EJE 20 25 EJE6O (MMC) <\--> 011999 --03.2008
EJE 20 25 EJE6O(US) (--> 01.1999--04.2005 EJE 20 25 EJE BR1 (Co) <\-->
042007 -- EJE 1 07 14 NP EJE C20 <\--> 072003 -- 12.2007 EJE lxx C20 EJE C20
(Co) <\--> 10.2007 -- EJE lxx 2007 EJE C20 (Co) <\--> 07.2018 -- EJE lxx C20
2018 EJEKMS16 <—> 01.2000—02.2004 ECE 116 EJE-R20122 <\--> 08.1999
--09.2003 EJE 20 25 EJGO6-10(PR) <\--> 011998--042005 EJD 20 3
EJR12On(Co) <\--> 022014--012018 EJE lxx 2007 EJZ3OF <—> 122005--082007
ECE 116 EKC12,5116 <\--> 01.2000--042004 EKC EKD EKC2O <\-->
052004--122004 EKC EKD EKC-Z <\--> 05.2004 -- 122004 EKC EKD
EKC-Z12,5116 <\--> 01.2000--042004 EKC EKD EKD1O-20 <\--> 012000--092003
EKC EKO EKD2O <—> 10.2003--12.2004 EKC EKO EKE2O24V <\-->
08.1997--052003 EKE 20 EKE2Ob <\--> 092002--122004 EKE 20 EKE 20 s <\-->
08.2003 -- 12.2004 EKE 20 EKE 20/30 1 Motor <\--> 062004 --052005 ET 10 12
EKE2O/3048V <\--> 11.1997--05.2004 ET 10 12 EKE3O48V <\-->
01.2003--122004 EKE 30 2 EKE 3048V! ESE 5xx <\--> 012003 EKE 30 2 ESE 5xx
NP EMC 110 (Co) <\--> 03.2009-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC 110 (US) (Co) <\-->
032009 -- EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC11ORK(Co) <—> 01.2011-- EMC 110 BiO
2014 EMC 11ORK(Co) <\--> 01.2015-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC11O/B1O(Co)
<\--> 112014-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC 11OIB1O (US-CAT)(Co) <\-- 112014--
EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC ilO/BlO (US- JH)(Co) <\--> 112014-- EMC 110 BiO 2014
EMC11OJB1O(US-MIT)(Co) <\--> 11.2014-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC BiO (Co)
<—> 03.2009-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 EMC Bi O (US) (Co) <\--> 03.2009 -- EMC 110
BiO 2014 EMD115I(Co) <—> 07.2016— EJD 118 2015 EMD118(Co) <\-->
10.2015-- EJD 118 2015 EMD118i(Co) <—> 08.2020— EJD 220 2019 ERC12-16
<\--> 10.1994--03.2001 ERC 12 14 16 ERC12-16 <\--> 04.2001--032004 ERC 12
14 16 ERC212/214/216 <\--> 04.2O04--042011 ERO 12 14 16
ERC2121214/216(Co) <—> 032011-- ERC 2xx 2011 ERC21212141216(Co) <\-->
122018-- ERO 2oc 2019 ERC212zJ214z/216z(Co) <\--> 02.2011-- ERC 2xx 2011
ERC212zJ214zJ216z(Co) c--> 112018-- ERC 2xx 2019
ERC212zJ214zJ216z(Co)(US) <\--> 11.2018-- ERC 2oc 2019 ERC216z1 <\-->
052019-- ERxI 2019 ERC214!216(US) <\--> 12.2018-- ERC 2xx 2019 ERC215a
(Co)IFTSIAGV1 (--> 11.2012-- ERC 2xx 2011 ERC22O(Co) <\--> 01.2016-- ERC
2xx 2011 ERC22O(Co) <\--> 122018-- ERC 2xx 2019 ERCZ12IZ14IZ16 <—>
04.2004—07.2011 ERC 12 14 16 ERC-Z12/14 <\--> 11.1994--032001 ERC 12 14
16 ERC-Z 12-16 <\--> 04.2001 —03.2004 ERC 12 14 16 ERC214I216i <\-->
082020-- ERxI 2019 ERC214bi/216bi <—> 08.2020-- ERxI 2019 ERD12O/220(Co)
<\--> 11.2017-- ERD 120 220 2018 ERD16-20 <\--> 01.2000--062000 ERD 220
ERD 16-20 <\--> 07.2000 -- 02.2003 ERD 220 ERD 16-20 <\--> 03.2003 -- 102003
ERD 220 ERD 220 <\--> 102003-- 022011 ERD 220 ERD 220 (Co) <—>
06.2010— ERD 220 2010 ERDK18(Co) <\--> 10.2009-- ERE 120 2007 ERE12O
<\--> 09.2005--1OE2007 ERE 120 ERE 120 <\--> 08.2007 --052008 ERE 120 ERE
120 (Co) <\--> 02008-- ERE 120 2007 ERE 120 (Co) <—> 052012--062019 ERE
120 2012 ERE12O(Co) <\--> 072019-- ERE 120 2019 ERE 120 (Qinqpu) <\-->
09,2006 -- 12.2008 ERE 120 ERE 120 (Qinqpu)(Co) (--> 01.2009 --08.2009 ERE
120 2007 ERE 1201125/225 (Co) <—> 102016-- ERE lxx 2xx 2016 ERE
120/125/225 (US)(Co) <\--> 10.2016 -- ERE lxx 2xx 2016 ERE 120n (Co) <\-->
09.2009-- ERE 120 2007 ERE 120n(NICI-IIYU)(Co) <\--> 012011-- ERE 120 2007
ERE125(Co) <\--> 10.2016-- ERE lxx 2xx 2016 ERE 125(US)(Co) <\--> 10.2016--
ERE lxx 2oc 2016 ERE 20 <\--> 11.1998--01 2001 ERE 20 NP
ERE2OfesterAntrieb <\--> 01.2001 --10.2003 ERE 20 NP ERE 20 SAFEWAY <—>
022001 -- 03.2008 ERE 20 NP ERE2OSchm& <\--> 10.1995--121998 ERE 20 NP
ERE22O <—> 10.2003—09.2005 ERE 220 K20 ERE224 <\--> 10.2005--09.2007
ERE 220 K20 ERE 225 (Co) <\--> 092007 - ERE 225 07 12 NP ERE225(Co) <\-->
09.2007--072012 ERE 225 2007 ERE 225 (Co) <\--> 102016-- ERE lxx 2xx 2016
ERE225(Co) <\--> 08.2012-- ERE 225 2012 ERE 225(US)(Co) <\--> 102016-- ERE
lxx 2xx 2016 ERE 225 KP (Co) <\--> 07.2008 -- ERE 225 07 12 NP ERE 225o (Co)
FFTS/AGVI <\--> 07.2013-- ERE 225 2012 ERE K20 <\--> 06.2005 --09.2012 ERE
220 K20 ESC213/216 <\--> 012005—072009 EKC EKD
ESC214/214z/216/218z(Co) <\--> 08.2009-- ESO 2xx 2009 ESC316/316z <—>
11.2007— EKC EKD ESC 316/316z (Co) <\--> 06.2013-- ESO 2xx 2009
ESCZ13IZ16 <—> 012005--072009 EKC EKD ESD 120 <\--> 01.2005-- ESE 20
ESD 120 (Co) <\--> 02.2018-- ESE ESD 120 2018 ESD2O <\--> 11.1999--072003
ESE 20 ESD2O <\--> 08.2003—12.2004 ESE 20 ESD22O <\--> 01.2005--09.2010
EKC EKD ESD 220 (Co) <\--> 10.2010-- ESO 2xx 2009 ESE 120 <\--> 012005--
ESE 20 ESE 120(Co) <—> 12.2017-- ESE ESD 120 2018 ESE 20 <\--> 03.1999
--03.2004 ESE 20 ESE 20 <\--> 04.2004--122004 ESE 20 E5E220 c-->
01.2005--01.2010 EKE 20 ESE 220/320 (Co) <\--> 02.2010-- ESE 220 320 2010
ESE32O <\--> 01.2005--01.2010 EKE 20 ESE 420/430 <—> 05.2005 --07.2009
ESE 420 430 ESE 420/430 <\--> 07.2009 -- ESE 4xx 2009 ESE 420/430 <—>
05.2005— ESE 4xx 05 09 NP ESE53O <\--> 0t2005--032010 EKE 30 2 ESE 533
<\--> 03.2010-- ESE 533 2010 ESE54O <\--> 102016-- ESE 533 2010 PMW23N
<\--> 09.2005--102007 EJE lxx C20 PMW3ON c--> 10.2005 -- 10.2007 EJE 20 25
PMWR3ON/40N <\--> 062005-- ECR 327 336 PMWT15I18N <\--> 10.2005--
062011 EJC 14 16 PW23 (Co) <—> 09.2007 — EJE lxx 2007 PW3O (Co) <\-->
082007 -- EJE 2xx 2007 PWF1 1 (Co) <\--> 032009-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 PWT11
(Co) <\--> 03.2009-- EMC 110 BiO 2014 SS3000/SS3500 <-> 102005 --032010
EJC 14 16 W114116 <\--> 12.2003--04.2008 EJC 14 16 Wl..14/16(BOSS) <—>
051999--112003 EJC 14 16 WI…14116(MIC) <\--> 05.1999--112003 EJC 14 16
WI.14/16(STB) <\--> 05.1999—112003 EJC 14 16 WP4500 <\--> 092005--10.2007
EJE lxx C20 WP6000 <—> 10.2005—10.2007 EJE 20 25 WR6000/8000 c-->
062005 -- 05.2010 ECR 327 336 PWT11(Co) <—> 03.2009-- EMC 110 BiO 2014
SS3000/SS3500 c--> 102005--03.2010 EJC 14 16 WL14/16 <\-->
12.2003--042008 EJC 14 16 WL14!16(BOSS) C--> 05.1999--112003 EJC 14 16
WL14/16(MIC) <\--> 05.1999--112003 EJC 14 16 WL14116(STB) <\-->
05.1999--112003 EJC 14 16 WP4500 <—> 09.2005 -- 10.2007 EJE lxx C20
WP6000 <\--> 10.2005--10.2007 EJE 20 25 WR6000/8000 <\--> 06.2005--05200
ECR 327 336 EFG EFG11O-115 <—> 012004--022006 EFG lxx 2004
EFG11O-115 <\--> 1t20O9--122O16 EFG lxx 2009 EFG 213-220 <—> 082004
—012009 EFG 213 220 MP EFG213-220(Co) <\--> 0&2008--092014 EFG 2xx 3xx
2008 EFG 213- 220(Co) <—> 092014— 12.2016 EFG 2xx 3xx 2008
EFG213-220(Co) <\--> 02.2016-- EFG 2xx 3xx 2015 FG EFG213-220(Co) <—>
05.2015—122016 EFG 2xx 3xx 2008 EFG 213 -220(US)(Co) <\--> 09.2014--
12.2016 EFG 2xx 3xx 2008 EFG216KN <—> 03.2009— EFGn 213 220 MP
EFG216kn HELl <\--> 0t2017-- EFGn 213 220 MP EFG 316-320 <—> 08.2004
--012009 EFG 213 220 MP EFG316-320(Co) <\--> 062008--092014 EFG 2xx 3xx
2008 EFG316-320(Co) <\--> 092014--122016 EFG 2xx 3xx 2008 EFG316-320(Co)
<\--> 022016-- EFG 2xx 3xx 2015 FG EFG316-320(Co) <\--> 052015--122016
EFG 2xx 3xx 2008 EFG316-320(US)(Co) ••> 05.2015--122016 EFG 2xx 3xx 2008
EFG 316N/320N <\--> 032009--01.201 8 EFGn 213 220 MP EFG316nJ32On HELl
<\--> 012017-- EFGn 213 220 MP EFG422-430(Co) <\--> 10.1999--102004 EFG
PE 99 NP EFG422-430(Co) <\--> 11.2004-- 11.2009 EFG 4xx 04 NP
EFG422-430(Co) <\--> 11.2009-- 12.2013 EFG 4xx 2009 EFG425-430(Co) <\-->
04.2012-- 12.2013 EFG 4xx 2011 EFG425-430(Co) <\--> 01.2013—052014 EFG
4xx 2011 EFG 425-4301S30 + 535-5501S401S50 (Co) c--> 04.2012-- EFG 4xx
2014 NP EFG 425k1425/43OkI430IS30 (Co) <—> 06.2014-- EFG 4xx 2014 FG
EFG425k1425I430kJ430IS30(Co) <\--> 06.2014--12.2015 EFG 4xx 2014 FG EFG
425k/4251430k/430/S30 (US) (Co) <—> 06.2014-- 12.2015 EFG 4xx 2014 FG
EFG535-550(Co) <\--> 11.2009-- 12.2013 EFG 5xx 2009 EFG 535-550(Co) <—>
01.2013— 12.20 13 EFG 5xx 2009 EEC 535-550 (Co) <\--> 01.2004-- 11.2009
EFG 535 550 MP EFG 535k1540k15401545k15451550/S40/S50 (Co) <\-->
10.2013 —05.2014 EFG 4xx 2011 EFG 535k1540k/5401545k1545/5501S40/S50
(Co) <\--> 12.2015— EFG 4xx 2014 FG EFG 535
k1540k1540/545k/545/550/S40/S50 (Co) <\--> 062014-- 12.2016 EFG 4xx 2011
EFG 535k!540k15401545kf545/5501S401S50 (US) (Co) <\--> 12.2015-- EFG 4xx
2014 FG EFG 535k1540k15401545k1545/550/S40/S50 (US) (Co) <\-->
06.2014--12.2016 EFG 4xx 2011 EFG 535k!540kJ5401545k1545l5501540f550
(US) (Co) <\--> 10.2013-- 05.2014 EFG 4xx 2011 EFG 550 MP (Co) <\--> 01.2004
-- 11.2005 EFG 500 EL EFGD3O(Co) c-> 10.2005--12.2008 EFG D30 EFG-DF
13-20 <—> 051999— 11.2006 EFG DF NP EFG-DF15MP c--> 01.2000--052015
EEC DF MP EFG-DF 15SP <\--> 012000— 112006 EFG DF EH EFG-DFc 13-20
<\--> 052002 --082004 EFG DF AC NP EFG-DHac1OLMP <\--> 07.2002-- 12.2004
EFG lxx 2004 EFG-Dt-18c 1OLMP <\--> 082004-- 122009 EFG lxx 2004
EFG-DI-foc 1OLSP <\--> 07.2002 -- 12.2005 EFG lxx 2004 EFG-DI-18c 1OMP
<\--> 072002 -- 08.2005 EFG lxx 2004 EFG-DHoc 1OSP <\--> 07.2002 --112005
EFG lxx 2004 EFG-DH8c 12.5MP <-> 072002 - EFG lxx 2004 EFG-D(-Ioc 12,5SP
<—> 07.2002 — 12.2005 EFG lxx 2004 EFG-DH8c 15MP <\--> 07.2002 -- EFG lxx
2004 EFG-DHac 15SP <—> 072002 — 122005 EFG lxx 2004 EFGBB21Sk <\-->
12.2020-- EFG FL EFGBC316/320 <\--> 12.2020-- EFG FL EFGMB216k <\-->
04.2019-- EFG FL EFGMB21GkJMB218kIMB22O HEL <—> 042020-- EFG FL H
EFGMB218k <\--> 04.2019-- EFG FL EFGMB22O <-> 04.2019-- EFG FL EFGMC
316 <\--> 04.2019-- EFG FL EFGMC316k <—> 04.2019— EFG FL
EFGMC316/MC31Gk(MC32OHELI <\--> 04.2020-- EFG FL h EFGMB22O <—>
04.2019-- EFG FL EEGMC316 c--> 04.2019-- EFG FL EFGMC316k <\-->
042019-- EFG FL EFG MC316IMC316k!MC320 HELl <\--> 04.2020-- EFG FL H
EFGMC32O <\--> 04.2019-- EFG FL EFG-V16120 c--> 06.1999--022002 EFG DF
NP EFG-VAC16/20 <\--> 08.1999--12,2008 EFG VAC NP KE16-20 <\--> 08.2004--
EFG 213 220 MP lOE 16-20 ac-system MK7 (STB) <—> 03.1999 — 10.2004 EFG
VAC NP KE 16-20 MK7 (STB) (--> 03.1998 -- 10.2004 EFG DF NP DFG DFG316
<—> 052014—072016 VFG 2016 DFG316-320 <\--> 03.2016-- VFG 2016
DFG316S(Co) <\--> 11.2009--102014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG316s(Co) <\-->
10.2014— VFG 2014 DFG32O <\--> 05.2014--07.2016 VFG 2016 DFG32Os(Co)
<\--> 11.2009-- 10.2014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG32Os(Co) <\--> 10.2014— VFG 2014
DFG3s(Co) <\--> 06.2017-- VFG 2014 DFG 316s/318s/320s1S30s (Co) <\-->
062020-- Platform FG 2018 DFG 31 6s131 8s1320s1S30s (Co)(US) <\--> 06.2020
-- Platform FC 2018 DFG425 <\--> 05.2014--072016 VFG 2016 DFG 425-435 <—>
05.2016-- VFG 2016 DFG425s(Co) <\--> 11.2007--12.2014 VFG 5xxs 2012
DFG425s(Co) <—-> 09.2014— VFG 2014 DFG43O <\--> 05.2014--07.2016 VFG
2016 DFG43Os(Co) <\--> 11.2007--122014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG43Os(Co) <\-->
09.2014-- VFG 2014 DFG435 <\--> 05.2014--07.201G VFG 2016 DFG435s(Co)
<\--> 11.2007-- 12.20 14 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG435s(Co) <—> 09.2014-- VFG 2014
DFG 425s1430s1435s (Co) C--> 06.2020 - - Platform FG 2018 DFG
425s/430s/435s (Co) (US) <—> 062020-- Platform FG 2018 DFG 4s (Co) <\-->
062017-- VFG 2014 DFG54O <—> 04.2016—072016 VFG 2016 DFG54Os(Co)
<\--> 03.2012--122014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG 540s (Co) <\--> 11.2014 -- VFG 2014
DFG545 <—> 04.2016—07.201G VFG 2016 DFG545s(Co) <—>
03.2012—12.2014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG545s(Co) C--> 11.2014-- VFG 2014
DFG55Os(Co) <\--> 03.2012--092013 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG545s(Co) <—>
03.2012--122014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG 545s (Co) <\--> 11.2014 -- VFG 2014
DFG55Os(Co) <\--> 03.2012--09.2013 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG55Os(Co) <—>
10.2013--122014 VFG 5xxs 2012 DFG55Os(Co) <\--> 11.2014-- VFG 2014
DFG5s(Co) <\--> 06.2017-- VFG 2014 DFGS5O <\--> 04.2016--072016 VFG 2016
DFGS5Os(Co) <—> 10.2013—12.2014 VFG 5ocs 2012 DFG S50s (Co) <\-->
11.2014-- VFG 2014 TFG TFG316 <—> 052014--072016 VFG 2016 TFG316320
<\--> 03.2016-- VFG 2016 TFG316S(Co) <\--> 11.2009--102014 VFG 5xxs 2012
TFG316s(Co) <\--> 10.2014-- VFG 2014 TFG32O c--> 05.2014--072016 VFG
2016 TFG32Os(Co) <\--> 11.2009--102014 VFG 5xxs 2012 TFG32Os(Co) <—>
10.2014— VFG 2014 TFG 318s1318s1320s1S30s(Co) <\--> 06.2020-- Platform
FG 2018 TFG 316s/318s/320s1S30s (Co)(US) <—> 062020-- Platform FG 2018
TFG3s(Co) <\--> 06.2017-- VFG 2014 TFG425 <\--> 052014--072016 VFG 2016
TFG425-435 <\--> 05.2016-- VFG 2016 TFG425dI c--> 012015--072016 VFG 2016
TFG425s(Co) <\--> 11.2007-- 12.2014 WC 5xxs 2012 TFG425s(Co) <\-->
09.2014-- VFG 2014 TFG43O <\--> 05.2014--07.2016 VFG 2016 TFG43Odf <—>
012015--072016 VFG 2016 TFG43Os(Co) <\--> 11.2007--12.2014 VFG 5xxs 2012
TFG 4305 (Co) <-> 09.2014 -- VFG 2014 TFG435 <\--> 05.2014--072016 VFG
2016 TFG435dI <\--> 01.2015--072016 VFG 2016 TFG435s(Co) <—>
11.2007--12.2014 VFG 5xxs 2012 TFG 435s (Co) <\--> 09.2014-- VFG 2014 TFG
425s1430s1435s (Co) <—> 06.2020-- Platform FC 2018 TFG 425s1430s1435s
(Co) (US) <\--> 08.2020 - - Platform FG 2018 TFG4s(Co) <\--> 06.2017— VFG
2014 TFG 540 <\--> 042016--072016 VFG 2016 TFG54Os(Co) <\--> 032012--
122014 VFG 5xxs 2012 TFG54Os(Co) <—> 11.2014-- VFG 2014 TFG545 <•->
04.2016--07.2016 VFG 2016 TFG545s(Co) <\--> 03.2012-- 122014 VFG 5xxs
2012 TFG545s(Co) <—> 11.2014-- WC 2014 TFG545s(Co) <\--> 032012--
122014 VEG 5xxs 2012 TFG545s(Co) <—> 11.2014-- VEO 2014 TFG 550s (Co)
<—> 03.2012— 09.2013 VFG 5xxs 2012 TFG55Os(Co) <\--> 08.2013-- 12.2014
VFG 5xxs 2012 TFG55Os(Co) <\--> 11.2014— VFG 2014 TFG5s(Co) C-->
06.2017-- VFG 2014 TFGS5Os(Co) <—> 08.2013—12.2014 VFG 5xxs 2012
TFGS5Os(Co) <\--> 11.2014-- VFG 2014 ET ETMN1D/12 <\--> 10.1997--031999
ET 10 12 ETMN11O/112 <\--> 04.1999--122005 ET 10 12 ETMN114 <\-->
04.1999--122005 ET 10 12 ETMN214/216 <\--> 05.1999—112003 ETMV 98 NP
ETMN214/216 <\--> 122003--102012 ETMV 04 NP ETMN214/216(CN) <—>
12.2011--102012 ETMV 04 NP ETMN214/216(CN)(Co) <\--> 12.2011--072016
ETMV Br2 3 2011 ETMN214/216 (CN)(Co) <\--> 07.2016-- 10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C
2016 ETMN214/216(CN)(Co)(ISM) <\--> 10.2018-- 11.2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018
ETMN214/216(Co) <\--> 09.2011--07.2016 ETMV Br2 3 2011 ETMN214/216(Co)
<—> 072016— 10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016 ETMN214/216(Co)(ISM) <\-->
10.2018--112019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018 ETMN2141216(US) --> 01.2011--10.2012
ETMV 04 NP ETMN214/216(US)(Co) <—> 092011 --072016 ETMV Br2 3 2011
ETMN214/216(US)(Co) <\--> 07.2016-- 10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016
ETMN214/216(US)(Co)(ISM) <\--> 10.2018--112019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018
ETMN214I216C8b(Co) <—> 09.2011 —07.2016 ETMV Br2 3 2011 ETMN 220
<\--> 042000 -- 10.2004 ETMV 98 NP ETMN22O/320/325 <—> 041999— 03.2000
ETMV 98 NP ETMN318/320/325(CN)(Co) <\--> 102013--072016 ETMV Br2 3
2011 ETMN318/320/325(CN)(Co) <—> 072016-- 102018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016
ETMN318/320/325(CN)(Co)(ISM) <\--> 10.2018 — 11.2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018
ETMJV318/320/325(Co) -•> 10.2013-- 07.2016 ETMV 5r2 3 2011
ETMN318/320/325 (Co) <—> 07.2016-- 10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016
ETMN318!320/325(Co)(ISM) <\--> 10.2018-- 11.2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018
ETMN318!320/325(US)(Co) <\--> 10.2013--07.2016 ETMV Br2 3 2011
ETMN318/320/325 (US)(Co) <—> 07.2016— 10 2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016
ETMN318/3201325(US)(Co)(ISM) <\--> 102018-- 11.2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018
ETMN32O/325 C--> 042000--1i 2004 ETMV 98 NP ETMN32O/325 <\-->
12.2004--022014 ETMV 04 NP ETMN32O/325(CN) <\--> 12.2011 --022Ol4 ETMV
04 NP ETMN32O/325(US) <—> 01.2011 —02.2014 ETMV 04 NP ETR23O/235
C--> 05.2015-- ETR 2xx 2015 FG ETR314/320 <—> 06.2006—11.2009 ETR 320
ETR335/335d1345 <\--> 05.2014-- ETR 3xx 2013 ETR416dJ420 <—> 08.2021—
ETR 2xx 2015 FG ETV11O/112 <\--> 112005--062014 ETV 110 116
ETV11O/112(CN) <\--> 12,2011--062014 ETV 110 116 ETV11O/112 (CN)(Co)
<\--> 05.2014 --07.2016 ETMV Br2 3 2011 ETV11O/112(CN)(Co) <\-->
07.2016--10,2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016 ETV11O/112(CN)(Co)(ISM) <\-->
10.2018--112019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018 ETV11O/112(Co) <\--> 05.2014--072016 ETMV
Br2 3 2011 ETV11O/112(Co) <—> 07.2016—10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016
ETV11O/112(Co)(ISM) C--> 10.2018--112019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018 ETV11O/112(US)
<\--> 012011 --06.2014 ETV 110 116 ETV 110/112 (US)(Co) <\--> 05.2014
--07.2016 ETMV Br2 3 2011 ETV11O/112(US)(Co) <\--> 07.2016--10.2018 ET 1 2
3 C 2016 ETV11O/112(USHCo)(ISM) <\--> 10.2018--11 2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018
ETV114/116 <—> 11,2005--112011 ETV 110 116 ETV114/116(CN) <\-->
12.2011--01.2012 ETV 110 116 ETV114/116(US) <\--> 01.2011--102011 ETV 110
116 ETV114nJ116n <\--> 01.2012-- ETV 110 116 ETV116 <—> 072001--112005
ET 10 12 ETV118nI12On C--> 03.2015--01.2018 ETV 110 116 ETV21Gi (15M)
<\--> 04.2018--112019 ET2i 2018 ETVC16 <—> 07.1999—05.2008 ETV C 16
ETVC1S <\--> 06.2008--052015 ETV C 2008 ETVC16(CN) <\--> 12.2011--052015
ETV C 2008 ETVC 16(LJS) <\--> 012011 -- 052015 ETV C 2008
ETVC16/20(CN)(Co) C--> 03.2015-- ETV C SNG ETVC 16/20(CN)(Co) <—>
07.2016 —10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016 ETVC 16/20(CN)(Co)(ISM) C--> 10.2018
--11.2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018 ETVC16I2O(Co) <\--> 03.2015-- ETV C SNG
ETVC16I2O(Co) <—> 07.2016--102018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016 ETVC16/20(Co)(ISM)
<\--> 10.2018--112019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018 ETVC16/20(US)(Co) <\--> 03.2015-- ETV
C SNG ETVC 16/20 (US)(Co) <—> 07.2016 — 10.2018 ET 1 2 3 C 2016 ETVC
16/20 (US) (Co) (ISM) <\--> 10.2018 -- 11.2019 ET 1 2 3 C 2018 ETVC2O <\-->
06.2005--062008 ETVC 16 ETVC2O <—> 06.2008--04.2015 ETV C 2008
ETVC2O(CN) <\--> 12.2011 --04.2015 ETV C 2008 ETVC2O(US) <\-->
01.2011—042015 ETV C 2008 ETVQ2O/25 <\--> 102002--092010 ETV Q 20 25
ETVQ2O/25(CN)(Co) <\--> 12.2011 --01.2017 ETVQ 2010 ETVQ2O/25 (CN)(Co)
<—> 01.2017 --10.2018 ETVQ 2017 ETVQ2O/25 (CN)(Co)(ISM) <\--> 10.2018
--11.2019 ETVQ 2018 ETVQ2O/25(Co) <\--> 09.2010—012017 ETVQ 2010 ETVQ
20125 (Co) <\--> 01.2017 --10.2018 ETVQ 2017 ETVQ2O/25(Co)(ISM) <\-->
10.2018--112019 ETVQ 2018 ETVQ 20125 (Co) (TeIemtikbox) <\--> 11.2019--
08.202 2 ETVQ 2019 ETVQ 20125 (US)(Co) <\--> 01.2011 --01.2017 ETVQ 2010
ETVQ2O/25(US)(Co) <\--> 01.2017--102018 ETVQ 2017
ETVQ2OI25(US)(Co)(ISM) C--> 10.2018-- 11.2019 ETVQ 2018 SYSTEM
EFX41OSIF(2013) <\--> 012013-- LSStArt EFX413I(2013) <—> 01.2013— LSStrt
EKS11OE <\--> 06.2004--122009 EKS 110 NP EKS11OE <\--> 01.2010-- EKS 110
2008 EKS 110 E(Co) (--> 02.2015 --05.2022 EKS 110 2015 EKS11OE(Co) <\-->
032016--052022 EKS 110 2015 EKS11OZ100E(Co) <\--> 03.2016--05.2022 EKS
110 2015 EKS11OZZ <\--> 06.2004--122009 EKS 110 NP EKS11OZZ <—>
01.2010— EKS 110 2008 EKS11OZZ(Co) <\--> 02.2015--05.2022 EKS 110 2015
EKS11OZZ(Co) <—> 032016—052022 EKS 110 2015 EKS208121013081312
USZ SIFZI LSJF <\--> 03.2009-- LSSt8rt EKS 208/210/308/312 Z S/F ZI L S/F LI
<—> 03.2009 -- LSStart EKS21O/310/412 <\--> 11.2019-- EKS 2019 D EKS 210a
FFTSIAGV1 <\--> 10.2012 -- LSStart D EKS215(US)FFTS1AGV1 <\--> 04.2017--
LSSt8rt D EKS 215a FFTS/AGV1 <\--> 04.2017 — LSStart D EKS314(2016) <\-->
01.2016-- EKS 314 2016 EKS514/516k1516(2015) <—> 122015-- LSStart
EKS515kZIPI(2007)(US) <\--> 01.2008 --02.2016 LSStart EKS 515k ZIP SIF
(2007) <—> 012008 --02.2016 LSStart EKX41O (2012) <\--> 01.2012 —10.2017
LSStart EKX41O(2012)(US) (--> 01.2012--1O.2017 LSStart
EKX41O/412S1F11(2017) <—> 06.2017-- LSStart EKX412 SIFII(2017)(US) <\-->
06.2017-- LSStart EKX513/515(2007) <\--> 052007 —022016 LSStart
EKX514!516(2015) <—> 09,2015— LSStart EKX514/516(2015)(US) <\-->
09.2015-- LSStart EKX5XX(2007)(US) <\--> 05.2007--022016 LSStart
ETX513S/F(2011) <—> 01.2011-- LSStart OPTIONS Assistenzsysteme <—> 01
2020 -- Assist 2019 CANCode (Co + JC) <\--> 012O08 -- CanCode 2009
CANCode (Co + JC) für ET-Fehrzeuqe <\--> 042009-- CanCode 2009
E0syAccessStnd-AIone <\--> 102015-- EasyAccess 2015 EasyPilot <\--> 112016
-- EasyPiIot 2016 HHV <\--> 10 2000 -- HHV HHV 2004 (mit Umlenkrolle) <\-->
122003 -- HHV 2004 ISM <—> 01.2005— ISM ISM Online <\--> 10.2011 -- ISM
Online Li-lonen Batterie 24V-llOAh <—> 122014-- BMS 2014 Li-lonen
Btterie24V-24O/36OAk, Repl8cement <\--> 10.2015-- LiIonen24V 2015 Li-lonen
Batterie 48V-36Oi48OAh Replocement <\--> 052017-- LiIonen24V 2015 Li-lonen
Batterie 80V-500Ah Replocement <\--> 022018 -- LiIonen24V 2015 LIB
Stondolone <\--> 02.2019-- LIB Stnd&one; Truckinterface 2018 SLH300 <\-->
09.2017-- SLH 300 2017 SfFMS <\--> 06.2018-- SfFMS 2018 Telemotikbox <\-->
12.2018-- Telematicbox 2018 UPC(Co) <—> 1O.2010--11.2012 UPC 2010
UPC(Co) <\--> 10.2012--042020 UPC 2010 Li-lonen B8tterie 24V-240/36OAh
Replacement <—> 102015-- LiIonen24V 2015 Li-lonen Btterie48V-36OJ480Ah
Replacement <\--> 052017-- LiIonen24V 2015 Li-Ionei, Batterie 80V-500Ah
Replacement <—> 012018-- LiIonen24V 2015 LlBStand&one; <\--> 022019-- LIB
St8nd8Ione Truckinterf8ce 2018 SLH 300 <\--> 092017-- SLH 300 2017 SfFMS
<-•> 06.2018-- SfFMS 2018 Telematikbox <\--> 12.2018-- Telematicbox 2018
UPC(Co) <\--> 102010--112012 UPC 2010 UPC(Co) <—> 10.2012 --04.2020 UPC
2010 UPC 2020 (Cc) <\--> 04.2020-- UPC 2019 02 TOW TRACTOR EZSO1O(Co)
<—> 072008--092009 EJE lxx 2007 EZSO1O(Co) <\--> 10.2009-- EJE lxx 2007
EZS 130 <\--> 052006--072008 EZS 130 3x0 EZS13O <\--> 06.2008--07.2009
EZS 130 2008 EZS13O(Co) <—> 082009--102011 EZS 130 350 2009
EZS13O(Co) <\--> 112011 --10.2019 EZS 130 350 C40 2011 EZS13O(Co) <\-->
112019-- EZS 130 2019 EZS1301350 <\--> 092007--072009 EZS 130 350 NP
EZS33O/350 <\--> 12.2005—082007 EZS 130 3x0 EZS 350 <\--> 092007 --
07.2009 EZS 350 2007 EZS35O(Co) <—> 092016-- EZS 350 2016
EZS35OIC4O(Co) <\--> 082009 --10.2011 EZS 130 350 2009 EZS35O1C4O(Co)
<\--> 112011-- EZS 130 350 C40 2011 EZS 3508 (Co)FFTSIAGV1 <\--> 09.2017--
EZS 350 2016 EZS57O <—> 0620O8 --032015 EZS 570 EZS57C/580!590 <\-->
042015-- EZS 570 EZS7280 <—> 11.2017— EZS 7280 2017 EZW515 <\-->
01.2015-- EZW 515 EZS 350 I C40 (Co) <\--> 082009 -- 102011 EZS 130 350
2009 EZS35OIC4O(Co) <\--> 11.2011-- EZS 130 350 040 2011 EZS35Oo
(CoflFTSIAGV■ <\--> 092017-- EZS 350 2016 EZS57O <-•> 06.2008--03.2015
EZS 570 EZS5701580I590 <\--> 042015-- EZS 570 EZS7280 <\--> 11.2017-- EZS
7280 2017 EZW515 <—> 01.2015— EZW 515 EZS MB 230 <\--> 08.2020 -- EZS
Jungheinrich Diagnostic Tool Judit v4.37.001 01.2023

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observed. In war women were the property of their captors. Yet the home
life of the Greeks seems to have been in its purity and loyalty an advance on
the Oriental home life. In their treatment of servants and slaves, in the care
of the aged and helpless, the Greeks were cold and without compassion.
While the poets, historians, and philosophers have been portraying with
such efficiency the character of the higher classes; while they have
presented such a beautiful exterior of the old Greek life; the Greeks, in
common with other primitive peoples, were not lacking in coarseness,
injustice, and cruelty in their internal life. Here, as elsewhere in the
beginnings of civilization, only the best of the real and the ideal of life was
represented, while the lower classes were suffering a degraded life.

The family was closely organized in Greece. Monogamic marriage and

the exclusive home life prevailed at an early time. The patriarchal family, in
which the oldest male member was chief and ruler, was the unit of society.
Within this group were the house families, formed whenever a separate
marriage took place and a separate altar was erected. The house religion
was one of the characteristic features of Greek life. Each family had its own
household gods, its own worship, its private shrine. This tended to unify the
family and promote a sacred family life. A special form of ancestral
worship, from the early Aryan house-spirit worship, prevailed to a certain
extent. The worship of the family expanded with the expansion of social
life. Thus the gens, and the tribe, and the city when founded, had each its
separate worship. Religion formed a strong cement to bind the different
social units of a tribe together. The worship of the Greeks was associated
with the common meal and the pouring of libations to the gods.

As religion became more general, it united to make a more common

social practice, and in the later period of Greek life was made the basis of
the games and general social gatherings. Religion brought the Greeks
together in a social way, and finally led to the mutual advantage of
members of society. Later, mutual advantage superseded religion in its
practice. The Greeks, at an early period, attempted to explain the origin of
the earth and unknown phenomena by referring it to the supernatural
powers. Every island had its myth, every phenomenon its god, and every
mountain was the residence of some deity. They sought to find out the
causes of the creation of the universe, and developed a theogony. There was
the origin of the Greeks to be accounted for, and then the origin of the earth,
and the relation of man to the deities. Everything must be explained, but as
the imagination was especially strong, it was easier to create a god as a first
cause than to ascertain the development of the earth by scientific study.

Influence of Old Greek Life.—In all of the traditions and writings

descriptive of the old Greek social life, with the exception of the Works and
Days of Hesiod, the aristocratic class appears uppermost. Hesiod "pictures a
hopeless and miserable existence, in which care and the despair of better
things tended to make men hard and selfish and to blot out those fairer
features which cannot be denied to the courts and palaces of the Iliad and
Odyssey." It appears that the foundation of aristocracy—living in
comparative luxury, in devotion to art and the culture of life—was early laid
by the side of the foundation of poverty and wretchedness of the great mass
of the people. While, then, the Greeks derived from their ancestry the
beautiful pictures of heroic Greece, they inherited the evils of imperfect
social conditions. As we pass to the historical period of Greece, these
different phases of life appear and reappear in changeable forms. If to the
nobleman life was full of inspiration; if poetry, religion, art, and politics
gave him lofty thoughts and noble aspirations; to the peasant and the slave,
life was full of misery and degradation. If one picture is to be drawn in
glowing colors, let not the other be omitted.

The freedom from great centralized government, the development of the

individual life, the influences of the early ideas of art and life, and the
religious conceptions, were of great importance in shaping the Greek
philosophy and the Greek national character. They had a tendency to
develop men who could think and act. It is not surprising, therefore, that the
first real historical period was characterized by struggles of citizens within
the town for supremacy. Fierce quarrels between the upper and the lower
classes prevailed everywhere, and resulted in developing an intense hatred
of the former for the latter. This hatred and selfishness became the
uppermost causes of action in the development of Greek social polity. Strife
led to compromise, and this in turn to the recognition of the rights and
privileges of different classes.
 SUBJECTS FOR FURTHER STUDY

1. The Aegean culture.

2. The relation of Greek to Egyptian culture.

3. What were the great Greek masterpieces of (a) Literature, (b) Sculpture, (c) Architecture, (d) Art,
(e) Philosophy?

4. Compare Greek democracy with American democracy.

5. What historical significance have Thermopylae, Marathon, Alexandria, Crete, and Delphi?

[1] Sergi, in his Mediterranean Race, says that they came from N. E. Africa.
Beginning about 5000 years B.C., they gradually infiltrated the whole
Mediterranean region. This is becoming the general belief among ethnologists,
archaeologists, and historians.

[2] Recent studies indicate that some of the Cretan inscriptions are prototypes of
the Greece-Phoenician alphabet. The Phoenicians evidently derived the original
characters of their alphabet from a number of sources. The Greeks adopted the
Phoenician alphabet about 800-1000 B.C.

CHAPTER XIII

GREEK PHILOSOPHY

The Transition from Theology to Inquiry.—The Greek theology prepared

the way for the Ionian philosophy. The religious opinions led directly up to
the philosophy of the early inquirers. The Greeks passed slowly from
accepting everything with a blind faith to the rational inquiry into the
development of nature. The beginnings of knowing the scientific causes
were very small, and sometimes ridiculous, yet they were of immense
importance. To take a single step from the "age of credulity" toward the
"age of reason" was of great importance to Greek progress. To cease to
accept on faith the statements that the world was created by the gods, and
ordered by the gods, and that all mysteries were in their hands, and to
endeavor to find out by observation of natural phenomena something of the
elements of nature, was to gradually break from the mythology of the past
as explanatory of the creation. The first feeble attempt at this was to seek in
a crude way the material structure and source of the universe.

Explanation of the Universe by Observation and Inquiry.—The Greek

mind had settled down to the fact that there was absolute knowledge of
truth, and that cosmogony had established the method of creation; that
theogony had accounted for the creation of gods, heroes, and men, and that
theology had foretold their relations. A blind faith had accepted what the
imagination had pictured. But as geographical study began to increase,
doubts arose as to the preconceived constitution of the earth. As travel
increased and it was found that none of the terrible creatures that tradition
had created inhabited the islands of the sea or coasts of the mainland, earth
lost its terrors and disbelief in the system of established knowledge
prevailed. Free inquiry was slowly substituted for blind credulity.

This freedom of inquiry had great influence on the intellectual

development of man. It was the discovery of truth through the relation of
cause and effect, which he might observe by opening his eyes and using his
reason. The development of theories of the universe through tradition and
the imagination gave exercise to the emotions and beliefs; but change from
faith in the fixity of the past to the future by observation led to intellectual
development. The exercise of faith and the imagination even in
unproductive ways prepared the way for broader service of investigation.
But these standing alone could permit nothing more than a childish
conception of the universe. They could not discover the reign of law. They
could not advance the observing and reflecting powers of man; they could
not develop the stronger qualities of his intellect. Individual action would
be continually stultified by the process of accepting through credulity the
trite sayings of the ancients. The attempt to find out how things were made
was an acknowledgment of the powers of the individual mind. It was a
recognition that man has a mind to use, and that there is truth around him to
be discovered. This was no small beginning in intellectual development.

The Ionian Philosophy Turned the Mind Toward Nature.—Greek

philosophy began in the seventh century before Christ. The first philosopher
of note was Thales, born at Miletus, in Asia Minor, about 640 B.C. Thales
sought to establish the idea that water is the first principle and cause of the
universe. He held that water is filled with life and soul, the essential
element in the foundation of all nature. Thales had great learning for his
time, being well versed in geometry, arithmetic, and astronomy. He
travelled in Egypt and the Orient, and became acquainted with ancient lore.
It is said that being impressed with the importance of water in Egypt, where
the Nile is the source of all life, he was led to assert the importance of water
in animate nature. In his attempts to break away from the old cosmogony,
he still exhibits traces of the old superstitions, for he regarded the sun and
stars as living beings, who received their warmth and life from the ocean, in
which they bathed at the time of setting. He held that the whole world was
full of soul, manifested in individual daemons, or spirits. Puerile as his
philosophy appears in comparison with the later development of Greek
philosophy, it created violent antagonism with mythical theology and led
the way to further investigation and speculation.

Anaximander, born at Miletus 611 B.C., an astronomer and geographer,

following Thales chronologically, wrote a book on "Nature," the first
written on the subject in the philosophy of Greece. He held that all things
arose from the "infinite," a primordial chaos in which was an internal
energy. From a universal mixture things arose by separation, the parts once
formed remaining unchanged. The earth was cylindrical in shape,
suspended in the air in the centre of the universe, and the stars and planets
revolved around it, each fastened in a crystalline ring; the moon and sun
revolved in the same manner, only at a farther distance. The generation of
the universe was by the action of contraries, by heat and cold, the moist and
the dry. From the moisture all things were originally generated by heat.
Animals and men came from fishes by a process of evolution. There is
evidence in his philosophy of a belief in the development of the universe by
the action of heat and cold on matter. It is also evident that the principles of
biology and the theory of evolution are hinted at by this philosopher. Also,
he was the first to observe the obliquity of the ecliptic; he taught that the
moon received its light from the sun and that the earth is round.

Anaximenes, born at Miletus 588 B.C., asserted that air was the first
principle of the universe; indeed, he held that on it "the very earth floats
like a broad leaf." He held that air was infinite in extent; that it touched all
things, and was the source of life of all. The human soul was nothing but
air, since life consists in inhaling and exhaling, and when this is no longer
continued death ensues. Warmth and cold arose from rarefaction and
condensation, and probably the origin of the sun and planets was caused by
the rarefaction of air; but when air underwent great condensation, snow,
water, and hail appeared, and, indeed, with sufficient condensation, the
earth itself was formed. It was only a step further to suppose that the infinite
air was the source of life, the god of the universe.

Somewhat later Diogenes of Apollonia asserted that all things originated

from one essence, and that air was the soul of the world, eternal and
endowed with consciousness. This was an attempt to explain the
development of the universe by a conscious power. It led to the suggestion
of psychology, as the mind of man was conscious air. "But that which has
knowledge is what men call air; it is it that regulates all and governs all, and
hence it is the use of air to pervade all, and to dispose all, and to be in all,
for there is nothing that has not part in it."

Other philosophers of this school reasoned or speculated upon the

probable first causes in the creation. In a similar manner Heraclitus asserted
that fire was the first principle, and states as the fundamental maxim of his
philosophy that "all is convertible into fire, and fire into all." There was so
much confusion in his doctrines as to give him the name of "The Obscure."
"The moral system of Heraclitus was based on the physical. He held that
heat developed morality, moisture immorality. He accounted for the
wickedness of the drunkard by his having a moist soul, and inferred that a
warm, dry soul was noblest and best."

Anaxagoras taught the mechanical processes of the universe, and

advanced many theories of the origin of animal life and of material objects.
Anaxagoras was a man of wealth, who devoted all of his time and means to
philosophy. He recognized two principles, one material and the other
spiritual, but failed to connect the two, and in determining causes he came
into open conflict with the religion of the times, and asserted that the
"divine miracles" were nothing more than natural causes. He was
condemned for his atheism and thrown into prison, but, escaping, he was
obliged to end his days in exile.

Another notable example of the early Greek philosophy is found in

Pythagoras, who asserted that number was the first principle. He and his
followers found that the "whole heaven was a harmony of number." The
Pythagoreans taught that all comes from one, but that the odd number is
finite, the even infinite; that ten was a perfect number. They sought for a
criterion of truth in the relation of numbers. Nothing could exist or be
formed without harmony, and this harmony depended upon number, that is,
upon the union of contrary elements. The musical octave was their best
example to illustrate their meaning. The union of the atoms in modern
chemistry illustrates in full the principle of number after which they were
striving. It emphasized the importance of measurements in investigation.
Much more might be said about the elaborate system of the Pythagoreans;
but the main principle herein stated must suffice.

The Weakness of Ionian Philosophy.—Viewed from the modern

standpoint of scientific research, the early philosophers of Greece appear
puerile and insignificant. They directed their thoughts largely toward
nature, but instead of systematic observation and comparison they used the
speculative and hypothetical methods to ascertain truth. They had turned
from the credulity of ancient tradition to simple faith in the mind to
determine the nature and cause of the universe. But this was followed by a
scepticism as to the sense perception, a scepticism which could only be
overcome by a larger observation of facts. Simple as it appears, this process
was an essential transition from the theology of the Greeks to the perfected
philosophy built upon reason. The attitude of the mind was of great value,
and the attention directed to external nature was sure to turn again to man,
and the supernatural. While there is a mixture of the physical, metaphysical,
and mystical, the final lesson to be learned is the recognition of reality of
nature as external to mind.
 The Eleatic Philosophers.—About 500 B.C., and nearly contemporary
with the Pythagoreans, flourished the Eleatic philosophers, among whom
Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno, and Melissus were the principal leaders.
They speculated about the nature of the mind, or soul, and departed from
the speculations respecting the origin of the earth. The nature of the infinite
and the philosophy of being suggested by the Ionian philosophers were
themes that occupied the attention of this new school. Parmenides believed
in the knowledge of an absolute being, and affirmed the unity of thought
and being. He won the distinction of being the first logical philosopher
among the Greeks, and was called the father of idealism.

Zeno is said to have been the most remarkable of this school. He held
that if there was a distinction between being and not being, only being
existed. This led him to the final assumption that the laws of nature are
unchangeable and God remains permanent. His method of reasoning was to
reduce the opposite to absurdity.

Upon the whole, the Eleatic philosophy is one relating to knowledge and
being, which considered thought primarily as dependent upon being. It
holds closely to monism, that is, that nature and mind are of the same
substance; yet there is a slight distinction, for there is really a dualism
expressed in knowledge and being. Many other philosophers followed, who
discoursed upon nature, mind, and being, but they arrived at no definite
conclusions. The central idea in the early philosophy up to this time was to
account for the existence and substance of nature. It gave little
consideration to man in himself, and said little of the supernatural.
Everything was speculative in nature, hypothetical in proposition, and
deductive in argument. The Greek mind, departing from its dependence
upon mythology, began boldly to assert its ability to find out nature, but
ended in a scepticism as to its power to ascertain certainty. There was a
final determination as to the distinction of reality as external to mind, and
this represents the best product of the early philosophers.

The Sophists.—Following the Eleatics was a group of philosophers

whose principle characteristic was scepticism. Man, not nature, was the
central idea in their philosophy, and they changed the point of view from
objective to subjective contemplation. They accomplished very little in their
speculation except to shift the entire attitude of philosophy from external
nature to man. They were interested in the culture of the individual, yet, in
their psychological treatment of man, they relied entirely upon sense
perception. In the consideration of man's ethical nature they were
individualistic, considering private right and private judgment the standards
of truth. They led the way to greater speculation in this subject and to a
higher philosophy.

Socrates the First Moral Philosopher (b. 469 B.C.).—Following the

sophists in the progressive development of philosophy, Socrates turned his
attention almost exclusively to human nature. He questioned all things,
political, ethical, and theological, and insisted upon the moral worth of the
individual man. While he cast aside the nature studies of the early
philosophy and repudiated the pseudo-wisdom of the sophists, he was not
without his own interpretation of nature. He was interested in questions
pertaining to the order of nature and the wise adaptation of means to an end.
Nature is animated by a soul, yet it is considered as a wise contrivance for
man's benefit rather than a living, self-determining organism. In the
subordination of all nature to the good, Socrates lays the foundation of
natural theology.

But the ethical philosophy of Socrates is more prominent and positive.

He asserted that scientific knowledge is the sole condition to virtue; that
vice is ignorance. Hence virtue will always follow knowledge because they
are a unity. His ethical principles are founded on utility, the good of which
he speaks is useful, and is the end of individual acts and aims. Wisdom is
the foundation of all virtues; indeed, every virtue is wisdom.

Socrates made much of friendship and love, and thought temperance to

be the fundamental virtue. Without temperance, men were not useful to
themselves or to others, and temperance meant the complete mastery of
self. Friendship and love were cardinal points in the doctrine of ethical life.
The proper conduct of life, justice in the treatment of man by his fellow-
man, and the observance of the duties of citizenship, were part of the ethical
philosophy of Socrates.

Beauty is only another name for goodness, but it is only a harmony or

adaptation of means to an end. The Socratic method of ascertaining truth by
the art of suggestive questioning was a logical mode of procedure. The
meeting of individuals in conversation was a method of arriving at the truth
of ethical conduct and ethical relations. It was made up of induction and
definition. No doubt the spirit of his teaching was sceptical in the extreme.
While having a deeper sense of the reality of life than others, he realized
that he did not know much. He criticized freely the prevailing beliefs,
customs, and religious practice. For this he was accused of impiety, and
forced to drink the hemlock. With an irony in manner and thought, Socrates
introduced the problem of self-knowledge; he hastened the study of man
and reason; he instituted the doctrine of true manhood as an essential part in
the philosophy of life. Conscience was enthroned, and the moral life of man
began with Socrates.

Platonic Philosophy Develops the Ideal.—Plato was the pupil of

Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. These three represent the culmination
of Greek philosophy. In its fundamental principles the Platonic philosophy
represents the highest flight of the mind in its conception of being and of
the nature of mind and matter, entertained by the philosophers. The doctrine
of Plato consisted of three primary principles: matter, ideas, and God. While
matter is co-eternal with God, he created all animate and inanimate things
from matter. Plato maintained that there was a unity in design. And as God
was an independent and individual creator of the world, who fashioned the
universe, and is father to all creatures, there was unity in God. Plato
advanced the doctrine of reminiscences, in which he accounted for what
had otherwise been termed innate ideas. Plato also taught, to a certain
extent, the transmigration of souls. He was evidently influenced in many
ways by the Indian philosophy; but the special doctrine of Plato made ideas
the most permanent of all things. Visible things are only fleeting shadows,
which soon pass away; only ideas remain. The universal concept, or notion,
is the only real thing. Thus the perfect globe is the concept held in the mind;
the marble, ball, or sphere of material is only an imperfect representation of
the same. The horse is a type to which all individual horses tend to
conform; they pass away, but the type remains. His work was purely
deductive. His major premise was accepted on faith rather than determined
by his reason. Yet in philosophical speculations the immortality of the soul,
future rewards and punishments, the unity of the creation and the unity of
the creator, and an all-wise ruler of the universe, were among the most
important points of doctrine.

Aristotle the Master Mind of the Greeks.—While Aristotle and Plato

sought to prove the same things, and agreed with each other on many
principles of philosophy, the method employed by the former was exactly
the reverse of that of the latter. Plato founded his doctrine on the unity of all
being, and observed the particular only through the universal. For proof he
relied on the intuitive and the synthetic. Aristotle, on the contrary, found it
necessary to consider the particular in order that the universal might be
established. He therefore gathered facts, analyzed material, and discoursed
upon the results. He was patient and persistent in his investigations, and not
only gave the world a great lesson by his example, but he obtained better
results than any other philosopher of antiquity. It is generally conceded that
he showed the greatest strength of intellect, the deepest insight, the greatest
breadth of speculative thought, and the clearest judgment of all
philosophers, either ancient or modern.

Perhaps his doctrine of the necessity of a final cause, or sufficient

reason, which gives a rational explanation of individual things, is Aristotle's
greatest contribution to pure philosophy. The doctrine of empiricism has
been ascribed to Aristotle, but he fully recognized the universal, and
thought it connected with the individual, and not separated from it, as
represented by Plato. The universal is self-determining in its
individualization, and is, therefore, a process of identification rather than of
differentiation. The attention which Aristotle gave to fact as opposed to
theory, to investigation as opposed to speculation, and to final cause, led
men from a condition of necessity to that of freedom, and taught
philosophers to substantiate their theories by reason and by fact. There is no
better illustration of his painstaking investigation than his writing 250
constitutional histories as the foundation of his work on "Politics." In this
masterly work will be found an exposition of political theories and practice
worthy the attention of all modern political philosophers. The service given
by Aristotle to the learning of the Middle Ages, and, in fact, to modern
philosophy, was very great.
 Aristotle was of a more practical turn of mind than Plato. While he
introduced the formal syllogism in logic, he also introduced the inductive
method. Perhaps Aristotle represented the wisest and most learned of the
Greeks, because he advanced beyond the speculative philosophy to a point
where he attempted to substantiate theory by facts, and thus laid the
foundation for comparative study.

Other Schools.—The Epicureans taught a philosophy based upon

pleasure-seeking—or, as it may be stated, making happiness the highest aim
of life. They said that to seek happiness was to seek the highest good. This
philosophy in its pure state had no evil ethical tendency, but under the bad
influences of remote followers of Epicurus it led to the degeneration of
ethical practice. "Beware of excesses," says Epicurus, "for they will lead to
unhappiness." Beware of folly and sin, for they lead to wretchedness.
Nothing could have been better than this, until people began to follow
sensuality as the immediate return of efforts to secure happiness. Then it led
to corruption, and was one of the causes of the downfall of Greek as well as
the Roman civilization.

The Stoics were a group of philosophers who placed great emphasis

upon ethics in comparison with logic and physics. They looked on the
world from the pessimistic side and made themselves happy by becoming
martyrs. They taught that suffering, the endurance of pain without
complaint, was the highest virtue. To them logic was the science of thought
and of expression, physics was the science of nature, and ethics the science
of the good. All ideas originated from sensation, and perception was the
only criterion of truth. "We know only what we perceive (by sense); only
those ideas contain certain knowledge for us which are ideas of real
objects." The soul of man was corporeal and material, hence physics and
metaphysics were almost identical. There is much incoherency in their
philosophy; it abounds in paradoxes. For instance, it recognizes sense as the
criterion and source of knowledge, and asserts that reason is universal and
knowable. Yet it asserts that there is no rational element in sense that is
universal. It confuses individual human nature and universal nature, though
its final result was to unite both in one concept. The result of their entire
philosophy was to create confusion, although they had much influence on
the practical life.
 The Sceptics doubted all knowledge obtained by the senses. There was
no criterion of truth in the intellect, consequently no knowledge. If truth
existed it was in conduct, and thus the judgment must be suspended. They
held that there was nothing that could be determined of specific nature,
nothing that could be of certainty. Eventually the whole Greek philosophy
went out in scepticism. The three schools, the sceptic, the Epicurean, and
the stoic, though widely differing in many ways, agreed upon one thing, in
basing their philosophy on subjectivity, on mind rather than on objective
nature.

Results Obtained in Greek Philosophy.—The philosophical conclusions

aimed at by the Greeks related to the origin and destiny of the world. The
world is an emanation from God, and in due time it will return to Him. It
may be considered as a part of the substance of God, or it may be
considered as something objective proceeding from him. The visible world
around us becomes thus but an expression of the God mind. But as it came
forth a thing of beauty, so it will return again to Him after its mission is
fulfilled. On the existence and attributes of God the Greeks dwelt with great
force. There is established first a unity of God, and this unity is the first
cause in the creation. To what extent this unity is independent and separate
in existence from nature, is left in great doubt. It was held that God is
present everywhere in nature, though His being is not limited by time or
space. Much of the philosophy bordered upon, if it did not openly avow, a
belief in pantheism. The highest conception recognizes design in creation,
which would give an individual existence to the Creator. Yet the most acute
mind did not depart from the assumption of the idea of an all-pervading
being of God extending throughout the universe, mingling with nature and
to a certain extent inseparable from it. In their highest conception the most
favored of the Greeks were not free from pantheistic notions.

The nature of the soul occupied much of the attention of the Greeks.
They began by giving material characteristics to the mind. They soon
separated it in concept from material nature and placed it as a part of God
himself, who existed apart from material form. The soul has a past life, a
present, and a future, as a final outcome of philosophical speculations. The
attributes of the soul were confused with the attributes of the Supreme
Being. These conceptions of the Divine Being and of the soul border on the
Hindu philosophy.

Perhaps the subject which caused the most discussion was the attempt to
determine a criterion of truth. Soon after the time when they broke away
from the ancient religious faith, the thinkers of Greece began to doubt the
ability of the mind to ascertain absolute truth. This arose out of the
imperfections of knowledge obtained through the senses. Sense perception
was held in much doubt. The world is full of delusions. Man thinks he sees
when he does not. The rainbow is but an illusion when we attempt to
analyze it. The eye deceives, the ear hears what does not exist; even touch
and taste frequently deceive us. What, then, can be relied upon as accurate
in determining knowledge? To this the Greek mind answers, "Nothing"; it
reaches no definite conclusion, and this is the cardinal weakness of the
philosophy. Indeed, the great weakness of the entire age of philosophy was
want of data. It was a time of intense activity of the mind, but the lack of
data led to much worthless speculation. The systematic method of scientific
observation had not yet been discovered.

But how could this philosophical speculation affect civilization? It

determined the views of life entertained by the Greeks, and human progress
depended upon this. The progress of the world depends upon the attitude of
the human mind toward nature, toward man and his life. The study of
philosophy developed the mental capacity of man, gave him power to cope
with nature, and enhanced his possibility of right living. More than this, it
taught man to rely upon himself in explaining the origin and growth of the
universe and the development of human life. Though these points were
gained only by the few and soon lost sight of by all, yet they were revived
in after years, and placed man upon the right basis for improvement.

The quickening impulse of philosophy had its influence on art and

language. The language of the Greeks stands as their most powerful
creation. The development of philosophy enlarged the scope of language
and increased its already rich vocabulary. Art was a representation of
nature. The predominance given to man in life, the study of heroes and
gods, gave ideal creations and led to the expression of beauty. Philosophy,
literature, language, and art, including architecture, represent the products
of Greek civilization, and as such have been the lasting heritage of the
nations that have followed. The philosophy and practice of social life and
government received a high development in Greece. They will be treated in
a separate chapter.

SUBJECTS FOR FURTHER STUDY

1. What was the importance of Socrates' teaching? Why was he put to death?

2. What has been the influence of Plato's teaching on modern life?

3. Why is Aristotle considered the greatest of the Greeks?

4. What was the influence of the library at Alexandria?

5. What caused the decline in Greek philosophy?

6. What was the influence on civilization of the Greek attitudes of mind toward nature?

7. Compare the use of Greek philosophy with modern science as to their value in education.

CHAPTER XIV

THE GREEK SOCIAL POLITY

The Struggle for Greek Equality and Liberty.—The greater part of the
activity of Western nations has been a struggle for social equality and for
political and religious liberty. These phases of European social life are
clearly discerned in the development of the Greek states. The Greeks were
recognized as having the highest intellectual culture and the largest mental
endowments of all the ancients, characteristics which gave them great
prestige in the development of political life and social philosophy. The
problem of how communities of people should live together, their relations
to one another, and their rights, privileges, and duties, early concerned the
philosophers of Greece; but more potent than all the philosophies that have
been uttered, than all of the theories concerning man's social relation, is the
vivid portrayal of the actual struggle of men to live together in community
life, pictured in the course of Grecian history.

In the presentation of this life, writers have differed much in many ways.
Some have eulogized the Greeks as a liberty-loving people, who sought to
grant rights and duties to every one on an altruistic basis; others have
pictured them as entirely egoistic, with a morality of a narrow nature, and
with no sublime conception of the relation of the rights of humanity as
such. Without entering into a discussion of the various views entertained by
philosophers concerning the characteristics of the Greeks, it may be said
that, with all their noble characteristics, the ideal pictures which are
presented to us by the poet, the philosopher, and the historian are too
frequently of the few, while the great mass of the people remained in a state
of ignorance, superstition, and slavery. With a due recognition of the
existence of the germs of democracy, we find that Greece, after all, was in
spirit an aristocracy. There was an aristocracy of birth, of wealth, of
learning, and of hereditary power. While we must recognize the greatness of
the Greek life in comparison with that of Oriental nations, it must still be
evident to us that the best phases of this life and the magnificent features of
Greek learning have been emphasized much by writers, while the wretched
and debasing conditions of the people of Greece have seldom been
recounted.

The Greek Government an Expanded Family.—The original family was

ruled by the father, who acted as king, priest, and lawgiver. As long as life
lasted he had supreme control over all members of his family, whether they
were so by birth or adoption. All that they owned, all of the products of
their hands, all the wealth of the family, belonged to him; even their lives
were at his disposal.

As the family becomes stronger and is known as a gens, it represents a

close, compact organization, looking after its own interests, and with
definite customs concerning its own government. As the gentes are
multiplied they form tribes, and the oldest male member of the tribal group
acts as its leader and king, while the heads of the various gentes thus united
become his counsellors and advisers in later development, and the senate
after democratic government organization takes place. As time passes the
head of this family is called a king or chief, and rules on the ground that he
has descended from the gods, is under the divine protection, and represents
the oldest aristocratic family in the tribe.

In the beginning this tribal chief holds unlimited sway over all of his
subjects. But to maintain his power well he must be a soldier who is able to
command the forces in war; he must be able to lead in the councils with the
chiefs and, when occasion requires, discuss matters with the people.
Gradually passing from the ancient hereditary power, he reaches a stage
when it becomes a custom to consult with all the chiefs of the tribe in the
management of the affairs. The earliest picture of Greek government
represents a king who is equal in birth with other heads of the gentes,
presiding over a group of elders deliberating upon the affairs of the state.
The influence of the nobles over whom he presided must have been great. It
appears that the king or chief must convince his associates in council before
any decision could be considered a success.

The second phase of Greek government represents this same king as

appearing in the assembly of all the people and presenting for their
consideration the affairs of the state. It is evident from this that, although he
was a hereditary monarch, deriving his power from aristocratic lineage
traced even to the gods themselves, he was responsible to the people for his
government, and this principle extends all the way through the development
of Greek social and political life.

The right to free discussion of affairs in open council, the right to object
to methods of procedure, were cardinal principles in Greek politics; but
while the great mass of people were not taken into account in the affairs of
the government, there was an equality among all those called citizens which
had much to do with the establishment of the civil polity of all nations. The
whole Greek political life, then, represents the slow evolution from
aristocratic government of hereditary chiefs toward a complete democracy,
which unfortunately it failed to reach before the decline of the Greek state.
 As before related, the Greeks had established a large number of
independent communities which developed into small states. These small
states were mostly isolated from one another, hence they developed an
independent social and political existence. This was of great consequence in
the establishing of the character of the Greek government. In the first place,
the kings, chiefs, and rulers were brought closely in contact with the people.
Everybody knew them, understood the character of the men, realizing that
they had passions and prejudices similar to other men, and that,
notwithstanding they were elevated to positions of power, they nevertheless
were human beings like the people themselves. This led to a democratic
feeling.

Again, the development of these separate small states led to great

diversity of government. All kinds of government were exercised in Greece,
from the democracy to the hereditary monarchy. Many of these
governments passed in their history through all stages of government to be
conceived of—the monarchy, absolute and constitutional, the aristocracy,
the oligarchy, the tyranny, the democracy, and the polity. All phases of
politics had their representation in the development of the Greek life.

In a far larger way the development of these isolated communities made

local self-government the primary basis of the state. When the Greek had
developed his own small state he had done his duty so far as government
was concerned. He might be on friendly terms with the neighboring states,
especially as they might use the same language as his own and belonged to
the same race, but he could in no way be responsible for the success or the
failure of men outside of his community. This was many times a detriment
to the development of the Greek race, as the time arrived when it should
stand as a unit against the encroachments of foreign nations. No unity of
national life found expression in the repulsion of the Persians, no unity in
the Peloponnesian war, no unity in the defense against the Romans; indeed,
the Macedonians found a divided people, which made conquering easy.

There was another phase of this Greek life worthy of notice: the fact that
it developed extreme selfishness and egoism respecting government. We
shall find in this development, in spite of the pretensions for the interests of
the many, that government existed for the few; notwithstanding the
professions of an enlarged social life, we shall find a narrowness almost
beyond belief in the treatment of Greeks by one another in the social life. It
is true that the recognition of citizenship was much wider than in the Orient,
and that the individual life of man received more marked attention than in
any ancient despotism; yet, after all, when we recognize the multitudes of
slaves, who were considered not worthy to take part in government affairs,
the numbers of the freedmen and non-citizens, and realize that the few who
had power or privilege of government looked with disdain upon all others,
it gives us no great enthusiasm for Greek democracy when compared with
the modern conception of that term.

As Mr. Freeman says in his Federal Government, the citizen "looked

down upon the vulgar herd of slaves, the freedmen and unqualified
residents, as his own plebeian fathers had been looked down upon by the
old Eupatrides in the days of Cleisthenes and Solon." Whatever phase of
this Greek society we discuss, we must not forget that there was a large
class excluded from rights of government, and that the few sought always to
maintain their own rights and privileges supported by the many, and the
pretensions of an enlarged privilege of citizenship had little effect in
changing the actual conditions of the aristocratic government.

The Athenian Government a Type of Grecian Democracy.—Indeed, it

was the only completed government in Greece. The civilization of Athens
shows the character of the Greek race in its richest and most beautiful
development. Here art, learning, culture, and government reached their
highest development. It was a small territory that surrounded the city of
Athens, containing a little over 850 English square miles, possibly less, as
some authorities say. The soil was poor, but the climate was superb. It was
impossible for the Athenian to support a high civilization from the soil of
Attica, hence trade sprang up and Athens grew wealthy on account of its
great maritime commerce.

The population of all Attica in the most flourishing times was about
500,000 people, 150,000 of whom were slaves, 45,000 settlers, or
unqualified people, while the free citizens did not exceed 90,000—so that
the equality so much spoken of in Grecian democracies belonged to only
90,000 out of 500,000, leaving 410,000 disfranchised. The district was
thickly populous for Greece, and the stock of the Athenian had little mixture
of foreign blood in it. The city itself was formed of villages or cantons,
united into one central government. These appear to be survivals of the old
village communities united under the title of city-state. It was the perfection
of this city-state that occupied the chief thought of the Athenian political
philosophers.

The ancient kingship of Athens passed, on deposition of the last of the

Medoutidae, about 712 B.C., into the hands of the nobles. This was the first
step in the passage from monarchy toward democracy; it was the beginning
of the foundation of the republican constitution. In 682 B.C. the
government passed into the hands of nine archons, chosen from all the rest
of the nobles. It was a movement on the part of the nobles to obtain a
partition of the government, while the common people were not improved
at all by the process. The kings, indeed, in the ancient time made a better
government for the people than did the nobles. The people at this period
were in great trouble. The nobles had loaned money to their wretched
neighbors and, as the law was very strict, the creditor might take possession
of the property and even of the person of the debtor, making of him a slave.

In this way the small proprietors had become serfs, and the masters took
from them five-sixths of the products of the soil, and would, no doubt, have
taken their lands had these not been inalienable. Sometimes the debtors
were sold into foreign countries as slaves, and at other times their children
were taken as slaves according to the law. On account of the oppression of
the poor by the nobility, there sprang up a hatred between these two classes.

A few changes were made by the laws of Draco and others, but nothing
gave decided relief to the people. The nine archons, representing the power
of the state, managed nearly all of its affairs, and retained likewise their
seats in the council of nobles. The old national council formed by the
aristocratic members of the community still retained its hold, and the
council of archons, though it divided the country into administrative
districts and sought to secure more specific management of the several
districts, failed to keep down internal disorders or to satisfy the people. The
people were formed into three classes: the wealthy nobility, or land-owners
of the plain, the peasants of the mountains districts, and the people of the