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") "# ! ! "! # ."!. # ! "# =& ! # =# # 0 ") "# &"
"#"# .# " #

I !.!! # ) ! &" "# $ ?

= ' θ (
A 3FC

" !"# " # L # ") ! ## # )! # 0 =& # " # =& # $ & L0 #

") & # " " AI !.!! ,DD C

= ) <,
= ;3 ;3
,< ) < 3
= ,; ) > 3
A 3P +)+ C

" " & + " "! A,DD C # $ =& # $ & L0 ?

= 3, ;5 ;F
< ) ≤ ,;;
= ,; ) > ,;;
A 3D +)C

−+ − * −+ − *
' = + <,

−+ − *
' = ,+ ≥,
A 2; +)C
 = ; 3F !" A C+ ≤ 3
3; 3;

= ,+ > 3
3; A 2, +)C

)! E " # " & # )"# # 8 " "! A,DD C

&" # )" L#
# )" " & . ! , ;;
# )" " ! # ; F3
# )" " ! ,? ; 2;
# )" " ! ,?, ; 3;
# )" " ! 5? ; 3

I !.!! A,DD C " # @ # ! # " $ !"# " # " "!?

B
= + 4 ≤ ,;
B
= + ; 22FA, − C ;, −, + ,; < 4 < 3

B
= ,+ 4 ≥ 3 A 2 +)+ C

)! 5 E " # ! $ & # )"# # 8 # 0 " %A,D32C

θ Lθ
5;[ ; D;
2;[ ; DF
D;[ , ;;
, ;[ , ;2
,3;[ , ;P

I !.!! A,DD C )9 " @# !"# " # " # " "# ?

B
θ = θ + 4 ≥5
B
θ = θ + A, G θ C , 3G; 3 + ,< 4 <5

B
θ = ,+ 4 ≤, A 25 +)+ C
 B B 345

( = ,− ,− B

A 2 C

" B+ 0B 0 B #" ! %"+ ! " 0 " "# I !

. # #& .

E ! + " ' " @" ! =& # $ # A,D25C ) # ! !" * " !

"# $ !" ! &" # % "+ 0 % A,DDPC & # " =& # $ # !* &
# ! "# $ # )"# " " # # .. # 0 & & ! # ! ! @" "
! # " # " ! ! @" 0 ! # # "+ &! "! $ #&"
I 0 G 0 I ]!! A,D PC 0 # " "# =& ! # #" # " ! ! %"
!! " ?

;3

,+, 4 5
B,
, +,
B
,+ = ;3
45

+, B,
−, +,
B
A 23C

# ") ! %" ! ! ! "#" "# $ ! # $ + B, ! . !" " #

) 0 B ! . !" " * & ! " ! ". "

8 !"# " #+ ) & # # " " )1# φ " !' !" φ & # &" # !
!' !" "7 " " ! #& * ! # ! ! %"+ ( # & # ! =& # $
&* % A,DD5C

; ;3 ; ,;2
γ −, −; P
φ = ; 3F σ
3; 3; ;,
,
ν γ
A 22C

" ν1; ;, 4# # ! .# "# ! ! "M 1; F ! " " ! #& * ! #Mγ#1 23

! & #" #& * " !# " 0σ ! #. $ #' " 9 ! # ) $ 6"#
! # & * ! # " " & + ! 7$ . !" # " B,4 B & # =& #
9 "# ! # # ! ! @" # ) " "
 ,4 5
;5 5
B,
= A ; C 3;

B τ
A 2FC

" E ; 1 4AAγ#G,C 3;C; 3 # ! 8 " E" # 9 " # " A 2FC+ τ

& # ! ! " " ! # " # @# # &" I !.!! A,DDFC ! . % ! # )
# ( ! . !" " * B & !# " ! "#" "# $ # ' !
" &" ! . % ! #+ ") & ! %" &! " # #"+ B # 0" ( & ! %"
&! " ) " ! & . # ! "#" "# $ + ( &! . 7 # )! 7 "
" #") ! & * ! " ! # " # " # " #+ A 2FC # " .

45 ,+,
,+ =
45
φ
B
+ +, ,− B

B, B,
A 2PC

# " #A 2FC 0 A 2PC # ( # 40 & E;+ τ + 3;40+ 40 0 φ !

$ "+ ! 9 " ^ 1,G B 4 B, & " # # " " & ' " # .. #

!( " B 4 B,≥,+ ^ 1;

) # ( " ! " ! $ " # ! # $ ! &"

( !)" ! &" " " # $ " + # &" . * ! &"
) " ! & #" " # " " " "! A,DD C $( ! # ! " # # #
&" #" & "= ! ;2 . #! ! ! " 8 !"# "# #
"+! # ! " # '= ## &" !"# * # # $ ! # # ! ! %"
&! " " "+ ! &' ) "# 6 ;2 . # ! ! ! " " " !
&" # # &" ! # $ ! # ! ! . %40 ! # " # " " ! @"# "
! %" "#" & # # & " " &" " # ! # =& # " # L A,DDDC

; F5
; 55 , ;

, − ; ;,2P 3;

-
= A 2D C
; F
 ; F5
; 55 , ;

, − ; ;,2P 3;

-
=
; ;P3

A 2D)C
" 1& 9 M%1 ! ! " M! 1 !" ! " 0E 1 8 "
E" $ A 2D C # &! ! #" 7"#+ #0 # $ + 0! $ A 2D)C+
& # " " & + ! !" ! . !40 & ! &" " " "( # . 7+
& ! 8 " E" E " "# ?

−; 3

= 2 3+ ≤ F,2
3;
−; 3

= ,;;; 3; + ≤ F,2
3;
; D3 A F; ...C
−; 3 −; F
"
= F 5F F,2 ≤ ≤ FP3
(γ − ,) 3;
5
3; 3;

−; F

= π + ≤ FP3
3;

" " " ! #$+# & ( ! " $ '# # ." )! & ! #" . $ # )"#
# & # " 9# "#+ @ " " # # &! #+ # !" ! 7 ! & & ! ! " +
0 ( ")# " # &" #. " # ! &" ! @" ! # #
! #" " ! # "# ( ! # )! ! # '! # # # # )! "
#& " ! #& & ! #. )! # ! # " # '! !"+ # ( # # 0
" # 0 !' !" ( ! ! @" " ! # )"+ ! ! " # # .7 !
" ! # )"+ # 0 ! !" ! # )" " # 0 ! &" ! ! @"
& "= $ ! '! !" ! #" . $ " ! # # # " "!" *# & # . )!
# ! "#+ !" ( ( ! $ " " % # " =&! " ! " " 0( ! %" 8 &
&" & '# & "= ! # . )! # ( . ! "# $ !" ! 0 !
! $ =# !! #
 E$ ! #& ! & $ "# $ !" ! # )"#

F42

.θ0123.
&; ,
= F3 +, −, # A,D25C /
" ,
≥
,

= F3
,
+,
; 3D
−,
# )"# # "# #") !
# A,D25C
,, 3 " + θ1D;[+ ≥

, ,F

; ;D +,
= F3 # A,D25C / .θ0123.
B
−, ≤
B

= ,3 ; 55
! A,D2,C . θ0123. ≥

= ; 55 % #" ! .
A,DF3C ) ≥ 4.θ0123. ≥

= ,,3+ ' 5, *" ; 2F 5 ; 55

3; ! # A,D DC

; 25 −; 5
− , PF
= ; FP , ,2 3;
σ +,
≤
θ
E " %! %A,DPDC

/ /
.6 .
= ' θ ( I !.!! A,DDFC . .
/ .

45 ,+,
,+ =
0 % A,DDPC
.θ0123
45
φ
B
+ +, 7
B,
,; I H I

,; ,
! "#" "# $ # " &" .$ ( # & 7 ! . ! #& * ! # # "+ !"
% ( !" ! + ! " "+ ! . !" # " ! ! @" & & !+ &" !" (
! # & * ! # #" #! #% # ) # & " #" # ")# . ! E , #
# ")# . 7" # 9# ! "# $ 7" # "#" & ( 6" @ " ! & ! ( #
")# . ) # ) &! # #0 ! " "# !! " ! # ! #+ ! 7" #
! "#" #*+ &" !" "# &" # 6" '# .# )! 0 ! ( " "# !"# " # "
) "! ## # ! & # ! "#" # ." @# " " # " ! .$ (
% ! ) @" #" . ! " " "#"+ ! + # " " &" ! "! &#" ! ! % !
"#" 7" #! # $ &" '# ! &! A # ) @"C ! 7" 0
# & & 7 " &" ! $ ! .$ " ! @" " #" 0 ! ! @" " !
!" ! " # 7 ! #& * ! ## #&! 7 ! " ! & ! %# # % * #
) @" 0 ) " ! "#" ! E # # ! " . ! .$ ( = . !
)# ! &! ! " 7" .

" 8 /
/ /
'= "# $ # ! 7" . + 0# ."! $ " # " " "# #&
!
 / 9 :

# # ! ."! $ &" ! ! "# $ !& " " # ! '= "# $ & !

&! ! ' "& . !" @" # % @ " & & ! " !G " A C # " &
.# ! 7 " !! " & ." !" ( " ! " 0 ! ! ! # 0" # ' " #
& . # & #+ ! " " !" %7" "#" A,DDDC+ ( !" ! 7$& ! ."! $ &" !
!"# # )"# & & # ! ."! $ ! " " !+ ! # ! #
& & ! 0! # ( !)" ! #" ! #&! # & + 0 &" ! ! $ ( # #
# # " !&" #" "# $ ! # % " " # .+ # & # . " "! &#"# 0&" 8! "
# ( !)"

! # ")# . ! " " ! " ! " !"# "! &#"# # & )! + & #
! # " # " "0 * " ) " ( & # ! &" ! # "# % .7
'# ' " # # $ & . &" 7$ 0 # ( ! # #" & & #$
( ! &" " !!" # $% ! ' ! 3 # ' #
& # ! . !" "# $ " ! "# $ . !" ! ! ! # ". ( #
& # ! 2+ '# # " " _7"" ` ! # " ! 7" #
% ! " !0 " ! ! # 0" ")# . ) ! #+ # "# ) ! # #" '# #0
& # # ! !( !& &"
25
Equilibrio
20
Fase de colapsos o pasiva
15
dse (cm)

Fase Activa
10

0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Tiempo (min)
 / 9 :

Velocidad de erosión (cm/s)

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.1

-0.1

-0.3
Erosión (cm)
-0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

! # " '#+ # ( & " ) ! % & # . "# "#+ ! # "

( ! ) ! # '# # " % ! #( "# &" "# $ ! . !" "# $ #
&"# . 0 " # &" # $ ! . !" "# $ # . " ! $
=# # $ " &! ( ! # " $ " " # " # "( !
! & " #" "# $ = # "! &#"# " "# !( . & ! 7" !
! & ! 7" # " " '# # # ( ( . 7 ! & " #" "# $ !"#
"! &#"# #" '# ) # # " # &! ( ."! ! ( "! &# #
& "&" " ! ! & " "# $ + . 7 % 0 '# ' ! ( &
"! &#

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

-0.1
er o sio n ( cm)

$ ;< = 4 > ?/ @A
/ . 6

! " ! & " #" ! "#" # " ( ! & "& " 6" ! .$ ( !" = . # " "
&" ( ! .$ # ." ( ! . !" "# $ # %" '# ( !"# & "& "# "! &#"# !
"#" ! 0 &" " &" A# "# " ! 8 "C 0 # "! "# $ # =
" " !" %" ! & ! " ' "# ! # # "# $ ( & ! 5 ) (
( & ! # 0 ! $ )40 # " ( , A& ! # ! #C ! $ " # 9)!+ & &! #
0 ! $ # !" )40 0" , A& ! # # #C ! $ " # ")# . " '# !
" "# ' ! "( ! # " "# $ &! # # # # 0 0 '( #
!7 " " !! " " &" # 0"#
,; B !
#( &" "# # ! # " ! !"# " !"# &* "# = # # ! " !"
E 7 !7 " # @ &!" ! "+ ! " !" # ) # " ( ! & " #" "# $ #
&" =&" ! 0 &" " ! ( !)" # " ! &" # 0 #
" !"+ E 7 A,DD C+ !" # ) ! # ! $?

( )

A,C

*$
+$$

" #" ! "# $ ! &" 0! '= "# $ ! ( ! ) " " "# $ ) !

α, β 0 λ #" " # #( % # .! # # 8 ! &" &! +! " ! # 0 " "#
" #( ! 0 !## # ! &" ( !)" ! $ I !.!! + "
)9 # # ! ! $ . !" * #& " ! . !" ) " # !
! $ E 7 A,C # ' ( # . " . !" "# $ # ! ! &" !
" &" " # ( ! . !" !+ 1;+ "# $ # $ ! &"+ # #
" #$!" & " ! &" % # " # ! " ! $
( ! "# $ !+ %&" 9 " # 0" !+ " ) # "0 " ) & ! &"
"( ! "# $ '= # ) " & $= " 0 " "( & '
& &" ! 6" ! " $ I !.!! )9 # & ")! # ! #
" " # ! # " " !" & " & ") ! ! "

! " !" $ " . "# #& "# ( # !! ' " $ & #" & #" ! " !"
# ') # " ! # ")# . " # % % # ! &' " " " ! " " " !
"#" 0 %# # ( ! ) "

* C / ! .$ ( # ! ! &! *( #
& "&" " ! ! . !" + /+ ! ! " # .$ " ! * ! ! " 0 &" "
&! ! ! $ ( # & "&" % !" A,D35C 0( % # " & )! " !"# # "# ! 7 "#
&" L"! " " ". A,D , + C+ # " & &" # A,D 3+ ,D DC 0 W 7#a K
A,D PC !! # # ( ! . !" " ! * 9 ! )!
%" " 9 + " ! * " ! .$ #' &" ! ! $ ?

/ // 5
C = =$ A C
/

" // # ! . !" ! .$ 0/ # !" ( # %# . # " "

! # ! !" )9 6" ! .$ 0$ # " # & "&" " ! ( 0
,D 5+ % !" A,D35C+ # ( # !" ! & ! . !"
8 " 0 "! # " &" #( ! ! $ A C ! &" . ! .$ &"
# ( #' " ! 7" 0 ( # & "&" " ! ! )" ! . !"
. # & "&" " ! ! !" ( " # "# " " ! 6" '= " ! .$ !
.$ ( # @ %" 7" ! & # ! # & * ! # !# . % '# ! 7"
! &! # .$ " " # 9 & # " &" ! & "&
&" ! ! @" =& "# ! 7 "# &" I I 77 !0 - % % A ;;5C & &! #
 # $ ! # ( ! ! $ =# ! . !" ! .$ 0! . !" !
! @" # " # + // ∝ D !!" # & ( ! &" ! .$ # & "&" " ! !
)" ! . !" ! 6" " ! .$ # # 8 !"# # "# " # !" ! P;:
! &" "# $ . !" # ! 7" ! "#" ." #? D = " A ; + C + 0!
!" ! .$ # & # ) " " / ∝ A + ;C

* C "# $ ? ( ! "# $ # & " 7 + ! &" ! .$ ) # #

& ".! 7 ! ! ! 7" . # &" ) # & "&" " ! ! & #" ! !
( # . ".! 7 0 ! . !" " ( # ".! 7 # # !&" " ! 7 A& #"
# " ! !C &" ! . !" "# $ ! $ ( ?

C / =E = H !" E 7 A5C

" ! & #" # " ! " M

E = ρ A, − , * =F G A C

C H " !"# & "# &" # # ( ! .$ # & =# '

& #* ! "#" # & ( 6" " # + ! # " # ( ! .$ . & "
&" " ! &"+ 0 ( ! # ."! ! 7" # .7 0" #"%
& # ( ! "# $ # +# & 0 "! & * ! ( ( ". ! .$ #
& ( 6 " " # " " # #*& # " ( ! # & * ! # ."! # #" 6"
"+ ! & " #" ( !7 "! & ! &" ! ! @" ."! ! .$
# & 7 ".! 7 ! " " !!" # ! ( !"# "#"# "# ## "#
&" "# ( !"# "#"# " "# & ( 6"#+ " ( !"# "#"# " "# & # "# # "#
&" "# ( ( !!"# " "# &" !!. " " "# " ' '& & "#
&"# " # % 0 "# " ! # ( ) ! ! " &" " 0 % )' (
&" 7 # " " " # " # A C 0 A5C # & ! . 7 #"
# 7 #+ # ! ( ! . !" "# $ # '?

D5
∝ A3C
G/
# # ! . !" ! "#" ."+ & " " ! 0 ! "! &#" !
! #& # ! "#" " & # ." #*+ #*# " "' . ! .$ $ 0#
! &! ! $ A3C &" # . !" ") "# ! !) " #$! "# ( #" ". "# !
7" . #* ?

A, − λ C" 5
$ =$ A2C
Gα ( ; + )
# $ + λ # ! &" "# ! !+ α # ! " & "&" " ! (
( ! 6" ! .$ " # " " ! ."! 0( ! &" ! .$ " # " ! !7 +
"( ! .$ ( # # . . "#+ ( ! ( #" . # ! ( "# # ) "
( " " " =# "! &#" ! ! ! # & # ! "#"+ # # &
& # " " ! #$! " ( & # ! 7" & # . ! 7" . !
# & " #" ! ! "#" ."+ # 0 "! . & # &" ! ! $ A2C
# ( ! $ & # A2C # # " . &" # #"! + ( # #
+ ! "# $ #$!" # &" A,43C ! &" % %"+ # ")# . # .
!"# & "# "# !
 / 9 :

+ . ( # ! " " ( ! "#" # # !"

! .$ + ! " # . &" !"# "! &#"# # #$!" & # " !"
" " ! & " #" "! &#"+ ( ) *# '# ) & " #" # & " #"
%" ( . " ! ' !" &"#"+ # ' !" & &" ! # ")# . " #
! 7 #+ #" ."+ ( #" & # ."+ # ) "# ) ' !7 # 0"#
# # " & " # !" # &" # 7$ ( ! " !" "! &#" " " (
#$ &' "

# &! ! $ " # . $ ! # ! 7" . # & =& # ( ?

$ "5 $
= −& + AFC
A, − λ C Gα ( ; + )

$ AFC ! " ! . !" "# $ ! &! " ! ! #$! " (

! 7" . 0! &" ! .$

C ? # " %# ! " " ! $ "

"! &#"# " # % &" " " ! + )" # " " ! $ "
"( !# " ( !! ! "#" ." !" % ! @"
% "!$ # ! #) & " ! # " ! # 0 ! & ")! !"#
"! &#"# ! ! $ $ "# "# " " "# 0 ! # " " &"
#! 7 " " 9 " &" " " #*# &" " # " " " ! @" ! "#"
& # ." A7" ) #C % ! "#" & # ." " " ! #$! " 54#+ ! %&$ # #
% "!$ " ## ( # ! & + # & "&" " ! ! ."! ! ! " +
 ! "#" & # ." 0( # & 7 "! &# % ! "#" ." # ( &" &" #
") ?

&
= (P)
! A3C # & ( ! ."! "! &# # # ! !
! " ! &" ! H + ! "#" & # ." "# ! ."! ! ( % # " "# " " - +
%# # " "+ # ! " & "&" " ! " ) " " APC # " & # ) !
# ! $?

= − &α ADC

APC # % &! 7" ! . !" "# $ ! ."! ! "# " " &" ! !
#$! " 0# % ! 7 " α + " " & ' "& .! ! $ " ! @" # "#

" " " ! " ! ."! ! ( &" ! & "! &# # &" "# & &"
( # " " . " " !" " &" "# # ) ( ?

= (A − ;C
5
"
5
-= θ
,
+, (,;)
(φ )

# . ( " # = " " . " 0&" " #" ! ' ! # ! "& "
! !" &" (*# ! " !## " # #") ! ."! $ &" ! !
"#" "# $ ! $ A,;C θ # ! ' !" '= " & $ ! ! 0 φ ! ' !"
&"#" ! ! " # &"# )! 8 "# # # ' !" &"#" # " "+ & " &"
" # !7 # ! ! )" " " %" 0E !!# I #" =& "# ! +
! ' !" # # & " ! &"#" &" " ! # ) $ " % "# ' & #" # #
# ) $ '# # ! #&" # )! ( !& " '= "# $ # # & " ( !( #
" * " # ) $ % "# ' $ # ! " ) ADC " A,;C # ! # ?
&
5 (( − ; ) − = &α (,,)

* , / H !## " # #"!. # "# " #

! #" # " # . )! # 0 " ! ! #+ !"# ( ! # . )! # #"!. #"
! "# $ 0 ! ! # #$ ! "#" & # ." 0 ! "#" ."+ & ! # # " 7 "
# # ) " $+ # ) "! # " # AFC 0A,,C

$ "5 $
= −& +
A, − λ C Gα ( ; + )
A, C
&
5 (( − ; ) − = &α

#"! $ !## & % # ! 9" " L & $

& # " !* !# "( " & ! & # & $ ! ! #$! " "( !
# $ # " &! # " " # ! # #" &" # &" !" ( %0 (
! 7 ! # &" # & "

* ? & 7 ! $ ! # " # " # "#

( !7 ! + # # # # " #! . + ! & # . 0! ( !)"
7$ # #* # ( !"# & "# # # ! ."! $ &" ! ! "#" # #$!" & " "
! .$ + # " % 0 "! &#" " !" % 0 ) " ( ! . !" "# $ # ! . 0 "
! 7 ! ! "! &# + # ( #" # ! ! # = *" &" ! & "& " .$ #*
( # # " " # #$!" = # ! & ! # "# " # #"! $ # $ #
& # # . )! # # & )! # 0 &" # & # " ! ! #$! " ( & ". ! 7"
& # . # !" # #"! $ ! 9 "# 0 # # ( " "!" ( *&" !
#& " & " ( &" 9# ! 7 &" . # & "& " ! "#" % & " 7 "
2 #& " ! " "+ & &"# % # & #" !" ! 6" ! .$ "#
!" ! % ! &! + " 7 "! &# ! ! ! )" ! "#" ."+ & # 0
"# & &" # #$!" # " " " 7 & ! "#" & # ." ! F
# & ")# . ! # " # ! # 7" #
! " 7" ! "! &#" ( ! # $ " 7 . ! ##
" # #"! $ 0 " # . ! 0 ! "! &#" " 8" # "&! " ! $ "# $
& $ #! .+ ! # # ! ( & "." !"# "! &#"# 0 ) # ! # ! "
# " "# $ " "! ! ! # "! # & #. " "! &#"# # " #""
" ! ! @" # & 7 # !"# "# # ) @"+ ( ! .$ # ."
#"& " ! ( !)" ! # & * ! # " !" ( # !" # " ! 7 " ! " & "
" ! ". " !7 " !!"+ % ) * ( ! 9 "# " ! # %"
( ! ) " 0( " # "# # ( ! # ) $ " % "# ' & #" #

" /
0.16

Erosion (cm)
0.14 B=6cm

0.12

0.1 B=4cm

0.08

B=3cm
0.06

0.04

0.02

Tiempo (s)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10

G / I.J K