Kobelco Bulldozer D150 (Tier 2) Operator Manual

Kobelco Bulldozer D150 (Tier 2)

Operator Manual
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Geneva, Switzerland, in June, 1872, decreed that England should
pay the United States the sum of $15,500,000 because of the
damage inflicted by Confederate cruisers upon Northern commerce.
The amount was paid, and friendly relations between the two
countries were fully restored.
Our rapid growth had long since made the
building of a railroad from the East to the
Pacific a necessity that continually grew more
urgent. Construction was begun as early as
1863, but the Civil War caused the work to
lag, and at the end of two years only one
hundred miles had been graded and forty laid.
The progress then became more vigorous.
The road consisted of two divisions. The first
MRS. JULIA DENT GRANT. was from Omaha, Nebraska, to Ogden, Utah,

a distance of 1,032 miles, while the western

division, known as the Central Pacific, covered the distance of 885
miles between Ogden and San Francisco. Steadily approaching each
other, these long lines of railway met on the 10th of May, 1869,
when the last spike, made of solid gold, was driven, and the two
locomotives, standing with their pilots almost touching, joined in a
joyous screech of their whistles. The important event was celebrated
with much ceremony, for it was worthy of being commemorated.
RECONSTRUCTION COMPLETED.
The vexatious work of reconstruction was completed during the
early months of 1870. Virginia had held out against the terms
prescribed by Congress, but her senators and representatives were
admitted to their seats in the latter part of January; those of
Mississippi in the following month, and those of Texas in March, at
which time the secretary of State issued a proclamation declaring
the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which
guarantees negro suffrage. For the first time in almost twenty years,
all the States were fully represented in Congress.
 THE CHICAGO FIRE.
On the 8th of October, 1871, Chicago was visited by the greatest
conflagration of modern times, with the single exception of that of
Moscow. Like many events, fraught with momentous consequences,
it had a trifling cause. A cow kicked over a lamp in a stable on De
Koven Street, which set fire to the straw. A gale swiftly carried the
flames into some adjoining lumber yards and frame houses. All the
conditions were favorable for a tremendous conflagration. The fire
swept over the south branch of the Chicago River, and raged
furiously in the business portion of the city. The main channel of the
river was leaped as if it were a narrow alley, and there were anxious
hours when thousands believed the whole city was doomed. As it
was, the fire-swept district covered four or five miles, and fully
20,000 buildings were burned. It is believed that 250 lives were lost,
about 100,000 people made homeless, and $192,000,000 worth of
property destroyed.

THE BURNING OF CHICAGO IN 1871.

Chicago's affliction stirred the sympathy of the whole country.

Contributions were sent thither from every State, and everything
was done to aid the sufferers who had lost their all. With true
American pluck, the afflicted people bent to the work before them.
Night and day thousands toiled, and within the space of a year a
newer and more magnificent city rose like a Phœnix from its ashes.
Chicago to-day is one of the grandest and most enterprising cities in
the world.
SETTLEMENT OF THE NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY.
We had made a treaty with England in 1846 which located the line of
our northwestern boundary along the 49th parallel westward to the
middle of "the channel" separating the continent from Vancouver's
Island, and then southward through the middle of the channel and
of Fuca's Strait to the Pacific Ocean. It was found, however, there
were several channels, and it was impossible to decide which was
meant in the treaty. The claim of England included the island of San
Juan, she insisting that the designated channel ran to the south of
that island. Naturally, we took the opposite view and were equally
insistent that the channel ran to the north, and that San Juan,
therefore, belonged to us. The two nations displayed their good
sense by referring the dispute to arbitration and selected the
Emperor of Germany as the arbitrator. He decided in 1872 in our
favor.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1872.
It was a curious presidential election that took place in 1872. The
South was bitterly opposed to the Republican plan of reconstruction
and a good many in the North sympathized with them. One of the
strongest opponents of Grant's renomination was the New York
Tribune, of which Horace Greeley was editor. The Republicans who
agreed with him were called "Liberal Republicans," while the
Straight-out Democrats retained their organization. Naturally, the
regular Republicans renominated Grant, but Henry Wilson, of
Massachusetts, took the place of Schuyler Colfax as the nominee for
the Vice-Presidency. Horace Greeley, who had spent his life in
vigorously fighting the principles of the Democratic party, was now
endorsed by that organization after his nomination by the Liberal
Republicans, with B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, as his running partner.
 The election was a perfect jumble.
Eight candidates were voted for as
President and eleven for Vice-
President. Grant received 286
electoral votes and carried thirty-
one States. Greeley was so crushed
by his defeat that he lost his reason
and died within a month after
election. His electors scattered their
votes, so that Thomas A. Hendricks,
the regular Democratic candidate,
SECTION OF CHICAGO STOCK-YARDS,
received 42; B. Gratz Brown, 16;
THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD. Charles J. Jenkins, 2; and David
Davis, 1.
THE INDIAN QUESTION.
The second term of Grant was more troublous than the first. The
difficulties with the Indians, dating from the first settlement in the
country, were still with us. At the suggestion of the President, a
grand council of delegates of the civilized tribes met in December,
1870, in the Choctaw division of the Indian Territory. The subject
brought before them was the organization of a republican form of
government, to be under the general rule of the United States. A
second convention was held in the following July and a provisional
government organized. A proposal was adopted that the United
States should set aside large tracts of land for the exclusive
occupancy and use of the Indians. These areas were to be known as
"reservations," and so long as the Indians remained upon them they
were to be protected from molestation.
This scheme seemed to promise a settlement of the vexed question,
but it failed to accomplish what was expected. In the first place,
most of the Indians were unfriendly to it. No matter how large a part
of country you may give to a red man as his own, he will not be
satisfied without permission to roam and hunt over all of it.
A more potent cause of trouble was the origin of all the Indian
troubles, from the colonial times to the present: the dishonesty and
rascality of the white men brought officially in contact with the red
men. Not only did these miscreants pursue their evil ways among
the Indians themselves, but there was an "Indian ring" in
Washington, whose members spent vast sums of money to secure
the legislation that enabled them to cheat the savages out of millions
of dollars. This wholesale plundering of the different tribes caused
Indian wars and massacres, while the evil men at the seat of the
government grew wealthy and lived in luxury.
THE MODOC TROUBLES.
Trouble at once resulted from removing the Indians to reservations
that were inferior in every respect to their former homes. The
Modocs, who had only a few hundred warriors, were compelled by
our government to abandon their fertile lands south of Oregon and
go to a section which was little better than a desert. They rebelled,
and, under the leadership of Captain Jack and Scar-faced Charley, a
number took refuge among some lava beds on the upper edge of
California. On the 11th of April, 1873, a conference was held
between the Indian leaders and six members of the peace
commission. While it was in progress, the savages suddenly attacked
the white men. General Edward S. Canby and Dr. Thomas were
instantly killed, and General Meachem, another member, was badly
wounded, but escaped with his life.
The war against the Modocs was pushed. After much difficulty and
fighting, they were driven to the wall and compelled to surrender.
Captain Jack and two of his brother chiefs were hanged in the
following October. The remaining members were removed to a
reservation in Dakota, where they have given no further trouble.
CIVIL WAR IN LOUISIANA.
In the early part of this year, civil war broke out in Louisiana because
of the quarrels over reconstruction measures. The difficulty first
appeared two years earlier, when opposing factions made attempts
to capture the Legislature by unseating members belonging to the
opposing party. Matters became so grave that in the following
January Federal troops had to be used to preserve the peace. In
December, 1872, another bitter quarrel arose over the election of the
governor and members of the Legislature. The returning board
divided, one part declaring William P. Kellogg elected, while the
other gave the election to John McEnery, the candidate of the white
man's party. Most of the negro vote had been cast for Kellogg.
As a consequence, two rival State governments were organized.
McEnery was enjoined by the United States district court from
acting, because, as was asserted, the returning board which
declared him elected had done so in defiance of its order.
In the face of this prohibition, McEnery was inaugurated. The
question was referred to the Federal government, which declared in
favor of Kellogg. Thereupon the McEnery government disbanded, but
in the latter part of 1874 McEnery again laid claim to election. D.P.
Penn, his lieutenant-governor, and his armed followers took
possession of the State House. A fight followed in which Kellogg was
driven from the building, twenty-six persons killed and a large
number wounded. Kellogg appealed to Washington for help.
McEnery, who was absent during these violent proceedings, now
returned and took the place of Penn. President Grant ordered his
supporters to disperse and General Emory forced McEnery to
surrender. The peace was broken in January, 1875, over the election
of members to the Legislature, and the Federal troops were again
called to restore order. A congressional committee was sent South to
investigate, and finally the quarrel was ended and Kellogg was
recognized as the legal governor.
ADMISSION OF COLORADO.
Colorado became the thirty-eighth State in August, 1876. The name
is Spanish, and refers to that part of the Rocky Mountains noted for
its many colored peaks. Colorado has more than thirty peaks within
its borders whose height is quite or nearly three miles. The wild,
mountainous region was explored in 1858 at two points, one near
Pike's Peak and the other in the southwestern portion. Both
exploring parties discovered gold, which, while abundant, is hard to
extract. The Territory was organized in 1861, and the principal
discoveries of the enormous deposits of silver have been made since
1870. The date of Colorado's admission has caused it often to be
referred to as the "Centennial State."
THE PANIC OF 1873.
We had learned the meaning of hard times in 1837 and again in
1857. Once more, in 1873, the blight fell upon the country. There
were various causes, all of which, in one sense, were the war. Prices
had become inflated, money was plentiful, and cities, towns, and
people had become extravagant. A mania seemed to seize municipal
corporations for indulging in "improvements," which brought ruinous
debts upon the municipalities. Enormous sums of money were
invested in the building of new railroad lines where the country was
not developed sufficiently to repay the expenditures. The quantity of
goods brought into this country was much in excess of that
exported, a fact which turned the balance of trade, as it was termed,
against us. This required the sending abroad of a large amount of
money.
As illustrative of the extravagance in railroad building, it may be said
that, in the single year 1871, 8,000 miles were put in operation.
Instead of using ready money with which to build these lines, bonds
were issued by the railroad companies, which expected to pay the
debts out of the future earnings of the roads. In the course of five
years $1,750,000,000 were invested in railroad projects. The same
speculative spirit pervaded mining and manufacturing companies,
which also borrowed money by issuing bonds. A great amount of
these were sold abroad, after which the home market was
industriously worked through the newspapers, which overflowed
with glowing promises. Thousands of poor widows, orphans, and the
trustees of estates invested all their scanty savings in these
enterprises.
Then the failures began. The banking firm of Jay Cooke & Company,
Philadelphia, one of the greatest in the United States, suspended,
and the whole country was alarmed. Next came the panic, which
reached its height in a few months. This was followed by dull times,
when factories closed, and multitudes were thrown out of
employment. Several years passed before the country fully
recovered from the panic of 1873.
NOTABLE DEATHS.
Many noted men died during those times. The bluff, aggressive, and
patriotic Edwin M. Stanton, Lincoln's war secretary, passed away in
December, 1869, shortly after his appointment to the bench of the
supreme court by President Grant. General R.E. Lee, who had
become president of the Washington and Lee University, died at his
home in Lexington, Virginia, in 1870. Among others of prominence
who died in the same year were General George H. Thomas and
Admiral Farragut. In 1872, William H. Seward, Horace Greeley,
Professor Morse, and General George H. Meade breathed their last,
and in the year following Chief Justice Chase and Charles Sumner
died. Millard Fillmore and Andrew Johnson, as has been stated, died
respectively in 1874 and 1875.
 MONUMENT TO GENERAL LEE AT RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

The Democrats now gained a majority in the House of

Representatives for the first time since 1860. Among the members
elected from the South were several distinguished military leaders of
the Southern Confederacy, besides Alexander H. Stephens, of
Georgia, who had been its vice-president.
It was about this time that gold was discovered among the Black
Hills, which by treaty belonged to the Sioux Indians, since the
section was within their reservation. White men were warned to
keep away, and steps were taken by the military authorities to
prevent them entering upon the forbidden ground. But no risk or
danger is sufficient to quench men's thirst for gold, and thousands of
the most desperate characters hurried to the Black Hills and began
digging for the yellow deposit.
CUSTER'S MASSACRE.
The Sioux are fierce and warlike. They have given our government a
great deal of trouble, and, finding their reservation invaded by white
men, they retaliated by leaving it, burning houses, stealing horses,
and cattle, and killing settlers in Wyoming and Montana. Their
outrages became so serious that the government sent a strong
military force thither under Generals Terry and Crook, which drove a
formidable body of warriors under the well-known Sitting Bull and
others toward the Big Horn Mountains and River.
Generals Reno and Custer rode forward with
the Seventh Cavalry to reconnoitre, and
discovered the Indians encamped in a village
nearly three miles long on the left bank of
the Little Big Horn River. Custer, who was an
impetuous, headlong officer, instantly
charged upon the Indians without waiting for
reinforcements.
This woeful blunder was made June 25,
1876. All that is known of it has been GENERAL GEORGE CROOK.
obtained from the Indians themselves. They
agree that Custer and his men dashed directly among the thousands
of warriors, and that they fought with desperate heroism, but Custer
and every one of his men were killed. The number was 261. General
Reno held his position at the lower end of the encampment on the
bluffs of the Little Big Horn until reinforcements arrived. Soldiers
were sent to the neighborhood, and there was more sharp fighting.
It was a long time and there was much negotiation necessary before
the Sioux could be persuaded to return to their reservation in
Dakota.
On the 4th of July, 1876, the United States was one hundred years
old. Preparations had been on foot for several years to give it a
fitting celebration. A bill was passed by Congress as early as March,
1871, providing that an exhibition of foreign and American arts,
products, and manufactures should be held under the auspices of
the government of the United States. A centennial commission was
appointed, consisting of General Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut;
Professor John L. Campbell, of Indiana; Alfred T. Goshorn, of Ohio;
and John L. Shoemaker, of Pennsylvania. Naturally Philadelphia,
where the Declaration of Independence was written and signed, was
selected as the most fitting place to hold the celebration. Fairmount
Park, one of the largest and finest in the world, was set apart for the
buildings.
The invitations sent to other nations were courteously accepted, the
following being those that took part: The Argentine Confederation,
Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Denmark, Ecuador,
Egypt, France (including Algeria), German Empire, Great Britain and
her colonies, Greece, Guatemala, Hawaii, Haiti, Honduras, Italy,
Japan, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Orange
Free State, Persia, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey, United States of Colombia, and
Venezuela.
To furnish room for the display of the myriads of articles, five
principal buildings were erected, viz.: the Main Building, 1,876 feet
long and 464 feet wide; the Art Gallery or Memorial Hall, Machinery
Hall, Agricultural Hall, and Horticultural Hall. The exhibition was
formally opened by President Grant, May 1st, and closed by him six
months later. The daily attendance began with about 5,000, but rose
to 275,000 toward the close. The total number of visitors was some
10,000,000, and the total receipts, as officially given out, were
$3,761,598. The exhibition was a splendid success in every sense.
THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1876.
Few people to-day understand the danger through which the country
passed in the autumn and winter of 1876. In June, the two great
political parties put their presidential tickets in the field. That of the
Republicans was Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A.
Wheeler, of New York; of the Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden, of New
York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The Independent
Greenback party also nominated a ticket, at the head of which was
the venerable philanthropist, Peter Cooper, of New York, with Samuel
F. Cary, of Ohio, the candidate for the vice-presidency.
There was little difference between the platforms of the two leading
parties. The Democrats declared for reform through all the methods
of the administration. The Republicans were equally loud in their
calls for the reform of every political abuse, and for the punishment
of any and all who made wrongful use of political offices. They also
insisted that the rights of the colored men should be safeguarded,
and denounced the doctrine of State sovereignty, of which there was
little to be feared, since it had been effectually killed by the war.
The Greenbackers made considerable stir. They also used the
shibboleth of reform, but put the currency question before all others.
Although the government was committed to the redemption of the
national legal-tenders and bonds in gold, the Greenbackers insisted
that this was impossible, and was also unjust to the debtor class.
They claimed, further, that it was the duty of the government to
provide a national paper currency, based not on specie, but on
bonds bearing a low rate of interest. The Republicans and
Democrats maintained that the government could not abrogate its
promises of redeeming the currency and bonds in gold.
The Greenback party polled 81,740 votes, the Prohibition 9,522, and
the American 2,636, none gaining an electoral vote. For several days
after the November election, it was generally believed that the
Democrats had been successful, though a few Republican papers,
notably the New York Times, persistently claimed that the
Republican ticket had been successful.
There was a dispute in four States. In
Louisiana, the returning board threw
out the returns from several parishes
on the ground of intimidation and
fraud, thereby placing 4,000 majority
to the credit of the Republicans. The
Democrats insisted that the rejected
votes should be counted, and, had it
MEMORIAL HALL OF 1876.
been done, Tilden would have been
elected.
In South Carolina, two bodies claimed to be the legal Legislature and
both canvassed the returns, one giving a plurality of 800 to the
Republican ticket and the other a smaller majority to the Democratic.
Precisely the same wrangle occurred in Florida, where each side
claimed a majority of about a hundred. Matters were still more
complicated in Oregon, where a Republican elector was declared
ineligible, because he held the office of postmaster at the time he
was chosen elector. The governor proposed to withhold the
certificate from him and give it to a Democrat. Had everything
claimed by the Republicans been conceded, they would have had
185 and the Democrats 184. It was necessary, therefore, for the
Republicans to maintain every point in order to secure their
President, for it was beyond dispute that Tilden had received 184
electoral votes. On the popular vote, he had 4,284,885 to 4,033,950
for Hayes. Each party charged the other with fraud, and thousands
of Democrats were so incensed at what they believed was a plot to
cheat them out of the presidency that they were ready to go to war.
Had they done so, it would have been the most terrible peril that
ever came upon the Republic, for the war would not have been one
section against the other, but of neighborhood against neighborhood
throughout the land.
As if nothing in the way of discord
should be lacking, the Senate was
Republican and the House Democratic.
The election being disputed, it fell to
them to decide the question—something
they would never do, since they were
deadlocked. This was so apparent that
thoughtful men saw that some new and
extraordinary means must be found to
SAMUEL J. TILDEN (1814-1886.) save the country from civil war.

Congress, after long and earnest

discussion, passed a bill creating an Electoral Commission, to which
it was agreed to submit the dispute. This commission was to consist
of fifteen members, five to be appointed by the House, five by the
Senate, and the remaining five to consist of judges of the Supreme
Court.
The Senate being Republican, its presiding officer, the Vice-
President, named three Republicans and two Democrats; the House
naturally appointed three Democrats and two Republicans; while of
the Supreme Court, three were Republicans and two Democrats.
This, it will be noted, gave to the commission eight Republicans and
seven Democrats. The body by a strict party vote decided every
dispute in favor of the Republicans, and on the 2d of March, 1877,
two days before inauguration, Rutherford B. Hayes was decided
President-elect of the United States.

THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION WHICH DECIDED UPON THE ELECTION OF

PRESIDENT HAYES.
Composed of three Republican and two Democratic Senators, three Democratic
and two Republican Representatives, three Republican and two Democratic
Justices of the Supreme Court; total, eight Republicans and seven Democrats. By
a strict party vote the decision was given in favor of Mr. Hayes, who, two days
later, March 4, 1877, was inaugurated President of the United States.
 CHAPTER XX.
ADMINISTRATIONS OF HAYES, GARFIELD, AND
ARTHUR, 1877-1885.

R.B. Hayes—The Telephone—Railway Strikes—Elevated Railroads—War with the Nez Perce

Indians—Remonetization of Silver—Resumption of Specie Payments—A Strange Fishery
Award—The Yellow Fever Scourge—Presidential Election of 1878—James A. Garfield—
Civil Service Reform—Assassination of President Garfield—Chester A. Arthur—The Star
Route Frauds—The Brooklyn Bridge—The Chinese Question—The Mormons—Alaska
Exploration—The Yorktown Centennial—Attempts to Reach the North Pole by Americans
—History of the Greely Expedition.

THE NINETEENTH PRESIDENT.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes
was born in Delaware
County, Ohio, October 4,
1822, and was graduated
from Kenyon College at the
age of twenty years. In 1845
he completed his legal
studies at Harvard
University, and practiced
law, first at Marietta, in his RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES (1823-1893)
One term, 1877-1881.
native State, then at
Fremont, and finally in Cincinnati. He entered the military service, at
the beginning of the war, as major, and rose to the rank of brevet
major-general. His career as a soldier was creditable. While still in
the service, in 1864, he was elected to Congress, and was governor
of Ohio in 1867, 1869, and again in 1875. His popularity as chief
magistrate of one of the leading States led to his nomination to the
presidency, to which, however, it must be conceded, he had not a
clear title. He died at Fremont, Ohio, January 17, 1893.
President Hayes proved his desire to strengthen the fraternal feeling
between the North and South by appointing as a member of his
cabinet David McKey, his postmaster-general. Mr. McKey was from
Tennessee, and had served the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Hayes' administration on the whole was uneventful, though marked
by a number of incidents which deserve mention. It was in 1877 that
the first telephone for business purposes was put into use. It
connected the residence of Charles Williams, in Somerville,
Massachusetts, with his business office in Boston, three miles
distant. Alexander Bell, of the latter city, was the inventor of the
instrument, which is now in general use throughout the country, and
serves to connect points more than a thousand miles apart.
RAILWAY STRIKES.
In the summer of 1877 occurred one of the most violent outbreaks
among labor men that has ever been known in this country. There
was unrest in the mining districts over the question of wages, and
the dissatisfaction spread to the principal manufacturing points.
When the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made a reduction of 10 per
cent. in the pay of its employees it was followed, July 14th, by a
partial strike on their line. The men had the sympathy of workmen
throughout the country, and the strike spread to the Pennsylvania,
Erie, New York Central, and their western connections, including the
Missouri and Pacific, and a number of less important lines west of
the Mississippi.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers is one of the most
intelligent and conservative labor organizations in the country. It has
won the respect of corporations as well as of the community-at-large
by its fairness and its refusal to engage in strikes, except as a last
resort against grievances. Its members are located in all parts of the
country, and include a good many thousands. In the strike named
the Brotherhood took the lead, and the firemen, brakemen, and
other railroad employees joined them. The result was the stoppage
of the wheels of commerce and the ruin of vast amounts of
perishable freight, to say nothing of the expensive delays of all
kinds. The railroad companies called upon the various State
authorities for protection in operating their lines, but, as is generally
the case, the militia were either in sympathy with the strikers or
were afraid of them. As a final resort, an appeal was made to the
United States government, whose soldiers understand only one duty,
that of obeying orders.
The strikers stopped all trains in Baltimore and Martinsburg, West
Virginia, and defied the authorities. The militia were scattered, but a
few regulars were sufficient to raise the blockade. On the 20th of
July, in an attempt of the rioters to resist the clearing of the streets
in Baltimore, nine persons were killed and a score wounded. The
strike extended until it included the whole country, with the
exception of the cotton-growing States.
The most dangerous outbreak was in Pittsburg, where an immense
mob held control of the city for two days. Disorder and violence
reigned, and the authorities were powerless. When on the 21st
soldiers appeared on the streets they were assailed with stones and
pistol-shots, and they replied with several volleys which killed and
wounded a number of rioters. This only added fuel to the flames,
and the mob became more savage than ever. The soldiers were
attacked so furiously that they ran into a roundhouse of the railway
company for protection. There they were besieged, and oil cars were
rolled against the building and fired with the purpose of burning the
soldiers to death. The firemen were not allowed to put out the
flames, and it was several days before the defenders were rescued.
The infuriated mob applied the torch to the buildings of the railroad
company, gutted cars, scattered or carried off the contents, burst
open and drank barrels of whiskey, and raged like so many wild
beasts. Before the terrific outbreak subsided, the Union Depot and
all the machine shops and railway buildings in the city were burned.
Among the losses were 126 locomotives and 2,500 cars laden with
valuable freight. The regular troops finally subdued the rioters, but
not until a hundred people had been killed and property destroyed to
the value of five million dollars.
There was rioting accompanied with violence in Chicago, Buffalo,
Columbus, Ohio, and at many other points. In Chicago, on the 26th
of July, nineteen persons were killed. St. Louis was disturbed, but
there was no special outbreak. In San Francisco a savage attack was
made on the Chinese and the managers of the lumber yards. At one
period, on 6,000 miles of railroad not a wheel was turned, and
100,000 laborers were idle or assisting in the rioting. Such violent
ebullitions soon expend themselves. By-and-by the men began
returning to their work, and within two or three weeks all the
railroads were operating as usual.
About this time the elevated railway system was adopted in New
York City. It has proved so convenient that many lines have been
added in the metropolis, and the same means of travel is used in
other cities, though of late years electric trolley cars have been
widely introduced.
THE NEZ PERCE WAR.
When Lewis and Clark journeyed across the upper part of our
country, at the beginning of the century, they made a treaty with the
Nez Perce Indians, whose home was in the northwest. They were
visited afterward by missionaries, and no trouble occurred with them
until after our war with Mexico. A large section of their land was
bought by the United States government in 1854, and a reservation
was set apart for them in northwestern Idaho and northeastern
Oregon. As in the case of the Seminoles of Florida however, many of
the chiefs were opposed to the sale of their lands, and, when the
date came for their departure, refused to leave.
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces was one of the most remarkable
Indians of the century. He was shrewd, sagacious, brave, and
remarkably intelligent. General Wesley Merritt, of the United States
army, has pronounced his military genius of the highest order, and,
in the incidents we are about to narrate, his exploit in its way has
never been surpassed. A good many people will recall seeing Joseph
at the ceremonies at the tomb of General Grant in 1897, where his
fine military appearance attracted much attention.
In 1877, General Howard, commanding the department of the
Columbia, marched against the troublesome Nez Perces with a small
force of regulars. Being too weak to fight the soldiers, Chief Joseph,
at the head of his band, repeatedly eluded them with masterly skill.
This strange chase continued for hundreds of miles, Joseph keeping
his women, children, and impedimenta not only intact, but beyond
reach of the pursuers, who were filled with admiration of his genius.
In the autumn of 1877, the Nez Perces passed through the
mountains of northern Montana, where they were confronted by
Colonel Miles and the regulars. Even then Joseph could not be
brought to battle, and crossed the Missouri near the mouth of the
Mussel Shell. In the Bear Paw Mountains, however, his camp was
surrounded and he was brought to bay. The Nez Perces fought with
great bravery, but were defeated. Joseph faced the inevitable, and,
walking forward to where General Howard was sitting on his horse,
handed him his rifle. Then, pointing to the sun in the sky, he said:
"From where the sun is in yonder heavens, I fight the white man no
more."
General Howard admired the valiant and chivalrous warrior, who had
conducted his campaign not only with rare skill, but without any of
the outrages and cruelties which seem natural to the American race.
He took his hand, and promised to be his friend. General Howard
was able to keep his promise, and secured such a favorable location
for Joseph and his band that they have been peaceable and satisfied
ever since.
REMONETIZATION OF SILVER.
The money or currency question has long been a disturbing factor in
politics. During the war the silver currency had been out of
circulation, its place being taken for awhile by postage stamps and
afterward by "shinplasters," which were paper fractional parts of a
dollar. In 1873, Congress made gold the exclusive money standard.
Silver depreciated some ten per cent., and the "hard money" people
opposed the measures that were set on foot to remonetize silver;
that is, to bring it into circulation again. Such a bill was passed, then
vetoed by the President, promptly repassed over his veto, and it was
ordered that the coinage of silver should proceed at a rate not to
exceed $2,000,000 a month. About this time (December 18, 1878),
gold and paper money for the first time in seventeen years was of
equal value.
In accordance with the law of 1875,
specie payments by the United States
government was effected January 1,
1879. At that time there was an
accumulation of $138,000,000 in the
United States treasury, nearly all of it
gold, representing forty per cent. of the
outstanding bonds. The mere knowledge
of this fact so strengthened the public
credit that, instead of the anticipated rush
on the 1st of January, only $11,000,000
was offered for redemption. The problem
of specie payment proved to be a GRANT AT WINDSOR CASTLE..
bugbear.
THE FISHERY AWARD.
By the treaty of Washington, signed in 1872, Americans were
allowed to take fish of every kind, except shellfish, on the seacoasts
and shores and in the bays, harbors, and creeks of the provinces of
Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, and
the adjacent islands, without restriction as to the distance from
shore. In return for this privilege, our government agreed to charge
a duty upon certain kinds of fish brought by British subjects into
American harbors. There were other mutual concessions, and, in
order to balance matters and make everything smooth, the whole
question was placed in the hands of an arbitration commission,
which began its sessions in the summer of 1877, at Halifax. The